COMM 258/GEOG 257-357/ID 238 GEOGRAPHY Socio-Economic Impacts of Information Technologies (Geography Capstone course)

M/W 4:15-5:30pm Fall 2011 Jonas Clark 215

Instructor: Dr. Yuko Aoyama School of Geography, 212A Jefferson Academic Center Tel. 793-7403 : [email protected] Office Hours: M/W 5:30-6:30pm

Course description

Has the Internet Revolution put an end to geography? Has it exacerbated social polarization? How has it helped those in the developing world? Is Internet Revolution more profound than Industrial Revolution? How have new technologies changed our industries, daily lives, and social relationships?

This course examines the impact of information technologies on economic, cultural, social, and spatial aspects of contemporary life. It is designed to engage students in discussing some of the most contested aspects of new technologies. It begins with an examination of theories on technological innovation, and the history of technological innovation from the Industrial Revolution. It will then explore dimensions of the internet, in particular, production and consumption of digital commodities. On the production side, we will examine the role of entrepreneurship, the impacts on cities, and the importance of globalization in both developed and developing country contexts. On the consumption side, we will analyze the use of digital technologies with specific examples such as Electronic Commerce, Mobile Commerce, Video

1 Games, and Logistics. The class ends with the social impacts of the internet, including , Social Movements and Cyber culture.

This course requires heavy reading assignments, and is oriented toward generating discussions among students. There will be a weekly assignment based on the readings, as well as a final research project. Students are expected to come to class prepared to engage in discussions based on the readings.

Learning Tools:

We will use “CICADA”, the internet-based learning tool at Clark University. Please familiarize yourself with the operation. The syllabus, assignments, and announcements are all posted on Blackboard, which can be found at http://cicada.clarku.edu/

Course requirements:

Class attendance is mandatory. There will be a weekly assignment, which includes questions, critiques and reflections on the subject based on the assigned readings, should not be more than 2 paragraphs and should be submitted at least 2 hours before the discussion class on CICADA in order for the assignment to count toward grading. The research project should be a 15-20 page paper on a particular theme within the scope of this class. Students are encouraged to conduct original research that includes a theoretically and empirically compelling question and contributes new insights on socio-cultural, economic, or geographic processes that involve the internet.

Grading:

Class attendance and Discussion 20% Weekly reflections on CICADA 36% Research paper abstract 8% Research paper and peer-review 36% In-class Extra-credit Presentation up to +3%

Discussion participation is evaluated with the following set of criteria. These categories will be used as a frame of reference to evaluate the quality of student participation in class, and will be ranked in three categories: completely, partially, or not at all.

1. The student showed that s/he understood facts, concepts, and theory. 2. The questions the student asked were comprehensible. 3. The answers that student gave were correct. 4. The student gave constructive criticism 5. The student gave an application for the concept/theory. 6. The student built on another student’s answer. 7. The student encouraged other students to participate. 8. The student was prepared for the session.

2 Readings:

While there is no textbook assigned for this class, there is a reading load for the course. Every week, we will choose a few readings from the list provided in this syllabus for discussions. Students are expected to read the materials and actively engage in weekly discussion sessions.

Course schedule and assignment deadlines:

Weekly assignments are due every Wednesday (except for Week 1, 7, and 15).

Week 1 (Aug. 29): Introduction

Week 2 (Aug. 31/Sept. 7): Technology and Innovation I: From Industrial Revolution to Internet Revolution

Week 3 (Sept. 12/14): Technology and Innovation II: Theories of Technological Innovation

Week 4 (Sept. 19/21): The Origin of the Internet and the New Economy

Week 5 (Sept. 26/28): Geography in, and of, the Internet

Week 6 (Oct. 3/5): Globalization of the ICT Industry

Week 7 (Oct. 12): Group Advising Session for Class Project (No readings)

Week 8 (Oct. 17/19): Production of Digital Commodities: The Contents Industry

Research Abstract due in class on October 19th

Week 9 (Oct. 24/26): Consumption of Digital Commodities: Electronic Commerce, Mobile Commerce

Week 10 (Oct. 31/Nov. 2): Social Impacts of the Internet I: Cyber communities

Week 11 (Nov. 7/9): Social Impacts of the Internet II: Digital Divide

Week 12 (Nov. 14/16): Social Impacts of the Internet III: Politics and Social Movements

Week 13 (Nov. 21/28): Social Impact of the Internet IV: Cyber culture

Week 14: (Nov. 30/Dec. 5): Copyleft, Open Source and Web 2.0 Draft research report due in class on December 5th

Week 15: (Dec. 7/12) Peer Review and Student Presentations

4pm Dec 15: Final copy of the Research Report due in Instructor’s office.

3 Readings

Week 1: Introduction (No Readings)

Week 2: Technology and Innovation I: From Industrial Revolution to Internet Revolution

Castells, Manuel 2001. “The Network is the Message.” Chapter in Internet Galaxy. Oxford University Press, pp.1-8.

Heilbroner, Robert L. 1967. “Do Machines Make History?” Technology and Culture 8 (July): 335-345.

Stephen H. Cutcliffe and Terry S. Reynolds (eds.), Technology in American Context, Technology and American History. University of Chicago Press, 1997, pp.5-26.

Cowan, Ruth Schwartz, 1997. “The “Industrial Revolution” in the Home: Household Technology and Social Change in the 20th Century. In Cutcliffe and Reynolds (eds.), Technology and American History. University of Chicago Press, pp. 321-344.

Week 3: Technology and Innovation II: Theories of Technological Innovation

Faulkner, Philip, Clive Lawson, and Jochen Runde. 2010 Theorizing Technology. Cambridge Journal of Economics 34: 1-16.

Peter Hall and Paschal Preston. “The Long-wave debate.” Chapter in The Carrier Wave. Unwin Hyman, 1988.

Nathan Rosenberg. 1994. “Path-dependent aspects of technological change.” Chapter 1 of Rosenberg, N., Exploring the Black Box: Technology, economics, and history. Cambridge University Press.

Christopher Freeman. “Networks of Innovators: A Synthesis of Research Issues.” Research Policy 20 (1991): 499-514.

David, Paul A. David 1985. “Clio and the Economics of QWERTY.” American Economic Review 75: 332-337.

Freeman, Chris and Louçã, Francisco (2001). Chapter 9 in As Time Goes By: From Industrial Revolutions to the Information Revolution. Oxford University Press, pp.301-335.

Jeffrey James. 2002. “Information Technology, Transaction Costs and Patterns of Globalization in Developing Countries.” Review of Social Economy LX, 4 (December): 507-519.

Week 4: The Origin of the Internet and the New Economy

4 Castells, Manuel, 2001. “Lessons from the .” Chapter 1 in Internet Galaxy. Oxford University Press, pp. 9-35

Mowery, D.C. and Simcoe, T. (2002). “Is the Internet a US invention? An economic and technological history of computer networking.” Research Policy 1369-1387.

Arthur, Brian. 2002. “Is the Information Revolution Dead?” Business 2.0. March.

Segaller, Stephen Nerds 2.0.1 : A brief history of the internet. TV Books. (Optional)

Thomas Leinbach 2001, Emergence of the Digital Economy and E-Commerce. Chapter 1 in Leinbach and Brunn (eds.), Worlds of E-Commerce John Wiley & Sons, pp. 3-26.

Kitchin, Rob (2000). “Theoretical Perspectives: Approaching Cyberspace.” Chapter in Cyberspace: The World in the Wires. John Wiley & Sons, pp. 56-72.

Carlsson, Bo. 2002. “The New Economy: What is New and What is Not.” Chapter in Christensen, J. F. and P. Maskell (eds.), The Industrial Dynamics of the New Digital Economy. Edward Elgar, pp13-32.

Gordon, R.J. (2000). “Does the ‘New Economy’ Measure up to the Great Inventions of the Past?” NBER Working Paper 7833. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, August. Available at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w7833

David, P. A., and D. Foray. 2002. An introduction to the economy of the knowledge society. International Social Science Journal 54 (171):9-23.

Bosch, G, Webster, J. and Weissbach, H.-J. (2000). “New Organizational Forms in the Information Society.” Chapter In K. Ducatel, J. Webster and W. Herrmann (eds.), The Information Society in Europe: Work and Life in an Age of Globalization. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 99-117.

Flichy, P. 2007. “The New Economy.” Chapter 8 in The Internet Imaginaire. MIT Press: pp.179-205.

MacKie-Mason, J.K. and H.R. Varian. 1997. “Economic FAQs About the Internet.” McKnight, L.W. and J.P. Bailey (eds.), Internet Economics. MIT Press: pp. 27-62.

Zook, Matthew A. (2005). Chapter 7: Foundation of the Dot-com Boom. The Geography of the Internet Industry. Blackwell, pp.96-110.

Kirkpatrick, David. (2010). The facebook effect: The inside story of the company that is connecting the world. Simon & Shuster.

Week 5: Geography in, and of, the Internet

5 The Economist. 2003. The Revenge of Geography. The Economist March 13th.

The Economist. 2003. The Geography of IT. The Economist. July 17th.

Aoyama, Yuko and Eric Sheppard, 2003. “The Dialectics of Geographic and Virtual Spaces.” Environment and Planning A 35 No.7: 1151-1156

Couclelis H, 2009, "Rethinking time geography in the information age" Environment and Planning A.

Sheppard, E. 2002. The spaces and times of globalization: place, scale, networks, and positionality. Economic Geography 78 (3): 307-30.

Morgan, K. 2004. The exaggerated death of geography: learning, proximity and territorial innovation systems. Journal of Economic Geography 4 (1):3-21.

Malecki, Edward 2002 The Economic Geography of the Internet’s Infrastructure. Economic Geography 78 4 (October): 399-424.

Goldsmith, J. and Tim Wu (2006). “Why Geography Matters.” Chapter in Who Controls the Internet? : Illusion of a Borderless World. Oxford University Press. pp.49-64.

Visser, Evert-Jan and Martin Lanzendorf. 2004. Mobility and Accessibility Effects of B2C E- Commerce: A Literature Review. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 95, No. 2: 189–205.

Nagarajan, Anuradha, Enrique Canessa, Will Mitchell, C.C. White III. 2002. “E-Commerce and Competitive Change in the Trucking Industry.” In the BRIE-IGCC E-conomy Project, Tracking a Transformation. Washington D.C., Brookings Institution, pp.332-355.

Niles, Sarah and Susan Hanson, 2003. The Geographies of Online Job-search: Preliminary findings from Worcester, MA. Environment and Planning A 35 No. 7: 1223-1243.

Goldenberg, J. and M. Levy (2009). Distance Is Not Dead: Social Interaction and Geographical Distance in the Internet Era. Available from: http://arxiv.org/abs/0906.3202

Thrift, N., and S. French. 2002. The Automatic Production of Space. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 27:309-335.

Graham, S. D. N. 2005. Software-Sorted Geographies. Progress in Human Geography 29 (5):562-580.

Zook, Matthew, Lomme Devriendt, and Martin Dodge. 2011. “Cyberspatial Proximity Metrics: Reconceptualizing Distance in the Global Urban System.” Journal of Urban Technology 18, 1 (January): 93-114

6 Zook, Matthew and Mark Graham 2011. “Visualizing Global Cyberscapes: Mapping user- generated placemarks.” Journal of Urban Technology 18, 1 (January): 115-132.

Week 6: Globalization of ICT Industry

The Economist. 2001. Back Office to the World. The Economist. May 3rd.

Linden, Greg, Kenneth L. Kraemer, Jason Dedrick. 2007. “Who Captures Value in a Global Innovation System?: The case of Apple’s iPod.” Personal Computing Industry Center, Alfred, P. Sloan Foundation, University of California at Irvine.

Saxenian, AnnaLee. 2002. Local and Global Networks of Immigrant Professionals in Silicon Valley. Public Policy Institute of California.

Dossai, R. and M. Kenney (2008). “Implications of Globalization for Software Engineering.” The Offshoring of Engineering. National Academic Press, pp. 49-68.

Aoyama, Yuko, 2003. “Globalization of Knowledge-Intensive Industries: The case of software production in Bangalore, India” Annual Report of Research Center for Regional Studies (ANREG). 12, 33-50.

Parthasarathy, Balaji and Yuko Aoyama. 2006. “From Software Services to R&D Services: Local entrepreneurship in the software industry in Bangalore, India.” Environment and Planning A 38 No. 7 (July): 1269-1285.

Kellerman, Aharon, 2002. Conditions for the development of high-tech industries: The case of Israel. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 93, 3, pp. 270-286.

Feakins, M. 2007. Off and out: the spaces for certification - offshore outsourcing in St. Petersburg, Russia. Environment and Planning A 39 (8):1889-1907.

Tschang, T. and Xue, L. (2007). Chapter in Arora, A. and A. Gambardella (eds.), From Underdog to Tigers: The rise and growth of the Software industry in Brazil, China, India, Ireland and Israel. Oxford University Press, pp.131-170.

Castells, M. and P. Himanen (2004). Introduction and the Mobile Valley. The Information Society and the Welfare State: The Finnish Model. Oxford University Press, pp.1-44

Week 7: No readings

Week 8: Production of Digital Commodities: The Contents Industry

Florida, Richard. 2002. “The Rise of the Creative Class: Why cities without gays and rock bands are losing the economic development race.” Washington Monthly (May).

7 Leyshon, Andrew, 2001. “Time-space (and digital) compression: Software formats, musical networks and the reorganization of the music industry.” Environment and Planning A 33: 49-77.

Kirkpatrick, David. 2010. Chapter 1 & 2 of Kirkpatrick, “The Facebook Effect: The inside story of the company that is connecting the world.” New York: Simon & Schuster, pp.20-65.

Leyshon A, 2009, “The software slump?: digital music, the democratisation of technology and the decline of the recording studio sector within the musical economy” Environment and Planning A

Aoyama, Yuko and Hiro Izushi, 2003. “Hardware Gimmick or Cultural Innovation?: Technological, cultural, and social foundations of the Japanese video game industry.” Research Policy 32 No.3: 423-444.

Izushi, Hiro and Yuko Aoyama. 2006. “Industry Evolution and Cross-Sectoral Skill Transfers: A Comparative Analysis of the Video Game Industry in Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom.” Environment and Planning A 38 No.10 (October): 1843-1861.

The Economist. 2003. The Complete Home Entertainer?: Life after PlayStation2. February 27th.

Wilson, Mark, 2003. “Chips, Bits, and the Law: An Economic Geography of Internet Gambling.” Environment and Planning A 35 No. 7: 1245-1260.

Schull, Natasha, D. 2005. “Digital Gambling: The coincidence of Desire and Design.” Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science 597: 65-81.

Zook, Matthew, 2003. “Underground Globalization: Mapping the Spaces of Flows of the Internet Adult Industry.” Environment and Planning A 35 No. 7: 1261-1286.

Zook, Matthew, 2001. “Old Hierarchies or New Networks of Centrality?: The Global Geography of the Internet Content Market.” American Behavioral Scientist 44 10 (June):1679-1696.

Currah, A. 2006. Hollywood versus the Internet: the media and entertainment industries in a digital and networked economy. Journal of Economic Geography 6 (4):439-468.

Ash, James. 2009. “Emerging spatialities of the screen: video games and the reconfiguration of spatial awareness.” Environment and Planning A 41: 2105-2124.

Week 9: Consumption of Digital Commodities: Electronic Commerce, Mobile Commerce

Farag, S., J. Weltevreden, T. van Rietbergen, M. Dijst, and F. van Oort. 2006. E-shopping in the Netherlands: does geography matter? Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 33 (1):59-74.

8 Forman, C., A. Goldfarb, and S. Greenstein. 2005. How did location affect adoption of the commercial Internet? Global village vs. urban leadership. Journal of Urban Economics 58 (3):389-420.

Schwanen, T., and M.-P. Kwan. 2008. The Internet, mobile phone and space-time constraints. Geoforum 39 (3):1362-1377.

Dodge, Martin, 2001. “Finding the Source of Amazon.com: Examining the Store with the “earth’s Biggest Selection.” Chapter 9 in Leinbach and Brunn (eds.), Worlds of E- Commerce London: John Wiley & Sons, pp.167-180.

Aoyama, Yuko, 2001. “Structural Foundations for Electronic Commerce: A Comparative Organization of Retail Trade in Japan and the United States.” Urban Geography 22 No.2: 130-153.

Aoyama, Yuko, 2003. “Socio-Spatial Dimensions of Technology Adoption: Recent E- and M- Commerce Developments.” Environment and Planning A 35 No. 7: 1201-1221.

Aoyama, Yuko and Guido Schwarz. 2004. “From Mail Order to E-Commerce: Competition, Regulation, and Politics of Non-store Retailing in Germany.” Urban Geography 25, No.6: 503-527.

Aoyama, Yuko, Samuel J. Ratick and Guido Schwarz. 2006. “Organizational Dynamics of the U.S. Logistics Industry from an Economic Geography Perspective.” The Professional Geographer 58 No.3 (August): 327-340.

Leyshon, Andrew, Shaun French, Nigel Thrift, Louise Crewe and Peter Webb, 2005. “Accounting for E-commerce: Abstractions, virtualism, and the cultural circuit of capital.” Economy and Society 34, No.3: 428-450.

Bakos, Yannis, 2001. “The Emerging Landscape for Retail E-commerce.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15, 1 (Winter): 69-80.

Gillmor, Dan. 2002. Accessing a whole new world via multimedia phones. SilliconValley.com. December 8th.

Brynjolfsson, Erik and Michael D. Smith. 2000. “Frictionless Commerce?: A comparison of Internet and Conventional Retailers.” Management Science 46, 4: 563-585.

Forman, Chris, Anindya Ghose and Avi Goldfarb. 2009 “Competition Between Local and Electronic Markets: How the Benefit of Buying Online Depends on Where you Live.” Management Science 55.1: 47-57.

Sabel, Charles, F. 1993. “Studied trust: Building New Forms of Cooperation in a Volatile Economy.” Human Relations 46, 9: 1133-1170.

9 Benbasat, Izak, David Gefen, and Paul A. Pavlou. 2008. “Special Issue: Trust in Online Environments.” Journal of Management Information Systems 24, 4 (Spring): 5-11.

Hargittai, Eszter, Lindsay Fullerton, Ericka Menchen-Trevino 2010. ”Trust Online: Young Adults’ Evaluation of Web Content.” International Journal of Communication 4: 468- 494.

Week 10: Social Impacts of the Internet I: Cyber communities

Miller, Daniel (2011). Tales from Facebook. Polity.

Carter, D. (2005). Living in Virtual Communities: An ethnography of human relationships in cyberspace. Information, Communication & Society 8 (2) (June): 148-167.

Flichy, P. 2007. “Communities, a Different Internet Imaginaire.” Chapter 3 in The Internet Imaginaire. MIT Press: pp.67-88.

Ess, Charles, Akira Kawabata and H. Kurosaki. 2007. Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Religion and Computer-Mediated Communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12 (3):939-955.

Campbell, H. 2005. Spiritualising the Internet. Uncovering Discourses and Narratives of Religious Internet Usage. Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet 1 (1).

Wellman, B. (1999). The Network Community. In B. Wellman (Ed.). Networks in the Global Village. Boulder, CO: Westview. 1-48.

Adams, P. and Ghose, R. (2003). India.com: the Construction of a Space Between. Progress in Human Geography, 27(4), 414-437.

Melanie Swalwell, "Multi-Player Computer Gaming: ‘Better than playing (PC Games) with yourself’ http://reconstruction.eserver.org/061/swalwell.shtml

Castells, 2001. Virtual Communities or Network Society, Chapter 4, Internet Galaxy, pp.117- 136.

Bernal, V. (2006). “Disaspora, cyberspace and political imagination: the Eritrean diaspora online.” Global Networks 6 (2): 161-179.

Goh, R. B. H. (2005). “The Internet and Christianity in Asia: Cultural Trends, Structures and Transformation.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 29 (4) (December): 831-848.

Warf, B. and Vincent, P. (2007). “Multiple geographies of the Arab Internet.” AREA 39 (1): 83- 96.

10 Subrahmanyam, Kaveri, Stephanie M. Reich, Natalia Waechter, Guadalupe Espinoza. 2008. “Online and offline social networks: Use of social networking sites by emerging adults.” Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 29: 420-433.

Ellison, N.B., C. Steinfeld, C. Lampe. 2007. “The Benefits of Facebook “Friends”: Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites.” Journal of Computer- Mediated Communication 12, 4: 1143-1168.

Ploderer, Bernd, Steve Howard and Peter Thomas (2008). “Being Online, Living Offline: The Influence of Social Ties over the Appropriation of Social Network Sites.” CSCW’08 November 8-12, San Diego, California.

Hargittai, E. 2007. Whose space? Differences among users and non-users of social network sites.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3 1.

Gangadharbatla, Harsha. 2008. “Facebook Me: Collective Self-Esteem, Need to Belong, and Internet Self-Efficacy as Predictors of the iGeneration’s Attitudes toward Social Networking Sites.” Journal of Interactive Advertising 8.2.

Grigoriadis, V. 2009. “Do you own Facebook or Does Facebook Own You?: Trust is a Fragile Commodity.” New York Magazine 05 April 2009. http://nymag.com/news/features/55878/

Grasmuck, Sherri, Jason Martin, Shanyang Zhao, 2009. “Ethno-Racial Identity Displays on Facebook.” Journal of Computer Mediated Communication. Vol 15, 1: 158-188.

There is also a journal entitled the International Journal of Web Based Communities. Clark does not have access however so you need to request articles via Inter-library Loan.

Week 11: Social Impacts of the Internet II: Digital Divide

Castells, Manuel. 2001. “The Digital Divide in a Global Perspective.” Chapter 9 in Internet Galaxy, Oxford University Press, pp. 247-274.

Greenstein, S. and J. Prince (2006). The Diffusion of the Internet and the Geography of the Digital Divide in the United States. NBER Working Paper Series 12182, http://www.nber.org/papers/w12182 National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.: April.

Warf, B. (2001) ‘Segueways into cyberspace: multiple geographies of the digital divide’, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 28: 3-19

Warf, B. 2007. Geographies of the tropical Internet: An overview. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 28 (2):219-238.

11 Wasserman, I. M., and M. Richmond-Abbott. 2005. Gender and the Internet: Causes of Variation in Access, Level, and Scope of Use. Social Science Quarterly 86 (1):252-270.

International Labour Organisation, 2001. “The New Information and Communication Technologies: Genuine potential and real constraints.” Chapter 2 in World Employment Report 2001: Life at Work in the Information Economy, Geneva: ILO, pp.47-72.

Sheller M, 2009, “Infrastructures of the imagined island: software, mobilities, and the architecture of Caribbean paradise” Environment and Planning A

Chapple, Karen, Matthew Zook, Radhika Kunamneni, AnnaLee Saxenian, Steven Weber, Beverly Crawford, 2000. “From Promising Practices to Promising Futures: Job Training in Information Technology for Disadvantaged Adults,” New York: Ford Foundation, 2000.

Townsend, Anthony, 2001. “Network Cities and the Global Structure of the Internet.” American Behavioral Scientist 44 10 (June):1697-1715.

Malecki, E.J. (2003). Digital development in rural areas: potentials and pitfalls. Journal of Rural Studies, 19(2), 201-214.

Grimes, S. (2003). The digital economy challenge facing peripheral rural areas. Progress in Human Geography, 27(2), 174-193.

Week 12: Social Impacts of the Internet III: Politics and Social Movements

Castells, Manuel 1997. The Other Face of the Earth: Social Movements against the New Global Order. Chapter 2 in The Power of Identity. New York: Blackwell.

Rheingold, Howard 2002. “Smart Mobs: The Power of the Mobile Many.” Chapter 7 in Smart Mobs: The next social revolution. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing, pp.157-182.

Flichy, P. 2007. “The End of Politics.” Chapter 7 in The Internet Imaginaire. MIT Press: pp.155-177.

Clark, J.D. and Themudo, N.S. (2006). “Linking the Web and the Street: Internet-Based “Dotcauses” and the “Anti-Globalization” Movement. World Development 34 (1): 50-74.

Coleman, S and J.G. Blumler 2009. “E-Democracy from Below”. Chapter 5 in The Internet and Democratic Citizenship: Theory, Practice and Policy. Cambridge University Press, pp.117-138.

Castells, M. 1999. Grassrooting The Space of Flows. Urban Geography 20 (4):294-302.

Hindman, M. (2007). “’Open-Source Politics’ Reconsidered: Emerging patterns in Online Political Participation.” Chapter 8 in Mayer-Schönberger, V., and D. Lazer (eds.),

12 Governance and Information Technology: From Electronic Government to Information Government. MIT Press, pp.183-211.

Chadwick, A. 2006 “Internet Politics: Some Conceptual Tools.” Chapter 2 in Internet Politics: States, Citizens and New Communication Technologies. Oxford University Press, pp.17- 37.

Chadwick, A. 2006 “Parties, Candidates, and Elections: E-campaigning.” Chapter 7 in Internet Politics: States, Citizens and New Communication Technologies. Oxford University Press, pp.144-176.

Chadwick, A. 2006 “Interest Groups and Social Movements: E-mobilization.” Chapter 6 in Internet Politics: States, Citizens and New Communication Technologies. Oxford University Press, pp.114-143.

Dennis, Kingsley. 2007. Technologies of Civil Society: Communication, Participation and mobilization. Innovation. Vol 20. Issue 1.

Mamadough, Virginie 2004. “Internet, Scale and the Global Grassroots: Geographies of the Indymedia network of independent media centers.” Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geographie 95, 5: 482-497.

Srinivasan, Ramesh, 2004. “Reconstituting the Urban through Community-Articulated Digital Environments” Journal of Urban Technology 11, No.2: 93-111.

Parker S, Uprichard E, Burrows R, 2007, “Class places and place classes: geodemographics and the spatialization of class” Information, Communication & Society 11(6) 901-920

Dimitrova, D.V. and R. Beilock. 2005. Where Freedom Matters: Internet Adoption among the Former Socialist Countries. Gazette: The International Journal for Communications Studies 67 (2): 173-187.

Garrett, Kelly R (2009) “Echo Chambers Online?: Politically motivated selective exposure among Internet users.” Journal of Computer-medicated Communication 14: 265-285.

Hargittai, Eszter, Gallo, Jason, and Kane, Matthew. 2009 “Cross-ideological discussions among conservative and liberal bloggers.” Public Choice 134: 67-86.

Roodhouse, Elizabeth A. 2009. “The Voice from the base(ment): Stridency, referential structure, and partisan conformity in the political blogosphere.” First Monday 14: 9-17 http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2624/2289

Stroud, Natalie, J. 2008. “Media Use and Political Predispositions: Revisiting the Concept of Selective Exposure.” Political Behavior 30: 341-366.

Week 13: Social Impacts of the Internet I: Cyber culture

13

Castells, Manuel, 2001. “The Culture of the Internet.” Internet Galaxy. Oxford University Press, pp.36-63.

Zook, M. and M. Graham. (2007). The Creative Reconstruction of the Internet: Google and the Privatization of Cyberspace and DigiPlace. Geoforum, 38, 1322-1343.

Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook "friends:" Social capital and college students' use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer- Mediated Communication, 12(4), article 1. http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue4/ellison.html

Lazer, D. and M.C. Binz-Scharf. (2007). “It Takes a Network to Build a Network.” Chapter 11 in Mayer-Schönberger, V., and D. Lazer (eds.), Governance and Information Technology: From Electronic Government to Information Government. MIT Press, pp.261-280.

Marshall, Matt. 2003. Circle of Friends. SiliconValley.Com. August 17th.

Haring, Kristen. (2007). “The Culture of Ham Radio.” Chapter in Ham Radio’s Technical Culture. MIT Press, pp. 19-48.

Chung, D. S. (2007). “Profits and Perils: Online News Producers’ Perception of Interactivity and Users of Interactive Features.” Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 13 (1): 43-61.

Johnson, T. J., Kaye, B. K., Bichard, S. L., & Wong, W. J. (2007). Every has its day: Politically-interested Internet users' perceptions of blog credibility. Journal of Computer- Mediated Communication, 13(1), article 6. http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue1/johnson.html

Retterberg, J.W. (2008). , Communities and networks. Chapter 3 in Blogging. Polity Press, pp.57-82.

Retterberg, J.W. (2008). Citizen Journalists? Chapter 4 in Blogging. Polity Press, pp.83-110.

Retterberg, J.W. (2008). Blogging Brands. Chapter 6 in Blogging. Polity Press.

Poon, J. P. H., and P. Cheong. 2009. Objectivity, Subjectivity, and Intersubjectivity in Economic Geography: Evidence from the Internet and Blogosphere. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99 (3):590 - 603.

Ali-Hasan, N.F. and L.A. Adamic (2007). “Expressing Social Relationships on the Blog through Links and Comments.” Presented at ICWSM 2007 Boulder, Colorado.

14 Miyaki, Y. (2005). ‘Keitai’ Use among Japanese Elementary and Junior High School Students. Chapter 14 in Ito, M., D. Okabe and M. Matsuda (eds.), Personal, Portable, Pedestrian: Mobile Phones in Japanese Life. MIT Press, pp. 277-299. Tomita, H. (2005). ‘Keitai’ and the Intimate Stranger. Chapter 9 in Ito, M., D. Okabe and M. Matsuda (eds.), Personal, Portable, Pedestrian: Mobile Phones in Japanese Life. MIT Press, pp. 183-201. Habuchi, I. (2005). Accelerating Reflexivity. Chapter 8 in Ito, M., D. Okabe and M. Matsuda (eds.), Personal, Portable, Pedestrian: Mobile Phones in Japanese Life. MIT Press, pp. 166-182. Matsuda, M. (2005). Mobile Communication and Selective Sociality. Chapter 6 in Ito, M., D. Okabe and M. Matsuda (eds.), Personal, Portable, Pedestrian: Mobile Phones in Japanese Life. MIT Press, pp. 123-142. Kopomma, Timo 2000. “The New Coordinates of Everyday Life.” The City in Your Pocket: Birth of the Mobile Information Society. Helsinki: Gaudeamus, pp.46-59.

Liebowitz, Stan, J. 2006 “Economists Examine File-Sharing and Music Sales.” Chapter 5 in Illing and Waelbroeck (eds.), The Industrial Organization of Digital Goods and Electronic Markets. MIT Press, pp. 145-173.

Zhao, Shanyang. 2005. The Digital Self: Through the Looking Glass of Telecopresent Others.” Symbolic Interaction 28, 3: 387-405.

Nuttavuthisit, Krittinee. 2010. “If you can’t beat them, let them join: The development of strategies to foster consumers’ co-creative practices.” Business Horizons 53: 315-324.

Week 14: Copyleft, Open Source and Web 2.0

Lerner, Josh and Schankerman, Mark 2010. “The History of Open-Source.” Chapter 3 in J. Lerner and M. Schankerman, The Comingled Code: Open source and economic development. MIT Press, pp.35-60. Howe, Jeff. 2006. The Rise of Crowdsourcing. Wired magazine 14.06 (June). de Laat, Paul B. (2005). ”Copyright or copyleft? An analysis of property regimes for software development.” Research Policy 34: 1511-1532.

Tang, Puay, 2005. “Digital copyright and the ‘new’ controversy: Is the law moulding technology and innovation?” Research Policy 34: 852-871.

David, Paul A. (2005) “Does the new economy need all the old IPR institutions and still more?” Chapter in Soete, L. and ter Weel, B. (eds.), The Economics of the Digital Society. Edward Elgar, pp. 113-151.

Ghosh, R.A., Glott, R., Krieger, B. and Robles, G. (2005) “Free software developers: Why, how and why.” Chapter in Soete, L. and ter Weel, B. (eds.), The Economics of the Digital Society. Edward Elgar, pp. 153-183.

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Bonaccorsi, A. and C. Rossi (2006). “Comparing Motivations of Individual Programmers and Firms to Take Part in the Open Source Movement: From Community to Business.” Knowledge, Technology & Policy 18 (4) (Winter): 40-64.

Gross, Robin (2006). “Intellectual Property Rights and the Information Commons.” Chapter 4 in Jørgensen, R.F. (ed.), Human Rights in the Global Information Society. MIT Press, pp.107-120.

Dellarocas, Chrysanthos, 2003. “The Digitization of Word of Mouth: Promise and Challenges of Online Feedback Mechanisms.” Management Science 49, No.10 (October): 1407-1424.

Lerner, Josh and Jean Tirole, 2005. “The Economics of Technology Sharing: Open Source and Beyond.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 19, 2 (Spring): 99-120.

Mateos-Garcia, J. and W.E. Steinmuller (2006) “Open, but how much? Growth, conflict and institutional evolution in Wikipedia and Debian.” Presentation at DIME Conference, Durham, U.K.

Goodchild, M. 2007. Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography. GeoJournal 69 (4):211-221.

Elwood, S. 2008. Volunteered geographic information: future research directions motivated by critical, participatory, and feminist GIS. GeoJournal 72 (3):173-183.

Butler, D. 2006. Virtual globes: The web-wide world. Nature 439 (7078):776(3).

Einhorn, Michael A, 2004. “Open source and innovative copyright” Chapter 8 in Media, Technology and Copyright: Integration Law and Economics, Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar, 169-

Einhorn, Michael A, 2004. “Digital Music and Anti-commons” Chapter 5 in Media, Technology and Copyright: Integration Law and Economics, Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar, 100- 116.

Einhorn, Michael A, 2004. “Napster and peer-to-peer” Chapter 4 in Media, Technology and Copyright: Integration Law and Economics, Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar, 79-

Liebowitz, Stan J. (2006). “Economists Examine File Sharing and Music Sales.” Chapter in Illing, G. and M. Peitz (eds.), Industrial Organization and the Digital Economy, pp.145- 173.

Google. 2006. Library Project – An enhanced card catalog of the world's books. Accessed on June 7, 2006. Available at http://books.google.com/googleprint/library.html

16 David Beer and Roger Burrows. 2007. "Sociology and, of and in Web 2.0: Some Initial Considerations" Sociological Research Online, Volume 12, Issue 5, http://www.socresonline.org.uk/12/5/17.html

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Additional Suggested Readings

Virtual Reality

Kitchin, Rob, 1998. “Introducing Cyberspace.” Cyberspace: The World in the Wires. John Wiley & Sons, pp.1-24.

Flichy, P. 2007. “The Body and Virtual Reality.” Chapter 6 in The Internet Imaginaire. MIT Press: pp.129-154.

Schwartz L, 2006, “Fantasy, realism, and the other in recent video games” Space and Culture 9(3) 313-325

Shaw I G R, Warf B, 2009, “Worlds of affect: virtual geographies of video games” Environment and Planning A

Dodge, M. (2002). Explorations in AlphaWorld: the geography of 3D virtual worlds on the Internet. In Fisher, P., & Unwin, D. (Eds.). Virtual Reality in Geography.London & New York: Taylor and Francis, 305-331.

Kitchin, R and Dodge, M. (2002). There is no there there'. In Fisher, P., & Unwin, D. (Eds.). Virtual Reality in Geography. London & New York: Taylor and Francis, 341-361.

Samuel Gerald Collins, "Imagined Cities, Real Futures: SimCity and the Co-Production of Urban Dystopias" http://reconstruction.eserver.org/061/collins.shtml

Kitchin R. and Kneale J., 2001, "Science Fiction or Future Fact? Exploring Imaginative Geographies of the New Millennium", Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 25, No. 1, pages 19-35. (3011 box file)

Dodge M. and Kitchin R., 2000, Mapping Cyberspace, Routledge, London. Chapter 10, Imaginative Mappings of Cyberspace, pages 181-206.

Read an Economist article on how playing video games can make you a good person, 2009.

Cyber-security, Privacy and Surveillance

McGrail, B., A. 1999. Communication Technology and Local Knowledges: The Case of "Peripheralized" High-Rise Housing Estates. Urban Geography 20 (4):303-333.

Dodge M, Kitchin R, 2009, “Software surveillance of farms, farmers and food” Paper presented at the Association of American Geographers Meeting 27 March, Las Vegas

18 Dennis K, 2008, “Sensoring the future: Complex geographies of connectivity and communication” World Futures 64 22-33

Brumenfeld, Laura. 2003. “Dissertation Could Be A Security Threat.” Washington Post. July 8th.

Templeton, Brad. 2003. Reflections on the 25th Anniversary of Spam. http://www.templetons.com/brad/spam/spam25.html

Read about cybercriminals at: http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2317

Code space and coded spaces

Galloway A, 2004, “Intimations of everyday life: Ubiquitous computing and the city” Cultural Studies 18(2) 384-408

Budd. L, Adey, P, 2009, "The software-simulated airworld: anticipatory code and affective aeromobilities" Environment and Planning A 41(6) 1366 – 1385

Dodge M, Kitchin R, 2004, “Flying through code/space: The real virtuality of air travel” Environment and Planning A 36(2)195-211

Dodge M, Kitchin R, 2005a, “Codes of life: identification codes and the machine-readable world” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 23(6) 851-881

Dodge M, Kitchin R, 2005b, “Code and the transduction of space” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95(1) 162-180

Dodge M, Kitchin R, 2007, “‘Outlines of a world coming in existence’: Pervasive computing and the ethics of forgetting” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 34(3) 431- 445

Internet and Language

Crystal, D. (2006). “A Linguistic Perspective.” Chapter in Language and the Internet. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, pp.1-25.

Crystal, D. (2006). “The medium of netspeak.” Chapter in Language and the Internet. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, pp.26-65.

Crystal, D. (2006). “The linguistic future of the Internet.” Chapter in Language and the Internet. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, pp. 257-276.

Shillingsburg, P.L. 2006. “Introduction.” From Gutenberg to Google: Electronic representations of Literary Texts. Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-10.

19 Shillingsburg, P.L. 2006. “Manuscripts, book, and text in the twenty-first century.” From Gutenberg to Google: Electronic representations of Literary Texts. Cambridge University Press, pp. 11-24.

Internet and the Home

Adams, Paul. 1999. Bringing Globalization Home: A homeworker in the information age. Urban Geography 20, 4, pp.356-376.

Webster, J. (2000). “Today’s Second Sex and Tomorrow’s First?: Women and Work in the European Information Society.” Chapter In K. Ducatel, J. Webster and W. Herrmann (eds.), The Information Society in Europe: Work and Life in an Age of Globalization. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 119-140.

Haddon, L. and Silverstone, R. (2000). “Information and Communication Technologies and Everyday Life: Individual and Social Dimensions.” Chapter In K. Ducatel, J. Webster and W. Herrmann (eds.), The Information Society in Europe: Work and Life in an Age of Globalization. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 233-258.

Turow, J. and L. Nir (2003). “The Internet and the Family: The Views of Parents and Youngsters, Chapter 8 in Turow, J. and A.L. Kavanaugh (eds.) The Wired Homestead: An MIT Sourcebook on the Internet and the Family. MIT Press, pp. 161-206.

Madge, C., and H. O'Connor. 2006. Parenting gone wired: empowerment of new mothers on the internet? Social & Cultural Geography 7 (2):199 - 220.

Dodge M, Kitchin R, 2009, “Software, objects, and home space” Environment and Planning A

Burke, C. (2003). “Women, Guilt and Home Computers.” Chapter 14 in Turow, J. and A.L. Kavanaugh (eds.) The Wired Homestead: An MIT Sourcebook on the Internet and the Family. MIT Press, pp. 325-336.

Wheeler, D. (2001). “New Technologies, Old Culture: A look at women, gender, and the internet in Kuwait.” Chapter in Ess, C. (ed.), Culture, Technology, Communication: Towards an Intercultural Global Village, State University of New York Press, pp.187- 212.

Internet and Health

Hesse, B. W., D. E. Nelson, G. L. Kreps, R. T. Croyle, N. K. Arora, B. K. Rimer, and K. Viswanath. 2005. Trust and Sources of Health Information: The Impact of the Internet and Its Implications for Health Care Providers: Findings From the First Health Information National Trends Survey. Arch Intern Med 165 (22):2618-2624.

The Economist magazine (London) has a special report on health care and technology, April 18, 2009.

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