A Profile of the European Conference of Transport Research

TR NEWS

NUMBER 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007

3 3 Developing an International Interface for Innovation: A Profile of the European Conference of Transport Research Institutes George Giannopoulos and Jean-Pierre Médevielle The European Conference of Transport Research Institutes coordinates transportation research within the European Union; fosters cooperation with international counterparts, such as TRB; provides advice to European Union policy makers; promotes technology transfer; and establishes research networks. Two leaders describe the impressive progress made in the first years of the organization’s work. 8 Transport Research Cooperation in Europe: The COST Success Story Jørgen Christensen COST, which stands for cooperation in scientific and technological research, 8 is an intergovernmental framework that has coordinated nationally funded research in Europe since 1971. Transport has been one of the major areas of research activity. The Chief Counselor and past Director of the Danish Road Institute reviews the goals, structure, governance, and procedures of COST, its recent reorganization, and its achievements in transportation research. 17 Talk Is Cheap, Communication Priceless: Practical Tips for Engineers and Their Colleagues Patricia L. Lees and James E. Nichols An expert in adult learning and a successful consulting engineer present a range of pointers for engineers who want to improve the effectiveness of their communication with colleagues and with nonengineers, covering presentations, training programs, public involvement, and managing others. 17 20 Integrating Communications into the Curriculum: A Pioneering Program at Georgia Tech Lisa Rosenstein

24 Engineers and Scholarly Journals: Reading Patterns in the Electronic Era Carol Tenopir and Donald W. King What distinguishes the scholarly journal reading characteristics of engineers? The authors present results and insights from ongoing surveys, finding that peer-reviewed articles, both in print and online, are an important source of high-quality information for engineers in their work; that the average number of articles readˇ eachˇ year is increasing; and that engineers read fewer articles but spend more time on each than do scientists. 28 NEW COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS REPORT Improving Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings Kay Fitzpatrick Award-winning research jointly sponsored by the National Cooperative COVER: Traffic near the iconic Arc Highway Research Program and the Transit Cooperative Research Program de Triomphe, Paris. European has produced quantitative guidelines to help engineers and transit agencies nations are establishing determine the recommended treatments appropriate for unsignalized international cooperative pedestrian crossings in various street environments and traffic conditions. research programs and alliances to solve transportation problems and create unified standards. (Photo: John Foxx/Getty Images) TR NEWS

features articles on innovative and timely research and development activities in all modes of trans portation. Brief news items of interest to ALSO IN THIS ISSUE: the transportation community are also included, along with profiles of transportation professionals, meeting an nouncements, summaries of 30 Research Pays Off new publications, and news of Trans portation Smart Parking Management to Boost Transit, Research Board activities. Ease Congestion: Oakland, California,

TR News is produced by the Field Test Shows Promise Transportation Research Board Susan A. Shaheen and Caroline Rodier Publications Office Javy Awan, Editor and Publications Director Profiles Christopher R. D’Amore, Assistant Editor 32 Jennifer J. Weeks, Photo Researcher Professor and freight planning researcher Arnim H. Meyburg and concrete Juanita Green, Production Manager researcher Celik Ozyildirim Michelle Wandres, Graphic Designer

TR News Editorial Board Neil F. Hawks, Chairman 34 TRB Highlights Walter J. Diewald Cooperative Research Programs News, 34 Christopher J. Hedges Frederick D. Hejl Mark R. Norman Stephan A. Parker 36 News Briefs Barbara L. Post Port management system, Delaware’s hydrogen bus, A. Robert Raab two centuries of coastal surveys Transportation Research Board Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Executive Director Suzanne B. Schneider, Associate Executive 37 Calendar Director Mark R. Norman, Director, Technical Activities 38 Bookshelf Stephen R. Godwin, Director, Studies and Special Programs Michael P. LaPlante, Director, Administration and Finance Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Neil F. Hawks, Director, SHRP 2 COMING NEXT ISSUE

TR News (ISSN 0738-6826) is issued bimonthly by the Transportation Research Board, National Research The September–October issue of TR News ventures into the high-technology frontier Council, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001. of visualization in transportation research and practice, current and future. Articles Internet address: www.TRB.org. examine ways that visualization can improve the comprehension and management of Editorial Correspondence: By mail to the Publications transportation-related data sets for decision making; visualization’s role in education— Office, Transportation Research Board, 500 Fifth for example, enhancing the learning process for engineers and planners—but also in Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001, by telephone training and educating the transportation work force; the remaining mysteries and 202-334-2972, by fax 202-334-3495, or by e-mail new frontiers; developments in other fields that can have an impact on transportation [email protected]. applications; and success stories, evolving phenomena, and continuing barriers; plus a look at the approaches and effects of history-making visualizations past. Subscriptions: North America: 1 year $55; single issue $9.50. Overseas: 1 year $75; single issue $13.50. Demonstration

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fax 202-334-2519. Periodicals postage paid at MAGE I computer- Washington, D.C. assisted design, Postmaster: Send changes of address to TR News, geographic Transportation Research Board, 500 Fifth Street, NW, information Washington, DC 20001. systems, and project Notice: The opinions expressed in articles appearing scheduling in TR News are those of the authors and do not technology into necessarily reflect the views of the Transportation Research Board. The Transpor tation Research Board a single visual and TR News do not endorse products or manufac- model, displayed turers. Trade and manufacturers’ names appear in an in Google Earth. article only because they are considered essential to its object. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright © 2007 Transportation Research Board. All rights reserved. TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 3 ECTRI is pursuing 1 ECTRI members include 20 national transport http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/ this initiative in surface transportation research. transportation this initiative in surface universities, and institutes, technical research the countries from platforms in 17 national research awaiting Union, the Acceding Countries European and Commission, full membership in the European Balkan nations (see box, page 6). All the Western than employ more member organizations together, working with a staff and research 5,000 researchers stakeholders. variety of transportation pean Union heads of state and government and the pean Union heads of state and government Drafted in Commission. of the European president a cut- 2000, the agenda set a goal of making Europe the estab- ting-edge knowledge society and called for European lishment of an international interfaced and Innovation Area. Research 1 pressData/en/ec/00100-r1.en0.htm.

anuary 2006 marked a major milestone for anuary 2006 marked a major milestone (TRB) Board Research the Transportation Transport of Conference and the European two orga- Institutes (ECTRI). The Research J Shaping the Mission international in April 2003 as an ECTRI was created A law. French association governed under nonprofit an initiative of key influence was the Lisbon Strategy, of the Euro- Council, which consists the European nizations signed a memorandum of understanding extending across partnerships to develop research a 10- forth The document sets geographic borders. techni- point action plan to foster information and of development cal exchanges, the professional and coordi- and collaboration young researchers, the two organi- between efforts nation of research zations (see box, page 5).

of Transport Research Institutes Giannopoulos is Head, Hellenic Institute of and Professor, Transport, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, and is Immediate Past Chair of the European of Transport Conference Institutes Research (ECTRI). Médevielle is Deputy General Director of INRETS (French National Institute for and Safety Transport founder and Research), Immediate Past of Secretary-General ECTRI, and a member of the TRB International Activities Committee and the International Trade and Transport Committee. Jean-Pierre Médevielle, original ECTRI’s Secretary-General, and ECTRI President Guy Bourgeois, both of INRETS, the French National Institute for and Safety Transport Research, participate in the International Research Roundtable during the 2007 TRB Annual Meeting in D.C. Washington, GEORGE GIANNOPOULOS AND JEAN-PIERRE MÉDEVIELLE AND JEAN-PIERRE GEORGE GIANNOPOULOS A Profile of the European Conference Interface for Innovation Interface Developing an International Developing 4 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 Budapest, Hungary. from 12countries,in organizational executives was attendedby22 European ResearchArea,” new boundariesofthe and knowledgewithinthe resources, competencies, transport research works to“network NET-TRACK program,which issues, conductedbyECTRI’s research management A June2006workshopon transport topics. transfer ofknowledgeon international exchangeand forums—in the networks, anddiscussion sets, communication libraries, databases,data infrastructures”—such as involving “softresearch meets toconsiderinitiatives ECTRI Working Group4 works. lishment anddevelopmentofadditionalresearch net- fer ofEuropean transportation expertise; and members onpolicyissues,request; based advicetoEuropean Unioninstitutionsorstate terparts; activities withintheEuropean Union; ECTRI’s missionisto Pursuing theMission      Provide aplatformofexchangefortheestab- Promote andcoordinate thetechnologytrans- Provide independent,science-andtechnology- Foster cooperationwithinternationalcoun- Facilitate theintegrationoftransport research mission, memberstates,regional councils,and European fundingagencies,theEuropean Com- of excellenceintransportation research; cooperation, networking,promotion, andsupport focused transportation research inEurope, through tions; opportunity tomovebetweennationsandinstitu- professional developmentandmobility—thatis,the work andfosteringopportunities forresearchers’ gic efforts: The missionisbeingcarriedoutthrough sixstrate-    Offering independentadviceonresearch to Promoting high-quality, coordinated, and Identifying commonprioritiesandprograms of TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 5 ), ), ), left center not pictured The 10-point memorandum of understanding between ECTRI and TRB is displayed by signers Giannopoulos ( then President of ECTRI, and TRB Executive Director Robert E. in January Jr., Skinner, 2006. Médevielle ( then Secretary-General of ECTRI, and Michael D. Meyer ( Chair of the then Vice TRB Executive Committee, played key roles in developing the historic agreement. Creating a cooperative research network in a cooperative research Creating  7. Strengthen U.S. participation in COST (Euro- 7. Strengthen U.S. participation for cooperation 8. Build up possibilities or a 9. Include a special session on Europe 10. Create a joint committee or working group Goals and Accomplishments cycle under a Joint Pro- Operating on a three-year of on the efforts gramme of Activities, ECTRI relies and nonexclusive task forces, working groups, content- address The groups groups. project research activities adapted to the Joint or process-oriented and to any major development or break- Programme at the Euro- research transport in surface through pean or international level. ing other appropriate events and activities; and ing other appropriate Europe, in coordination with the European Union, with the European in coordination Europe, United States, in the and with selected organizations China, Japan, and other countries, such as Korea, India, and Australia. pean Cooperation in Scientific and Technological pean Cooperation in the exchange of infor- Research) projects through activities. mation about COST European research bodies between U.S. and Union Framework Pro- through the European U.S. research grammes and the corresponding National Science Founda- programs—such as the Research Programs. tion and the TRB Cooperative Annual keynote speaker from Europe in TRB Meeting programs. needs. on the topic of future transport research strategic documents in transport research and in transport strategic documents the United States research events in about key and Europe. TR Action Plan for Cooperation Between ECTRI and TRB ECTRI Between Plan for Cooperation Action and an article on TRB activities in the ECTRI and an article on TRB Encouraging an open and free exchange of Encouraging an open and free Promoting and coordinating high-quality train- and coordinating Promoting 1. Arrange a scanning tour of leading research a scanning tour of leading 1. Arrange by TRB-selected 2. Encourage participation article on ECTRI in 3. Publish an informative 4. Encourage the active participation of ECTRI 4. Encourage the active ECTRI 5. Encourage the active participation of 6. Regularly exchange information about   institutes in Europe for U.S. research managers in Europe for U.S. research institutes the United States for Euro- and a similar tour in pean research managers. Researchers Seminar researchers in the Young the Forum of European Road organized by ECTRI, the Forum of European Safety Institutes, and Highway Research Laboratories. News newsletter. members in TRB committees. presen- in TRB Annual Meetings, through session tations and an exhibit booth. European and national official agencies—such as agencies—such and national official European safety agencies; ECTRI has established and strives to maintain permanent links and liaisons with the General that Union Directorates European three issues— have jurisdiction over transportation and Information and Energy, Transport Research, Society and Media; information, as well as the dissemination of research at the national and international levels results, organiz- and through reports state-of-the-art through ing opportunities and technology transfer through- ing opportunities in the field of transportation—especially out Europe but also to enable researchers for young researchers, mobility; their professional to increase 6 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 Annual Meeting. booth atthe2006TRB organization’s exhibit greet visitorsatthe Transport, prepareto Hellenic Instituteof George Giannopoulos, President ofECTRI, Médevielle andthen- encompassing amultidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, journal forEuropean transportation researchers, areas, ECTRIisdevelopinganewelectronic scientific from academia,industry, publicagencies,andother for Transport Sciences), Hungary nictwa, Poland CNTK: CentrumNaukowo-Techniczne Kolej Transports etleurSécurité,France many (Fraunhofer Transport andTraffic Alliance),Ger- Transport ResearchInstitute) fahrt (GermanAerospaceCenter),Germany de ObrasPublica,Spain Republic port ResearchCentre),Netherlands In cooperationwithtransportation stakeholders POLITO: PolitecnicodiTorino, Departmentof KTI: KözlekedéstudományiIntézet (Insitute ITS: InstytutTransportu Samochodowegoand INRETS: InstitutNationaldeRecherchesurles HIT: HellenicInstituteofTransport, Greece FHG-FVV: Fraunhofer-Verbund Verkehr DTF: DanmarksTransportForskning (Danish DLR: DeutschesZentrumfürLuftundRaum- CEDEX: CentrodeEstudiosyExperimentación CDV: CentrumDopravníhoV´ AVV: Adviesdienst Verkeer enVervoer (Trans- yzkumu, Czech ECTRI Members - between thevariousorganizations workingto needs andthemeans—andbuildingcloserrelations large-scale research activities—examiningboththe munication tools; creating virtual centersthrough newinteractivecom- Area, whichwillengageinthefollowingactivities: ing toward thecreation oftheEuropean Research supported theEuropean Union’s policiesandiswork- In addition,duringthepastthree years,ECTRIhas Supporting Policy land tute), Sweden stitut (SwedishNationalRoadandResearchInsti- nia versitetas–Transporto MoksloInstitutas,Lithua- Spain tenegro ulty, UniversityofBelgrade,SerbiaandMon- United Kingdom Scientific Research Italy Hydraulics, Transports, andCivilInfrastructures, exchanges. their research andtobuildcollegialrelationships and for approximately 50youngresearchers topresent oratories. Theseminaralready hasprovided avenue and theForumofEuropean HighwayResearch Lab- tions—the ForumofEuropean RoadSafetyInstitutes junction withtwoothertransportation organiza- Researchers Seminareveryyearandahalf,incon- establishment andimplementationofaYoung Record: JournaloftheTransportation Research Board. entific journalsuchasthe receive ahigh-levelpeerreview appropriate toasci- The journalwillbelaunchedsoon.Papers and systematicapproach totransportation science. Research Institute),SlovakRepublic   Among ECTRI’s earlyaccomplishmentsisthe VÚD: V´ VTT: Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus, Fin- VTI: StatensVäg-ochTransportforskningsin- VGTU-TMI: Vilniaus GediminoTechnikos Uni- UPM: UniversidadPolitecnicadeMadrid, TTEF: Transport andTraffic EngineeringFac- TRL: Transport ResearchLaboratoryLimited, TØI: Transportøkonomisk Institutt,Norway TNO: NetherlandsOrganisationforApplied Developing acommonapproach tofinancing Networking Europe’s centersofexcellenceand yskumn´ y ÚstavDopravn´ Transportation Research y (Transport TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 7 Participants at the May Participants Researchers 2007 Young Brno, Czech Seminar in such Republic, considered topics as transportation economics and travel intelligent behavior, transportation systems, sustainability and the and environment, safety, road engineering. The ECTRI endeavor is proceeding step by step, The ECTRI endeavor is proceeding ECTRI has submitted comments to the European Long-Range Vision trans- a virtual long-range vision is to create ECTRI’s with an interna- institute for Europe research port and combining the strengths tional interface, potentials of all its members and using members’ the vision is for In effect, and infrastructure. expertise institute har- supply-side research a 21st century, activities, and the coordinated nessing the synergies, managers, senior scien- the involvement of research tists, and young scientists in the member organiza- in tions in the pursuit of innovation and research transportation. bringing together a large part of the European scien- of the European part bringing together a large seeking excel- research, tific community in transport at the international level, and lence and relevance to a taking an open-minded and pragmatic approach new paradigm of competition and cooperation. The is essential that ECTRI provides international interface for each step forward. Union and other organizations on the frameworks for Union and other organizations and on draft pol- and development programs research par- representatives icy documents. The organization’s transportation- ticipate in all of the major European and rail, road technology platforms, including related and automotive, logistics, and the e-Safety Forum trans- Intelligent Car Initiative. ECTRI is assisting in the Eastern and Western projects research portation Balkan nations. networks; a strategic agenda for urban mobility; and networks; a strategic agenda for urban mobility; has kept its members management. ECTRI research the Euro- from for proposals informed about requests and has pean Union and other international projects assistance and advice as needed. provided Promoting common social and ethical values in Promoting Improving Europe’s attractiveness to researchers Europe’s Improving – of young people in Stimulating the interest Bringing together the scientific communities, – for and opportunities prominence Increased Enhancing the cohesiveness of European – focus to sci- of a European The introduction – nation from of researchers mobility Greater Encouraging more abundant and more mobile abundant and more Encouraging more Establishing a common system of scientific Improving the instruments and resources that the instruments and resources Improving        Other activities under way include the develop- achieve scientific and technological cooperation in achieve scientific and technological cooperation Europe; ment of cooperative programs for research to guide sci- for research ment of cooperative programs entific databases, libraries, and communication scientific and technological matters. from other continents; and from research and careers in science; and careers research and Eastern of Western companies, and researchers Europe; women in research; and women in research; best practices in knowledge trans- through research pro- and local levels and through fer at the regional can play in European that regions moting the role efforts; research entific careers; to nation; human resources, to achieve such goals as to achieve such human resources, and technical reference for the implementation of for the implementation and technical reference policies; encourage investment in research and innovation, encourage investment in research the European aid in compliance with such as indirect as patents Commission rules on state aid, as well and risk capital; 8 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 Technical Sciences. Academy forthe Fellow oftheDanish Road Directorate. Heisa Counselor oftheDanish to 2005andisnowChief Road Institutefrom 1992 director oftheDanish Courses. Heservedas Long-Life Wearing Technical Viability of on theEconomicand Forum Working Group International Transport and Development– Economic Cooperation Organization for and chairsthe Laboratories (FEHRL) Highway Research Association ofEuropean as President ofthe pleted athree-year term The authorrecently com- Story JØRGEN CHRISTENSEN Success COST The in Europe Cooperation Research Transport road safety. to increaseEuropean winter servicestrategies produced findingsfor storm. COSTAction353 Belgium, afterawinter Roads inBrussels, ( Photo, upperright: ) I 2 1 and theBarcelona Declarations investment should comefrom theprivate sector.” domestic product] by2010.Two-thirds ofthisnew increased [byapproximately] 3percent of[thegross agreed that“overall spending[intheseareas] …shouldbe research anddevelopmentinnovation.TheCouncil European Unionand majorcompetitorsrequired aboost in European Council notedthatclosingthegapbetween more andbetterjobsgreater social cohesion.” in theworld,capableofsustainableeconomicgrowth with most competitiveanddynamicknowledge-basedeconomy the European Councilsetastrategicgoal:“tobecome the itiveness ofEuropean industrybypromoting cross- research cooperation. research. Bothhaveidentifiedtransport asafieldfor for cooperationinscientificandtechnological research anddevelopment; COST, whichstands EUREKA, anetworkformarket-orientedindustrial two otherplatformsforresearch cooperation: research. firming apoliticalcommitmenttocooperationin Research andTechnological Development, con- 2013 forthe7thFrameworkProgramme for Parliament hasallocated50billion European cooperationinresearch. TheEuropean ment by2010andcreated additionalincentivesfor tious targets forEuropean research anddevelop- ers ofculture andlanguage.TheLisbonStrategy Meeting inBarcelona, Spain,inMarch 2002,the At aspecialmeetinginLisbon,Portugal, inMarch 2000, EUREKA iscommittedtoenhancingthecompet- Supplementing theFrameworkProgrammes are international andeasilyovercomes thebarri- the European Union.Scienceisinherently research hascontributedtotheintegrationof nternational cooperationinscientific 2 established ambi- € for 2007to 1 tions, however, remain unchanged. damental principlesandtheorganization ofitsfunc- for research—and toitsfinancialstructure; thefun- to thedefinitionsofdomains—orthematicfields resumed operationsearlyin2006afteradjustments amajoroverhaulCOST underwent in2005and duction oftheFrameworkProgrammes by12years. of aministerialinitiative,COSTpredates theintro- research cooperation.Launchedin1971astheresult nized; projects valuedatapproximately 24billion 1985, EUREKAhascompletedapproximately 1,000 from participants andnationalsources. Launchedin cooperation withresearch institutes.Fundingcomes border, market-orientedinnovationthatinvolves bership includes34countries. nating nationallyfundedresearch inEurope. Mem- COST isanintergovernmental frameworkcoordi- What IsCOST? are inherently international,sothat works ofnationallyfinancedresearch onissuesthat COST actionsaimatestablishingEuropean net- Aims ofCOST vidual projects—called actions—formutualbenefit. from non-COSTcountriesmayparticipate in indi- Switzerland, andTurkey. Israel is acooperatingstate. Iceland, Norway, Serbiaand Montenegro, Macedonia, 3 The 27European Union memberstatesplusCroatia,   COST worksparalleltoEUREKAinnonindustry Regulations andpolicymaking canbeharmo- The cooperationbenefitsmany countries; 3 Research institutions €

: COST : P HOTO TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 9 the EU Science General; Scientific European Secretariat COST Office Foundation Secretariat of Secretariat the Council of the Council COST Secretariat Multimodal dynamic in message sign assists traffic Munich, Germany; COST actions have addressed a variety of multimodal transport issues.

JAF

Individuals, Society, Culture, and Health and Culture, Society, Individuals,

Domain Committees Development Urban and Transport

Ministerial Conference Ministerial

Committee of Senior Officials Committee Technologies Communication and Information

Earth System Science and Environmental Management Environmental and Science System Earth

Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and Technologies and Sciences Molecular and Chemistry Materials, Physical and Nanosciences and Physical Materials,

COST countries must sign before the memorandum the COST countries must sign before and the activities can begin. Other can take effect time dur- COST countries may join the action at any launch. ing the first year after the official P FHWA OOCUTS OF COURTESY HOTO

Working Groups Working Forests, Their Products, and Services and Products, Their Forests, Food and Agriculture and Food

Action Management Committees Biomedicine and Molecular Biosciences Molecular and Biomedicine FIGURE 1 Organization of COST and Financial Committee. (EU = European Union; JAF = Juridical, Administrative, Source: www.cost.esf.org) ologies; and others techn candidate for funds, initiat- —only interested à la Carte Researchers from all COST from Researchers The COST budget covers Participation is voluntary Participation The action may be initiated The action must involve The action must Public concerns and the Public concerns or multidiscipli- Emerging à la carte The COST countries that decide to participate in The COST countries that decide to participate        the action sign the memorandum through their the action sign the memorandum through Union. to the European diplomatic representatives Commission also may join an action The European and sign the memorandum. A minimum of five Action Networks Memorandum of Understanding A memorandum of understanding defines the goal, the type of activity to be pursued, and the terms of for every action. The memorandum participation of the action, summarizes the main features proper and a technical annex describes the action in detail. (Figure 1). Transport previously constituted a single previously 1). Transport (Figure domain and was a strong ing many successful actions. After the recent reorga- ing many successful actions. After the recent a domain with shares transport nization of COST, on urban research urban development. As a result, for funding in opportunities more matters will receive consonance and in competition with transport. Scientific Domains subdivided into COST actions are biomedicine including several domains or subject areas, infor- and molecular biosciences; food and agriculture; mation and communication member countries have equal access to the actions. countries sign on. expenses, and related coordination activities receive but the research national funding. and by individual scientists from COST member countries or by Commission. the European flexible arrangements—that is, it flexible arrangements—that must be capable of accommodat- while in ing additional partners progress. Flexible and interests of society are served; and of society are interests addressed topics are nary scientific cooperatively. govern a The following principles COST action: Governance Senior Officials and Secretariat Governing COST is a Committee of Senior Officials (CSO), which consists of two representatives from each of the member countries and the one cooperating country, Israel. Supporting the CSO is the COST Sec- retariat, provided by the General Secretariat for the European Council, the highest executive body of the European Union. The CSO members elect a president and vice-president for a three-year term. The CSO also appoints an executive group of its members to prepare the work of the CSO and to carry out assignments. Ministerial conferences are convened to approve major strategic decisions for COST, such as extending membership to Drainage construction new states or changing the organizational structure. along Highway E29 near Participant Contributions Sandweiler, Luxembourg, Participants may contribute to an action in the fol- Domain Committees which connects to lowing ways: Domain committees—previously called technical German Autobahn A1. A committees—are the principal scientific bodies of the current COST action aims  Carrying out studies and research; organization and are responsible for the quality control to improve highway  Contracting for research with organizations; of COST action proposals and for the monitoring and performance related to  water drainage and to Contributing to the secretariat or coordinating final evaluation of each action. Each committee has minimize the leaching of other services or activities required for the action; one expert representative, appointed for a four-year contaminants from  Making available to other signatories any infor- period, from each COST country. Because of the scope roadways and traffic. mation about relevant research, including any nec- of each committee, each country also may nominate essary basic data; and one or two additional experts with complementary  Arranging for short-term scientific missions, expertise, who can serve as resources when necessary. training schools, or high-level scientific meetings. The COST Office is responsible for operation and administration, serving the domain committees and These various means of participation highlight the approximately 200 actions (Figure 2). Organized by networking characteristics of COST actions and effec- the European Science Foundation on behalf of the tively allow new partners to join an action at any time. European Council, the office is based in Brussels and

200 Ⅵ Running 180 Ⅵ Starting

160

140

120

100

Number of Actions 60

0 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 Year TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 10 FIGURE 2 COST Actions Started and in Progress, 1980–2005 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 11 Traffic information center Traffic in Barcelona, Spain; European nations are relying on COST actions to accelerate and standardize technology transfer. Josef Mikulík, Director of Josef Mikulík, Director Research the Transport Center in the Czech Republic and former chair of the COST on Committee Technical the addresses Transport, International Research Roundtable at the 2007 TRB Annual Meeting in D.C. Washington, In a December 2005 report, the panel noted that In a December 2005 report, influence to the panel, the actions also According

the redefined domain committee should “provide domain committee should the redefined to coherence and therefore strategic direction greater … of actions without losing COST’s the portfolio and con- to the changing needs ability to respond The panel empha- community.” cerns of the research not science are sized that COST actions in these areas to the types of support important but provide may have little community—the actions research policy-oriented and but are on basic research effect through particularly influence norms and standards, dissemination. improved pro- research influenced by other European and are could coordination concerted grams, but more from participation the mutual benefits. More increase have benefited is desirable and would outside Europe actions. several previous New Themes The following examples illustrate themes of research in the new domain: technical committee chairs, headed by the chief exec- chairs, headed technical committee Foundation, Bertil Science European utive of the is consensus Their success in reaching Andersson. is likened to a Coper- and often viewed as miraculous nican revolution. New Opportunities and urban the transport structure, Under the reformed covers basic and applied development domain and technical developments in activities research pre- civil engineering issues. To urban, and transport, of the new domain committee, an for the work pare past COST’s reviewed experts independent panel of and in urban civil engi- achievements in transport interviewing key par- reviews, neering, compiling peer ticipants, and surveying the opinions and experiences of technical and management committee members. FHWA P OOCUTS OF COURTESY HOTO per € , includ- modus operandi The difficult task of developing a proposal to task of developing a proposal The difficult In an address to the 2006 Transportation Research to the 2006 Transportation In an address Several recently completed actions are highlighted completed actions are Several recently The focus [has been] the Europewide exchange The focus [has been] the Europewide of of best national practices, the improvement for har- existing methods, and recommendations from level. The results monization at a European many actions have been implemented in [international] legislation or other forms of standard- design, materials and ization in … infrastructure for management, accessibility of public transport and environment. disabled users, and transport Since the end of the 1990s, almost half of the on materials and meth- to research actions relate design, construction, and ods in infrastructure policy focus on transport maintenance; the [rest] issues. COST covers and and environmental [that] have an impact [on] the solves problems population. majority of the European ing the new definitions of domains, went into effect on ing the new definitions of domains, went into effect January 1, 2006. of the domains was assigned to a group restructure An independent evaluation in 2002 prepared the way An independent evaluation in 2002 prepared After consultations with for the changes in COST. ministers in 2003, a modified COST’s Renaissance COST’s year from the European Union, to reimburse the travel to reimburse Union, the European year from in meetings and of participants and per diem expenses missions by short-term to fund training courses, dis- institutions, and the to participating researchers and conferences from reports semination of final workshops. Arena Conference in Gothenburg, Sweden, Josef in Gothenburg, Conference Arena Com- Mikulík, the former chair of the COST Technical summarized past achievements: mittee on Transport, Past Achievements scientific was among the five technical and Transport when COST was launched, fields opened for actions have contributed to the and the many achievements consensus on key trans- development of a European together young and expe- topics. COST brought port networks and created researchers rienced transport fields, for that have benefited cooperation in related Framework under the European example on projects of the European the working groups Programmes, bilateral and Committee, and many Standardization activities. multilateral research has a staff of approximately 40, including 15 scientific of approximately has a staff a domain. The COST each associated with officers, 15 million approximately administers Office in the box on pages 12–13. 12 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 practice fortestingfacilitiestoimprove theapplicationofresults. roadway loadingconditions.COST hasdevelopedacodeofgood Kingdom, isusedtotestandevaluate thedurabilityofmaterialsunder Pavement testfacilityatTransport ResearchLaboratory, United COST resultswerepresentedatseveralTRBAnnualMeetings. Full-Scale andAcceleratedPavementTesting Committee.The Research Board,andtheactionexpertsparticipatedinTRB public.htm). TheprojectestablishedlinkstotheTransportation newsletter, posted ontheInternet(http://www.pave-test.org/ defined newapplicationsforALT inpavementresearch. of ALT workandharmonizetheresultsforapplication.Experts of goodpractice,whichcanimprovetheefficiency andquality Laboratories. COST347successfullydevelopedacommoncode ber organizationsoftheForumEuropeanHighwayResearch (ALT) facilitiesandtoimprovetheapplicationofresults. good practicetooptimizetheuseofacceleratedloadtesting ated LoadTesting Action 347:Improvements inPavementResearch withAcceler- The mainformofdisseminationresultswasabiannual Many oftheALT facilitiesinEuropeareownedbythemem- (2000–2004) developedaEuropeancodeof icy; development. Thedomainactivitiesare innovativebut cial emphasisonrelated policyandonsustainable encompassing arangeofscientificexpertise, withspe- structure, andurbanstructures. tion, planning,anddesign; of urbaninfrastructure;     The domainspanssectorsandismultidisciplinary, Recently CompletedCOSTTransport Actions Sustainable transport andurbanplanningpol- The managementoftransport systems,infra- Urban architecture andcivilworksconstruc- Design oftransport systemsanddevelopment conditions, vehicleage,and other factors.Thefindingsalso individual vehicles,withadjustments fordrivingperformance, and fuelconsumptionindicators forvehiclefleets,aswell opportunities forinformation exchangeatahighscientificlevel. as wellindustryandgovernments,theconferenceprovided representing researchandscientificinstitutionsin27countries, tion conferenceinGraz,Austria,2005.With175participants database onemissionsfromheavy-dutyvehicleswaspoor. mercial heavy-dutyvehiclesinEurope.Beforethisaction, the estimating pollutantemissionsandfuelconsumptionfromcom- Vehicles Action 346:EmissionsandFuelConsumptionfrom Heavy-Duty tory oftransportandeconomics. titioners inEuropeandtheUnitedStates,dedicatedtohis- led tothecreationofT2MAssociationscholarsandprac- pean transportandEuropeanpolicy. underscored theneedforahistory-consciousapproachtoEuro- structure ondevelopmentindifferent regions.Theconference development andtheimpactoftransportpolicyinfra- focused ontheinteractionbetweentransportandeconomic mission andseveralnationalministriesoftransport.Papers addresses bytransportpolicyexpertsfromtheEuropeanCom- port networks. tify themanybarrierstocreatingefficient intermodaltrans- different geographicalandpoliticalregionsofEuropetoiden- intermodal transport.Theactionbroughttogetherexpertsfrom priorities forprojectsinvolvingtrans-Europeanconnectionsand addition, asetofrecommendationshashelpedinestablishing framework toassistindecisionmakingontransportpolicies.In work: Lessonsfrom History Action 340:Toward aTrans-European IntermodalTransport Net- COST 346producedemissionmodels forcalculatingemission Results werepresentedatthe14thTransport and AirPollu- The actionestablishedaEuropeannetworkofspecialistsand COST 340convenedafinalconferencewithkeynote (1999–2005) developedanimprovedmethodologyfor are designedtocomplementotherEuropean programs. heritage, andanotherconsidered issuesinenviron- domains. In2005oneworkshopexaminedcultural shops oninterdisciplinary subjectsthatalsocross the ety asenvisionedinthe2002Barcelona declaration. linked tothedriveachieveaknowledge-basedsoci- erning body. Theabilitytooperateacross disciplinesis reformed COSTandisastrategicchoiceofthegov- urban developmentdomainischaracteristicofthe The interdisciplinary makeupofthetransport and Interdisciplinary Emphasis COST reinforces thisgoalthrough strategicwork- (2000–2005) providedananalysis ment and health. Strategic workshops in 2006 focused although deadlines must be met for handling and eval- on food and health and then on nanosciences and uation in accordance with the meeting schedules of technologies. the COST bodies. A proposal typically is an initiative The current portfolio consists of actions continuing of a group of researchers in one or more COST coun- from several of the former technical committees (see tries; one member of the group serves as coordinator box, page 15). The CSO approved the actions at the rec- for the proposal. ommendation of the technical committee for transport. Preliminary Proposals Sustainable transport is a Proposing and Selecting Actions The proposal procedure is simple, but demanding, major policy concern, Open Calls for Initiatives and has two stages. The first stage is the submission including the availability of alternative modes, such The procedures for proposing, evaluating, and approv- and assessment of a preliminary proposal. At this stage as the Strassenbahn ing new COST actions are designed to be inclusive. In the proposal receives a title or a name, often an easy- tramway in Cologne, principle, the call for proposals is always open, to-remember acronym. Submission of a first-stage pro- Germany.

Action 348: Reinforcement of Pavements with Steel Meshes and Geosynthetics (2002–2006) analyzed models, methods, and materials for the structural design of pavements with reinforcements in the bound or unbound layers. All types of reinforcement were considered, along with the most effective methods for assessing pavement performance. The designs, calibrated for specific countries and projects, had performed well under normal conditions and with conventional materials, but a generally accepted model for rou- tine use is lacking, and the reliability of current approaches has not been established. Knowledge gaps were found in current practice, testing, and design methods, limiting the applications of the technology. Nevertheless, using geosythetics and steel meshes in new construction and maintenance of roadway pavements has benefited road administrations, road users, and the environment. The action confirmed the benefits of pavement Trucks traverse a German Autobahn. A COST action has produced reinforcement. emissions and fuel consumption models for commercial heavy-duty vehicles in Europe. Action 350: Integrated Assessment of Environmental Impact of Traffic and Transport Infrastructure (2001–2006) worked to were compared with and incorporated into deliverables from establish an approach for integrating on a regional scale all other European Union research projects on transport emissions. the environmental aspects of traffic and surface transport infrastructure, so that policy makers can address these issues Action 349: Accessibility of Coaches and Long-Distance Buses earlier in the decision-making process. for People with Reduced Mobility (2001–2005) produced guid- The action developed a methodology to support Strategic ance on the construction and design of interurban and inter- Environmental Assessment (SEA) through transport infra- national coach and bus systems to accommodate people with structure planning scenarios and options, the classification of reduced mobility and to assist operators, passengers, and environmental impacts and indicators, the assessment and authorities in planning for accessible and high-quality trans- aggregation of impacts, and transport planning parameters, TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 port systems. assessments, and monitoring. Results addressed all aspects of the accessibility of public The results and recommendations applied to the national, transport for disabled users and are relevant to the develop- regional, local, and corridor levels. Case studies of SEA com- ment of European Union legislation and regulations. Findings pliance were evaluated, along with a synthesis of current were presented to the professional public at the COST 349 final approaches and lessons learned. Guidance documents and seminar during the Busworld Exhibition in Kortrijk, Belgium. The methods were reviewed, and examples of best practices were seminar was attended by 120 experts from the operating and explored. The action brought together available guidance on manufacturing sectors of the bus industry and by representa- the environmental impacts of transportation for the partici- tives of organizations of disabled people and by the media. pating member states. 13 P The recently completed HOTO The committee receives the findings and recom- COST Action 349 : COST mendations from the assessment and decides whether recommended or not to endorse the proposal. If the proposal is improvements in the endorsed, the COST Office drafts a memorandum of accessibility of coaches and long-distance buses understanding, which will be forwarded to the CSO, for people with reduced with Part 1 of the full proposal now serving as a tech- mobility. nical annex. The CSO makes the final decision to approve the proposal with or without modifications or to reject it. The process from acceptance of the preliminary proposal to the decision on the full proposal takes approximately four months.

Funding and Financing COST actions involve research activities in member posal must be online. The maximum length is 1,500 countries; the funding typically comes from national words—in English, French, or German—and the pro- sources. COST funding therefore does not support the posal must be carefully formulated to present a clear research for the action but supports the activities nec- case for the need and value of the activities and the essary for the network of the action to function. Expe- objectives. Because the competition is keen and the rience has shown that this concept works well—the capacity for supporting concurrent actions is limited, approach has created cooperating networks of the first hurdle is not easy. researchers in many fields of science in Europe, and The COST office and the COST national coordina- many of the networks have lasted beyond the formal tor—one of the two national representatives on the conclusion of the action. CSO—receive the preliminary proposal. The domain The COST office has several flexible economic committee then evaluates the proposal; if it is accepted, tools to facilitate the joint activities of an action or of the proposer will be invited to submit a full proposal. a domain committee:

Full Proposals  With certain limits, COST covers the travel The full proposal comprises two parts. The first is a and per diem expenses of action participants in meet- comprehensive expansion of the preliminary proposal, ings, workshops, and conferences that are part of the including a dissemination plan that identifies the tar- work plan. get audiences and the ways for presenting and deliv-  An action-related workshop, conference, or ering the results. Part 2, in an open format, assembles meeting open to the entire scientific community and additional information, such as the history of the pro- effectively showcasing the action may receive finan- posal, the preliminary work plans, a list of interested cial support for most of the expenses. experts, and a bibliography. If approved, Part 1  Short-term scientific missions and interlabo- becomes part of the memorandum of understanding ratory exchange visits—from one week to three and must comply with the formal requirements for the months—may receive support for travel and per international document. diem expenses. Preference is given to young researchers. Assessment and Approval  Support is also granted for several-day training The relevant domain committee assesses the full pro- programs for young scientists working on an action, posal. The committee normally delegates the task to a to gain acquaintance with new subjects or with member who acts as rapporteur with support from a unique equipment. COST science officer.  Dissemination and publication are also eligible The next step proceeds either to a committee panel for support from the COST Office, which may make To accommodate the or to a written review; in either case, at least two exter- a variety of publication channels available, such as heavier trucks allowed by nal experts and, if appropriate, a European Commis- scientific journals, special publications, books, and European Union sion representative participate. The assessment follows proceedings, as well as informational leaflets and standards, some nations, criteria established by the CSO and is recorded and brochures. such as Poland, are reported in a standard format. If only minor adjust-  examining policy Domain committees and action management alternatives to finance ments are required for approval, the science officer committees can request subsidies to review, coordi-

TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST and manage roadway will advise the proposer and identify the elements to nate, evaluate, or summarize results; execute studies; 14 rehabilitation. be changed. or prepare documents for the scientific community. TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 15 to , for , equipped with (above, right) (below, left) (below, (2006–2010) aims to iden- approach. The objective is

(above, center)

, UK , L R T : P ABORATORY ESEARCH RANSPORT HOTO , which uses laser-based equipment for longitudinal and , which uses laser-based (2005–2009) design on the of helmet is examining the effect Helmeted motorcyclists on a highway in Spain. Action 357: Accident Prevention Options with Motorcycle Hel- Options with Motorcycle Action 357: Accident Prevention mets two-wheeled vehicles. cognitive abilities of drivers of powered that make mea- The study will attempt to establish parameters involving researchers surements possible. This is the first effort to address the complex from the range of backgrounds needed geographic partici- issues; the action also benefits from a wide pation. Action 358: Pedestrians’ Quality Needs mobility of pedes- tify what is needed for the safe and agreeable the value of a systems trians in public spaces and to demonstrate approach compared with a sectoral and how those needs to determine pedestrians’ quality needs policy making, relate to structural and functional elements, to walking. and regulation to support conditions conducive A current COST action is looking at performance indicators for road pavements. The Danish Road Institute has developed a profilograph (above, left) transverse road surface measurements; and ROAR measurements of skid resistance. In the United Kingdom, the Transport Research Laboratory employs HARRIS2 high-resolution systems for measuring road shape and visual condition, Speed Deflectometer and is developing the Traffic speed. monitor the structural strength of roadways at traffic

. -

R T : P , UK , L ESEARCH RANSPORT HOTO ABORATORY (2006–2010) is designing methods (2004–2008) is creating a scientific Current COST Actions in Transport Research in Transport COST Actions Current (2004–2008) is analyzing conditions that could (2004–2008) is analyzing conditions that (2004–2008) is developing a framework for man-

(2003–2006) aims to improve highway performance aims to improve (2003–2006)

P R D : P I R D : Action 356: Toward the Definition of a Measurable, Environ- the Definition of a Action 356: Toward mentally Sustainable Transport I reverse the growth in unsustainable transport demand by chang- reverse the growth in unsustainable transport carriers. ing the behaviors of travelers‚ shippers‚ and indicators using cur- to harmonize and improve environmental approaches that con- rent European indices and is developing and transportation tribute to a system view of environmental countries of Europe issues among decision makers in the different Action 355: Changing Behavior Towards a More Sustainable a More Action 355: Changing Behavior Towards System Transport Action 354: Performance Indicators for Road Pavements Action 354: Performance Indicators of road users and (2004–2008) is taking into account the needs indicators road operators in developing uniform performance and indexes for road pavements. Action 352: Influence of Modern In-Vehicle Information Systems of ModernAction 352: Influence In-Vehicle on Road Safety Requirements European Increased Action 353: Winter Service Strategies for Road Safety to maximize road safety. aging winter traffic taminants from roads and traffic. Improved performance will and traffic. taminants from roads closures, better use of the road network, lead to fewer road transportation of goods more effective longer service life, and and people. the on in-vehicle equipment, as well as for base for legislation for in-vehicle information systems and rules safety evaluation of training in their use. driver education and related to water drainage and to minimize the leaching of con and to minimize the leaching of con related to water drainage Action 351: Water Movement in Road Pavements and Embank- in Road Pavements Movement Water Action 351: ments OAD ANISH HOTO NSTITUTE HOTO OAD ANISH NSTITUTE 16 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 signatories =4,132) number ofaction Country, 2005 Participation by FIGURE 3COSTAction (total United Kingdom-205 invent it.” COST isthat“ifitdidnotexist, wewouldhaveto the thousandsofresearchers whohavebenefitedfrom European Research Area. Acommoncommentfrom low-cost, user-friendly toolforthedevelopmentof COST iswellestablishedasapragmatic,visionary, Shaping theFuture working groups withfundingfrom theCOST Office. each yearmayattendCOSTactionmeetingsand States. Oneresearcher from eachofthesecountries Ukraine amongtheEuropean NewIndependent Azerbaijan, Belarus,Georgia, Moldova,Russia, and Syria, andTunisia intheMediterranean;andArmenia, Lebanon, Libya,Morocco, thePalestinianAuthority, Bosnia andHerzegovinaintheBalkans;Algeria,Egypt, “near neighbor”non-COSTcountries:Albaniaand participation ofresearchers from whatare calledthe committee. pants donothavevotingrightsonthemanagement for COSTmembercountries,exceptthatthepartici- mutual interest. Participation isonthesametermsas action’s managementcommitteeconsidersitinthe ticipation ofnon-COSTcountriesiswelcomeifthe the action’s managementcommittee.Similarly, thepar- Joining laterthanthatispossiblewiththeapproval of ing foranactionwithoutanyconditions(Figure 3). one yeartosignonamemorandumofunderstand- An open-doorpolicyallowsanyCOSTcountryupto Outside Participation Serbia andMontenegro-32 COST hasplayed animportant role inintroducing In addition,aspecialpolicyseekstostimulatethe Sweden -145 Bulgaria -95 Norway -142 Romania -107 Iceland -17 FYR Macedonia-14 Spain -200 Slovenia -115 Croatia -57 Switzerland -169 Slovakia -83 Portugal -132 Turkey -33 Poland -159 Netherlands -167 Israel -58 Non-COST -160 Malta -19 Austria -155 Luxembourg -19 Lithuania -78 Latvia -47 Belgium -180 Italy -191 Ridley, T., M. Boulet,A.Gibb,C.H.Klau,andM.O’Mahony. COST website,www.cost.esf.org: Busch, N.E.,D.Coates,R.Loosch,andL.S.Menendez. Resources research. the increasingly globaldisciplinesoftransport strengthen theworldwidenetworkofresearchers in by countriesoutsidetheEuropean Union.Thiscan mote internationalcooperationthrough participation with theFrameworkProgramme, particularly to pro- pursued whenmutualbenefitisexpected. tinue undertherevised domainstructure andwillbe tunities forcooperationintransport research willcon- participation from non-COSTcountries.Theoppor- long historyofsuccessfulactions,oftenwithvaluable development. work Programmes forresearch andtechnological favorable fundingconditionsoftheEuropean Frame- the formationofjointproject consortia underthemore cooperation. Thesecontactsoftenhaveevolvedinto viding valuableopportunities forinternational pean UniontotheEuropean research community, pro- accession countriesawaitingmembershipintheEuro- Cyprus -76 Engineering. Review oftheCOSTDomainsinTransport andUrbanCivil Activities. COST Vademecum 2:InstrumentsforFinancingofCOSTAction COST (2006);Vademecum 1:COSTProcedures; and About COSTAnnual Report2006; COST AnnualReport2005; Senior Officials, March 7–8,2002. Assessment ofCOST. An objectiveistoincrease theinteractionofCOST In thefieldoftransport research, COSThashada Ireland -98 Czech Republic-129 Hungary -145 Denmark -146 Greece -147 Estonia -34 Finland -160 ehooi,December2005. Technopolis, Germany -206 France -195 Presented totheCOSTCommitteeof Institutions (160) Participation ofnon-COST Cooperating States(58) Other COSTStates(322) associated states(361) Programme EU Framework (3231) EU COSTStates COST AnnualReport2004 An ; Talk Is Cheap, Communication Priceless Practical Tips for Engineers and Their Colleagues

PATRICIA L. LEES AND JAMES E. NICHOLS

than as relationships to cultivate. Lees is Director of Work-  Sarah said that they knew how to fix the Engineers generally are logical, methodical, and Based Learning for the road but didn’t know how to convince the com- Kansas City, Missouri, problem-solving and tend to assume that everyone munity that the fix would work. else is too. Because engineers are smart, they accept School District. Nichols  Bob said his unit had a 14-month backlog new data that can help solve a puzzle. Therefore the is retired from Nichols and that if there was a way to change what they Consulting Engineers, key to converting an engineer to a successful com- do, he’d be the first in line. munication style is to provide the reasons for Reno, Nevada.  Paul said his 26-mile project included changing, to offer examples and coaching in a non- farms, a ski resort, a bear habitat, a nuclear waste threatening environment, and to create and share a site, and an Indian reservation, and he wondered positive learning experience. whose advocates he should listen to first. To improve communication with colleagues and  Steve had 930 slides for a three-day course with nonengineers, an engineer should know and knew that all of them had to be presented.  The audience;  Something about how adults learn, as well as o formula or checklist is available for his or her own preferred style of learning; solving communication problems like  The specialized knowledge and skills required these. People who work with engineers for effective communication; and know that a checklist would be a good  That going outside the comfort zone may be Nstart—but talking about such problems is still nec- necessary. essary, whether the setting is a state department of

transportation (DOT), a national agency like the Engineers encounter four main trouble spots for TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), or a pri- communication: vate engineering firm. The type of training that engineers have com-  Making presentations, pleted, the kinds of work assignments they have had,  Designing training programs, and the assumptions they make about the world and  Engaging public involvement, and about themselves are relevant in communication.  Becoming managers. The jokes about engineers, which circulate every few years, probably were written by engineers—they Because of their respect for procedures, engi- know they have issues with their social skills and that neers listen, test, assess, and adjust in their com- they tend to see things more as problems to solve munication experiences, just as in the technical 17 18 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 audience. slides, andanengaged projected PowerPoint a panelofspeakers, formal paperspresentedby presentations mayinclude The modelformany ered to learnaboutpotentialprojects intheirneigh- many disciplines,aswellthe communitygath- management teamwithsubject matterexperts from tribute tothediscussion.This includestheproject to learnaboutwhatishappening, andthencon- engaged. er therefore developsstrategiestokeepthe audience span cancontractevenmore. Aneffective present hyperactivity disorder, andanaudience’s attention devices, andafewpeoplewithattentiondeficit– the presence ofportable wireless communications commercial break. Addtheurge formultitasking, to 12-minuteattentionspan—andthenexpecta invariably thematerialexceedstime. question-and-answer period,astimepermits—but audience listenscarefully andthenjoinsinthe presenter mayusePowerPointforvisualaids.The with thespeakerreading aformalpaperaloud.The TRB modelhasresembled academicpresentations, audience islocalandnontechnical.Historically, the asthelikelymodels,evenwhen (TRB) serve meetings oftheTransportation Research Board presenting apaper, thepresentations attheannual Whenever aprofessional from aDOTthinksabout Making Presentations resistance, dataandexperimentationwinout. respond tosuggestionsorrequirements withinitial aspects oftheirjobs.Althoughengineersmay Today allparties toaproject wanttobeinvolved, Most peopleinaudiences,however, havean8- - need tobefree todirect themselves. Teachers there- acteristics ofadultlearners( field ofadultlearning,identified thefollowingchar- accordingly. the project. Thepresentation shouldbe designed the characteristicsofprofessionals engagedin of thecharacteristicsadultlearnersandsome what issuestheybring.Theaudienceshares some ence—who theyare, whytheyare involved, and The firstneedistoknowsomethingabouttheaudi- Audience Characteristics roles andthedisruptionitmaycauseisimportant. their academicwork.Understandingthisshiftof not haveexperiencedpublicinvolvementduring engineers, butalsoforrecent graduates,whomay This represents abigchangenotonlyforveteran control decisionsthataffect theirqualityoflife. proposals—they wanttoinfluenceandperhaps munities wanttodomore thancommenton rians, anddemographerseconomists.Com- water andairspecialists,archaeologists andhisto- ticipation orshared decisionmaking. efficiency ofthatapproach outweighedoutsidepar- would beincharge, andmanybelievedthatthe top-down, militarysystems,theleadengineer borhood. Inthepast,whenorganizations emulated  Malcolm Knowles,oneofthe pioneersinthe Times havechanged—project teamsinclude dlsaeatnmu n self-directed and autonomous are Adults 1 ): . They TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 19 Many presenters overload, overdo, and weaken PowerPoint slides, obscuring instead of clarifying their key points. Animate the audience, not the slides. the slides aloud; The speaker read The text was too small to read; of the to see because hard The slides were of bul- displayed instead Full sentences were around moving The text and graphics were too complex. were The diagrams or charts The screen orientation is landscape, like TV orientation The screen the back of visible from Elements should be colors should foreground and Background if content is miss- ineffective Fancy slides are A recent survey revealed audiences’ annoyances survey revealed A recent The question-and-answer period also requires A big fear in public speaking is embarrassment,            PowerPoint Strategies PowerPoint how to use Pow- and books describe Many articles start: a good are Microsoft tips from erPoint. The with many PowerPoint presentations: color choices; let points; too much; and Additional Tips For Other tips can add impact to a presentation. for a panel discussion, a pan- example, in preparing to find over- elist should talk to the other presenters The session in the presentations. laps and synergies moderator may handle this task, but if not, the speakers should take the initiative to coordinate to engage the audience material, find opportunities and syn- analysis more in dialogue, and perform thesis. may know what presenter A frequent preparation. have mod- and may already questions often surface A first-time pre- accordingly. ified the presentation by considering what people senter should prepare may ask. If at being caught without an answer. particularly know” is an acceptable this occurs, “I don’t the speaker also may thank the partici- response; and the movies. see this”— “I know you can’t say, Never the room. a book, or a table A page from fix it beforehand. work as rarely screen or a software a report, from the information to gain a clear, images. Parcel The rule of thumb is no more image. uncluttered per than seven words no more than seven lines and line. condi- room’s the show up in the room—consider screen tions. An image that works on a computer ballroom. may not work blown up 10 feet wide in a ing. . They must see a . They know their goal that may include work- that may include , focusing on the aspects of , focusing on the aspects Instructors must acknowledge the wealth of Instructors must acknowledge the wealth . Guide the audience to opportunities for appli- Guide the audience to opportunities Link the material to the experiences of the Link the material to the experiences of Organize the presentation to keep the audi- the presentation Organize State the purpose or the goal up front. Give State the purpose or the goal up front. Like all learners, adults need to be shown Adults are practical Adults are relevancy-oriented Adults are goal-oriented Adults have accumulated a foundation of life accumulated a foundation Adults have This information may seem more relevant to relevant This information may seem more          when enrolling in a course. Therefore they appre- a course. Therefore in when enrolling and that is organized program ciate an educational has clearly defined elements. fore must involve adult participants actively in the actively involve adult participants must fore learning process. Audience Interaction may appear to be a one-way commu- Presentations nication but can be made interactive. The presen- than one sense—for example, ter can trigger more have the audience complete a diagram, draw con- or as a group solve a problem a chart, clusions from by conferring with the next person, call out answers themselves or comments, or stand up and sort category such as urban, sub- to a relevant according urban, ultra-urban, or rural setting; or maintenance, design, or construction; or numbers of years or will not lose respect of experience. The presenter a way for the audience cause chaos but will provide and apply the information. members to remember has As one engineer experienced in presentations observed, “Corny works.” cation. End with a call to action that keeps the audience thinking about the message. audience. Adults are tuned into radio station WII- tuned into radio audience. Adults are in it for me?” FM, “What’s ence engaged. Telling a story helps people remem- ence engaged. Telling ber. the audience a reason to pay attention. the audience a reason experiences that adult participants bring to the experiences that adult participants classroom. cases, the but in both training than to presentations, charac- to learn. These learning audience is there guidance for a presentation: teristics provide respect reason for learning. Learning has to be applicable to for learning. reason valued responsibilities. their work or to other may not be a lesson most useful to their work. They in knowledge for its own sake. interested experiences and knowledge experiences and previ- family responsibilities, activities, related need to connect learning to ous education. They and experience. this base of knowledge 20 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 T progress through thedegreeprograms. the fundamentalandadvanced skillsstudentsneedasthey communication attheundergraduate andgraduatelevelstoteach in theworkplace.Theprogram addressesthesethreeformsof and oralcommunicationsskills theyneedtocompeteandsucceed straightforward—to teachengineering studentsthewritten,visual, house similarprograms. College ofEngineering;todayotherschoolswithinthecollege also Tech—ushered inaneweracommunications instructioninthe in honorofoneMundy’s mostinfluentialprofessorsatGeorgia Charles E.GearingPrograminTechnical Communications—named from theJosephMundyfamilymadeprogrampossible. The instruction inanengineeringcontext.Agenerousendowment CEE chairproposedanin-houseprogramthatwouldplace the results weredisappointing. often unrelatedtostudents’engineeringdisciplines.The two coursestaughtintheEnglishdepartment,withcontent munications skillstoengineersatthetimeconsistedofoneor (CEE) atGeorgiaTech. Theprevailingmethodofteachingcom- taken bytheSchoolofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering in-house programwas.Thatwastheinnovativeapproach The goaloftheCEEEngineeringCommunicationsProgram is To improvethewayengineersaretaughttocommunicate, the was notanewconceptin1998;teachingthemthroughan eaching engineeringstudentstocommunicateeffectively Integrating CommunicationsintotheCurriculum prompt questionsfrom thegroup. others mayhavehadaboutthetopicand In thisway, thespeakercanreveal concernsthat sentations aboutthistopic,peoplehaveasked….” tion inabigroom. Inotherconversationsandpre- speaker mightsay, “Iknowitishard toaskaques- ence member. into adialoguebetweenthespeakerandoneaudi- tune outifthequestion-and-answerperiodturns acoustics inlarge rooms are usuallypoor. People always welcometoanaudiencebecausethe looking atthetracks.” or “Well, youcan’t tellwhichwaythetraingoesby ple, “It’s reassuring thatwedon’t allhavetoagree,” off ofthedefensiveandbackincontrol—for exam- spot. Theseparatorphraseshouldgetthespeaker tinues arguing orwantstoputthespeakeron arator phraseincaseamemberoftheaudiencecon- pant forpointingoutotherareas forconsideration. If noquestionsarise,andtimepermits,the Repeating eachquestionbefore responding is A speakershouldhavewhatmaybecalledasep- A PioneeringProgramatGeorgiaTech LISA ROSENSTEIN School ofMaterials ScienceandEngineeringsince 1998. Georgia Tech’s School ofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering content; shehasbeenthemainstay oftheinnovativeprogramat link written,visual,andoralcommunication skillsdirectlytotheircourse Communications SpecialistLisaRosenstein helpsengineeringstudents example, inthesophomore-levelCivilEngineeringSystemscourse, tions instructionintosomeofthesequencedcorecourses.For On theundergraduatelevel,programintegratescommunica- Basic Principles neer woulddesignaroad withoutproper analysis. develop, design,implement,andevaluate.Noengi- practitioners usetheADDIEmodel:analyze, training: define whatneedstobedifferent attheendof been gained? know whattodowiththeinformation,has ever, isnottocovermaterial.Ifthelearnersdo much materialtocover.” Thetrainer’s job,how- the content.Theexcuseusuallyisthatthere is“so ing program istothinkaboutthelearner, notjust nical specialistwhoisinvolvedindesigningatrain- The biggestchallengeforanengineerorothertech- Consider theLearner Training Design    To developnewtraining,instructionaldesign The goalindesigningatrainingprogram isto Can theyprevent problems? Can theysolvemore complexproblems? Can thetraineesapplynewtechniques? TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 21

PHOTO: IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY A group trainer must be able to accommodate a variety of learning styles and must work to impart new skills. Nearly a decade after its inauguration, CEE’s in-house Engi- Nearly a decade after its inauguration, CEE’s The author is Communications Specialist, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and School of Materials Science Atlanta. and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Many Forms, One Goal but successful in-house The program has worked well for CEE, forms. At Georgia Tech, communications programs can take many of Engineering have for example, several schools in the College is unique, designed to excellent in-house programs and each one working within spe- meet the specific needs of the school while of students, financial cific constraints, such as the number resources, and preferred pedagogical models. Some schools have writing labs that help students with papers and presentations; some have train-the-trainer programs that enlist graduate students to help with instruction; and others have communications specialists who help engineering colleagues design assignments for their classes. All of these in-house programs are committed to the same goal of improving the communications skills of a new generation of engineers. neering Communications Program has become an integral part of mission and curriculum. The program addresses the the school’s Feedback needs of undergraduates, graduate students, and faculty. from current students and alumni, as well as from local employers and an advisory board, confirms that the program is accomplishing its goals. students also may seek consultation during the dissertation process, students also may seek consultation during assistance with papers, and faculty members periodically receive proposals, and technical reports. I like to talk to myself when solving a prob- most If my boss has a message for me, I am to direc- or listening I am not good at reading    lem or writing. when she talks to me in person. comfortable working on the task or to start tions. I would prefer at hand. project I take lots of notes and I like to doodle. or tech- If I had to explain a new procedure Consider the following statements by learners: The graduate-level program incorporates a stand-alone course, The graduate-level program incorporates Students The course first covers the basic principles of clarity. In addition, the communications specialist often guest lectures   students learn how to structure engineering reports, integrate students learn how to structure engineering presentations about visual elements, and deliver oral technical senior year in the Cap- their work. These skills are enhanced in the to write project propos- stone Design Course. Students learn how technical presentations als and design reports, as well as to deliver sponsors, who often not only to the instructors, but also to project members of regional agen- may include local government officials, cies, or engineers from high-profile firms. use content from Engineering Communication, in which students written, visual, and oral their own studies to improve their skills in communication. The course is conducted as a workshop, with equal time devoted to lectures, in-class individual and group work, and evaluation and critique sessions. then apply these principles as they learn to create well-written and designed technical documents. The emphasis is on edit- effectively ing and revision. Second, students learn not only how to create visu- figures, graphs, and charts, but how to write and talk ally effective about them. Third, students learn how to create and effectively deliver professional-quality technical presentations. The presentations are delivered through electronic media, and equal emphasis and slide is placed on achieving excellence in content, delivery, design. All presentations are recorded so that the students can and assess their progress. evaluate their own efforts and provides teaching materials for other CEE courses. Individual students and teams can receive assistance, and the communications specialist often conducts workshops on such topics as fellowship application essays, thesis proposals, and résumé writing. Doctoral Styles of Learning for a group program The design of a training of all learning styles. the accommodation requires and each person has process, Learning is a complex changes with the environment, a learning style that Most people have a dom- the content, or the tasks. the best way for them to inant style that defines or a training A presentation learn new information. pre- to the designer’s out tailored course often starts style of learning. ferred Without a model that structures thought, people thought, a model that structures Without is,” and the problem “I think I know what often say, answer is.” Figure I know what the then, “I think do with the informa- the learner will out first what in selecting outcomes, content, tion—this will help evaluation tools. delivery methods, and nique, I would prefer to write it out. nique, I would prefer 22 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 opportunity forall. see itasalearning involvement meetingisto conducting apublic The bestapproachto learning stylesofhisclass. definition ofinteractiveandengagetheindividual audience laughed.Clearlyheneedstochangehis classes asinteractivebecausehetoldjokesandthe to makeanimpact.Onetrainerdescribedhis in atraininggroup mayhavemissedopportunities his orherownlearningstyletherangeofstyles and thethird pair, akinestheticlearner. the secondtwocharacterizeanauditorylearner; nique, Iwouldprefer todemonstrateit. 1 stake, whatare thevariables,andhowdecisions viewed astrainable—theywanttoknowwhatisat the process. Thecommunitygroup shouldbe new valuetocommunityinputandhavealtered not satisfied. Not surprisingly, thecommunitystakeholdersare conclusion aboutthealignmentorproject schedule. present highlytechnicalexplanations,anddrawa complete control. Theydisplaycharts andgraphs, project engineersmaydesigntheeventtoretain ence ofthemedia. ence, thedifficulty oftheirquestions,orthepres- encounter unknownssuchasthemoodofaudi- ing—even thosewhoare experiencedspeakers common. Firstisthegeneralfearofpublicspeak- communication challenges,however, are fairly similar tothefearofdeathorsnakes.Themain lic involvementpart ofaproject withemotions nical specialistsreact toanassignmentthepub- Most public-andprivate-sectorengineerstech- Public Involvement http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/vak.html. An instrumentforassessinglearningstylesisavailableat  A trainerorpresenter whohasnotconsidered The firsttwostatementsindicateavisuallearner; Changes inregulations, however, haveassigned Anticipating anunfavorableexperience,some If Ihadtoexplainanewprocedure ortech-

. I , H & F : P NC ALLIDAY ITZGERALD HOTO tion selected. must provide aconvincing argument forthesolu- boundaries; theninthesixth step,themanager the firstfivestepstooffer guidanceandtoset needed. Managementtherefore mustbeengagedin there isabetteranswer andthatmore dataare because theengineermaybelieveeachtimethat Steps 1through 5canbecomeacontinuousloop, with thebestsolutionpossible.Thepitfallisthat process isusuallyacircular, iterativetechnique: thought process whenfacedwithaproblem. The a managershouldunderstandtheengineer’s ing ofthepyramids. agers? Thesequestionsmustdatebacktothebuild- engineers, andhowdoengineerslearntobeman- How dononengineermanagerscommunicatewith Engineers intoManagers learn together. audienceandanopportunity forallto particular feres withseeingameetingasthefirsttimeforthat of hearingthesamequestionsagainandinter- of confrontations, hecklers,misinterpretations, or that eachgroup thebestpresentation. deserves Fear conversation. tion, advocatesstarting from adifferent placeinthe instead ofdenyingachallengeandarguing aposi- understanding theotherperson.Miller’s Law, as aresult mayrespond tooquickly, oftenwithout may judgeandinterpret whatotherpeoplesayand ers whoare focusedongettingamessageacross try toimaginewhatitcouldbetrueof”( person issaying,youmustassumethatittrueand George Millerstated,“To understandwhatanother had beenmisled. know howmanytimesinthepastcommunity being developed,andtheproject teammaynot tionships apply, aswellthenewrelationships that thedecisionisnotrandom.Historicalrela- audience maybeangry, buttheywouldfindout this intersection?”theengineershouldanswer. The asks, “Howmanypeoplehavetodiebefore youfix are madeamongcompetingprojects. Ifsomeone For effective communicationwithanengineer, The engineerusesSteps1through 5tocomeup Communicatethe solution toothers. 6. Test andimplementthesolution. 5. Analyzeandselect asolution. 4. Brainstormsolutions. 3. Gatherinformation. 2. Identifytheproblem. 1. Engineers andotherspecialistsneedtobelieve Princeton Universityprofessor andpsychologist 2 ). Speak- TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 23 Management offers Management the guidance, establishes and applies a boundaries, for larger perspective project problem solving. . . Bacal The Modern Practice of Adult Education Many years ago at a DOT headquarters, the Many years ago at a DOT headquarters, To help an engineer become a manager requires help an engineer To Follett Publishing Company, Chicago, 1970. Follett Publishing Company, of Thinking to Help Understand Another Person A Way and Associates. www.work911.com/communication/ miller.htm.

2. References Knowles, M. S. 1. Problem Solving Problem be effec- Metaphors or farming analogies may not and a tive in communicating with engineers, listening to to convince that designer may be hard the community may generate good ideas that had problem engineers are not been considered—but solvers. Appealing to that characteristic can moti- to try something new and vate a pavement expert and discover that it works. uncomfortable during the week was dark and training room of the with everyone focused on the front crowded, When the course ended, one of the partici- room. delivery method pants was asked about the lecture just like engi- He said, “It’s and if it was effective. neering school, so we have low expectations.” The challenge is to change those expectations. a synthesis of all the communication advice already a synthesis of all the communication advice watching oth- Most people also learn by presented. must skilled at their tasks. Managers ers who are including master the technical aspects of their jobs, the subtleties of public speaking, of supervision and of lis- decision making, and training, of shared paying atten- tening. Good communication requires provides. tion to all of the clues that an audience present enough detail to impart credibility to the credibility enough detail to impart present know solution and to the team. The speaker must the audience. U S I : P NIVERSITY TATE OWA HOTO In Step 1, the manager must establish the the manager must In Step 1, bailiwick, the engineer’s Step 2 is primarily because a nonengineer Step 3 is a joint effort, If possible, Step 4 is accomplished quantitatively pro- Step 5 involves identifying suitable testing is iterative. As the solution is tested, The process The final step entails communicating the solu- boundaries of the problem. The engineer may not The engineer may of the problem. boundaries political, or environ- social, economic, think of the manager of a problem—the mental dimensions may however, The engineer, must identify these. to construction. Step 1 constraints identify certain dialogue. is a therefore and a variety of sources from gleaning information This makes Step 1 critical—the it. sifting through of data well defined and sources has been problem all dimensions of the to address enough broad are problem. develop solutions that may manager usually can limited expo- to an engineer with not be apparent Without to qualitative aspects of the project. sure the involvement in public meetings on the project, of stakeholder engineer may have little appreciation viable and concerns and of options that would be acceptable. but this by assigning numerical values to selections, in erroneous can be deceptive and can result choices without qualitative judgment. Management qualitative input for the should provide therefore the process. example, the to implement a solution. For cedures is project primary test for a selected highway it was whether it meets the needs for which greater congestion, to provide planned—to reduce tests will be Ancillary or to serve durably. safety, on stakeholders, the to show the effects required Manage- economic ramifications, or other aspects. qualitative or other ment must set up focus groups assessment instruments to evaluate the project. begins identified and the process are other problems the adage, “the chief cause of prob- again, proving lems is solutions.” Management needs to know a point of diminish- has reached when this process and the solution is acceptable. ing returns challenge to the biggest tion to others—perhaps management. Managers know how to identify the audience, but knowing how much detail to include while keeping the audience in the presentation and comes with experience. Pre- engaged is an art sentations that drill down into the minutiae of Steps 5 will lose an audience, and all the hard 1 through work will be in vain if the solution is rejected because it is not understood. In contrast, an audience of engineers would want to understand the 5, making it critical to details of Steps 1 through Engineers and Scholarly Journals Reading Patterns in the Electronic Era

CAROL TENOPIR AND DONALD W. KING

Tenopir is Professor of cholarly journals are an important source of Comparing Patterns Information Sciences, trusted information, although the engineer- The reading patterns of engineers have been studied College of Communi - ing professional reads fewer journal articles extensively for nearly 50 years. Studies in the 1960s, cation and Information, on average than do members of the scientific for example, found that engineers use technical Sand engineering academic communities. Studies reports frequently (1–3). Several studies have com- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, and King is have shown that engineers spend a smaller propor- pared the use and importance of scholarly journals Distinguished Research tion of work time reading from scholarly journals for several fields, including medicine, sciences, social Professor, School of and that they read fewer articles than scientists and sciences, and engineering (4–5). Information and Library physicians. Nonetheless journals are useful and valu- Most of the data presented here were collected in Science, University of able to engineers, who also read many types of infor- readership surveys from 2000 to 2005 at five uni- North Carolina–Chapel mation resources, including standards, technical versities and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Hill. They coauthored reports, books, and articles. (ORNL), a Department of Energy science and energy Communication Patterns When engineers read articles, they rate the impor- research facility in Tennessee. Responses by engi- of Engineers (Wiley, tance to their job as very high. Other information neers were compared with those by scientists and 2004). sources—particularly oral reports and oral commu- members of other professions. nications—are more important for engineers than The surveys focused on the most recent read- for scientists or medical professionals. Recent stud- ing—a variation of the critical incident technique. ies confirm these trends, which have been observed After the respondent estimated an amount of read- for decades, although a growing percentage of reading, the questions turned to the last article read. ing is now from electronic sources. Questions covered details about the last reading, including the time spent, how the article was identified, where it was obtained, the purpose and value of the reading, and the form and format of the reading. In addition, a limited number of questions required recall—such as the amount of reading in the past month—and demographic questions aimed at such information as the respondent’s subject discipline, age, gender, and degree.

Reading Journals A 1977 national survey sponsored by the National Science Foundation showed that engineers read an average of 80 scholarly articles per year and spent about 60 hours reading these articles, or an average of 45 minutes per reading (6). Approximately 30 percent of all readings were by engineers in universities and the remainder by engineers in other locations. The university engineers averaged 150 readings and other

TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST engineers about 60 readings per year. 24 A series of 32 surveys in the 1980s and 1990s TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 25

FIGURE 1 Average Month by Readings per Subject Discipline: Research Faculty in U.S. Universities, 2005 (n = 941) FIGURE 2 Average Time FIGURE 2 Average Spent per Article by Subject Discipline: Faculty in U.S. Research Universities, 2005 (n = 937)

Other Other

Sciences Sciences

Engineering/Technology

Medical/Health

Humanities Humanities 5 0 5 0

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10

40 35 30 25 20 15 10

Engineering faculty read fewer articles on average fewer articles Engineering faculty read

Social Sciences Social

Minutes Social Sciences Social No. of readings of No. than colleagues did in several other disciplines but than colleagues did in several other disciplines 2). In 2005 uni- (Figure time per article spent more spending an average of 41 versity engineers reported or 172 hours per year—this minutes per article and retrieving, not searching, included only reading, spend- ORNL engineers reported citing the articles. in 2001 or ing an average of 54 minutes per article annually. journal articles about 88 hours reading articles than would have but by less has increased, in the On average, the decrease been projected. was less amount of time engineers spent per article than that for scientists or medical faculty. Sources and Format Sources have sub- engineers As journal prices have increased, articles scribed to fewer journals and have sought and separate such as libraries other sources, from journals also copies. The availability of electronic pat- has changed information-seeking and reading terns. The average number of subscriptions per university engineer was 2.56 during 2000 to 2003; 16 reported of university engineers, however, percent ). Engineers averaged an additional 210 averaged an additional ). Engineers 7 The survey focused on readings, not on the spe- The survey focused on readings, per 1 shows the average amount of reading Figure Some increased reading of scholarly articles is articles of scholarly reading Some increased A similar pattern was observedA similar pattern was for university Time Spent Reading has an article The average time spent reading an average of 48 minutes per article from decreased all subject disciplines in 1977 to an average of across in 2005. Because the average 34 minutes per article dramati- has increased readings number of article cally at the same time, the total time spent reading Amount of Reading were and King, respondents In surveys by Tenopir asked, month (30 days), approximately “In the past have you read?”how many scholarly articles A schol- was defined as onearly article “found in journal issues, preprints, author websites, or separate copies such as copies.” or paper and other electronic reprints, A was defined asreading “going beyond the table of con- article.” tents, title, and abstract to the body of the by of readings Almost 16 percent read. cific articles university engineering faculty in 2005 and 30 per- by nonuniversity engineers in 2001 cent of readings tends The distribution of readings rereadings. were to be highly skewed, with only a few engineers read- month. in the preceding ing many articles by subject dis- month by university faculty and staff by engineering fac- ciplines. The amount of reading ulty is less than that by science and medical faculty. engineers. The amount of reading and time spent of reading engineers. The amount 150 from by university engineers increased reading 110 to 170 in 1977 to 250 by 2005 and from readings per year. hours spent reading through access to articles attributable to broadened databases and e- bibliographic and full-text article articles, time spent reading journal systems. More other materials. reading may detract from however, time to engineers’ willingness to devote Regardless, indicates the value they place on the articles reading information. hours reading materials such as trade journals or materials hours reading per year); books of all kinds bulletins (47 readings mostly internal (81 reports, technical (40 readings); documents. In work-related and other readings); 2001 a survey showed that engineers aver- at ORNL and 88 of scholarly articles aged 98 annual readings an indication that articles, these hours reading their reading had increased nonuniversity engineers time spent reading. and their of articles revealed that engineers in industry, government, and government, that engineers in industry, revealed about 83 annual settings averaged federal laboratory these per year reading and spent 72 hours readings ( articles receiving no personal subscriptions. The average means and then obtained from the library’s elec- number of personal subscriptions per ORNL engi- tronic collection. Newer articles were mostly found neer was 1.16. These numbers are down from an through browsing, and older articles through average of 2.93 subscriptions per engineer in 1977. searches. The main sources for access to print or electronic journal articles were personal subscriptions, Gauging Value library collections, and separate copies. University The value of an article is defined by the consequences readers obtained 57 percent and ORNL engineers of reading and by what engineers are willing to pay 50 percent of readings from library collections. for the information or by how much time they are Nearly two-thirds of university engineers’ readings willing to spend to obtain and read the articles. from library collections were in electronic journals, One way to measure the consequences of reading up from one-third during 2000 to 2003. Most of the journals is to determine the purpose for which the electronic article readings were printed out—few article is read. Engineers were asked to indicate the were read online. principal purpose for which they have used or plan In addition, researchers often obtained articles as to use the information obtained from the most separate copies from interlibrary loan requests, recently read article. For university and ORNL engi- author websites, colleagues, subject repositories such neers, the most frequent principal purpose was as arXiv.org, and other sources. University and research. Among ORNL engineers, one-quarter of ORNL engineers reported using similar numbers of the readings was for current awareness or keeping up article copies—22 percent and 18 percent, respec- with the literature; only 6.5 percent of university tively. The most frequent source of separate copies engineering faculty gave this reason. was another person, such as a colleague or an author. In the university surveys, the engineers were asked, Most of engineers’ article readings came from “In what ways did the reading of the article affect the recent journals; however, an appreciable amount principal purpose?” When primary research was the of reading consisted of articles published more than principal purpose, the most frequent response was 10 years ago. The university engineers read older that the reading “improved the result,” followed by “it articles more frequently than the ORNL engineers inspired new thinking or ideas,” and “it narrowed, did. The library collection was the principal source, broadened, or changed the focus of the research.” Rea- especially as the age of the articles increased. The sons mentioned less frequently were “Resolved tech- age distribution of articles read from electronic nological problems,” “Saved time or other resources,” journals is almost the same as for those read from “Resulted in collaboration or joint research,” and print journals. Some articles were identified by one “Resulted in faster completion.”

TRB’s Journal Reaching Engineers on the Web The Transportation Research Record: Journal of tures and specified search terms. the Transportation Research Board (TRR), one of For more information about the services, the leading sources for scholarly research and subscriptions, and pricing, visit www.TRB.org/ practical papers on all aspects of transportation, TRROnline or call the TRB Bookstore at 202- is now available online. The full texts of more 334-3213; e-mail [email protected]. than 8,000 peer-reviewed papers published in the journal series since 1996 are accessible to TRR Online subscribers and to employees of TRB sponsors; other users may search and view abstracts and purchase complete individual papers. TRR Online subscribers receive permanent access to the full text of all papers published during the subscription year purchase, as well as access to some content from previous years while their subscription is current. Subscribers also may purchase access to archival content. The

TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST website offers personalized alerts for journal fea- 26 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 27 Special Scientific DOD User Vol. 37, ASIS, Vol. Information Com- Technology, Informa- Technology, Special Libraries: Increas- George Washington Uni- Washington George Communication Patterns of Towards Electronic Journals: Electronic Towards Special Libraries Association, North American Aviation, Anaheim, American Aviation, North Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of of the 63rd Proceedings Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co., Stroudsburg, Wiley–IEEE Press, Hoboken, N.J., 2004. Press, Wiley–IEEE Harvard University, Boston, Mass., 1967. University, Harvard The continuing value of article readings is readings The continuing value of article article from Engineers will continue to read munication Among Bioscientists. D. C., 1964. Washington, versity, Needs Study: Phase II. California, 1966. in Industrial Information Transfer tion, and Organization: R&D. Realities for Scientists, Librarians, and Publishers. D.C., 2000. Libraries Association, Washington, arly Journals. In the American Society of Information Science, Chicago, Ill., 2000, pp. 60–62. Use, and Journals in the United States: Their Production, Economies. Pa., 1981. Engineers. ing the Information Edge. D.C., 1993. Washington, prehensiveness and the age of the journal collec- and the age prehensiveness the acces- availability, the hours of tions, the location, the collection, and the format of the sibility, sup- services, as reference such collection-related service attributes include price, recall Search port. and display features. of results, and precision 2. G. Allen. J. D. Hodges, and F. Goodman, A. F., 3. Wolek. W. Rosenbloom, R. S., and F. 4. King. C., and D. W. Tenopir, 5. of Schol- King. The Use and Value C., and D. W. Tenopir, 6. and N. R. Roderer. D. D. McDonald, King, D. W., 7. King. C., and D. W. Tenopir, 8. King. J.-M., and D. W. Griffiths, References 1. and J. Tyson. J. Bernard, Shilling, C. W., Convenience and Value Convenience and of high- source an important Scholarly journals are information for engineers in quality and convenient fewer journal articles read their work. Engineers than do time per article more on average and spend scientists, but scholarly articles scientists and social in serve role an important sources a variety of from engi- and teaching for awareness, current research, of print and a combination neers. Engineers read and the average number of arti- articles electronic is increasing. cles read spend on demonstrated by the time that engineers con- and their observations that the articles reading sources tribute to their work. Engineers use many collections gain- with library electronic of readings, collec- library journal ing in use. Readings from likely more are of higher value, considered tions are and are articles, often older are to be electronic, likely to be for research. more that bring value to convenient and that are sources standards, their work. Along with technical reports, have a specifications, and books, journal articles to play in engineers’ need for information. role ). Important attributes for article ). Important 8 Another consideration is whether electronic arti- Another consideration is whether electronic Approximately 80 percent of engineers who have of engineers 80 percent Approximately Scientific and technical information is commu- Scientific and technical sources, such as library collections, include the com- sources, Journal Quality and Services the use of in varying degrees attributes affect Certain services—such as the quality of journals and related and pages, the the content, the number of articles availability, number of issues, the format, the archive and the price ( personal subscriptions continue to read the articles personal subscriptions continue to read available. are versions in print, although electronic print journals Earlier surveys indicated that browsing versions, but electronic took less time than browsing that this may no data suggest and refined recent more print longer be true. Readers still consider personal con- be more journals to subscriptions to a few core reading. awareness venient for current online or printed out. Less than one- read cles are were articles of electronic of the readings quarter in dura- tended to be shorter online. Online readings of printed versions. How the elec- tion than readings or printed read—online were articles tronic other from out—was consistent with survey results disciplines, suggesting that ease of use influences the out may be choice. The decision to print an article dictated by the need to keep a copy available. Online Versus Print Online Versus services for journal-related Ease of use is important to iden- The time required and advanced features. use. For exam- affects locate, and obtain articles tify, are journals in library collections ple, electronic print extensively used than the available more collections. Other Influences con- or other professional whose research Engineers awards through have been acknowledged tributions and to more to read tended recognitions or special than those whose work reading time spend more engineers In the survey, had not been acknowledged. averaged nearly twice recognitions who had received as those who had not. as many readings channels, such as informal nicated via many other pre- and conference reports, technical reporting, Engineers therefore sentations and proceedings. to be exposed beforehand have many opportunities that they may in articles to the information found The surveysasked: “Prior to your first read- read. did you know about the infor- ing of this article, or discussed?” About one-half mation reported the information, of aware stated that they were sometimes at anyway, the article although they read length. great 28 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 Utah ( ( Redmond, Washington Boulder, Colorado( crossing treatmentsin Unsignalized pedestrian System, CollegeStation. Texas A&MUniversity Transportation Institute, Engineer, Texas The authorisResearch right ); andSaltLakeCity, above, right ). above ); T System. Theobjectiveswere to portation InstituteoftheTexas A&MUniversity gram (NCHRP)andconductedbytheTexas Trans- the NationalCooperativeHighwayResearch Pro- Transit CooperativeResearch Program (TCRP) and KAY FITZPATRICK Crossings Safety atUnsignalized Improving Pedestrian NEW COOPERATIVE RESEARCHPROGRAMSREPORT research project jointlysponsored bythe crossings wasthesubjectofarecent pedestrian treatments atunsignalized he effectiveness ofthemanyvarieties ( Manual onUniformTraffic Control Devices public transportation—and ized locations—particularly by intersectionsserved improve safetyforpedestrians crossing atunsignal- 1 ).   Examine thepedestriansignal warrantinthe Recommend engineeringtreatments to

(MUTCD)

K. F K. P ITZPATRICK OF COURTESY HOTOS TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 29 . Transportation Research . Transportation ment , is Docu TCRP . Transportation Research Board of the Board Research . Transportation Improving . U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal of Transportation, . U.S. Department , can be downloaded at http://www4.trb.org/trb/ As a collaboration between TCRP and NCHRP, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Devices for Streets Control Manual on Uniform Traffic Highways D.C., 2003. Highway Administration, Washington, http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/. Accessed June 2, 2005. and J. Whitacre. E. S. Park, D. Lord, B. Ullman, N. Trout, Pedestrian TCRP Report 112–NCHRP Report 562: Improving Safety at Unsignalized Crossings D.C., 2006. of the National Academies, Washington, Board http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_ 562.pdf. and J. Whitacre. E. S. Park, D. Lord, B. Ullman, N. Trout, Document Document 31–NCHRP Web-Only TCRP Web-Only 91: Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings: Improving Appendices B to O D.C., 2006. http://www4. National Academies, Washington, trb.org/trb/onlinepubs.nsf/web/tcrp_web_documents. TCRP Report 112–NCHRP TCRP Report Report 562, Safety at Pedestrian Unsignalized Crossings available from the TRB Bookstore at http:// www.trb.org/book store/ or can be downloaded at: http:// onlinepubs.trb.org/ onlinepubs/nchrp/ nchrp_rpt_562.pdf. The appendices, Document Web-Only 31/ NCHRP Web-Only 91 onlinepubs.nsf/ web/tcrp_web_documents. 1. the project emphasized both roadway and transit emphasized both roadway the project considerations. The Institute of Transportation the 2006 Trans- with the project Engineers honored for Pedestrians. The Achievement Award portation trans- significant and outstanding recognizes award safety in achievements that improve portation transportation. References 2. Carlson, N. Lalani, P. M. Brewer, Fitzpatrick, K., S. Turner. 3. Carlson, N. Lalani, P. M. Brewer, K., S. Turner. Fitzpatrick, Supporting Information of the In accomplishing the two main objectives developed useful sup- team also the research study, information on pedestrian walking speeds porting The and on the yielding behavior of motorists. walking NCUTCD has endorsed the recommended the from speeds for use in signal timing. The results crossing study of motorist yielding showed that the and the the number of lanes crossed, treatment, posted speed limit influence motorist compliance. )—are 2 ( Improving ). 3 included in the research report, report, included in the research — Conventional traffic control signal. control Conventional traffic Enhanced, high-visibility, or “active when or “active Enhanced, high-visibility, Red signal or beacon device; and Marked crosswalk; Marked crosswalk; The quantitative procedures in the guidelines use in the The quantitative procedures The guidelines include supporting information The guidelines include supporting After reviewing previous studies, examining all studies, examining previous After reviewing     The Transportation Achievement Award for Achievement Award The Transportation Pedestrians cites the TCRP–NCHRP project for producing “a valuable tool to aid transportation professionals in selecting pedestrian treatments” and “a logical process” for making the selection. To provide more than a menu of possible treatments, more provide To team developed quantitative guidelines the research transit agencies determine the to help engineers and be appropriate that would treatments recommended condi- and traffic environments street for different Treat- tions. The Guidelines for Pedestrian Crossing ments Quantitative Procedures Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings the results of the research evaluations. The appen- evaluations. of the research the results include details about the field dices to the report ( efforts studies and other research street key input variables—such as pedestrian volume, volume—to identify one of width, and traffic crossing categories: treatment four possible crossing for each of the treatment categories, as well as categories, for each of the treatment included are Worksheets examples of treatments. with the guidelines to facilitate calculations. present” traffic control device; control traffic present” traffic control signal warrants, and conducting signal warrants, control traffic judgments on to gather engineering workshops team recom- research the revisions, proposed the pedestrian signal warrant. mended changes to National Committee of the The Signal Technical Devices Control Traffic Committee on Uniform revisions the recommended (NCUTCD) reviewed full NCUTCD endorsed the to the warrant, and the in June 2006. changes proposed 30 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 Manager, PATH. Rodier isProject Richmond, California. California–Berkeley, (PATH), Universityof Transit andHighways Partners forAdvanced Program Leader, California–Davis, and Studies, Universityof of Transportation Transportation, Institute Distinguished Scholarin Shaheen istheHonda RESEARCH T SUSAN A.SHAHEENANDCAROLINERODIER Oakland, California,FieldTest ShowsPromise Boost Transit, EaseCongestion Smart ParkingManagementto PAYS OFF efforts toincrease parkingattransitfacilities. muting time,buttherisingcostsoflandprohibit ridership onregional masstransitcanreduce com- Corporation, Intel, andMicrosoft. Carma Inc.’s ParkingCarma™technology, Quixote at theUniversityofCalifornia–Berkeley, Parking- included theCaliforniaCenter for InnovativeTransit 2004, toApril7,2006.Other project partners ridge BART stationinOaklandfrom December8, sit. Researchers implementedafieldtest at theRock- the feasibilityofsmart parkingconceptfortran- Transit and Highways (PATH) researchers toevaluate BART requested California Partners forAdvanced mobile, particularly insuburbanareas. essential fortransittobecompetitivewiththeauto- convenient automobileaccesstopark-and-ridelotsis guidance toopenspacesinpark-and-ridelots.Quick, the downstream roadway traffic conditions, aswell and-ride lots,thedeparture timeofthenexttrain, and post thenumberofavailableparkingspacesinpark- motorists viachangeablemessagesigns(CMSs)that tems typicallyprovide real-time informationto ing capacityattransitstationsmore efficiently. Thesys- smart parkingmanagementsystemstousethepark- Many European andJapanesecitieshaveimplemented Solution ing passesrangesfrom $64to$84. range from $6to$8,andthecostofmonthlypark- to regional transitfacilities.RoundtripBART fares where are feederservices limited,mostpeopledrive sit accessislimitedtoa.25-milewalkingradiusand context forBART use.Insuburbanareas, where tran- parking costsinthecentralcitycreate theeconomic at ornearcapacity. Heavytraffic congestionandhigh Area RapidTransit (BART) District stationshasbeen Peak-hour parkingatmostofthe31suburbanBay Problem The CaliforniaDepartment ofTransportation and will intensifytheconditions.Increasing tion of1millionnewresidents by2020 Area isnotorious,andtheprojected addi- raffic congestionintheSanFranciscoBay and exitprovided acountofspaceavailability. Sensors inthepavementat parking lotentrance land andSanFrancisco; adjacent commutingcorridorintodowntownOak- parking availabilityinformationtomotoristsonan making, providing real-time parkingavailability infor- weeks inadvance,butitalsoenabledenroute decision ning bypermittinguserstoreserve aspaceuptotwo ing availability. Smart parkingfacilitatedpretrip plan- to provide accurate,up-to-the-minutecountsofpark- tion parkinglotwithanintelligentreservation system data from entranceandexitsensorsattheBART sta- Highway 24anddecidedtotakeBART. reservations bycommuterswhosawtheCMSson the remaining spaceswere availableforsame-day spaces were availableforadvancereservations, and for thesmart parkingfieldtest.Initially, 15ofthe phone, Internet,orPDA. ability andtoreserve aspaceviatelephone,mobile which permittedcommuterstocheckparkingavail- time userinterfaces: limited BART use.Thefieldtestinvolvedtworeal- concern thatspacemaynotbeavailableatthestation commuters indicatedthatthelackofparkingand Before ofBART thefieldtest,exploratorysurveys Attracting Users   The smart parkingsystemintegratedtraffic count BART provided 50ofthe920totalparkingspaces Two CMSsonHighway24,whichdisplayed A centralizedintelligentreservation system, mation to encourage motorists to use transit. A motorist who was confronted with congestion on Highway 24 could check parking availability on the CMS, exit from the freeway, and park in the smart parking area at the Rockridge BART station. The project increased the number of parking spaces available to commuters during the peak period of 7:45 a.m. to 8:45 a.m. by converting parking that had been reserved for use after 10 a.m. (The smart parking service operated from 7:30 a.m. to 10:00 a.m., Monday through Friday.) Donations covered most of the capital costs and the operation and maintenance costs; such a project, however, typically would include initial capital costs of $150 to $250 per space and continuing operations and maintenance costs of $40 to $60 per space per year. To maximize the number of participants in the project, one user was allowed only three parking Changeable message reservations during a two-week period. Users who Benefits signs along Highway 24 made en route reservations were charged $1.00 for The smart parking project showed that more effi- encouraged commuters the service, and those who made pretrip reservations cient management of a transit station parking lot can stuck in traffic to exit for were charged $4.50. improve access to transit and therefore increase rid- smart parking service and complete their trips by ership. By dynamically managing BART parking, the transit. User Evaluations project helped to manage parking capacity effectively Since the launch on December 8, 2004, the project without a new capital expenditure for construction. accommodated more than 13,000 successful parking By enabling en route decision making through real- events. More than 400 participants completed an ini- time parking information on a highway, the system tial research survey, and 177 completed the final sur- encouraged a new group of commuters to take tran- vey in February and March 2006, more than one sit instead of driving the remainder of a trip, partic- year later. Participants were required to complete the ularly when traffic congestion was significant. survey after joining the project, and all participants The smart parking system that was tested is the were asked to complete the final survey. More than first of its kind in the United States, and it enabled 30 percent of survey respondents indicated that both pretrip and en route planning and billing. BART smart parking encouraged them to use BART instead management was initially cautious about the field of driving alone to their place of work, and 55.9 per- test but now has incorporated smart parking into cent stated the same for commuting to an off-site the agency’s strategy and plans to introduce the tech- work location—for example, to attend meetings. nology to other stations in the system. The before-and-after evaluation of the smart parking field test showed the following: For more information, contact Susan A. Shaheen, Pol- icy and Behavioral Research Program Leader, Partners  The program attracted a new user population for Advanced Transit and Highways, University of Cal- to BART—49 percent of respondents would not have ifornia–Berkeley, 1357 South 46th Street, Building 452, used BART to commute if smart parking were not Richmond, CA 94804-4648, telephone 510-665-3483, available. Many were encouraged to use BART more e-mail [email protected]. often because they could drive to the station. TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007  The program resulted in sizable increases in EDITOR’S NOTE: Appreciation is expressed to Peter BART’s modal share. On average, smart parking users Shaw and G. P. Jayaprakash, Transportation Research increased their BART ridership by 5.5 trips per Board, for their efforts in developing this article. month for on-site work commutes and by 4 trips per month for off-site commutes. Suggestions for “Research Pays Off” topics are wel-  The program reduced total vehicle miles trav- come. Contact G. P. Jayaprakash, Transportation eled by 9.7 fewer miles per participant per month on Research Board, Keck 488, 500 Fifth Street, NW, average. Washington, DC 20001 (telephone 202-334-2952,  The program decreased average commuting e-mail [email protected]). time by 2.6 minutes. 31 PROFILES ......

Arnim H. Meyburg Cornell School of Environmental Engineering

rnim Meyburg is a career academic, keen on mak- communications devices, and, in retrospect, it is satisfying to ing contributions to transportation progress. A pro- realize that many of the project team’s prognostications became fessor of transportation engineering and planning a reality in the 30 years that followed.” in Cornell University’s Department of Environ- A second personal and professional highlight for Meyburg Amental Engineering, he has researched topics that include the occurred in 1995, when he set out to foster a cooperative work- development and use of models for planning passenger and ing relationship between the New York State Department of freight movements; improvements in methods for surveying Transportation (NYSDOT) and the transportation research com- travel behavior, which contributed to the development of travel munity in New York State. The result was the creation of the behavior models; and the economics of transportation regula- Transportation Infrastructure Research Consortium (TIRC). As tions, infrastructure, and systems management. director of TIRC, Meyburg continues to ensure that the organi- Meyburg also has served as director and chairman of the Cor- zation works to achieve the goals outlined in its mission state- nell School of Civil and Environmental Engineering; as a visiting ment: carrying out basic and applied research, technology professor and research fellow at the Technical University, Munich, transfer, and short-term consultations in the fields of engineering, Germany; as a visiting professor at the Polytechnic Institute, operations, public transportation, management and finance, pub- University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; and as a guest professor at the lic policy, and human resources. Since its establishment, TIRC has expanded and now includes 11 university members, as well as the U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory. “The university environment is Meyburg observes that the organization has conducive to asking questions and “changed the character of transportation research cooperation between government finding solutions to problems.” and academia in the state of New York.” A member of many professional societies—including the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the International Association for Travel Behavior, the Alexan- Technical University, Braunschweig, Germany. der von Humboldt Association of America, the International Work- “The university environment is conducive to asking questions ing Group on Information Technology and Transportation and finding solutions to problems,” Meyburg explains. “This envi- Interactions, and the Transportation Research Forum—Meyburg ronment is both created and reinforced by the interactions of many has served on TRB committees since 1978. He chaired the Urban generations of bright and inquisitive students questioning and Freight Transportation Committee and the National Research exploring their world. Without such environments, progress in Council–appointed Committees on Freight Transportation Data: A transportation research would not be possible.” Framework for Development; and the Future of the Federal High- In the mid-1970s, Meyburg participated in a project that way Administration’s Freight Analysis Framework. He is a mem- remains a highlight of his transportation career, joining a multi- ber of the Committee on Freight Demand Modeling: A Conference disciplinary research team for a National Science Foundation– on Tools for Public-Sector Decision Making, and he is a regular sponsored project, Communications for a Mobile Society—An TRB Annual Meeting participant. Assessment of New Technology. Composed of researchers from Meyburg’s teaching and work are highly regarded by his peers. the fields of civil engineering, economics, operations research, He received the Cornell Professor-of-the-Year Award in 1984, 1994, physics, law, city and regional planning, and sociology and psy- and 1997; the U.S. Senior Scientist Award from the Alexander von chology, the project team investigated and foresaw the social, Humboldt Foundation in 1984; a distinguished professor fellow- behavioral, economic, and technological consequences of then- ship from the International Intermodal Exposition in 1994; and evolving communications technologies that would shape the lifetime membership in ASCE in 2004. future of society in the United States. A native of Germany, Meyburg attended the University of “I was part of a team of young and enthusiastic faculty,” Mey- Hamburg from 1960 to 1962, and earned a bachelor’s degree burg recalls. “The intellectual exchanges that occurred between equivalent from the Free University of (West) Berlin in 1965. He our multidisciplinary staff created an environment that was invig- earned a master’s degree in quantitative geography and a doctor-

TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST orating and challenging. The project was one of the first efforts ate in civil engineering from Northwestern University in 1969 32 in the United States that studied the future role of revolutionary and 1971, respectively. TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 33 , an American . SP-1 Concrete Primer SP-1 Concrete Ozyildirim is active in many profes- Mather’s published works into a special Mather’s ACI publication with Shuaib Ahmad, and he worked with Nicholas Carino to strength update a chapter on concrete testing in the American Society for Test- ing and Materials (ASTM) publication, of Con- and Properties Significance of Tests Materials crete-Making sional societies, including ACI, ASTM, Board Research and the Transportation the TRB Concrete (TRB). He has chaired “The right concrete is crucial for ensuring a project’s “The right concrete Bryant Mather, In 2002, Ozyildirim and a colleague, the late As evidenced by his relationships with transportation As evidenced by his relationships Ozyildirim was awarded For his work in the field of concrete passed many areas of concrete technology, including ingredi- including technology, of concrete passed many areas has testing, and specifications. Ozyildirim ents, properties, and to establish construction prac- worked to develop concretes products. concrete longer-lasting tices to produce Ozyildirim explains. environment,” longevity in a particular and emphasis on rapid construction a great is currently “There Staying out depends stay out’ mentality. a ‘get in, get out, and under- constructed with a thorough on durable structures and a willingness to implement these standing of the basics principles.” completed an update of the Concrete Institute (ACI) publication on the fundamentals of Institute (ACI) publication Concrete Ozyildirim also compiled many of technology. concrete Committee, as well as the Materials and Placement Techniques emeritus member of the Materials Section. He is an Concrete Related to Concrete Technologies and Emerging Basic Research on Nanotechnology- Force Committee, a member of the Task Materials, and a member of the Design and Con- Based Concrete For the National Cooperative Highway struction Group. contributed to panels on Silica Fume he has Program, Research Cementitious Mate- for Bridge Decks, Supplementary Concrete Bridge Decks, and Guide- rials to Enhance Durability of Concrete Deterioration of Hydraulic Cement lines for Reducing Premature Pavements. Concrete academia, and fed- industry, and practitioners from researchers agencies, Ozyildirim networks eral and state transportation and collaborates closely with peers. He maintains that “peer to new ideas and to a better interactions lead to exposure understanding of material, which leads to implementation with good results.” for Excellence for personal Award the VDOT Commissioner’s achievement in 1998, and he was named an ACI fellow in 1993. engineer in the Commonwealth professional He is a registered of Virginia. Celik Ozyildirim Celik Virginia Transportation Research Council Transportation Virginia “The right concrete is crucial for “The right concrete longevity in a ensuring a project’s particular environment.” PROFILES ...... principal research scientist for the Virginia Trans- scientist for the Virginia principal research Council (VTRC), the research Research portation of Transportation Department arm of the Virginia with the University of Vir- (VDOT) in partnership

A native of Turkey, Ozyildirim graduated from Robert Col- Robert Ozyildirim graduated from A native of Turkey, in VTRC’s Ozyildirim participated While studying at UVA, to After earning his doctorate in 1974, Ozyildirim returned “Concrete is the most widely used construction material. It is the most “Concrete a few years, resulting in costly repairs and unhappy travelers. in costly repairs a few years, resulting a good understanding is used properly, that concrete ensure To and of the properties on concrete effects of the environmental is necessary.” of concrete and lege (now Bosphorus University), Istanbul, with bachelor’s engineering in 1967 and 1969, respec- in civil degrees master’s Design Bureau, In 1968 Ozyildirim joined Tek-Ser tively. location working as an engineer specializing in route Turkey, to enroll and bridge analysis and design. In 1969, he left Tek-Ser in civil engineering at the University of in a doctoral program (UVA). Virginia Howard and met his mentor, graduate student program of section and former director Newlon, head of the concrete VTRC. Ozyildirim has followed in the footsteps of Newlon— presen- through training and educating others about concrete tations at meetings and workshops, published works, and as an of civil engineering at UVA. adjunct professor and per- scientist, studying the properties VTRC as a research in pavements and bridges, formance characteristics of concrete has encom- as well as bridge rating and analysis. His research has served civilization well for many centuries—historic Ozy- still functioning today,” are structures Roman concrete is harsh on however, environment, ildirim points out. “Today’s is now widely used. Because of a and reinforcement concrete, in carelessness frequent and lack of knowledge about concrete last only structures its implementation, many modern concrete ginia, Celik Ozyildirim is passionate about concrete. This is passionate about concrete. ginia, Celik Ozyildirim teaching, and his work research, passion drives Ozyildirim’s used in public-sector transportation the concretes to improve projects. A TRB HIGHLIGHTS

NAE Elects Vest; Reelects Bugliarello Charles M. Vest, president emeritus of the Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has suc- ceeded William A. Wulf as president of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE). Vest’s six-year term as the new NAE President and Vice Chairman of the National Research Council (NRC) began July 1. A mechanical engineer, Vest served as president of MIT from 1990 to 2004, where he worked to make education and research programs more international in scope, to develop stronger relations with industry, Bugliarello and to foster racial and cultural diversity at the uni- New NAE President versity. He was elected to NAE in 1993. Vest has par- and Technology, and the NRC Board on Engineering Charles M. Vest received a National Medal of Tech- ticipated in a number of National Academies studies, Education. nology for “outstanding including the study that resulted in the 2007 report, George Bugliarello, President Emeritus of Poly- contributions to the Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and technic University, New York, was reelected to serve nation’s economic, Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future, as NAE foreign secretary. Bugliarello was President of environmental, and social which focused on the key role of science and engi- Polytechnic University from 1973 to 1994 and has a well-being,” on July 27. neering in U.S. innovation and international com- background in biomedical engineering, fluid petitiveness. mechanics, sociotechnology, and science policy. Vest chaired the U.S. President’s Advisory Com- From 1994 to 1997 he chaired the NRC’s Board on mittee on the Redesign of the Space Station from Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment. 2002 to 2003. He has served on the bipartisan Com- Long active in the National Academies’ international mission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United programs, he has a sustained interest in science and States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, and technology literacy, megacities, and technology in has been a member of the U.S. President’s Commit- developing countries. As NAE foreign secretary, he tee of Advisors on Science and Technology, the Mass- serves as an ex officio member of the TRB Executive achusetts Governor’s Council on Economic Growth Committee.

COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS NEWS

Guidelines for Disparity– cuit—will be required to conduct dispar- Availability Studies ity–availability studies at considerable depart- The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) mental expense. requires that states receiving U.S. DOT grants Presently, states do not have guidelines or implement a Disadvantaged Business Enter- standards for U.S. DOT disparity–availability prise (DBE) program that includes an annual studies. The lack of standards and the unique goal-setting methodology. State DOTs must needs of each state demonstrate the need for set DBE goals based on demonstrable evidence a guide on the development and conduct of of the availability of DBE firms, and according disparity–availability studies. to the regulations, can use a disparity study to National Economic Research Associates, demonstrate availability. Inc., has been awarded a $280,000, one-year A recent 9th Circuit Court of Appeals rul- contract [National Cooperative Highway ing has made the use of a valid dispar- Research Program (NCHRP) 20-76, FY 2006] ity–availability study a legal requirement for to provide guidelines to aid state DOTs in meeting the standards of the court. Recent determining the need for disparity–availability court rulings demonstrate a trend requiring studies; to develop a model scope of work to disparity studies to justify race-conscious ele- be included in requests for proposals of stud- ments of state DBE programs in response to ies; and to develop a model for study design. constitutional challenges. State DOTs—espe- For further information, contact Chris cially western states located in the 9th Cir- Hedges, TRB, 202-334-1472, [email protected]. TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 34 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 35 . Guide for the Development of Bicycle . Contractors, in consultation with Funded by the Federal Transit Administration as Funded by the Federal Transit rapid transit workers that a train is approaching. In rapid transit workers that a train is approaching. panel addition to this and other presentations, the discussed the evaluation and selection of proposals for new project contracts. Research Program, Cooperative part of the Transit supports innovative IDEA Program the Transit safety, approaches to improve the efficiency, of transit systems through and ridership security, further applied research and prototype testing. For information, visit the IDEA web site at www.TRB.org/idea. For more information, contact Chris Hedges, For more TRB, 202-334-1472, [email protected] stakeholders, will develop and implement a to collect, compile, analyze, and syn- program thesize information that will be used to develop new content for the guide. AASHTO Facilities Guide is used ) Mike Flanigon, Henry ); panel chair Fred Gilliam, Among the participants at the standing The panel met to discuss an active Transit IDEA The panel met to discuss an active Transit Despite the utility of the guide, a 2004 a has been awarded Design Group Toole clockwise from foreground TRANSIT IDEAS— meeting, July 17, in the National IDEA panel Transit D.C., were Washington, Academies’ Keck Center, ( Nejako, and Ron Hynes, Federal Transit Administration; presenter Peter Bartek, Victoria Consultants ( Authority, Capital Metropolitan Transportation Berlin, TRB Senior Program Harvey Austin, Texas; Transit. City and Paul Messina, New York Officer; rail project to develop and test a system to warn Bicycle Facilities Guide Revision The American Association of State Highway (AASHTO) Officials and Transportation for the Development of Bicycle Facilities by public agencies and consultants in the With design of bikeways, highways, and streets. the number of bikeway projects in an increase after the passage of the 1991 Intermodal Sur- Act, the Efficiency face Transportation AASHTO guide gained popularity. study recommended NCHRP-sponsored adding new material—including chapters on main- planning, bicycle operation and safety, tenance, bicycle parking, and bicycle linkage chapters on to transit, as well as revising bicycle lanes, and paths. roadways, shared $250,000, two-year contract (NCHRP 15-37, to the 1999 revisions FY2006) to recommend NEWS BRIEFS

Port Management System Haven, Connecticut; and the lower Columbia River,

UTHORITY Adds Economic Benefits bordering Oregon and Washington. A The Galveston Bay area receives an annual eco- For more information, visit www.tidesandcurrents. OUSTON

H nomic benefit of approximately $14.1 to $15.6 mil- noaa.gov.

ORT OF lion in savings and income from the operation of : P the Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System Hydrogen-Powered Bus HOTO P (PORTS), a navigational decision support system, Now Boarding according to a recent NOAA report. The report The University of Delaware (UD) unveiled a hybrid details the economic benefits of the system, which hydrogen fuel cell–powered bus at an April cere- Ship traffic in the Port of operates in 13 major U.S. seaports and is scheduled mony, and service will soon begin on a regular pas- Houston. to be integrated into four additional ports along the senger route around the university’s Newark campus. Gulf of Mexico. The project was funded with a $1.7-million grant Providing support for the safe and efficient from the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal movement of maritime commerce, the PORTS sys- Transit Administration and matching funds from pri- tem creates economic benefits by reducing transit vate financing companies that partnered with UD. delays and the risk of ship groundings, improving Like all hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, the bus pro- ecological and environmental planning, expanding duces no harmful emissions. The fuel cell was cre- recreational opportunities, and increasing draft ated and tested for performance, longevity, and allowance. efficiency by researchers at UD’s Fuel Cell Research In Houston–Galveston, PORTS data are used to Laboratory. The bus has an estimated range of 200 enhance area weather and coastal marine forecasts, miles, and the project team built a safe and efficient aiding in the prevention of storm and flood damage. hydrogen fueling station to serve the bus and future The estimated annual benefit from improved hydrogen-powered vehicles. UD researchers are weather forecasting is approximately $1.5 to $3 confident that issues with the cost and availability million. Water temperature and tidal data provided of hydrogen fuel cells will be overcome, allowing by the system also aid recreational boaters and fish- for mass production. The UD team plans to build a ermen. second, larger bus. The PORTS systems of New York–New Jersey are Other, similar projects are in development in the scheduled for NOAA evaluation in 2007. Other United States, including a fuel–cell bus demonstration ports using the system include San Francisco Bay, project at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. California; Chesapeake Bay, serving Delaware, Internationally, 5 buses will be tested in Rio de Janeiro, Maryland, and Virginia; Narragansett Bay, Rhode Brazil, in 2007, and 30 hydrogen fuel cell–powered Island; Soo Locks, Michigan; Los Angeles–Long buses are operating in European cities. Beach, California; Delaware River and Bay; Tacoma, For more information, visit www.me.udel.edu/ Washington; Port of Anchorage, Alaska; New research_groups/prasad/index.html. P Exhibit Commemorates Survey of the Coast HOTO : 111 A Smithsonian Institution traveling exhibit, “From Sea to Shining TH A

Sea: 200 Years of Charting America’s Coasts,” opened in June 2007. ERIAL

Created by the museum’s Traveling Exhibit Service and the National P HOTOGRAPHY Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the exhibit celebrates the 200th anniversary of the establishment of the U.S. S Coast and Geodetic Survey or Survey of the Coast. QUADRON In showings at approximately 200 venues nationwide, including maritime museums, ports, nature centers, schools, libraries, and A shipload of cranes passes under San Francisco’s Golden Gate lighthouses, NOAA’s 200-year history is presented with 20 posters Bridge with the aid of real-time readings from a nearby tide gauge. illustrated with photos, charts, and artwork and is complemented by a variety of educational materials and activities suitable for teach- and climate research and prediction, information service delivery ers, students, and parents. for transportation, and stewardship of U.S. coastal and marine An agency of the U.S. Commerce Department, NOAA works to resources. improve economic security and national safety through weather For more information, visit www.celebrating200years.noaa.gov/. TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 36 CALENDAR

TRB Meetings 2007 September 17–18 TRB–FAA Aircraft Fleet and December 9–12 3rd National and 1st Pilot Statistics Forecast 3–4 International Bridge Tunnel International Conference on Workshop and Turnpike Association Performance (by invitation) Transportation Finance Measurement Washington, D.C. Summit* Irvine, California Washington, D.C. 17–19 European Transport Martine Micozzi 16–19 Smart Rivers 2007* Conference* Louisville, Kentucky Leiden, Netherlands 14 Workshop on Improving National Transportation 19–21 1st International Conference 22–23 Research Issues in Freight Geospatial Information: on Recent Advances in Transportation: Congestion Working Together for Better Concrete Technology* and System Performance Decision Making Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. Thomas Palmerlee 20–21 Workshop on Advanced Research Needs for November 2008 Geographic Information 6–8 New Directions in January Technology for Transportation Asset Transportation (by invitation) Management and Economic 13–17 TRB 87th Annual Meeting Washington, D.C. Analysis: 7th National Washington, D.C. Conference on Asset Thomas Palmerlee Linda Karson Management 25–27 8th International Symposium New Orleans, Louisiana March on Cold Region Development: 2–5 1st Pan American ISCORD 2007* 6–8 Geographic Information Geosynthetics Conference Systems in Transit* Tampere, Finland and Exhibition* Tampa, Florida Cancun, Mexico 28 Technical Session on Draped Rockfall Protection Systems 7–9 Optimizing Paving Concrete 9–12 GeoCongress 2008: The Mixtures and Accelerated Los Angeles, California Challenge of Stability in the Concrete Pavement G. P. Jayaprakash Geoenvironment* Construction and Rehabilitation* New Orleans, Louisiana October Atlanta, Georgia G. P. Jayaprakash 11 Seismic Accelerated Bridge Construction Workshop* 11 Bus Rapid Transit Forum* April San Diego, California Quebec, Canada 1–4 Innovative Instrumentation Stephen Maher Peter Shaw for Quality Control Assessments of Ground 15 Symposium on Differential 14–16 Road Safety on Four Improvement Projects* Weathering of Rock Slopes Continents* Taipei, Taiwan Pocono Manor, Pennsylvania Bangkok, Thailand G. P. Jayaprakash G. P. Jayaprakash TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007

Additional information on TRB meetings, including calls for abstracts, meeting registration, and hotel reservations, is available at www.TRB.org/calendar. To reach the TRB staff contacts, telephone 202-334-2934, fax 202-334-2003, or e-mail [email protected]. Meetings listed without a TRB staff contact have direct links from the TRB calendar web page.

*TRB is cosponsor of the meeting.

37 38 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 SHELF BOOK evaluation indecision making;Chapter19describes use. Chapter18provides informationonmulticriteria ecology, waterresources, aesthetics,energy, andland such issuesasbusinessattraction, airquality, noise, environmental impacts oftransportation, addressing nomic efficiency evaluations. cle operatingcost,aswellpriceableimpactsandeco- of transportation, includingtraveltime,safety, and vehi- projects. Chapters5to8examinethetangibleimpacts estimation, andcostdeterminationfortransportation performance measures forevaluation,travel demand process atatypicalagency, in thedecision-making evaluation, includingsteps transportation systems 4 introduce materialon gramming. Chapters1to development andpro- for transportation project portation decisionmaking holistic approach totrans- This guidepresents a Wiley, 2007;544pp.;$125;978-0-471-74732-1. Principles ofProject EvaluationandProgramming Transportation DecisionMaking: committee member. sented. AuthorVukan Vuchic is alongtimeTRB itate real-world applicationoftheinformationpre- modes bycategory. from earlierchaptersandcompares transportation developing countries.Chapter10reviews material paratransit modesandtheiruseinindustrialized mated guidancesystems;specializedmodes;and floor vehicles;unconventionalmodes,suchasauto- include materialonbussystems;raillow- capacity, efficiency, andutilization. transit systemperformance, includingmeasures of combustion engine;andChapter4describesissuesin traction, focusingonelectrictractionandtheinternal tion systemsandmodes;Chapter3coversthetheoryof presents classificationsanddescriptionsoftransporta- transportation anditsimpactsonsociety;Chapter2 gies. Chapter1presents informationonthehistoryof descriptions ofstate-of-the-art transportation technolo- fundamental classificationsoftransportation modesand portation SystemsandTechnology A revised andupdatedversionof 471-75823-5. $125;978-0- Vukan R.Vuchic. Wiley, 2007;624pp.; Urban Transit SystemsandTechnology Chapters 9to17coverthedevelopmental and Exercises enhancereader understandingandfacil- Chapters 5to9examinetransportation modesand , thisbookpresents Urban PublicTrans- ing CD-ROM. includes 37provisional standards onanaccompany- into twobooks. Materials andTesting, andeachvolumeisorganized hurricane protection system. report thatexaminesthefailures oftheGulfCoast ricane Katrinaexternalreview panelhaveproduced a the AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers(ASCE)Hur- mance EvaluationTask Force (IPET),themembersof States ArmyCorpsofEngineersInteragencyPerfor- After anin-depthreview oftheworkUnited ASCE, 2007;84pp.;$69.95;0-7844-0893-9. What Went Wrong andWhy The NewOrleansHurricane Protection System: achieve systemwidegoals. for programming transportation investmentsto decision making;andChapter20relates techniques ways agenciescanmanageinformationtoenhance AASHTO Provisional Standards cials (AASHTO) Association ofStateHighwayandTransportation Offi- This setcontainsthe27theditionofAmerican nonmember, $1,200;1-56051-344-6. AASHTO, 2007;4,316pp.;AASHTOmember, $1,000; AASHTO Provisional Standards 2007 Methods ofSamplingandTesting, 27thEdition,and Standard SpecificationsforTransportation and flood protection systems. when reviewing safetystructures andhurricane cedures; andtoconsultwithindependentexperts upgrade safetystructure engineeringanddesignpro- the useofpublicriskcommunicationsprograms; to hurricane- andnaturaldisaster–prone areas through risk levelsforcommunitiesinNewOrleansandother already inplaceformajorU.S.dams;todetermine and rehabilitation program, similartoprograms and fundamechanismfornationwideleveesafety The report’s findingsindicatetheneedtoestablish top prioritiesduringdisasterresponse andrecovery. to ensure thatpublicsafety, health,andwelfare are agencies mustreevaluate theirpoliciesandpractices facilities. as testmethodsusedintheconstructionofhighway with AASHTO’s Subcommittee onMaterials—aswell maintained bytransportation departments working contains 415materialsspecifications—developedand The booksinthissectionare notTRBpublications. Authors maintainthatemergency management The Materials Book To order, contactthepublisherlisted. AASHTO Provisional Standards Materials Book consists oftwovolumes, . The and the2007 Materials Book TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 39 BOOK SHELF . 2006; 210 pp.; TRB affiliates, $45; nonaffiliates, 2006; 210 pp.; TRB affiliates, $32.25; nonaffiliates, 2006; 60 pp.; TRB affiliates, $35.25; nonaffiliates, 2006; 95 pp.; TRB affiliates, Safety Data, Analysis, and Evaluation Safety Data, Record 1953 Research Transportation fac- traffic real-time this volume explore Papers in crashes on highways; tors associated with sideswipe accidents at for analyzing traffic a new approach between locations; the relationships road hazardous and land use, population, motor vehicle accidents activity; an in-vehicle employment, and economic to monitor and analyze driver behav- data recorder for ranking the safety of intersec- ior; a procedure factors crash frequency; red-light to tions according of head-on crashes; and the the severity that affect savings time on the number of of daylight effects in injury. that result motor vehicle crashes safety and human perfor- $60. Subscriber category: mance (IVB) Developing Countries 1954 Record Research Transportation networks in devel- Financing and conserving road impact on oping countries; the transportation in Bei- relationships changing workplace–residence and strategy the case for policy jing; strengthening operations in and traffic transport changes in road emissions addressing China and India; effectively and other motorized two-wheeled vehicles from a market analysis in India; and automotive sources of the bicycle delivery service systems in Beijing in this volume. some of the topics covered represent safety and human perfor- $43. Subscriber category: mance (IVB). Facilities and Intermodal Transfer Transit: Commuter Rail; Transportation; Ferry Light Rail and Major Activity Systems; Capacity Center Circulation and Quality of Service Record 1955 Research Transportation volume encompasses intermodal This four-part com- transfer facilities and ferry transportation; muter rail; light rail and major activity center circulation systems; and capacity and quality of service. system Specific subjects include security an emissions com- designs for ferry transportation; parison of light rail transit, electric commuter rail, and diesel multiple-unit railcars; issues and challenges in moving driverless transit into the main- and models that and developing measures stream; of mass transit serviceaccount for the effects relia- user cost. bility on wait-related public transit (VI). $47. Subscriber category: Highway (HSM), covering an analytical 2006; 143 pp.; TRB affiliates, $39; nonaffiliates, 2006; 143 pp.; TRB affiliates, 2006; 136 pp.; TRB affiliates, $39; nonaffiliates, 2006; 136 pp.; TRB affiliates, 2006; 91 pp.; TRB affiliates, $35.25; nonaffiliates, 2006; 91 pp.; TRB affiliates, $52. Subscriber category: soils, geology, and founda- soils, geology, $52. Subscriber category: tions (IIIA). Geomaterials Record 1952 Research Transportation such topics as the characterization Papers address of recycled of demolition and haul-back sources for use as pavement base material in Utah; concrete methods for determining permanent deformation of flexible pavement unbound base and subbase lay- angularity and size ers; the influence of aggregate of siliceous river gravels on rutting performance development of used in hot-mix asphalt mixtures; test for granu- laboratory assessment a large-scale foundations; identification of lar materials for road stabilizers usable with high-sulfate soils in Texas; and more. Statistical Methods and Crash Prediction Modeling Prediction Methods and Crash Statistical Record 1950 Research Transportation of two types of include an analysis Selected papers used to identify and rank acci- techniques regression in Vancouver, roads on arterial locations dent-prone Columbia, Canada; a draft Richmond, and British forthcoming TRB’s from chapter prototype aviation (V). $52. Subscriber category: TRB PUBLICATIONS Airlines, Airports, and Airspace 1951 Record Research Transportation the prefer- Studies in this volume include modeling of ences of airline travelers for various attributes pas- domestic airline service; of airline the effects on air- senger itinerary choice and elapsed trip time of a secondary line operating costs; the emergence observa- flyer awards; frequent market for a carrier’s tions and statistics on aviation infrastructure-related airlines taxes and fees; an examination of how legacy eco- and low-cost carriers coped with the changing the impact of 1990 to 2003; nomic environment, an competitive e-marketplaces on airline efficiency; of dual- analytical model demonstrating the capacity dependent parallel runways; and more. Safety Manual on rural, two- prediction to accident-rate approach of the application of the lane highways; an evaluation in rural roads to data from HSM draft chapter prediction developed macrolevel Louisiana; recently safety planning applications, models in two road and the the city of Vancouver with data from and more. of British Columbia, Canada; province safety and human perfor- $47. Subscriber category: mance (IVB). 40 TR NEWS 251 JULY–AUGUST 2007 202-334-3213. the BusinessOfficeat bookstore/, orcontact www.TRB.org/ Bookstore, at visit theTRBonline described inBookshelf, To ordertheTRBtitles SHELF BOOK TRB PUBLICATIONS $47. Subscribercategory: maintenance(IIIC). sealants; andmore. cooling ratesofthree bituminoushot-poured crack with constructionpractices;an examinationofthe data from and truckloads;correlating chipsealperformance design standards toaccommodategreater vehicular impact ofenhancingresidential street pavement and more. Part 2:Pavementspresents findingsonthe sion ofsteelreinforcement inconcrete bridgedecks; tures; theeffect ofstay-in-placemetalformson corro- created tomanagestate-andlocallymaintainedstruc- implementation ofanonlinedatamanagementsystem Structures containsresearch onthedevelopmentand stitutive behavioratlowtemperature. Part 1: ing hot-poured, bituminous-basedcracksealants’con- Award–winning paperonunderstandingandpredict- This two-part volumecontainstheD.GrantMickle Transportation Research Record1958 Structures andPavements Managing andMaintainingHighway Subscriber category: planningandadministration(1A). freight mobilityprojects withtrucks. lection devicesformeasuringtheperformance of benefits of,culvert assetmanagement;anddatacol- pean Transport InformationSystem;theneedfor, and the structure, functionality, andcontentoftheEuro- tion assetmanagementandtheircommonelements; examined are university-levelclassesintransporta- active learningandengagement-basedpractices.Also infrastructure assetmanagementclassthatapplies This volumeincludesareport onagraduate-level Transportation Research Record1957 and AssetManagement National, State,andFreight DataIssues (1A). $58. Subscribercategory: planningandadministration gency medicaltransportation cost–benefitanalysis. resistance imposedonwheelchairs;andanonemer- an examinationofsidewalkgradientsandthetravel Georgia; incentivestousepublictransitinRome,Italy; tem; flat-ratepricingforvanpooloperationsinAtlanta, tion ofaweb-basedelectronic datamanagementsys- authorities intheUnitedKingdom;implementa- for performance measurements in16localandregional Wootan Award–winning paperontheuseofindicators Studies inthisvolumeincludethe2006CharleyV. Transportation Research Record1956 Management andPublicPolicy2006 2006; 99pp.;TRBaffiliates, $35.25;nonaffiliates, 2006; 83pp.;TRBaffiliates, $33.75;nonaffiliates, $45. 2006; 192pp.;TRBaffiliates, $43.50;nonaffiliates, NCHRP SynthesisofHighwayPractice 342 (continued) ity, andtraffic control (IVA). $47. Subscribercategory: highway operations,capac- in urbanenvironments; andmore. right-turn lanedesigns;thedesign ofsaferoadsides median safety;thespeedandcrash ratesofvarious inference systemtoanalyzeexpert opinions on two-way highways;theuseofahierarchical, fuzzy- high-speed passingmaneuversonruraltwo-lane, Other paperspresent research findingsondaytime fortwo-lane,ruralroads.length ofspiralcurves Award–winning paper thatinvestigatesthedesirable This volumecontainsa2006Fred Burggraf Transportation Research Record1961 Traffic Operations2006 Geometric DesignandtheEffects on (IA). $55. Subscribercategory: planningandadministration more. vehicle lanesintohigh-occupancytolllanes;and agement approaches toconverting high-occupancy policy-related road-pricing measures; project man- ioral responses ofcarownersintheNetherlandsto ment torevive disadvantagedcommunities;behav- planning oftransportation andeconomicdevelop- Worth, Texas, region; amodelforintegratingthe means ofmanagingcongestionintheDallas–Fort manage increased traffic demand;valuepricingasa lanes insteadofhigh-occupancyvehicleto Authors examinetheuseofhigh-occupancytoll Transportation Research Record1960 Development 2006 Finance, Economics,andEconomic ity, andtraffic control (IVA). $58. Subscribercategory: highwayoperations,capac- Worth, Texas. a high-occupancytolllanenetworkinDallas–Fort occupancy vehiclelanes;andafeasibilityanalysisof effects ofsingle-occupanthybridvehiclesinhigh- alerts according todriverinformationneeds;the dents; thedevelopmentofdynamicmessagesign environmental datatopredict real-time freeway inci- ponents offreeway congestion;anassessmentof and emergency amethodtoanalyzecom- services; include anexaminationofobstaclestotransportation ations andhigh-occupancyvehiclesystems.Subjects Authors present findingsontopicsinfreeway oper- Transportation Research Record1959 Vehicle Systems2006 Freeway OperationsandHigh-Occupancy 2006; 103pp.;TRBaffiliates, $35.25;nonaffiliates, 2006; 166pp.;TRBaffiliates, $41.25;nonaffiliates, 2006; 177pp.;TRBaffiliates, $43.50;nonaffiliates, INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS TO TR NEWS

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