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Tax Policy in Developing Countries Tax Policy in Developing Countries Tax Policy in Developing Countries Tax Policy in Developing Countries Tax Policy in Developing Countries edited by Javad Khalilzadeh−Shirazi Anwar Shah 1991 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing December 1991 Third printing November 1995 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this study are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Because of the informality of this series and to make the publication available with the least possible delay, the manuscript has not been edited as fully as would be the case with a more formal document, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the Office of the Publisher at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to copy portions for classroom use is not required, although notification of such use having been made will be appreciated. The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Publications, which contains an alphabetical title list (with full ordering information) and indexes of subjects, authors, and countries and regions. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Distribution Unit, Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'Iéna, 75116 Paris, France. Acknowledgments The editors thank John Holsen, Johannes Linn, and Shankar Acharya for their support and three anonymous referees for their comments. A team led by Ann Bhalla and including Lorrie Crutchfield, Nancy Barret, Peggy Pender, Carlina Jones, and Leo Oteyza provided excellent secretarial support for this volume. The editors very much regret that a number of important papers presented at the conference could not be included in this volume because of space considerations. Tax Policy in Developing Countries 1 Tax Policy in Developing Countries Library of Congress Cataloging−in−Publication Data Tax policy in developing countries / edited by Javad Khalilzadeh −Shirazi and Anwar Shah. p. cm. — (World Bank symposium) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0−8213−1990−6 1. Taxation—Developing countries—Congresses. I. Khalilzadeh −Shirazi, Javad. II. Shah, Anwar. III. Series. HJ2351.7.T37 1991 336.2'009172'4—dc20 91−43997 CIP FOREWORD The 1980s witnessed a restructuring of tax systems in many industrial countries. Major elements of these tax changes included attempts at broadening the base of personal and corporate income and sales taxes by curtailing tax preferences and exemptions (or replacing the latter by tax credits), decelerating previously accelerated capital consumption allowances, reducing both the number of brackets and rates for income taxes, and, in some cases, introducing a value added tax. Developing countries also almost simultaneously adopted tax reform as a key element in their economic policy reform programs. These countries, however, understandably placed a greater emphasis on the reform of tariffs and sales taxes and increasingly sought to reduce tariffs and replace turnover type sales taxes by value added sales taxes. This volume presents a review of this experience as well as a discussion of emerging tax policy issues in developing countries. I hope tax policy officials, academics, and students of public finance in developing countries find tis volume useful in their work. LAWRENCE H. SUMMERS VICE PRESIDENT, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS AND CHIEF ECONOMIST, WORLD BANK CONTENTS Foreword link Contributors link Opening Remarks link Introduction and Overview link Javad Kbalilzadeb−Sbirazi and Anwar Sbab Experience with Tax Reform link Selected Tax Policy Issues for the 1990s link Concluding Comments link References link Part I. Tax Reform Experiences FOREWORD 2 Tax Policy in Developing Countries 1. Tax Reform in Colombia: Process and Results link Charles McLure, Jr. and George Zodrow Episodes of Tax Reform link Marginal Effective Tax Rates in Colombia link The Distribution of Income and Tax Reform link Administrative Simplification link Revenue Performance link Conclusion link Notes link References link 2. Tax Reform in Malawi link Zmarak Sbalizi and Wayne Tbirsk Malawi's Economy and Tax System prior to 1985 link Tax Study of 1985 and Reform Proposals link Implementation of the Tax Reform Proposals link Some Lessons from Tax Reform in Malawi link Notes link References link 3. Tax Administration and Tax Reform: Reflections on link Experience Richard M. Bird Approaches to Tax Administration and Tax Reform link Three Aspects of Tax Technology link Tax Administration and Tax Reform in Latin America link Some Possible Lessons for Tax Reform−Mongers link Notes link References link 4. Lessons from Tax Reform: An Overview link WayneThirsk Introduction link The Main Concerns of Tax Policy link Trends in Tax Reform link Some Lessons from Tax Reform link FOREWORD 3 Tax Policy in Developing Countries Conclusion link Notes link References link Part II. Design of Indirect Taxes 5. Design of the Value Added Tax: Lessons from Experience link Sijbren Cnossen The Characteristics of Value Added Taxes link Tax Coverage link Tax Base link Rate Structure link Lessons link Notes link References link 6. The Coordinated Reform of Tariffs and Indirect Taxes link Pradeep Mitra Tariff and Tax Policy link Tax and Tariff Instruments link The Design of Taxes cum Tariffs link The Reform of Taxes cum Tariffs link Conclusions link Notes link References link Part III. Taxation of Foreign Investment 7. Taxation of International Income by a Capital−Importing link Country:The Perspective of Thailand Chad Leechor and Jack Mintz Incentives link Tax Policy Issues link Tax Regimes of Thailand and Capital−Exporting Countries link Impact of Taxation on the Financing and Investment Decisions of link Multinationals Policy Options from the Perspective of Thailand link Appendix: The Derivation of the Technical Results link Notes link FOREWORD 4 Tax Policy in Developing Countries References link 8. Taxation and Foreign Direct Investment link Anwar Shah and Joel Slemrod Review of the Empirical Literature link Unique Problems and Advantages of Studying Foreign Direct link Investment In Mexico Taxation of Foreign Investment Income in Mexico link Some Theory and the Empirical Model link The Data link Empirical Estimation and Results link Policy Implications link Appendix: The Data link Notes link References link Part IV. Taxation of Agricultural Land and Financial Institutions 9. Prospects for Agricultural Land Taxation in Developing link Countries Jonathan Skinner Historical Patterns of Land Tax Use link Theoretical Aspects of Land Taxation link Case Studies: Bangladesh, Argentina, and Uruguay link What are the Lessons for Tax Reform? link Notes link References link 10. Taxation of Financial Assets in Developing Countries link Christophe Chamley Fiscal Instruments link Impact of Taxation on Financial Deepening link Measurements of Revenues link Efficiency Cost of Taxation link Conclusion: Financial Taxation and Development link Notes link References link Part V. Tax Incidence Analysis FOREWORD 5 Tax Policy in Developing Countries 11. The Redistributive Impact of Taxation in Developing link Countries Anwar shah and John Whalley Tax Incidence Analysis for Developed Countries link Previous Tax Incidence Studies of Developing Countries link Nontax Policy Elements in Developing Countries and Tax link Incidence Analysis Pitfalls in Applying Developed Country Incidence Analyses to link Developing Countries Import Licensing, Foreign Exchange Rationing, Quotas, and link Incidence Analysis of Trade Taxes (Tariffs) Price Controls, Black Market Premiums, white Market Queuing link Costs, and the Analysis of Sales and Excise Taxes Tax Evasion and the Incidence of Income Taxes link Rural−Urban Migration Effects and the Incidence of Income and link Payroll Taxes Credit Rationing, Foreign and State Ownership, and the Incidence link of the Corporate Income Tax Some Policy Implications link Notes link References link 12. A General Equilibrium Analysis of the Tax Burden and link Institutional Distortions in the Philippines Ramon L. Clarete Structure of the Model link Calibrating the Model and Its Variants link Incidence of Philippine Taxes link Concluding Remarks link Notes link References link Part VI. Use of Quantitative Tools in Tax Policy Analysis 13. Applying Tax Policy Models in Country Economic Work: link Bangladesh, China, and India Henrik Dabl and Pradeep Mitra Bangladesh link China link FOREWORD 6 Tax Policy in Developing Countries India link Implementing Tax Policy Models link Conclusions link Notes link References link 14. Tax−Benefit Models for Developing Countries: Lessons from link Developed Countries Anthony B. Atkinson and Francois Bourguignon Tax−Benefit Models in Industrial Countries link The Relevance of Tax−benefit Models in Developing Countries link Conclusion link Notes link References link Part VII. Tax Policy and Economic Growth 15. Taxes, Outward
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