DOCSLIB.ORG

CONTINUUM MECHANICS for ENGINEERS Second Edition Second Edition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CONTINUUM MECHANICS for ENGINEERS Second Edition Second Edition CONTINUUM MECHANICS for ENGINEERS Second Edition Second Edition CONTINUUM MECHANICS for ENGINEERS G. Thomas Mase George E. Mase CRC Press Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mase, George Thomas. Continuum mechanics for engineers / G. T. Mase and G. E. Mase. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. )and index. ISBN 0-8493-1855-6 (alk. paper) 1. Continuum mechanics. I. Mase, George E. QA808.2.M364 1999 531—dc21 99-14604 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and informa- tion, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are only used for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. © 1999 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1855-6 Library of Congress Card Number 99-14604 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Preface to Second Edition It is fitting to start this, the preface to our second edition, by thanking all of those who used the text over the last six years. Thanks also to those of you who have inquired about this revised and expanded version. We hope that you find this edition as helpful as the first to introduce seniors or graduate students to continuum mechanics. The second edition, like its predecessor, is an outgrowth of teaching con- tinuum mechanics to first- or second-year graduate students. Since my father is now fully retired, the course is being taught to students whose final degree will most likely be a Masters at Kettering University. A substantial percent- age of these students are working in industry, or have worked in industry, when they take this class. Because of this, the course has to provide the stu- dents with the fundamentals of continuum mechanics and demonstrate its applications. Very often, students are interested in using sophisticated simulation pro- grams that use nonlinear kinematics and a variety of constitutive relation- ships. Additions to the second edition have been made with these needs in mind. A student who masters its contents should have the mechanics foun- dation necessary to be a skilled user of today’s advanced design tools such as nonlinear, explicit finite elements. Of course, students need to augment the mechanics foundation provided herein with rigorous finite element training. Major highlights of the second edition include two new chapters, as well as significant expansion of two other chapters. First, Chapter Five, Fundamental Laws and Equations, was expanded to add material regarding constitutive equation development. This includes material on the second law of thermodynamics and invariance with respect to restrictions on constitu- tive equations. The first edition applications chapter covering elasticity and fluids has been split into two separate chapters. Elasticity coverage has been expanded by adding sections on Airy stress functions, torsion of noncircular cross sections, and three-dimensional solutions. A chapter on nonlinear elasticity has been added to give students a molecular and phenomenological introduction to rubber-like materials. Finally, a chapter introducing students to linear viscoelasticity is given since many important modern polymer applications involve some sort of rate dependent material response. It is not easy singling out certain people in order to acknowledge their help while not citing others; however, a few individuals should be thanked. Ms. Sheri Burton was instrumental in preparation of the second edition manuscript. We wish to acknowledge the many useful suggestions by users of the previous edition, especially Prof. Morteza M. Mehrabadi, Tulane University, for his detailed comments. Thanks also go to Prof. Charles Davis, Kettering University, for helpful comments on the molecular approach to rubber and thermoplastic elastomers. Finally, our families deserve sincerest thanks for their encouragement. It has been a great thrill to be able to work as a father-son team in publish- ing this text, so again we thank you, the reader, for your interest. G. Thomas Mase Flint, Michigan George E. Mase East Lansing, Michigan Preface to the First Edition (Note: Some chapter reference information has changed in the Second Edition.) Continuum mechanics is the fundamental basis upon which several graduate courses in engineering science such as elasticity, plasticity, viscoelasticity, and fluid mechanics are founded. With that in mind, this introductory treatment of the principles of continuum mechanics is written as a text suitable for a first course that provides the student with the necessary background in con- tinuum theory to pursue a formal course in any of the aforementioned sub- jects. We believe that first-year graduate students, or upper-level undergraduates, in engineering or applied mathematics with a working knowledge of calculus and vector analysis, and a reasonable competency in elementary mechanics will be attracted to such a course. This text evolved from the course notes of an introductory graduate contin- uum mechanics course at Michigan State University, which was taught on a quarter basis. We feel that this text is well suited for either a quarter or semes- ter course in continuum mechanics. Under a semester system, more time can be devoted to later chapters dealing with elasticity and fluid mechanics. For either a quarter or a semester system, the text is intended to be used in con- junction with a lecture course. The mathematics employed in developing the continuum concepts in the text is the algebra and calculus of Cartesian tensors; these are introduced and discussed in some detail in Chapter Two, along with a review of matrix meth- ods, which are useful for computational purposes in problem solving. Because of the introductory nature of the text, curvilinear coordinates are not introduced and so no effort has been made to involve general tensors in this work. There are several books listed in the Reference Section that a student may refer to for a discussion of continuum mechanics in terms of general ten- sors. Both indicial and symbolic notations are used in deriving the various equations and formulae of importance. Aside from the essential mathematics presented in Chapter Two, the book can be seen as divided into two parts. The first part develops the principles of stress, strain, and motion in Chapters Three and Four, followed by the der- ivation of the fundamental physical laws relating to continuity, energy, and momentum in Chapter Five. The second portion, Chapter Six, presents some elementary applications of continuum mechanics to linear elasticity and clas- sical fluids behavior. Since this text is meant to be a first text in continuum mechanics, these topics are presented as constitutive models without any dis- cussion as to the theory of how the specific constitutive equation was derived. Interested readers should pursue more advanced texts listed in the Reference Section for constitutive equation development. At the end of each chapter (with the exception of Chapter One) there appears a collection of problems, with answers to most, by which the student may reinforce her/his understanding of the material presented in the text. In all, 186 such practice problems are provided, along with numerous worked examples in the text itself. Like most authors, we are indebted to many people who have assisted in the preparation of this book. Although we are unable to cite each of them individually, we are pleased to acknowledge the contributions of all. In addi- tion, sincere thanks must go to the students who have given feedback from the classroom notes which served as the forerunner to the book. Finally, and most sincerely of all, we express special thanks to our family for their encour- agement from beginning to end of this work. G. Thomas Mase Flint, Michigan George E. Mase East Lansing, Michigan Authors G. Thomas Mase, Ph.D. is Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Kettering University (formerly GMI Engineering & Management Institute), Flint, Michigan. Dr. Mase received his B.S. degree from Michigan State Uni- versity in 1980 from the Department of Metallurgy, Mechanics, and Materials Science. He obtained his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in 1982 and 1985, respec- tively, from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. Immediately after receiving his Ph.D., he worked for two years as a senior research engineer in the Engineering Mechanics Depart- ment at General Motors Research Laboratories. In 1987, he accepted an assis- tant professorship at the University of Wyoming and subsequently moved to Kettering University in 1990. Dr. Mase is a member of numerous professional societies including the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Society of Automotive Engineers, American Society of Engineering Education, Society of Experimental Mechanics, Pi Tau Sigma, Sigma Xi, and others. He received an ASEE/NASA Summer Faculty Fellowship in 1990 and 1991 to work at NASA Lewis Research Center.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • AST242 LECTURE NOTES PART 3 Contents 1. Viscous Flows 2 1.1. the Velocity Gradient Tensor 2 1.2. Viscous Stress Tensor 3 1.3. Na
    AST242 LECTURE NOTES PART 3 Contents 1. Viscous flows 2 1.1. The velocity gradient tensor 2 1.2. Viscous stress tensor 3 1.3. Navier Stokes equation { diffusion 5 1.4. Viscosity to order of magnitude 6 1.5. Example using the viscous stress tensor: The force on a moving plate 6 1.6. Example using the Navier Stokes equation { Poiseuille flow or Flow in a capillary 7 1.7. Viscous Energy Dissipation 8 2. The Accretion disk 10 2.1. Accretion to order of magnitude 14 2.2. Hydrostatic equilibrium for an accretion disk 15 2.3. Shakura and Sunyaev's α-disk 17 2.4. Reynolds Number 17 2.5. Circumstellar disk heated by stellar radiation 18 2.6. Viscous Energy Dissipation 20 2.7. Accretion Luminosity 21 3. Vorticity and Rotation 24 3.1. Helmholtz Equation 25 3.2. Rate of Change of a vector element that is moving with the fluid 26 3.3. Kelvin Circulation Theorem 28 3.4. Vortex lines and vortex tubes 30 3.5. Vortex stretching and angular momentum 32 3.6. Bernoulli's constant in a wake 33 3.7. Diffusion of vorticity 34 3.8. Potential Flow and d'Alembert's paradox 34 3.9. Burger's vortex 36 4. Rotating Flows 38 4.1. Coriolis Force 38 4.2. Rossby and Ekman numbers 39 4.3. Geostrophic flows and the Taylor Proudman theorem 39 4.4. Two dimensional flows on the surface of a planet 41 1 2 AST242 LECTURE NOTES PART 3 4.5. Thermal winds? 42 5.
    [Show full text]
  • C:\Book\Booktex\Notind.Dvi 0
    362 INDEX A Cauchy stress law 216 Absolute differentiation 120 Cauchy-Riemann equations 293,321 Absolute scalar field 43 Charge density 323 Absolute tensor 45,46,47,48 Christoffel symbols 108,110,111 Acceleration 121, 190, 192 Circulation 293 Action integral 198 Codazzi equations 139 Addition of systems 6, 51 Coefficient of viscosity 285 Addition of tensors 6, 51 Cofactors 25, 26, 32 Adherence boundary condition 294 Compatibility equations 259, 260, 262 Aelotropic material 245 Completely skew symmetric system 31 Affine transformation 86, 107 Compound pendulum 195,209 Airy stress function 264 Compressible material 231 Almansi strain tensor 229 Conic sections 151 Alternating tensor 6,7 Conical coordinates 74 Ampere’s law 176,301,337,341 Conjugate dyad 49 Angle between vectors 80, 82 Conjugate metric tensor 36, 77 Angular momentum 218, 287 Conservation of angular momentum 218, 295 Angular velocity 86,87,201,203 Conservation of energy 295 Arc length 60, 67, 133 Conservation of linear momentum 217, 295 Associated tensors 79 Conservation of mass 233, 295 Auxiliary Magnetic field 338 Conservative system 191, 298 Axis of symmetry 247 Conservative electric field 323 B Constitutive equations 242, 251,281, 287 Continuity equation 106,234, 287, 335 Basic equations elasticity 236, 253, 270 Contraction 6, 52 Basic equations for a continuum 236 Contravariant components 36, 44 Basic equations of fluids 281, 287 Contravariant tensor 45 Basis vectors 1,2,37,48 Coordinate curves 37, 67 Beltrami 262 Coordinate surfaces 37, 67 Bernoulli’s Theorem 292 Coordinate transformations
    [Show full text]
  • Downstream Instability of Viscoelastic Flow Past a Cylinder
    Proceeding of the 12-th ASAT Conference, 29-31 May 2007 CFD-02 1 12-th International Conference Military Technical College on Kobry El-Kobba Aerospace Sciences & Cairo, Egypt Aviation Technology DOWNSTREAM INSTABILITY OF VISCOELASTIC FLOW PAST A CYLINDER H. KAMAL§*, H. NAJI*, L. THAIS* & G. MOMPEAN* ABSTRACT This work aims at simulating two-dimensional viscoelastic incompressible fluid flow past a non-confined cylinder. The finite volume method is used to descritize the governing equations written in the generalized orthogonal coordinate system. For the viscoelastic constitutive equation, two models are studied; the Oldryod-B model and the Phan-Thien-Tanner model PTT model. The quadratic scheme QUICK is employed to evaluate the convection terms. The terms of diffusion, advection and acceleration are treated explicitly. The Elastic Viscous Split Stresses (EVSS) scheme is used to decompose the stress tensor to enhance the stability of computations. The obtained results indicate that, for Newtonian flow, the onset of von Karman street occurs at Reynolds number Re ≥ 47. Upon the onset of vortex shedding the downstream instability zone is elongated and the shedding frequency is reduced. The PTT model proves more stability of computations and reached higher Deborah numbers. KEY WORDS Viscoelastic Fluids, Generalized Orthogonal Coordinates, Flow past a Cylinder § Egyptian Armed Forces * Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille, UMR-CNRS 8107 Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Polytech’Lille - Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France [email protected] Proceeding of the 12-th ASAT Conference, 29-31 May 2007 CFD-02 2 NOMENCLATURE Latin symbols: A cylinder radius. aˆ i covariant base vectors .
    [Show full text]
  • Viscoelastic Analogy for the Acceleration and Collimation of Astrophysical Jets
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CERN Document Server Viscoelastic Analogy for the Acceleration and Collimation of Astrophysical Jets Peter T. Williams Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 1 ABSTRACT Jets are ubiquitous in astronomy. It has been conjectured that the existence of jets is intimately connected with the spin of the central object and the viscous an- gular momentum transport of the inner disk. Bipolar jet-like structures propelled by the viscous torque on a spinning central object are also known in a completely different context, namely the flow in the laboratory of a viscoelastic fluid. On the basis of an analogy of the tangled magnetic field lines of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence to the tangled polymers of viscoelastic polymer solutions, we propose a viscoelastic description of the dynamics of highly turbulent conductive fluid. We argue that the same mechanism that forms jets in viscoelastic fluids in the laboratory may be responsible for collimating and powering astrophysical jets by the angular momentum of the central object. Subject headings: MHD — turbulence — stars: winds, outflows — galaxies: jets 1. Introduction Viscoelastic behavior is characteristic of fluids such as polymer suspensions in which long molecular chains become entangled. The deformation and disruption of this entanglement that occurs when the fluid is subjected to shear, and the relaxation to a new entangled state, give such fluids a “memory” that ordinary Newtonian fluids do not have. Egg whites are one common household example. These fluids are in a sense midway between being elastic solids and Newtonian fluids, being more one or the other depending upon the ratio of the relaxation time of the entangled polymers to the deformation time scale.
    [Show full text]
  • III.3.3 Newtonian Fluid: Navier–Stokes Equation
    34 Fundamental equations of non-relativistic fluid dynamics III.3.3 Newtonian fluid: Navier–Stokes equation In a real moving fluid, there are friction forces that contribute to the transport of momentum between neighboring fluid layers when the latter are in relative motion. Accordingly, the momentum flux-density tensor is no longer given by Eq. (III.21b) or (III.22), but now contains extra terms, involving derivatives of the flow velocity. Accordingly, the Euler equation must be replaced by an alternative dynamical equation, including the friction forces. :::::::III.3.3 a::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::Momentum flux density in a Newtonian fluid The momentum flux density (III.21b) in a perfect fluid only contains two terms—one propor- tional to the components gij of the inverse metric tensor, the other proportional to vi(t;~r) vj(t;~r). Since the coefficients in front of these two terms could a priori depend on~v2, this represents the most general symmetric tensor of degree 2 which can be constructed with the help of the flow velocity only. If the use of terms that depend on the spatial derivatives of the velocity field is also allowed, the components of the momentum flux-density tensor can be of the following form, where for the sake of brevity the variables t and ~r are omitted ! @vi @vj @2v Tij = Pgij + ρvi vj + A + B + O i + ··· ; (III.25) @xj @xi @xj @xk with A, B coefficients that depend on i, j and on the fluid under consideration. As discussed in Sec. I.1.3, the description of a system of particles as a continuous medium, and in particular as a fluid, in local thermodynamic equilibrium, rests on the assumption that the macroscopic quantities of relevance for the medium vary slowly both in space and time.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Collision of Viscoelastic Particles with Adhesion 1.1 Introduction
    1 Collision of viscoelastic particles with adhesion ¢¡ £ Nikolai V. Brilliantov 1 and Thorsten Posc¨ hel Department of Physics, Moscow State University, 119899 Vorobievy Gory, Moscow, Russia £ Institut fur¨ Biochemie, Charite,´ Monbijoustraße 2, 10117 Berlin, Germany Abstract: The collision of convex bodies is considered for small impact velocity, when plastic deformation and fragmentation may be disregarded. In this regime the contact is governed by forces according to viscoelastic deformation and by adhesion. The viscoelastic interaction is described by a modified Hertz law while for the adhesive interactions the model by Johnson, Kendall and Roberts (JKR) is adopted. We solve the general contact problem of convex vis- coelastic bodies in quasistatic approximation, which implies that the impact velocity is much smaller than the speed of sound in the material and that the viscosity relaxation time is much smaller than the duration of a collision. We estimate the threshold impact velocity which dis- criminates restitutive and sticking collisions. If the impact velocity is not large as compared with the thresold velocity, adhesive interaction becomes important, thus limiting the validity of the pure viscoelastic collision model. 1.1 Introduction The large set of phenomena observed in granular systems, ranging from sand and powders on Earth to granular gases in planetary rings and protoplanetary discs, is caused by the specific particle interaction. Besides elastic forces, common for molecular or atomic materials (solids, liquids and gases), colliding granular particles exert also dissipative forces. These forces correspond to the dissipation of mechanical energy in the bulk of the grain material as well as on their surfaces. The dissipated energy transforms into energy of the internal degrees of freedom of the grains, that is, the particles are heated.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Navier–Stokes Equations
    1 The Navier–Stokes Equations Remark 1.1. Basic principles and variables. The basic equations of fluid dy- namics are called Navier–Stokes equations. In the case of an isothermal flow, a flow at constant temperature, they represent two physical conservation laws – the conservation of mass and the conservation of linear momentum. There are various ways for deriving these equations. Here, the classical one of continuum mechanics will be used. Let the flow variables be • ρ(t, x) : density [kg/m3], • v(t, x) : velocity [m/s], • P (t, x) : pressure [N/m2], which are assumed to be sufficiently smooth functions in the time interval [0, T ] and the domain Ω ⊂ R3. 2 Fig. 1.1. Left: Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier (1785 – 1836), right: George Gabriel Stokes (1819 – 1903). 4 1 The Navier–Stokes Equations 1.1 The Conservation of Mass Remark 1.2. General conservation law. Let V be an arbitrary open volume in Ω with sufficiently smooth surface ∂V which is constant in time and with mass m(t) = ρ(t, x) dx, [kg]. ZV If mass in V is conserved, the rate of change of mass in V must be equal to the flux of mass ρv(t, x) [kg/(m2s)] across the boundary ∂V of V d d m(t) = ρ(t, x) dx = − (ρv)(t, s) · n(s) ds, (1.1) dt dt ZV Z∂V where n(s) is the outward pointing unit normal on s ∈ ∂V . Since all functions are assumed to be sufficiently smooth, the divergence theorem can be applied (integration by parts), which gives ∇ · (ρv)(t, x) dx = (ρv)(t, s) · n(s) ds.
    [Show full text]
  • C:\Book\Booktex\C2s5.DVI
    282 2.5 CONTINUUM MECHANICS (FLUIDS) § Let us consider a fluid medium and use Cartesian tensors to derive the mathematical equations that describe how a fluid behaves. A fluid continuum, like a solid continuum, is characterized by equations describing: 1. Conservation of linear momentum σij,j + %bi = %v˙i (2.5.1) 2. Conservation of angular momentum σij = σji. 3. Conservation of mass (continuity equation) ∂% ∂% ∂vi D% + vi + % =0 or + % V~ =0. (2.5.2) ∂t ∂xi ∂xi Dt ∇· In the above equations vi,i=1, 2, 3 is a velocity field, % is the density of the fluid, σij is the stress tensor and bj is an external force per unit mass. In the cgs system of units of measurement, the above quantities have dimensions 2 2 3 [˙vj]=cm/sec , [bj]=dynes/g, [σij ]=dyne/cm , [%]=g/cm . (2.5.3) The displacement field ui,i =1, 2, 3 can be represented in terms of the velocity field vi,i =1, 2, 3, by the relation t ui = vi dt. (2.5.4) Z0 The strain tensor components of the medium can then be represented in terms of the velocity field as 1 t 1 t e = (u + u )= (v + v ) dt = D dt, (2.5.5) ij 2 i,j j,i 2 i,j j,i ij Z0 Z0 where 1 D = (v + v )(2.5.6) ij 2 i,j j,i is called the rate of deformation tensor , velocity strain tensor,orrate of strain tensor. Note the difference in the equations describing a solid continuum compared with those for a fluid continuum.
    [Show full text]
  • ENGR 617-Continuum Mechanics T TH 2:30-3:45 PM Instructor
    ENGR 617-Continuum Mechanics T TH 2:30-3:45 PM Instructor: Ahmed Al-Ostaz Room 202 Carrier Hall Email: [email protected] Phone: 662-915-5364. Office Hours: T, TH 10:00-10:50 PM or by appointment Text G. T. Mase and G. E. Mase, Continuum Mechanics for Engineers, Second Edition. ISBN: 0849318556. Publisher: CRC Content Continuum hypothesis, forces and stress fields, displacement and strain fields, governing field laws, applications to fluid, solid and magnetofluid mechanics, electrodynamics, electro- and thermoviscoelasticity References 1. Mase, G. E., Continuum Mechanics, Schaum’s Outline Seriese, McGraw-Hill 2. A. Cemal Eringen, Mechanics of Continua. 3. Tim’oshinko, S. P. and Goodier, J. N., Theory of Elasticity, Mcgraw- Hill, 1970 4. Boresi, A., and Chong, K., Elasticity in Engineering Materials, Elsevier, 1987. 5. Little, R. W., Elasticity, Prentice-Hall, 1973. TOPICS Continuum Theory The Continuum Concept Continuum Mechanics Essential Mathematics Scalars, Vectors, and Cartesian Tensors Tensor Algebra in symbolic Notation Indicial Notation Matrices and Determinants Transformation of Cartesian Tensors Principal Values and Principal Directions of Symmetric Second-Order Tensors Tensor Fields, Tensor Calculus Integral Theorems of Gauss and Stokes Stress Principles Body and Surface Forces; Mass Density Cauchy Stress Principle The Stress Tensor Force and Moment Equilibrium Stress Transformation Laws Principal Stress; Principal Stress Directions Maximum and Minimum Stress Values Mohr’s Circle for Stress Plane Stress Deviator and Spherical
    [Show full text]
  • Relations Between Stress and Rate-Of-Strain Tensors
    1 Lecture Notes on Fluid Dynamics (1.63J/2.21J) by Chiang C. Mei, MIT February 6, 2007 1-6stressstrain.tex, 1.6 Relations between stress and rate-of-strain tensors When the fluid is at rest on a macroscopic scale, no tangential stress acts on a surface. There is only the normal stress, i.e., the pressure pδij which is thermodynamic in origin, and is − maintained by molecular collisions. Denoting the additional stress by τij which is due to the relative motion on the continuum scale, σij = pδij + τij (1.6.1) − The second part is called the viscous stress τij and must depend on gradients of velocity, ∂q ∂2q i , i . ∂xj ∂xj∂xk ··· 1.6.1 Newtonian fluid For many fluids in nature such as air and water, the relation between τij and ∂qi/∂xi are linear under most circumstances. Such fluids are called Newtonian. For second-rank tensors, the most general linear relation is, ∂qℓ τij = Cijℓm . (1.6.2) ∂xm 4 where Cijℓm is a coefficient tensor of rank 4. In principle there are 3 = 81 coefficients. It can be shown (Spain, Cartesian Tensors) that in an isotropic fluid the fourth-rank tensor is of the following form: Cijℓm = λδijδℓm + µ(δiℓδjm + δimδjℓ) (1.6.3) Eighty one coefficients in Cijℓm reduce to two: λ and µ, and ∂qi ∂qj ∂qℓ τij = µ + + λ δij. (1.6.4) ∂xj ∂xi ! ∂xℓ where µ, λ are viscosity coefficients depending empirically on temperature. Note that the velocity gradient is made up of two parts ∂q 1 ∂q ∂q 1 ∂q ∂q i = i + j + i j ∂xj 2 ∂xj ∂xi ! 2 ∂xj − ∂xi ! 2 where 1 ∂qi ∂qj eij = + (1.6.5) 2 ∂xj ∂xi ! is the rate of strain tensor, and 1 ∂qi ∂qj Ωij = (1.6.6) 2 ∂xj − ∂xi ! is the vorticity tensor.
    [Show full text]
  • Orientation Dependent Elastic Stress Concentration at Tips of Slender Objects Translating in Viscoelastic Fluids
    Orientation dependent elastic stress concentration at tips of slender objects translating in viscoelastic fluids Chuanbin Lib, Becca Thomasesa, and Robert D. Guya aDepartment of Mathematics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 bDepartment of Mathematics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 September 12, 2018 Abstract Elastic stress concentration at tips of long slender objects moving in viscoelastic fluids has been observed in numerical simulations, but despite the prevalence of flagellated motion in complex fluids in many biological functions, the physics of stress accumulation near tips has not been analyzed. We calculate a stretch rate from the viscous flow around cylinders to predict when large elastic stress develops at tips, find thresholds for large stress development depending on orientation, and calculate greater stress accumulation near tips of cylinders oriented tangential to motion over normal. 1 Introduction The interaction of slender objects such as cilia and flagella with surrounding viscoelastic fluid envi- ronments occurs in many important biological functions such as sperm swimming in mucus during fertilization and mucus clearance in the lungs. There has been much work devoted to under- standing the effect of fluid elasticity in such systems including biological and physical experiments [42, 34, 13, 38], asymptotic analysis for infinite-length swimmers [5, 17, 14, 15, 29, 16, 10, 40, 12], and numerical simulations of finite-length swimmers [45, 43, 46, 41, 47, 32]. While flows around slender finite-length objects are essential to our understanding of the physics of micro-organism locomotion, our understanding of these flows in viscoelastic fluids is limited. Previous experimen- tal and theoretical results have focused largely on sedimentation of slender particles in the limit of vanishing relaxation time, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • On Numerical Simulations of Viscoelastic Fluids
    On numerical simulations of viscoelastic fluids. Dariusz Niedziela Vom Fachbereich Mathematik der Universit¨at Kaiserslautern zur Verleihung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften (Doctor rerum naturalium, Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigte Dissertation. 1. Gutachter: Priv.-Doz. Dr. Oleg Iliev, 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Raytcho Lazarov. Vollzug der Promotion: 29. Juni 2006 D 386 To my wife Ewa and my daughter Maja. i Acknowledgments. I would like to thank all my friends, my colleagues and my family for their support during the time of my PhD research. In particular, my supervisors Priv.-Doz. Dr. Oleg Iliev and Priv.-Doz. Dr. Arnulf Latz for their help, many discussions and very useful advises during all the stages of my PhD research. Next, to my wife Ewa and my daughter Maja for their support and every single day we have spent together. Further, I would like to thank to Prof. Helmut Neunzert, Prof. Wojciech Okrasinski and Prof. Michael Junk for giving me possibility to do my PhD in Kaiserslautern. I would also like to thank Dr. Konrad Steiner and Fraunhofer ITWM institute for offering me PhD position at the department of Flows and Complex Structures. Finally, thank to Dr. Maya Neytcheva, Dr. Dimitar Stoyanov, Dr. Joachim Linn and Dr. Vadimas Starikovicius for their help and productive discussions that accelerated my work. ii Contents 1 Introduction and outline. 7 1.1 Constitutive equations for Non–Newtonian fluids. ...... 8 1.2 Objectives and outline of the thesis. ... 10 2 Governing equations. 15 2.1 Thebalanceequations. .......................... 15 2.1.1 Conservationofmass. 17 2.1.2 Conservationofmomentum. 17 2.2 Newtonianfluids.
    [Show full text]