LIFE AFTER the SCANDAL: Thalidomide, Family, And

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

LIFE AFTER the SCANDAL: Thalidomide, Family, And LIFE AFTER THE SCANDAL: Thalidomide, Family, and Rehabilitation in Modern Canada, 1958-1990 By Christine Anna Chisholm, BA (Hons), MA A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Carleton University Ottawa, ON © 2019, Christine Chisholm Abstract In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the drug thalidomide was prescribed to pregnant women around the world as a sedative to combat morning sickness. Instead of being “completely safe,” as advertisements had promised, thalidomide caused “deformities” in children born to mothers who took the drug. In Canada thalidomide was licensed for prescription use on April 1, 1961 and remained on the market until the spring of 1962, despite knowledge of the possible connection between the medication and birth defects in newborns. This dissertation focuses on thalidomers’ lives after the scandal. It argues that in Canada, thalidomiders’ experiences in the aftermath of the tragedy demonstrate that their disabled bodies remained political and public bodies, even in the most intimate and private aspects of their lives. Drawing on disability history and medical history, this dissertation extends the approach of patient histories to include thalidomiders’ social lives and disability as a lived experience. Because disability is always political, this case study of thalidomiders in Canada builds on the feminist critique of a public/private dichotomy and suggests that people living with disabilities do not simply blur but always transgress the public/private divide. Through an examination of rehabilitation, school, families, sexuality and reproduction, this dissertation demonstrates that thalidomiders’ lives were political as they, both inadvertently and intentionally, confronted notions of normality and engendered the limits of socially-prescribed norms. In addition, their very existence challenged ideas of humanness and belonging, and their lives were defined by their conscious and subconscious resistance to notions of abject bodies. Canadian thalidomiders have challenged the cultural importance of physical “normality” in Canada through everyday performances, and counteracted deep-seated fears of difference and “the abnormal” through their presence in communities. This dissertation is the ii first study to use oral history methodology to bring the voices of Canadian thalidomiders to the attention of scholars. iii Acknowledgements Throughout the research and writing of this thesis, I received an incredible amount of support from those around me. Without this support I could not have completed this project and I am forever thankful. The Department of History at Carleton University has been a welcoming and nurturing home for my studies. Not only has the financial assistance of the University and the Department been critical to my studies, but the collegial way in which I received academic guidance from Professors and peers alike has been central to my success. I also received important assistance from archivists, librarians, and staff at each of the archives and libraries I visited. Special thanks to Joan White who has, time and time again, made sure all my administrative requirements were in order. Dr. Jennifer Evans, Dr. Susan Whitney, and Dr. Dominique Marshall have supported me along the way. At one point or another, each of them has posed questions to me that have helped me look beyond my initial understanding of this project and for that I am grateful. They have also provided letters of recommendation that have helped me receive funding or access to archives when I required their support. Dr. Patrizia Gentile joined my dissertation committee alongside Dr. Dominique Marshall and they both deserve recognition for their thoughtful reviews and suggestions. Each of them dedicated their time and expertise to supporting me. I have been fortunate to be able to draw on the knowledge of such wonderful scholars. I would also like to thank Dr. Dagmar Herzog, who provided me with thoughtful questions during my dissertation defence. Unbeknownst to her, I began my graduate studies by iv writing a historiographical essay about her and her academic work. Having her on my defence committee was an honour. Her insightful questions during my defence were both challenging and stimulating. I gratefully acknowledge the Nursing History Research Unit Scholarship, which I received in 2014/15, for the financial support. Specifically, this scholarship gave me the opportunity to complete a research trip to Germany and have ample time to search the archive in a thorough manner. With the scholarship, I was able to devote my time undividedly to the research and writing stages of this thesis. The Nursing History Research Unit also provided room for feedback and peer support during our meetings. Furthermore, this research was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, for which I am thankful. Thank you to all of those who agreed to speak with me for this research project. I appreciate your willingness to share your experiences. The individuals interviewed for this dissertation were wonderful about sharing their stories so that I and others may learn from them and understand better this important history. They made themselves vulnerable in a way that I admire and appreciate. I apologize to anyone who would have spoken with me, but whom I did not manage to contact. Above all, my supervisor Dr. Susanne Klausen deserves my thanks. She went above and beyond lending her expertise and criticism to move the project along. Her enthusiasm and dedication to her work has inspired me. Her patient revisions have made this dissertation what it is today. Her kind words encouraged me when I felt overwhelmed. Her role in allowing me to succeed was instrumental. I could not have wished for better guidance. Susanne, you are brilliant! v Outside of the academic realm this thesis benefitted from the loving support of my parents, Cornelia and Ralf. Not only was it their loving encouragement that allowed me to always want to better myself and aspire to achieve my goals, they taught me about the value of dedication and hard work. Not only that, but I have been fortunate that they not only knew to teach me about work ethic, but they also, time and time again, reminded me to be forgiving with myself when I became too driven. It is because of them that I was able to finish this project. I am also thankful for the support of my husband Tim, who believed I could do this when I did not. Like my parents, Tim encouraged me to pursue whatever I wanted to be in life without limitation. His unfailing support throughout my years of study mean the world to me. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge my daughter Clara, whom I want to make proud. vi This research was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. vii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... viii List of Illustrations ......................................................................................................................... ix Introduction: An Oral History of Thalidomide on a Borderland of Scholarly Inquiry ................... 1 Historiography ........................................................................................................................ 7 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter Overview ................................................................................................................. 50 Note Regarding Terminology ................................................................................................ 54 Chapter 1: The Canadian Thalidomide Tragedy ........................................................................... 55 Part 1 – Thalidomide and Institutional Settings .......................................................................... Chapter 2: Rehabilitation and Artificial Limbs ............................................................................ 99 Chapter 3: Thalidomide and Canadian Education ...................................................................... 142 Part 2 – Thalidomide and Family Life .......................................................................................... Chapter 4: Childhood .................................................................................................................. 167 Chapter 5: Sexuality, Intimacy, and Abuse ................................................................................ 207 Chapter 6: Reproduction ............................................................................................................. 239 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 266 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 275 APPENDIX A: Ethics Clearance Forms....................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Birth Defects Blamed on Unapproved Morning Sickness Treatment 2014
    1 1 2 Birth defects blamed on unapproved morning sickness treatment 2014 ...................... 4 Canadian women with severe morning sickness are being prescribed a powerful anti-nausea drug that is suspected of birth defects, side-effect reports show severe risk of birth defects. .... 4 Thalidomide 1960s - 70s ....................................................................................................................... 8 Thalidomide: The Tragedy of Birth Defects and the Effective Treatment of Disease .................... 10 Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 10 WINDOWS OF EXPOSURE AND DOSE .......................................................................................... 13 MECHANISMS OF ACTION .............................................................................................................. 14 THE CONTINUED USE OF THALIDOMIDE .................................................................................. 16 CURRENT AND FUTURE CHALLENGES ....................................................................................... 19 References ............................................................................................................................................. 20 SHADOW OF DOUBT WIPES OUT BENDECTIN 1980s .................................................................. 27 Bendectin and birth defects: I. A meta-analysis of the epidemiologic studies ...............................
    [Show full text]
  • The Disappointing History of Science in the Courtroom: Frye, Daubert, and the Ongoing Crisis of “Junk Science” in Criminal Trials
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Oklahoma College of Law Oklahoma Law Review Volume 71 Number 3 2019 The Disappointing History of Science in the Courtroom: Frye, Daubert, and the Ongoing Crisis of “Junk Science” in Criminal Trials Jim Hilbert Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/olr Part of the Courts Commons, and the Criminal Law Commons Recommended Citation Jim Hilbert, The Disappointing History of Science in the Courtroom: Frye, Daubert, and the Ongoing Crisis of “Junk Science” in Criminal Trials, 71 OKLA. L. REV. 759 (2019), https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/olr/vol71/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Oklahoma Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE DISAPPOINTING HISTORY OF SCIENCE IN THE COURTROOM: FRYE, DAUBERT, AND THE ONGOING CRISIS OF “JUNK SCIENCE” IN CRIMINAL TRIALS JIM HILBERT* Introduction Twenty-five years ago, the Supreme Court decided one of the most important cases concerning the use of science in courtrooms.1 In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals,2 the Court addressed widespread concerns that courts were admitting unreliable scientific evidence.3 In addition, lower courts lacked clarity on the status of the previous landmark * Jim Hilbert is an Associate Professor of Law at Mitchell Hamline School of Law and Co-Director of the Expert Witness Training Academy, which trains climate scientists through a grant from the National Science Foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • 452 Book Reviews Rhetoric Buoyed by the Support of Violent Youth Groups
    452 Book Reviews rhetoric buoyed by the support of violent youth groups, both significant components of the fascist push for national rejuvenation. Negative measures like sterilisation – so popular in other countries at the time – were overlooked in favour of positive racial hygiene that placed ‘physical education on a par with academic training’ and encouraged citizens to start ‘large, “valuable” families’ (p. 213). In accordance with Self-Help’s Third Reich benefactors, the exclusion of Jewish people was a ‘practical benchmark towards re-homogenising the Saxon national body and Lebensraum’. Elsewhere, in a remarkable example of how eugenic racism became part of Saxon society, we hear the story of a German ‘girl’ who ‘had obligations to her nation that went beyond her personal happiness. While she was free to marry whom she desired, the national community reserved the right to exclude her for abandoning her heritage’ (p. 111). As the study ends in the 1940s before eugenics was widely discredited, Saxon eugenic discourse moved from what was once passive education to totalitarian influence, as one eugenicist concluded ‘the individual’s health is no longer his private matter; [::: ] the right of a person to his own body is surpassed by the nation’s right over it’ (p. 253). This study provides a fascinating insight into the existential struggles of an ethnic minority trying to make sense of the unpredictable challenges of the post-war climate after the First World War. The modernist desire for national rebirth was shared in other countries (and in other manifestations within Romania itself), yet Georgescu brilliantly tells the story of the changing nature of Saxon identity, which was consumed by the need to build a Eugenic Fortress.
    [Show full text]
  • Virtual Mentor American Medical Association Journal of Ethics July 2001, Volume 3, Number 7: 252-254
    Virtual Mentor American Medical Association Journal of Ethics July 2001, Volume 3, Number 7: 252-254. VIEWPOINT Protecting the Public: Profile of Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey Karen Geraghty That Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey saved countless lives and prevented numerous physical deformities of infants and children is a remarkable accomplishment in any career. More remarkable still is the fact that she accomplished this feat not through the discovery of a cure, the development of an innovative surgical procedure, or the invention of a life-saving device. Rather, it was Dr. Kelsey's professional behavior—her unwillingness to compromise the priorities of patient health and safety—that single-handedly averted an appalling tragedy nearly thrust upon an unsuspecting American public. In September 1960, Dr. Kelsey was a newly appointed member of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Her very first assignment was to review the application for the drug Kevadon. Synthesized in 1954 and introduced to the market on October 1, 1957 in West Germany, the drug—known there by the name Thalidomide—was hailed as a wonder cure for insomnia. Non-addictive and non- toxic, Thalidomide induced sleep and was prescribed as a sedative that promised no side effects. As its popularity grew, it soon became the drug of choice prescribed to pregnant women combating symptoms associated with morning sickness. By 1960, Thalidomide was popularly prescribed throughout the world, including Europe and Canada. The application by the Richardson-Merrell pharmaceutical company of Cincinnati to introduce Thalidomide under the brand name Kevadon to the US market reached the desk of Dr. Kelsey less than one month after her appointment to the FDA.
    [Show full text]
  • Silent Spring at 50: Reflections on an Environmental Classic
    SILENT SPRING AT 50: REFLECTIONS ON AN ENVIRONMENTAL CLASSIC PERC POLICY SERIES • NO. 51 • 2012 BY ROGER E. MEINERS & ANDREW P. MOrrISS Editor Laura E. Huggins PERC 2048 Analysis Drive Suite A Bozeman‚ Montana 59718 Phone: 406–587–9591 Fax: 406–586–7555 www.perc.org [email protected] RECENT EssaYS PERC POLICY SERIES PS-50 Colony Collapse Disorder: The Market Response to Bee Disease Randal R. Rucker and Walter N. Thurman PS-49 Fencing Fisheries in Namibia and Beyond: Lessons from the Developing World Laura E. Huggins PS-48 Designing Payments for Ecosystem Services James Salzman PS-47 Recycling Myths Revisited Daniel K. Benjamin PS-46 Environmental Water Markets: Restoring Streams through Trade Brandon Scarborough PS-45 Two Forests under the Big Sky: Tribal v. Federal Management Alison Berry PS-44 7 Myths About Green Jobs Andrew P. Morriss‚ William T. Bogart‚ Andrew Dorchak‚ and Roger E. Meiners PS-43 Creating Marine Assets: Property Rights in Ocean Fisheries Robert T. Deacon PS-42 Environmental Justice: Opportunities through Markets H. Spencer Banzhaf PS-41 Do Profits Promote Pollution? The Myth of the Environmental Race to the Bottom Robert K. Fleck and Andrew Hanssen ISSN 1094–655 Copyright © 2012 by PERC. All papers are available at www.perc.org. Distribution beyond personal use requires permission from PERC. TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 6 The PerFecT CheMICAL STORM 9 BIRD POPULATIONS AND DDT 14 CANcer FROM PESTICIDES 16 SILENce ON TOBACCO 17 WHAT ABOUT The CHILDreN? 17 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS & CANcer 20 OVerLOOKED BeNEFITS OF PESTICIDES 23 The OTher ROAD 24 Are CheMICAL PESTICIDES A NeceSSARY EVIL? 25 CONCLUSION 25 REFERENCES 28 cASE CITED TO The reADer By dramatically revealing the potential dangers synthetic chemicals posed to the environment and human health‚ Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962a) served as a catalyst for the modern environmental movement.
    [Show full text]
  • President's Message
    Summer/Fall Issue 2014 SOT News President’s Message With summer quickly coming to an end and a new school year almost upon us, it draws my attention to one of the most important services that the Society of Toxicology (SOT) provides to its membership, Continuing Education (CE). The Society provides a variety of mechanisms for members to continue their professional growth and development. I would like to bring to your attention two specific opportunities on the horizon. The first comes from a recent partnership between the US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition and SOT. Specifically, the US FDA and SOT will collaborate on providing four half- day sessions over the next year on current topics of mutual interest. This series of sessions, termed the “SOT FDA Colloquia on Emerging Toxicological Science Challenges in Food and Ingredient Safety,” will be open for public attendance as well as available for viewing via webcast. The symposia also will be recorded with links available through the SOT website to President view at your convenience. Norbert E. Kaminski The first of four sessions will focus on partially hydrogenated oils (PHO), often referred to as “trans fats.” This first colloquium, which is tentatively scheduled for October 2014, will cover a variety of topics including, but not limited to, the US FDA recent actions on PHO, the chemistry and biochemistry of PHO and related lipids, the clinical effects of PHO including health hazards and benefits, and will conclude with a moderated roundtable discussion with speakers and invited panelists.
    [Show full text]
  • THE REAL DEAL Meet Dean Jane Aiken Wake Forest Jurist | 1 WAKE FOREST JURIST
    THE MAGAZINE OF WAKE FOREST LAW 2020 THE REAL DEAL Meet Dean Jane Aiken Wake Forest Jurist | 1 WAKE FOREST JURIST 2020 Volume 50 ON THE COVER Jane Aiken, Dean of Wake Forest University School of Law EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR PHOTOGRAPHY Wake Forest Jurist is published by Jorge Reyna Allen Aycock Wake Forest University School of Ken Bennett Law. All rights reserved. The views EDITORS Bladen Journal expressed herein do not necessarily Stephanie Skordas Shawn Miller (New York Times) reflect those of Wake Forest Univer- Kaitlyn Ruhf (BA ’13, MA ’20) Robert Ross sity School of Law. Kaitlyn Ruhf (BA ’13, MA ’20) ASSOCIATE EDITOR/ART United States Senate Photographic Services SEND CLASS NOTES TO: DIRECTOR [email protected] Holly Swenson WEBSITE or Trevor Hughes Jurist Notes CONTRIBUTORS Matt Nelkin P.O. Box 7205 Michael Breedlove Winston-Salem, NC 27109 or The Jurist Website 2 | law.wfu.edu jurist.law.wfu.edu WAKE FOREST JURIST 4 THE REAL DEAL EFFECTIVE PANDEMIC A FOND 16 IMMEDIATELY 24 PRO-TEMPORE 38 FAREWELL EVENTS 48 FACULTY HIGHLIGHTS 50 CLASS NOTES 54 Wake Forest Jurist | 1 2 | law.wfu.edu A MESSAGE FROM THE DEAN DRAWING ON OUR STRENGTHS, OUR RESILIENCE, AND OUR HOPE When the dust settles, we will likely be looking back on 2020 as a generation-defining year for our communities, our country, and our world. But perhaps it need not be because of the limitations that the virus suddenly imposed upon us, but because of the resilience, ingenuity, speed, and commitment with which we are adapting and rising to meet the momentous challenge being thrust upon us.
    [Show full text]
  • Autobiographical Reflections
    AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL REFLECTIONS FRANCES OLDHAM KELSEY, Ph. D., M. D. Early Life and Education 3 Research, Professional Development, and Family in Chicago 13 Medical Teaching, Research, and Practice in South Dakota 33 Coming to FDA and an Introduction to the Drug Approval Process 43 Thalidomide 49 Post-Drug Amendments Reorganizations of New and Investigational Drugs in the Bureau of Medicine 79 Creation and Work of the Division of Scientific Investigations 81 2 1 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL REFLECTIONS Frances O. Kelsey, Ph. D., M. D. In thinking about my life, I recall a letter I received in 1987 from an eighth grader in Vermillion, South Dakota, and I remember this for two reasons: first, we had lived in Vermillion, and my daughters went to the Jolley School where this girl was an eighth grader. But, second, because she asked me some questions that I did not feel I answered very well at the time she asked them, and I thought I might weave the answers into my reflections. The girl had to give a speech at her school on a woman who had a career in spite of obstacles. She had gotten a little background information on me from the library and seemed to have done a good job. She asked me for a few more facts, but what drew me up short was when she said: "But, most of all, perhaps you could describe how hard it was to be a woman studying science and medicine when most of your classmates were men. Perhaps you could also tell me how frustrating it must have been to find work when most people thought a woman should only be a housewife." So I thought in reflecting on my life and my 1 Editorial note: This was drawn from the following: oral history interviews conducted in 1974, 1991, and 1992; presentation, Founder’s Day, St.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue Affirmative Approvals of Many Classes of Products Before Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures in Children and Adults They Can Be Marketed
    6 | GLOBAL CALENDAR DECEMBER 2015 9–10 Sterile Product JANUARY 2016 Manufacturing Facilities: ® 1–2 ISPE DACH Affiliate GAMP 5 Applying the ISPE Baseline 12 Delaware Valley Chapter January Conference Guide and FDA Guidance Program Mannheim, Germany Principles to Design and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Operation (T12) Training 3 ISPE UK Affiliate Plant Tour Tampa, Florida, US 21 ISPE DACH Affiliate Stakeholder and Presentation Management Tredegar, Gwent, UK Facility Project Management Frankfurt, Germany in the Regulated CASA Education Event & Charity Pharmaceutical Industry* 21–22 ISPE DACH Affiliate Stakeholder Event (T26) Training Management: Wie Geht Das? Raleigh–Durham, North Carolina, Tampa, Florida, US Neu-Isenberg, Germany US Applying Quality Risk 23 Delaware Valley Chapter Future San Francisco/Bay Area Chapter Management (QRM) (T42) Cities Competition Evening Meeting Training Philadelphia Location TBD Tampa, Florida, US 25–27 Basic Principles of 4 Delaware Valley Chapter 10 ISPE Italy Affiliate Xmas Computerized Systems Volunteer Day Night & Single Use Technology Compliance Using GAMP® 5, Milan, Italy Including Revised Annex 11 Rocky Mountain Chapter and Part 11 Update Holiday Event Midwest Chapter End of Year (T45) Training Boulder, Colorado, US Dinner Tampa, Florida, US 7–8 Australasia Affiliate Best Boston Area Chapter Industrial 28–29 A GAMP® Approach to Practices in Aseptic Processes Wireless Network Data Integrity, Electronic Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Andover, Massachusetts, US Records and Signatures, and Operation
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Laboratory Methods in a Regulated Environment
    Basic Laboratory Methods in a Regulated Environment CLASSROOM ACTIVITY: FRANCES KELSEY AND THALIDOMIDE IN THE UNITED STATES: A CASE STUDY RELATING TO PHARMACEUTICAL REGULATIONS Submitted by Madison Area Technical College Contact Person: Lisa Seidman, Lseidman@matcmadison .edu 1 Bio-Link Courses-in-a-Box Basic Lab Methods Classroom Activities NOTES TO THE INSTRUCTOR The regulation of pharmaceutical/medical products raises a number of significant questions. Should AIDS patients be able to obtain drugs that have not been fully tested for safety or efficacy? Should herbal/nutritional supplements be regulated by the government? How does society balance the potential benefit of new pharmaceuticals against their potential risk? What are the responsibilities of companies to ensure the safety of drugs? This case study explores some of these topical issues through a discussion of a pivotal episode in the history of drug regulation in the United States. In the early 1960s, Dr. Frances Kelsey and her colleagues at the Food and Drug Administration refused to approve the sedative, thalidomide, for use in the U.S.. Thalidomide was later found to cause severe birth defects when taken by pregnant women in Germany, England, and many other countries. This dramatic case captures students’ interest and provides an effective springboard for discussion of pharmaceutical regulation and related scientific, societal, and ethical issues. We have used this case study with beginning technical college students who are preparing for laboratory careers in biotechnology. We anticipate that this material would be quite appropriate for high school students as well. It has been effective in our classroom to have the students read up to Questions 1 and 2, at the end of the section entitled “The Beginning of the Thalidomide Story.” After discussion, the class votes on whether they would have approved the drug, based on its use in Germany and its supposed safety record there.
    [Show full text]
  • Formed by Thalidomide: Mass Torts As a False Cure for Toxic Exposure Anita Bernstein Brooklyn Law School, [email protected]
    Brooklyn Law School BrooklynWorks Faculty Scholarship 11-1997 Formed by Thalidomide: Mass Torts as a False Cure for Toxic Exposure Anita Bernstein Brooklyn Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/faculty Part of the Food and Drug Law Commons, Other Law Commons, and the Torts Commons Recommended Citation 97 Colum. L. Review 2153 (1997) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by BrooklynWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of BrooklynWorks. FORMED BY THALIDOMIDE: MASS TORTS AS A FALSE CURE FOR TOXIC EXPOSURE Anita Bernstein* ProfessorBernstein considers a theme ofJudge Weinstein'sjudicial and academic writings--that tort law works imperfectly to effect justice in mass disaster cases-through the vehicle of thalidomide, the paradigmatictoxic substance. Thirty-five years ago, thalidomide poisoned thousands of chil- dren, inflicting limb-reduction birth defects. ProfessorBernstein argues that the drug has also had a malforming effect on mass tort law. Courts and scholars have used the precedent of thalidomide to build stringent legal stan- dards of proof and causation, without enough attention to the functions and consistency of these standards. Thalidomide has also prompted commenta- tors to celebrate American drugregulation and the American liability system; ProfessorBernstein argues that these paeans are exaggerated. She concludes that the United States must confront its thalidomide history, as
    [Show full text]
  • Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, a Book That Changed the World (Version 1 PDF)
    Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, a Book that Changed the World Mark Stoll This virtual exhibition presents the global reception and impact of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring as well as the book’s legacy in popular culture, music, literature, and the arts. This version 2, published in 2020, includes minor updates to the original 2012 virtual exhibition (view PDF here) and applies the Environment & Society Portal’s responsive layout. This exhibition was created by Mark Stoll under a CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (2020, 2012) license. This refers only to the text and does not include any image rights. For copyright information on the above images, please click here. http://www.environmentandsociety.org/exhibitions/rachel-carsons-silent-spring/copyright-information How to cite: Stoll, Mark. “Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, a Book that Changed the World.” Environment & Society Portal, Virtual Exhibitions 2012, no. 1 [updated 6 February 2020]. Version 2.0. Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society. https://doi.org/10.5282/rcc/8842 . ISSN 2198-7696 Environment & Society Portal, Virtual Exhibitions Source URL: http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/8842 PDF created on 08 July 2020 11:42:37 Introduction Rachel Carson testifying before the Senate Government Operations subcommittee studying pesticide spraying on 4 June 1963. © 1963 ddp images. Used by permission The copyright holder reserves, or holds for their own use, all the rights provided by copyright law, such as distribution, performance, and creation of derivative works. A Noisy Half Century In her new book [Rachel Carson] tries to scare the living daylights out of us and, in large measure, succeeds.
    [Show full text]