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University Micrcxilms International INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material subm itted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University Micrcxilms International 300 N /hl-B HOAD. ANN ARBOR. Ml 48100 18 Bl Dl ORD ROW. LONDON WC1R 41 J, ( N OLAND 7908233 WARREN, JERRY LEWIS I THE INFLUENCE OF THE -PHYSIOLOGUS" ON PRUSS* "HCRBARY" DF 1S09. THE DHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, PH.D., 197U University M ic ro film s International 300 N n I H HOAD ANN AHHOH. Ml 4810U © 1978 JERRY LEWIS WARREN ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE INFLUENCE OF THE PHYSIOLOGUS ON PROSS' HERBARY OF 1509 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jerry Lewis Warren, B.A., M.A., M.T.S. ******* The Ohio State University 1978 Reading Committee: Approved by Dr. Johanna Belkin Dr. Gisela Vitt Adviser Dr. Harry Vredefeld Department of German AC KNOWLE DSEMENTS I wish to express :ny gratitude to the following libraries: Southeastern Oklahoma State University Mr. Raymond Piller Southern Methodist University Dr. Decherd Turner University of Illinois at Chicago,Health Sciences Dr. Edward Rich Cambridge University (England) Mr. J. C. T. Oates Univesrity of Texas Universit.y of Oklahoma University of Chicago. Special thanks are due the Book Club of California for permission to quote from Francis Carmody's English trans­ lation of the Physlologus. Also, I wish to thank Mr. and Mrs. W. 0. Cooper and Mr. Thomas 0. Criswell,III for use of microfilming and re­ production equipment. Finally, my profound thanks are due a patient Doktormutter, Johanna Belkin and my longsuffering wife(and typist),Rose Lee, and daughter, Kirsten. ii VITA December 16,1941...........Texas City, Texas 1964......................... B. A., Southern Methodist Univer­ sity, Dallas, Texas 1966......................... M. A., University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon 1966-1968................... Instructor of German, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 1968-1970................... Instructor of Latin and German Southeastern Oklahoma State University, Durant, Oklahoma 1970-1972................... Teaching and Research (NSF) Fellow, German Department, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1972-1975................... Assistant Professor of Foreign Languages, Southeastern Oklahoma State University, Durant, Oklahoma 1977 ......................... Master of Theological Studies Seabury-Western Theological Seminary, Evanston, Illinois 197 8 ..........................Assistant Priest, Trinity Church Wauwatosa, Wisconsin FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Medieval German language and literature Studies in medieval literature and philology, Professor Johanna Belkin Studies in medieval literature, Professor Hugo Bekker Studies in German philology, Professor Wolfgang Fleischhauer iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................... ii VITA .................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................... V INTRODUCTION .......................................... 1 Chapter I. The Citation of the Physiologus in Priiss' Herbary ............................ 49 II. Structural Analysis ...................... 73 III. The Taxonomy of the Physiologus and Herbary ..................................... 84 IV. The Hermeneutic of the Physiologus and Herbary ................................ 9 7 V. Summary ..................................... 135 APPENDICES A. Verified Citations of the Physiologus in the Herbary ............................ 139 B. Composite Sources of the Hortus Sanitatis (1491) and Herbary (1509).... 147 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................... 169 iv LIST OF FIGURES page Figure 1: Development of major manuscripts - Stemma I .......................................7 Figure 2: Development of Versio B-Stemma II.......... 7 Figure 3: Castor ( beaver ) 38 Figure 4: Unicorn ........................................39 Figure 5: Pellicanus (pelican)......................... 40 Figure 6: Monachus marinus (sea-monk) monoceron ( unicorn) ........................ 41 r Figure 7: Hortus Sanitatis (piiij ) cephos and ccntrocuta....................... 126 Figure 8: Herbary ( 1509 - diijr) cephos and ccntrocuta ......................127 r Figure 9: Hortus Sanitatis (siij ) "De Animal.ibus" regulus .......................................128 Figure 10: Herbary ( 1509 - hii.ijV) regulus .......................................129 Figure 11: Hortus Sanitatis (a a i i j ) cetus .........................................130 Figure 12: Herbary (1509 - A i i i j r) cetus ......................................... 131 Figure 13: Hortus Sanitatis I j ^ ) perdix ............................. 132 i r Figure 14: Herbary (oiiij ) perdix ........................................ 132 v INTRODUCTION The Physiologus is the foremost example of the bestiary genre. It was compiled during the early patris­ tic period, flourished in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and influenced the culture of the Middle Ages ■\ and Reformation. Despite copious scholarship regarding the Physiologus, there has been little consideration of its importance in late medieval science, specifically animal science. The purpose of this study is to demon­ strate the popularity of the Physiologus and its influ­ ence on the Herbary or Gart der Gesuntheit, printed in 1509 by Johannes Priiss in Strassburg. Before investigat­ ing this influence, however, a survey of the history and significance of Priiss' text is required. Priiss' Herbary of 1509 belongs to the tradition of the Latin Hortus Sanitatis, first printed by Jacob Meydenbach in 1491 in Mainz. The Hortus Sanitatis is an extensive herbal of 1,066 chapters with treatises on plants, animals, birds, fish, minerals, and urines. ^William Rose, "Introduction to 'Physiologus'" in The Epic of the Beast (New York: Dutton, 1924), p. 181. Rose notes Luther's interest in the Physiologus. 1 Although the 1509 text is an almost verbatim translation into German of the treatises on animals and minerals in the Hortus Sanitatis, it is not based on Meydenbach's original 1491 edition but on Priiss' reprints of 1496, 1497 2 and 1499, especially that of 1497. It should be noted that Priiss used the text of the German Gart der Gesundhe.it (or small Hortus Sanitatis) for the first volume of the Herbary which he printed in 1507. Both the 1507 and 1509 volumes comprise the Herbary and form the so-called German "Hortus." Since the treatises on animals in the 1509 text are taken from Meydenbach's Hortus Sanitatis, a sketch of this work is given below. The Hortus Sanitatis was published in Latin and is considered to be the oldest edition of the so-called 3 large Hortus Sanitatis. Shaffer has observed that Meydenbach's Hortus Sanitatis "was the most comprehensive 4 herbal and materia medica of them all." The comprehen­ siveness of Meydenbach's Hortus Sanitatis, particularly the inclusion of the treatises on animals, distinguishes 2 Arnold Klebs, "Introduction," in Karl Becher, A Catalogue of Early Herbals (Lugano: L'art ancien, 1925) , p. 33. 3 Ludwig Choulant, Graphische Incunabeln fur Natur- geschichte und Medizin (Leipzig: 1858). Reprint: Hildesheim, Georg 01ms Verlag, 1963, p. 21. 4 Ellen Shaffer, The Garden of Health (n.p., Book Club of California, 1957). his work from previous herbals. There are 164 chapters on land animals, 122 chapters on birds, and 106 chapters on fish. Each chapter is usually divided into a descrip­ tive part and a part called operationes which lists specific medical uses of the creature. The treatise on plants, 530 chapters altogether, is an expansion of the material on plants in earlier herbals. Although this treatise on plants is of minimal significance for the present study, it should be noted that its contents were
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