United States Department of Agriculture

Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in

A Land Manager’s Guide

Forest Service National Headquarters Introduction Food Hummingbirds play an important role in the food Hummingbirds feed by day on nectar from owers, web, pollinating a variety of owering , some including annuals, perennials, trees, shrubs, and vines. of which are speci cally adapted to pollination by Native nectar plants are listed in the table near the hummingbirds. Some hummingbirds are at risk, like end of this guide.  ey feed while hovering or, if other pollinators, due to habitat loss, changes in the possible, while perched.  ey also eat insects, such as distribution and abundance of nectar plants (which fruit- ies and gnats, and will consume tree sap, when are a ected by climate change), the spread of invasive Rufous Hummingbird nest Western columbine—Aquilegia formosa it is available.  ey obtain tree sap from sap wells plants, and pesticide use.  is guide is intended to help Courtesy of Martin Hutten Courtesy of Gary A. Monroe drilled in trees by sapsuckers and other hole-drilling USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database you provide and improve habitat for hummingbirds, birds and insects. as well as other pollinators, in California. While hummingbirds, like all birds, have the basic habitat needs of food, water, shelter, and space, this guide is focused on providing Water food—the plants that provide nectar for hummingbirds. Because climate, geology, and vegetation vary widely in di erent areas, speci c recommendations are presented for Hummingbirds get adequate wa- each ecoregion in California. (See the Ecoregions in California section, below.) ter from the nectar and insects they  is guide also provides brief descriptions of the species that visit California, as well as consume. However, they are attracted some basic information about hummingbird habitat needs. to running water, such as a fountain, sprinkler, birdbath with a mister, or Whether you’re involved in managing public or private lands, large acreages or small waterfall. In addition, insect popula- areas, you can make them attractive to our native hummingbirds. Even long, narrow tions are typically higher near ponds, pieces of habitat, like utility corridors,  eld edges, and roadsides, can provide import- streams, and wetland areas, so those Lake in Sonoma County, California ant connections among larger habitat areas. areas are important food sources for Courtesy of Marguerite Meyer Hummingbird Basics hummingbirds. Hummingbird Species in California Some of the hummingbird species of Cal- ifornia are migratory, generally wintering Following are brief descriptions of the hummingbird species most commonly found in in the southwestern US and Mexico and California, as well as a list of other species that are uncommon or rare visitors. pushing northward and toward the coast for summer breeding. Anna’s Humming- Black-chinned Hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri) bird can be found throughout much of California year-round, while Costa’s and RANGE—Black-chinned Hummingbirds oc- Allen’s are primarily found in Southern cur in all  ve Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs) California year-round. For hummingbird in California, which are BCRs 5, 15, 32, 9, and species to thrive, they need to  nd suitable 33. (See the Bird Conservation Regions section, habitat all along their migration routes, below.)  ey breed during summer throughout as well as in their breeding, nesting, and the west and central U.S., and they winter in wintering areas. Even small habitat patches the lowlands of western Mexico.  ey are most along their migratory path can be critical common in areas below 6000 feet and inhabit to the birds by providing places for rest and a variety of habitats associated with water (less food to fuel their journey. than 1/2 mile), including canyons and gulches, Big Sur, Central California Coastline riparian corridors, open woodlands, oak and Black-chinned—male Courtesy of Marguerite Meyer scrub areas, and urban settings. Courtesy of Scott Carpenter

2 Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California 3 NESTING—Habitat of the Sierras. Anna’s Hummingbirds occur in all  ve Bird Conservation Regions includes canyons or ood- (BCRs) in California, which are BCRs 5, 15, 32, 9, and 33. plain riparian communities, NESTING—  is species begins especially near sycamore or nesting in winter (November/ cottonwood. In urban areas, December) after the arrival of the they prefer settings with tall winter rains, from sea level up to trees and many owering 5,700 feet. In summer, they inhabit shrubs and vines. After shrubland communities such as breeding, they may move chaparral-oak areas and brushy Black-chinned—female to more elevated moun- Courtesy of Scott Carpenter riparian areas, as well as urban and tain habitats to feed on suburban areas. After breeding, they nectar-producing owers. may move to higher elevations (up Many will move or stay in urban areas, where owering plants and feeders are attrac- to 11,000 feet) in search of nectar tive. Typically arriving in April, they migrate south in August. plants.  ey do not migrate long APPEARANCE—Unlike other North American hummingbirds, the wingtips of the distances. Instead, like tropical Black-chinned Hummingbird look relatively broad and curved when the bird is at rest. hummingbirds, they migrate up and While hovering, they pump their tail almost constantly.  e adult male is dull green down in elevation, di erent popu- to emerald green above, pale gray to whitish below, becoming dull green on the sides. lations migrate to di erent places, Anna’s Hummingbird—female It has a velvety black gorget with an iridescent purple band below; the purple band Courtesy of Scott Carpenter and some populations (especially in can look black in poor light. White on the breast extends around the sides of the neck, cities) are sedentary. contrasting strongly with the all-dark head.  e central two tail feathers are green; the APPEARANCE—Males are more vocal than any other North American humming- others are black, often with a purplish sheen. bird.  e male has a dry, scratchy, buzzy song that it sings throughout the year, but  e adult female is dull green to golden green above and pale gray below.  e sides are especially during the breeding season, November-June. Adult males (and some young gray-green and often have a tawny or cinnamon-colored patch on the lower ank.  e males) have an iridescent rose/red crown and gorget with elongated feathers projecting throat of the female can be unmarked or have dusky streaking or spotting in the center to the sides. Males turn their head from side to side as they sing, ashing their irides- of the gorget.  e tail is greenish or blackish, with the three outer pairs of tail feathers cent head as a signal to other hummingbirds.  ey have a green back and are grayish broadly tipped with white. Immature birds look similar to adult females; refer to a  eld below. Outer tail feathers are gray, darker at the edges.  e tail extends well beyond the guide for more information wingtips. . Adult females also have a green back and grayish underparts. Gorget (throat) mark- Anna’s Hummingbird (Calypte anna) ings vary from bronzy gray mottling to a central splotch of rose/red feathers. Very RANGE— e Anna’s Hummingbird is the largest rarely, rose feathers may occur on the crown.  e tail extends to or beyond the wing- hummingbird in California. Once a chaparral spe- tips. Tail feathers are broad, rounded, banded in dull gray-green, blackish, and white. cialist, it is now a year-round resident of the Paci c Immature birds look somewhat similar to the adult females, although immature males coast, from southern British Columbia to northern have heavier mottling in the gorget.  e Anna’s Hummingbird typically holds its tail Baja California. Since the mid-1930s, its range has still while hovering. expanded greatly, likely due to its e ective use of Costa’s Hummingbird (Calypte costae) non-native plants and feeders in urban and suburban areas.  e Anna’s Hummingbird is the only hum- RANGE— e Costa’s Hummingbird is California’s desert hummingbird, a common mingbird regularly found in central and northern species found in hot deserts and other xeric habitats, mainly in southern Califor- California in winter; Allen’s and Costa’s also winter nia.  is species breeds in three major habitat types: scrub, Mohave in Southern California.  ey are largely absent east Anna’s Hummingbird—male Courtesy of Jim Cruce Desert scrub, and California coast. It leaves the Sonoran and scrub

4 Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California 5 habitat after the peak of Flyways, at a wider range of ele- breeding season (mid-March vations, from mountains to desert through mid-April), and riparian corridors. by May most of the birds NESTING— Preferred nesting have migrated from the area. habitat is montane conifer for- Post-breeding destinations ests, primarily in shrub-sapling are largely unknown; some seral stage into second-growth individuals may go to Mex- following  res or logging, and ico, whereas others seem to usually near (within 1 mile) of ri- move uphill, similar to An- parian habitat.  ey breed mostly na’s Hummingbird. Popula- in mountain areas from British Calliope Hummingbird—female tions with a year-round food Costa’s Hummingbird—male and female Courtesy of Scott Carpenter Courtesy of Cindy  ill Columbia to California, , supply (e.g. hummingbird and Utah.  ey breed mainly at feeders) are sedentary.  e middle elevations (4,000 to 7,000 feet), but sometimes as high as timberline (above species returns to and California deserts when desert lavender or chuparosa 9,000 feet) and down to lower forest margins (500 feet). begin owering. During the non-breeding season, individuals have been observed slightly above 7,800 feet in elevation in chaparral, scrub, or woodland habitat. Occur- APPEARANCE—  e Calliope Hum- ring in BCRs 32 and 33 in California, Costa’s Hummingbird can be seen year-round mingbird is the smallest breeding bird throughout many desert and some coastal habitats of southern California. in North America and is the smallest long-distance avian migrant in the world. FOOD— ese hummingbirds feed on a variety of plants and insects, with particular  e male Calliope Hummingbird weighs focus on two shrubs in desert scrub areas, chuparosa and ocotillo. Additional nectar about the same as a penny—about half plants include desert lavender, thornbush, honeysuckle, beardtongue, coral bean, and as much as a male Anna’s Hummingbird. New Mexico thistle.  e adult male is bright green above NESTING—Costa’s Hummingbird’s begin to breed after the desert plants begin to and creamy white below with a green bloom, and nest construction begins as early as mid-January. Nesting elevation ranges wash on the sides and anks.  e adult from 100 to 4,700 feet (Corman and Wise-Gervais 2005). Nests are found on plants male’s gorget is iridescent, wine-red to in open, sparse habitat, but in urban environments may be in dense vegetation, from 1 magenta-red, and, unlike other North to 40 feet above ground. American hummingbirds, separated into APPEARANCE— e male Costa’s Hummingbird has an iridescent violet crown and distinct rays that fan across its throat.  e gorget that runs along both sides of its throat. Both males and females have green up- male can elevate the rays into a starburst display against the white background of perparts. Females have a white throat and underparts, with occasional violet feathers. Calliope Hummingbird—male Courtesy of Scott Carpenter its throat. Wingtips extend to or slightly Calliope Hummingbird (Selasphorus calliope) beyond the short tail. Tail feathers are dull gray, variably edged with cinnamon at the base. RANGE— Calliope Hummingbirds occur in all  ve Bird Conservation Regions  e adult female is bright green to golden green above and creamy white below, with (BCRs) in California, which are BCRs 5, 15, 32, 9, and 33.  ey are common sum- a rusty wash on the sides, anks, and across the lower breast.  e gorget is evenly mer residents in mountain habitats from southern California to the Oregon border, spotted with dusky to brownish bronze.  e tail usually falls short of the wingtips.  e seen only transiently in the southeast corner of the state and along the coast. Spring adult female looks much like female Rufous or Allen’s Hummingbirds, but it is smaller migration peaks in April, when the birds pass through both montane and lowland, with a shorter bill, shorter tail, and less rust at the base of the tail. Immature birds coastal habitats along the Paci c Flyway. During migration they tend to co-occur with look similar to adult females. Calliope Hummingbirds often cock their tails upward, migrating Rufous Hummingbirds, and Rufous Hummingbirds are far more abundant perpendicular to the body, while hovering. than this species. Fall migration is through both the Paci c and Rocky Mountain

6 Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California 7 Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus) aspens, generally 3-13 feet above ground.  eir nests are often located over water. Broad-tailed Hummingbirds mainly breed between 6,000-10,000 feet, but have been RANGE— e Broad-tailed Hummingbird is a long-winged, high elevation hum- observed nesting at elevations over 10,700 feet. After breeding, they follow the path of mingbird whose migratory breeding populations range north across the Rocky blooming plants. Mountains to south- APPEARANCE—  ese mid-sized ern Montana and hummingbirds have longer tail and west through forested wings than any other North Ameri- regions of Nevada and can Selasphorus species.  e male is just barely make it green above and white below with an into eastern Califor- iridescent, rosy-red gorget.  e male nia.  ey breed above may be known at once due to the 6000 feet (and so only loud, cricket-like wing trill sound it rarely overlap with produces with its wings.  ese spe- the lower-elevation cialized ight feathers allow him to Black-chinned Hum- Rufous Hummingbird—male Broad-tailed Hummingbird—male be heard from about a 100-yard distance, Courtesy of Jim Cruce Courtesy of David Inouye mingbird). Summer making his presence obvious. breeding occurs along  e female is green above and white below with rusty sides and rust at the base of the the central eastern tail. Females can be distinguished from other Selasphorus species by a white eye-ring border of California in the White Mountains. Occurring in BCRs 9 and 33 in Cali- and long rectrices, which make their tails look longer and broader when fanned. fornia, this species occupies high-elevation great basin mountain habitats, including piñon-juniper, pine-oak, montane riparian areas and wet meadows, and areas of open Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) mixed conifers including  r, spruce, and pine. FOOD—Broad-tailed Hummingbirds primarily consume nectar from owers such as RANGE—  e Rufous Hummingbird travels farther north than any other hum- red columbine, Indian paintbrush, sage species, currants, and scarlet mint. Broad-tailed mingbird, wintering in Mexico and migrating to breeding sites as distant as Alaska. Hummingbirds also Although a relatively small humming- feed from owers that bird, it has an aggressive nature and are not typically used frequently chases larger hummingbirds by other humming- from nectar sources. Its presence in birds, including pussy- California is solely migratory as it willows, and glacier rotates between wintering sites in cen- lilies.  ey will also eat tral and western Mexico and summer small insects, gleaning breeding sites in the Paci c Northwest. them from leaves and Fall migration begins in June and is snatching them from split between the Paci c and Rocky Mountain Flyways. As with other midair. Rufous Hummingbird—female Courtesy of Jim Cruce hummingbirds, Rufous Hummingbirds NESTING—Nest typically move to higher elevations Broad-tailed Hummingbird—female site selection and for the fall migration, following nectar owers. During migration, the Rufous Hum- Courtesy of David Inouye construction is done mingbird occurs in all  ve Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs) in California, which entirely by the female are BCRs 5, 15, 32, 9, and 33. Rufous Hummingbirds are found in a wide variety of and can begin as early as late April, and ends by late July. Nests are typically observed habitats. on low horizontal branches of willows, alders, cottonwoods, pines,  rs, spruces, or NESTING—For breeding, they prefer second-growth forest communities and open-

8 Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California 9 ings, but they will also use mature forests, parks, and residential areas—from sea level summer along the entire length of to 4,000 feet.  is species nests in southern Oregon, but nesting has not been con- the California coast and are present  rmed in far northern California. year-round in southern California APPEARANCE— e back of the adult male Rufous Hummingbird is cinna- around the Los Angeles County area. mon-colored (rufous), sometimes spangled with green and rarely more than half green. Southbound migration is apparently  e underparts are creamy white with a rufous “vest.”  e crown is bright green, and also coastal, as well as inland along the gorget is iridescent scarlet to orange, appearing golden or yellow-green from some the coast range at higher elevations angles.  e tail extends past the wingtips.  e rufous tail feathers are black-tipped and mixed woodland, open conifer- pointed. ous forest, and montane chaparral habitats.  ere are also extralimital  e adult female is bright green above and white below, strongly washed with rufous reports of southbound birds from on the sides, anks, and undertail coverts.  e face and sides of the gorget are also interior and eastern parts of the washed rufous.  e gorget is o -white, spangled with green to bronze (concentrated state as they migrate between their on the sides).  e throat is marked with red-orange, from just a few spangles to a large breeding grounds along the coast and patch.  e rounded tail extends past the wingtips; it is rufous at the base and banded Allen’s Hummingbird—female wintering habitat in Central Mexico. Courtesy of Michael Duncan with black.  e outer three pairs of tail feathers have white tips. Immature birds look Southbound migration begins in June similar to the adult female, although the immature males typically show more rufous and peaks in July. on the rump and lower back as well as heavier markings on the throat. NESTING— ey breed only in the narrow, moist, coastal zone a ected by summer Allen’s Hummingbird (Selasphorus sasin) fogs, from sea level to 1,000 feet, and usually in or near shrubby, riparian habitat. Males typically select territories in open areas of coastal scrub or riparian shrubs,  e Allen’s Hummingbird is preferring willows as well as blackberry, dogwood, and poison oak. Females select nest closely related to the Rufous sites in more densely vegetated areas with at least some cover. Hummingbird, and the two APPEARANCE—It is very di cult to distinguish Allen’s Hummingbirds from species look very similar, mak- Rufous Hummingbirds. Both species even sound alike.  e adult male Allen’s Hum- ing identi cation a challenge mingbird is brilliant green above with a green crown, and a rufous rump and undertail where the species’ ranges overlap. coverts. Unlike nearly all adult male Rufous Hummingbirds, the back is more than It breeds in coastal areas from half green.  e tails of the two species di er slightly in appearance, but the bird must California into southern Oregon be held in the hand to make the distinction. and winters mostly in central Mexico and also along the Gulf  e adult female and immature Allen’s Hummingbirds appear almost identical to Coast to Alabama.  ere are two those of the Rufous Hummingbird. Distinguishing the two species requires having the subspecies, a migratory subspe- bird in hand. cies found throughout coastal Others Allen’s Hummingbird—male California from Santa Barbara Courtesy of Michael Duncan north; and a sedentary subspecies A few other hummingbird species are sometimes, though rarely, seen in California. that does not migrate, found on  ey include: the Channel Islands as well as on the mainland coast, from Santa Barbara south to Mexico, and inland to Riverside. Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) RANGE—Allen’s Hummingbird is a coastal species, rarely found more than 40 miles Violet-crowned Hummingbird (Amazilia violiceps) inland anywhere except southern California. It occurs in Bird Conservation Regions Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris) (BCRs) 5, 32, and 33. In spring, Allen’s Hummingbirds migrate along the coast in Magni cent Hummingbird (Eugenes fulgens) coastal scrub, chaparral, riparian woodland, and eucalyptus groves.  ey breed in the

10 Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California 11 Bird Conservation Regions in California (341) Intermountain Semi-Desert and Desert (ISDD) – lies within BCR 9 (342) Intermountain Semi-Desert (ISD) – lies within BCR 9  e United States North American Bird Conser- vation Initiative Committee is a coalition of gov- Note: Ecoregion map adapted from http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/ecoregions/images/ ernment agencies, private organizations, and bird maps/ecoregions-united-states-sample.jpg initiatives in the United States.  e committee is  e Pollinator Partnership website (www.pollinator.org) will show you which ecore- working to ensure the long-term health of North gion you are in just by entering your postal zip code (under “Planting Guides” on America’s native bird populations. Bird conservation the website). If you wish to supplement the information presented in this guide, for initiatives have produced national and international example, to attract other pollinators or to learn about other ecoregions, the Pollinator conservation plans for birds as well as regional plans Partnership o ers planting guides for ecoregions throughout the United States.  e for numerous BCRs, which are ecologically distinct website provides additional tools and connections to useful resources for pollinator regions in North America with similar bird commu- and information. nities, habitats, and resource management issues.  e regional plans provide more detailed information on Hummingbird Nectar Plants for population objectives and habitat needs for birds in Ecoregions in California speci c landscapes.  e  ve BCRs in California, the Northern Paci c  e following table (Hummingbird Nectar Plants for Ecoregions in California) lists some Rainforest (BCR 5), the Sierra Nevada (BCR 15), plants that are nectar sources for hummingbirds.  ese plants are native to California, Coastal California (BCR 32), the Great Basin (BCR 9), and the Sonoran and Mohave and are adapted to conditions in the ecoregions indicated in the table.  e table also Deserts (BCR 33), are shown on the map (above left). provides basic information on habitat and light, soil, and water needs. Finally, Ecoregions in California the tables provide seed sources for each plant valid as of July 2015. A directory Land within California lies within eight ecoregions (see below—codes in parenthe- of the seed sources follows the tables. ses), which are shown on the map: Ecoregions in Use locally-adapted genetically appro- California.  e ecoregion boundaries di er from priate plants in all your restoration and those of the BCRs and their relationship is as pollinator enhancement work. Seed below. zones—areas with genetically similar plants—help determine the right plant (322) American Semi-Desert and Desert materials to use; poorly chosen plants Yellow Toad ax (ASDD) – lies within BCR 33 Courtesy of Colorado State usually fail to thrive. See http://fs.bioe. University Extension–Adams County (261) CA Coastal Chaparral (CACC) orst.edu/web_maps/Seed_Zones.html – lies within BCR 32 for provisional seed zones of California, and select plant materials from your zone. (263) CA Coastal Steppe (CACS) Planting non-natives to attract hummingbirds is against policy and destructive: these – lies within BCR 5 and BCR 32 plants can become invasive and disrupt ecosystems. For example, yellow toad ax (Linaria vulgaris, also called “butter and eggs”) is attractive to hummingbirds but is a (M262) CA Coastal Range Open Woodland noxious weed. (CACROW) – lies within BCR 32 (262) CA Dry Steppe (CADS) – lies within BCR 32 (M261) Sierran Steppe Mixed Forest (SSMF) – lies within BCR 5, BCR 9, BCR 15, and BCR 32

12 Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California 13 Hummingbird Nectar Plants for Ecoregions in California

Botanical Common Bloom Soils, General habitat/ Seed Ecoregion1 Sunlight Name Name Season Water elevation Sources2 ASDD CACC CACC CACROW CADS SSMF ISDD ISD

Trees and Shrubs

*Arbutus menziesii Pacific Madrone Apr-May Sun to partial shade Dry, well drained Exposed or wooded slopes & canyons CCW, LS, SSS X X X below 5000’

Arctostaphylos spp. Manzanita (various Dec-May Sun Dry CCW, RNP, PS, S&S, X X X X species) SSS, TPF, WC

Arctostaphylos Eastwood Manzanita Jan-Mar Partial shade Dry, gravelly Chaparral or evergreen forests on dry, TPF, WC X X X glandulosa gravelly slopes & ridges; 1000-6000

*Arctostaphylos glauca Bigberry Manzanita Jan-Mar Sun to partial shade Dry to moist, sandy Dry slopes below 4500’, chaparral TPF X to loamy Common Manzanita Fed-Apr Sun to partial shade Dry, well drained Dry slopes & foothill canyons SSS Arctostaphylos man- X zanita Pine-mat Manzanita May-Jul Partial shade Moist, well drained Moist, open mt. woods; 2000-10,000’ SSS Arctostaphylos ne- X vadensis

Arctostaphylos pungens Pointleaf Manzanita Jan-Feb Partial shade Well drained, sandy Mixed shrub and sagebrush commu- X nities, pinyon-juniper woods, canyons, lower mountain slopes

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Kinnikinnick Mar-Jun Sun to shade Dry to moist, rocky or Rocky, open woods; dry, sandy hills; PS, RNP X X sandy, acid soils mountainous regions

Calliandra eriophylla Fairyduster X Feb-Mar Full sun Dry, gravelly Dry, gravelly slopes & mesas RNP

Chilopsis linearis Desert Willow Apr-Sep Sun Dry, well drained Desert washes PS, RNP, S&S, SSC, X TPF

* emoryi Desert Lavendar Jan-May Sun Dry, sandy, gravelly Washes, canyons, desert scrub below X 3000’

*Fouquieria splendens Ocotillo X Feb-May Full sun Rocky, well drained Desert washes

*Justicia californica Chuparosa X Mar-Jun Sun Dry Desert washes RNP

Lonicera conjugialis Purpleflower Jun-Aug Shade to sun Moist Woods, meadows and moist open Honeysuckle X slopes at mid-elevations in the mountains

*Lonicera involucrata Twinberry Mar-Aug Shade to sun Moist, well drained Moist or wet, open woods from sea X level-10,000’

* Box Thorn X Mar-May Sun Dry Dry, stony hills, mesas & washes RNP, S&S, SSC

Lycium cooperi Cooper’s Box Thorn Mar-May Sun Dry Sandy to rocky flats, washes in deserts, S&S X to 6000’

Malacothamnus fascic- Mendocino Bush- May-Aug Sun Moist to dry Dry slopes & canyon sides below 2500’ RNP, S&S, SSC X ulatus mallow

Parkinsonia florida Blue Paloverde X Apr-May Sun Dry, well drained Desert washes and grasslands RNP

Peritoma arborea Bladderpod Feb-Jul Sun Dry Subalkaline coastal bluffs; desert RNP, S&S X washes; stabilized dunes

Pickeringia montana Chaparral Pea May-Aug Sun Dry Dry hillsides in chaparral

Ribes spp. Currants (various Jan-May CCW, PS, RNP, S&S, species) SSC, SSS, WC

*Ribes aureum Golden Currant X X Apr-May Sun to partial shade Dry to moist Moist to drier hillsides & river valleys CCW, PS, RNP, SSC

14 Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California 15 Hummingbird Nectar Plants for Ecoregions in California...continued Botanical Common Bloom Soils, General habitat/ Seed Ecoregion1 Sunlight Name Name Season Water elevation Sources2 ASDD CACC CACC CACROW CADS SSMF ISDD ISD

Ribes glutinosum Wild Currant Jan-Mar Shade to partial shade Dry to moist Canyons and north slopes in the coast CCW, LS X X X ranges, below 7000’

*Ribes malvaceum Chaparral Currant X Feb-May Sun to partial shade Well drained Chaparral CCW

Ribes menziesii Canyon Gooseberry X X Apr-May Partial sun to shade Dry Shrubby or wooded canyons

Ribes quercetorum Oak Gooseberry Mar-May Sun Dry Woodlands, chaparral, and dry desert X slopes and canyons

Ribes roezlii Sierra gooseberry X May-Jun Sun to partial sun Dry to moist Moist mountain tops

*Ribes sanguinium Pink-flowered Jan-May Sun to shade Dry to moist Canyons and north slopes in the coast CCW, RNP, X X X Currant ranges, below 7000’

*Ribes speciosum Wild Gooseberry X Jan-May Part shade Well drained Brushy, shaded canyons below 1500 RNP, S&S

Rubus spectabilis Salmonberry Mar-Jun Shade to sun Moist, acidic Low, moist woods; stream banks; mt. X slopes

Salvia spp. Various salvias CCW, ESP, PS, RNP, X X S&S, SSC, TPF, WC

*Salvia apiana White Sage Apr-Jul Sun Dry, well drained Dry slopes below 5000 RNP, S&S, SSC, X X TPF, WC

Salvia carduacea Thistle Sage X Mar-Jun Sun Dry Sandy or gravelly, open places S&S, SSC

Salvia clevelandii Cleveland Sage Apr-Aug Sun Well drained sand and Dry slopes below 3000 RNP, S&S, SSC, X X X gravel TPF, WC

Salvia dorrii Hairy Sage X May-Jun Sun Dry Dry, open scabland & sagebrush S&S

*Salvia leucophylla Purple Sage X X May-Jun Sun Dry Dry slopes below 4000’ LS, RNP, S&S, SSC

*Salvia mellifera Black Sage May-Jun Sun Dry Dry slopes & flats below 2000 RNP, S&S, SSC, X X TPF, WC

*Salvia spathacea Hummingbird Sage Mar-May Partial shade Moist Open or shaded slopes below 2000 CCW, RNP

Sambucus racemosa Red Elderberry May-Jun Sun to partial shade Moist Woodland, savannah, wet meadow/ SSC X prairie/field, riparian

Symphoricarpos albus Common Snowberry X May-Jun Sun to shade Wet to moist Wooded hillsides; rocky, open slopes CCW, SSS, TPF Desert Snowberry May-Jun Sun Dry Moister spots in the desert mountains Symphoricarpos X X longiflorus Perennial Herbs Antirrhinum multiflorum Chaparral Snap- May-Jul Sun Dry, well drained Chaparral slopes after fire, 3000-5000’ X X dragon

*Aquilegia Formosa Western Columbine Feb-May sun to shade Dry to moist rocky Moist, open woods, banks & seeps; CCW, LS, SSS, WC X X X X soils 4000-9000

*Castilleja spp. Various Castilleja X X X X X X PS, S&S, TPF

Castilleja applegatei Wavyleaf Indian Apr-Jun Sun to partial shade Rocky, dry, well Sagebrush, open conifer woods X X paintbrush drained

Castilleja exserta Purple Owl’s Clover X Mar-May sun Moist to dry Fields, deserts, and open, wooded areas PS , S&S, SSC, TPF

Castilleja linariifolia Desert Paintbrush Jun-Sep Partial shade Dry, rocky Plains, sagebrush, juniper forests, at X X X mid to high elevations

Castilleja miniata Scarlet Paintbrush May-Sept Sun Wet to moist, well Moist meadows, forest openings, from SSS X drained coast to mountains

16 Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California 17 Hummingbird Nectar Plants for Ecoregions in California...continued Botanical Common Bloom Soils, General habitat/ Seed Ecoregion1 Sunlight Name Name Season Water elevation Sources2 ASDD CACC CACC CACROW CADS SSMF ISDD ISD

Chamerion angustifolium Fireweed Jul-Sep Sun Moist to dry Disturbed soil in cool areas, burned areas

Cirsium occidentale Cobweb Thistle X May-Aug Sun to partial shade Dry Below 6000’ LS

Cynoglossum grande Western Hounds- Mar-Jun Shade Dry Dry shaded places in woods X X tounge

Delphinium cardinale Scarlet Larkspur Mar-Jul Partial sun to partial Moist Hot, dry openings in brush & woods X X shade below 5000’

Delphinium nudicaule Red Larkspur Mar-Jun Partial sun to partial Moist Dry, wooded or shrubby foothills below SSC, SSS X X X shade 6500

Dicentra chrysantha Golden Eardrops X May-Jul Sun Dry Dry, brushy areas prone to wildfire WC

Dicentra formosa Western Bleeding Mar-Jul Sun to shade Moist, well drained, Cool, damp woods SSS X X Heart humus rich

Dichelostemma Firecracker Flower May-Jul Sun to partial shade Well drained Grassy slopes in woodland openings at CCW X X low or moderate elevations

Ida-maia

*Dudleya spp. Various Dudleyas X X X X CCW, RNP, TPF, WC

Dudleya abramsii Abram’s Dudleya X X Apr-Jun Sun Dry, rocky Rocky cliffs

Dudleya cymosa Canyon Dudleya X X Apr-Jun Partial shade Dry, rocky Rocky, interior cliffs below 3500 SSS

Dudleya lanceolata Southern California May-Jul Sun to partial shade Dry, rocky North facing cliffs and rock crevices RNP, WC X X Dudleya with little soil

Dudleya pulverulenta Chalk Dudleya X X Apr-Jul Sun to partial shade Dry, rocky Rocky areas and cliff faces below 3000’ RNP, TPF

Dudleya saxosa Panamint Dudleya May-Sept Sun to partial shade Dry, rocky North facing cliffs and rock crevices X X with little soil

*Epilobium canum California Fuchsia Jul-Oct Sun Dry Dry slopes and ridges from sea level to CCW, RNP X high in the mountains

Epilobium septentrionale Humboldt County Aug-Nov Part shade Heavy soils Dry sand or stony ledges X Fuchsia

Eriodictyon parryi Poodle-dog Bush May-Aug Sun Disturbed soils Chaparral, on granitic slopes and ridges X from 3000-7500’

Erysimum capitatum Wallflower Mar-Jul Sun Dry, well drained Plains; foothills; high elevation conifer- TPF X X X X ous forests

Erythronium Glacier Lily May-Jul Part shade Moist Grows in alpine or subalpine meadows, X forest openings, among sagebrush

grandiflorum

Fritillaria recurva Scarlet Fritillary X Apr-Jun Sun to part shade Dry Rocky bush-covered slopes SSS

Hibiscus lasiocarpos Rose-Mallow Apr-Sep Sun Wet Borders of sloughs, ponds & ditches; X low, wet woods

Ipomopsis aggregata Scarlet Gilia X Jun-Sep Sun to partial shade Dry, sandy to loamy Hillsides, Slopes SSS

Iris missouriensis Western Blue Flag X May-Jul Sun to partial sun Moist to wet Marshes; wet meadows PS , S&S, SSC

Keckiella antirrhinoides Chaparral Apr-Jul Sun to partial shade Dry, rocky Dry, rocky slopes below 4500 RNP, S&S, SSC, WC X Beardtongue

Keckiella breviflora Bush Beardstounge X X Apr-Jul Sun Dry Dry, rocky slopes below 8000

18 Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California 19 Hummingbird Nectar Plants for Ecoregions in California...continued Botanical Common Bloom Soils, General habitat/ Seed Ecoregion1 Sunlight Name Name Season Water elevation Sources2 ASDD CACC CACC CACROW CADS SSMF ISDD ISD

*Keckiella cordifolia Heartleaf Mar-Aug Sun Dry, rocky Dry, brushy slopes & canyons below RNP, S&S, TPF, WC X X Beardtounge 4000

Keckiella corymbosa Red Beardtounge Jul-Sep Sun Serpentine soils Open, rocky slopes and cliffs below X X 6000’

Keckiella lemmonii Lemmon Mayl-Aug Sun to partial shade Dry, rocky Rocky slopes, conifer and mixed forests, X Beardtounge chaparral

Keckiella ternata Scarlet Beardtounge Jun-Aug Sun Dry Exposed areas of north slopes below WC X 6000’

Lepechinia calycina Pitcher Sage X X X X X Mar-Jun Sun to shade Dry to moist Chaparral, woodlands CCW

Lilium Washington Lily Jun-Aug Sun-part shade Well drained, dry in Brush or open forests SSS X summer

washingtonianum

Lilium pardalinum Leopard Lily May-Jul Sun to partial sun moist to wet Conifer stream banks & springy places SSS, TPF X up to 6000’

Lobelia cardinalis Cardinalflower Jun-Aug Shade to sun Wet to moist Depressions, Woodlands edge, Opening, PS X Stream banks

Mahonia repens Creeping Barberry May-Jul Partial shade Dry to moist, well Dry, open woods & hills at high PS, RNP X drained elevations

*Mimulus aurantiacus Sticky monkeyflower May-Sep Sun to partial sun Dry to moist HF, LS, RNP, S&S, X X X X SSC, SSS, TPF

Mimulus cardinalis Scarlet Apr-May Shade Wet to moist Stream banks & seeps below 8000 RNP, S&S, SSC, TPF X X X Monkeyflower

Mimulus dentatus Coastal May Shade to sun Moist, well drained Coastal streams and wet shady places X Monkeyflower

Mimulus guttatus Seep Monkeyflower Apr-Jul Moist to wet Stream banks; wet places to 10,000 CCW, LS, PS, RNP, X X X X X X S&S, SSC

Monardella macrantha Red Monardella Jun-Aug Partial sun to partial Moist to dry Dry slopes & ridges from 2500-6000’ X X shade

Monardella villosa Coyote mint X X X X May-Aug Sun to part shade Dry, well drained Chaparral, woodlands CCW

Oenothera elata Evening Primrose X X X X X Jun-Sep Sun Moist Sandy stream banks; low, marshy areas HF, RNP, S&S, TPF

Pedicularis densiflora Indian warrior Jan-Aug Sun-partial shade Moist to dry Chaparral, forests, California oak SSS X X X X woodlands at low elevations

Pedicularis semibarbata Pine Lousewort X X May-Jul Shade Dry Coniferous forests

Penstemon spp. Various Penstemons Mar-Aug CCW, PS, RNP, S&S, X X X X SSC, SSS, TPF, WC

Penstemon azureus Blue Penstemon X May-Aug Sun Well drained, dry Dry, rocky slopes & banks; 3500-7500 SSS Scarlet Bugler Apr-May Sun Dry Dry slopes below 6500 S&S, SSC, WC Penstemon X X centranthifolius

Penstemon clevelandii Clevland’s Mar-May Sun Dry Dry, open slopes from 2500-4500 CCW X Penstemon

Penstemon eatonii Firecracker Apr-May Sun Dry, well drained Southwest desert mountains commonly PS, RNP, SSC X X Penstemon in openings between Pinyon Pines

Penstemon gracilentus Slender Penstemon X Jun-Aug Partial shade Dry, well drained Woodland, sagebrush; up to 9,000 feet

20 Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California 21 Hummingbird Nectar Plants for Ecoregions in California...continued Botanical Common Bloom Soils, General habitat/ Seed Ecoregion1 Sunlight Name Name Season Water elevation Sources2 ASDD CACC CACC CACROW CADS SSMF ISDD ISD

Penstemon hetero- Foothill Penstemon Apr-Jul Sun Moist winter/spring, Dry hillsides below 5500 LS, RNP, TPF, WC phyllus X dry summer, good drainage

Penstemon labrosus San Gabriel Jun-Aug Partial shade Well drained Fairly dry, wooded slopes & benches; X Penstemon 5000-10,000

Penstemon newberryi Mountain Pride Jun-Aug Shade tolerant Very well drained, Rocky places from moderate to high S&S, SSS X rocky elevations

Penstemon pseudo- Desert Penestemon Mar-May Sun Dry, well drained Deserts, washes & canyons; 2000 to PS X spectabilis 7000

Penstemon rostriflorus Bridge Penstemon Jun-Aug Sun Rocky, sandy Dry slopes in pinyon & ponderosa pine X forests; 4500 to 10,000

Penstemon spectabilis Showy Penstemon Apr-Jun Sun Dry Dry washes & disturbed areas below PS, RNP, S&S, TPF, X X 6000 WC

Phlox speciosa Showy Phlox Apr-Jun Sun to partial sun Dry to moist, rocky Shrub-steppe, grasslands, lightly wood- X ed areas, at low to mid elevations

*Sarcodes sanguinea Snowplant X X May-Jul Shade Parasitic on conifers Humus of coniferous woods

Satureja mimuloides Monkeyflower Jun-Oct Sun Moist to wet, clay Creek sides in mountains X Savory

*Scrophularia californica California Figwort Feb-Jul Sun to partial shade Sandy to clay, dry to Coastal scrub and woodlands CCW, LS, RNP, S&S, X X X X X moist SSC

*Silene californica Indian-pink Apr-Jul Sun to partial sun Dry to moist Open, brushy areas or woods below SSS X 5000

*Silene laciniata Cardinal Catchfly X X Apr-Jun sun to partial sun Moist to dry Pine forests; grassy or brushy slopes RNP

Stachys chamissonis Coast Hedge Nettle X May-Oct Sun to partial shade Wet Wet areas along the coast

Tellima grandiflora Fringe cup Mar-May Shade Moist, rich, well Cool, moist woods & rocky places CCW X drained below 5000

*Trichostemma lanatum Woolly Blue Curls X May-Aug Sun Poor, well drained Dry slopes & chaparral below 3500 RNP, S&S, SSC, TPF

Vines

Clematis ligusticifolia Western Virgin’s May-Aug Sun to partial sun Moist Woods along streams; moist, brushy LS, PS, RNP, S&S, X Bower coulees TPF Pacific Pea Mar-Jun Partial shade Semi-dry Forests, woodlands, and chaparral Lathyrus vestitus var. X ochropetalus

*Lonicera ciliosa Vine Honeysuckle X Apr-Jun Partial sun Moist Open woods & thickets

*Lonicera hispidula California Jun-Aug Sun to partial shade Dry to moist Open woods & thickets CCW, LS, RNP X X X honeysuckle

Lonicera interrupta Chaparral Apr-Aug Sun to shade Dry Oak woodland, chaparral X X honeysuckle

Lonicera subspicata Southern May-Aug Sun to shade Dry to moist Chaparral slopes below 5100’ RNP X X honeysuckle *Hummingbird adapted or preferred nectar sources 2 Seed Sources: 1 Ecoregions: CACROW = CA Coastal Range Open Woodland CCW = Central Coast Wilds ASDD = American Semi-Desert and Desert CADS = CA Dry Steppe LS = Larner Seeds CACC = CA Coastal Chaparral SSMF = Sierran Steppe Mixed Forest ESP = Environmental Seed Producers PS = Plants of the Southwest CACS = CA Coastal Steppe ISD = Intermountain Semi-Desert HF = Hedgerow Farms RNP = RECON Native Plants, Inc.

22 Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California 23 Directory of Seed and Plant Sources Additional Resources •  e Western Hummingbird Central Coast Wilds S&S Seeds Inc. Partnership (WHP) is a 336 A Golf Club Drive P.O. Box 1275 developing network of partners Santa Cruz, CA 95060 Carpinteria, CA 93014 (831) 459-0656 (805) 684-0436 collaborating to build an e ective [email protected] [email protected] and sustainable hummingbird www.centralcoastwilds.com www.ssseeds.com conservation program: www. Environmental Seed Producers Sierra Seed Supply westernhummingbird.org 1859 West Olive Ave 358 Williams Valley Rd. • Native Seed Network: P.O. Box 2709 Greenville, CA 95947 www.nativeseednetwork.org Lompoc, CA 93436 (530) 284-7926 (805) 735-8888 [email protected] Rufous Hummingbird • North American Bird Conservation Courtesy of Scott Carpenter www.wild owerseed.com www.sierraseedsupply.com Initiative: www.nabci-us.org Hedgerow Farms Stover Seed Company • e-bird is a real-time, online checklist program and a way for the birding community 21905 County Road 88 P.O. Box 86175 to report and access information about birds: www.ebird.org Winters, CA 95694 Los Angeles, CA 90086 (530) 662-6847 (213) 626-9668 • Partners in Flight is a coalition of partners working to combine, coordinate, and [email protected] (800) 621-0315 increase resources of public and private entities in order to conserve bird populations: www.hedgerowfarms.com [email protected] www.partnersin ight.org www.stoverseed.com Larner Seeds • Pollinator Partnership: www.pollinator.org P.O. Box 407  eodore Payne Foundation for Wild owers 235 Fern Road and Native Plants References Bolinas, CA 94924 10459 Tuxford Street (415) 868-9407 Sun Valley, CA 91352 [email protected] (818) 768-1802 • All About Birds, www.allaboutbirds.org www.larnerseeds.com/ [email protected] • Arizmendi, M.C. and H. Berlanga. 2014. Hummingbirds of Mexico and North Ameri- www.theodorepayne.org Plants of the Southwest ca. Conabio. Mexico. Agua Fria Rt. 6 Box 11-A Wild California • Birds of North America online, http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/ Santa Fe, NM 87501 P.O. Box 1581 (800) 788-7333 Idyllwild, CA 92549 • CalFlora, www.cal ora.org [email protected] (951) 692-5385 www.plantsofthesouthwest.com [email protected] • Grant, Karen A., and Grant, Verne. 1968. Hummingbirds and their Flowers. Colum- www.wildcalifornia.co bia University Press, New York, NY RECON Native Plants, Inc. 1755 Saturn Blvd. • Howell, Steve. 2002. Hummingbirds of North America: e Photographic Guide. Aca- San Diego, Ca 92154  is list of seed sources is not exhaustive, demic Press, Waltham, MA. (619) 423-2284 and is only meant to serve as a starting • Tyrrell, Esther Q. 1997. Hummingbirds: eir Life and Behavior. Crown Publishing [email protected] point for land managers. Seed inventories Group, New York, NY. www.reconnativeplants.com are constantly uctuating, and some species are o ered on a seasonal basis. Please check • Williamson, Sheri L. 2001. Peterson Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America. the availability of speci c species before visiting a particular seed source. Wholesale Houghton Mi in Company, New York, NY. suppliers sometimes require a minimum quantity to place an order. • US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. In addition, the Native Seed Network (www.nativeseednetwork.org) is an online re- 2013. “Ecoregions of the United States.” Accessed June 5, 2013. www.fs.fed.us/rm/ source that provides search tools and information on all aspects of native seed. You can ecoregions/images/maps/ecoregions-united-states-sample.jpg search the network to  nd additional sources for native seeds.

24 Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in California 25 Editors Christopher Clark, Ph.D., UC Riverside Evan Cole, Pollinator Partnership David Rankin, UC Riverside Laurie Davies Adams, Pollinator Partnership

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Front cover images Top: Cindy Thill

Back cover images Top: Sandra Restrepo-Denkins Bottom: David Inouye

Graphic Design Erik Ackerson [email protected]

Marguerite Meyer www.MargueriteMeyer.com

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