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From Carrickfergus to Carcassonne. the Epic Deeds of Hugh De Lacy During the Albigensian Crusade

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From Carrickfergus to Carcassonne. the Epic Deeds of Hugh De Lacy During the Albigensian Crusade Book reviews - 2018 - From Carrickfergus to Carcassonne which there are seven: Professor Emeritus Lucien Aries, University of Toulouse III; Anne Brenon, Honorary Curator of Heri- tage (Archives de France); Jean Catalo, archaeologist, including at University of Toulouse; Jean-Louis Gasc, guide-lecturer at Carcassonne; Pilar Jiménez Sanchez, Jean Jaurès University of Toulouse; Jean- Michel Picard (cf. above); Jean-François Vassal, manager of Carcassonne Linguis- tique Institute); Belfast, Northern Ireland (four: Daniel J. F. Brown, Philip Macdon- ald, David McIlreavy, Ruairí Ó Baoill); and both Dublin and Galway in Ireland (three: Paul Duffy, Tadhg O’Keeffe, Dan- iel Tietzsch-Tyler). Ten of the chapters are based on papers given at a conference held in both Belfast and Carcassonne in 2015. From Carrickfergus to Carcassonne. Castles associated with Hugh de Lacy are considered and reinterpreted from a num- the epic deeds of Hugh de Lacy during ber of standpoints in the following chapters the Albigensian Crusade. in particular: Beeston (Chapter 16); Boling- Edited by: Paul Duffy, Tadhg O’Keeffe broke (Chapter 16); Carrickfergus (Chap- and Jean-Michel Picard. ters 4, 5, 16); Castleroche (Chapter 16); HB 350 pages; black and white/greyscale Chartley (Chapter 16); Dundrum (Chapters illustrations: 61; colour plates: 22. 3, 4, 14, 16); Greencastle (Chapter 16); Publisher: Brepols: Belgium, 2017. Toulouse (Chapter 12); Trim (Chapter 3). ISBN 9 782503 567815 The book takes a multidisciplinary ap- Price: £80.00. proach by experts across the geographical This excellent, academically groundbreak- area considered; it is therefore a new histor- ing book on one of the most powerful Ang- ical and architectural research approach to lo-Norman lords in Ulster, Hugh de Lacy, the subject of Hugh de Lacy, Earl of Ulster, is Volume 5 of Brepols’ Outremer Studies and ‘the wider interplay between the Gael- in the Crusades and the Latin East. There ic, Angevin, Capetian and Occitan worlds are three editors of this volume (Paul in the late twelfth and early thirteenth cen- Duffy, a licensed archaeologist with Irish turies’. There are three themes of the book: Archaeological Consultancy; Professor Expulsion (six chapters); Exile (five chap- Tadhg O’Keeffe, University College Dub- ters); Restitution (four essays), which lin (UCD); Professor Emeritus (UCD) makes for a balanced interpretation and Jean-Michel Picard), and fourteen interna- presentation of Hugh’s life and his architec- tionally significant contributors/scholars, tural, archaeological and landscape legacy. who provide between them, one chapter by The editors make it clear at the outset that way of an introduction, and fifteen further the book is not comprehensive, the inten- chapters. Contributors hail from France: (of tion being to inform wider conversations THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL THENO 29: CASTLE 2015-16307 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 32: 2018-19 Book reviews 2018-19 - From Carrickfergus to Carcasssone between archaeologists and historians on able summary of the many excavations contemporary Ireland and France, thus pro- undertaken in Carrickfergus and its town viding ‘templates for further research into and landscape over the last 65 years, as the Carrickfergus-Carcassonne axis.’ Dif- well as how these excavations have re- ferences of opinion between contributors are vealed the past lives of the town. This therefore refreshingly apparent, with no relatively brief yet highly comprehensive consensus attempted, either between the study includes a focus on the town’s stone contributors of the essays themselves, or castle, John de Courcy’s initial build from indeed by the editors. 1177 (and in Hugh de Lacy’s hands from The book certainly raises a number of 1227), as well as mention of Duncrue Fort important points of new interpretation. just outside the town, a motte with two Chapter 1, ‘The Cathar Heresy and Anglo- baileys. Norman Ireland’ by the three editors serves Daniel Tietzsch-Tyler provides Chapter as an introduction, pointing to the aims of 5:‘Carrickfergus and the Revolution in the book, and drawing together its key Castle Design, c. 1200’, his abstract sum- themes. Chapters 2 to 7 are under Section marising significant new interpretation at I: Expulsion. Chapter 2, ‘From Carrickfer- Carrickfergus Castle, thus: gus to Carcassonne: Hugh de Lacy and the Albigensian Crusade’, by Paul Duffy and The rapid evolution of Anglo-Norman castles in Ireland between 1170 and 1220 Daniel Brown, provides a new interpreta- is discussed in the context of the intro- tion of the cause and effect of Hugh de duction of new ideas across the Angevin Lacy’s expulsion to the Albigensian Cru- empire [including William Marshal’s sade and his pivotal role in it. The authors Chepstow Castle]. Of particular interest consider the garrisoning of Dundrum and is the re-introduction after many centu- Carrickfergus castles in the light of Llywe- ries of the round tower and its pairing on lyn ap Iorwerth’s aggressive acts in Gw- either side of castle gates. An early class ynedd, Wales at that time (1210), and the of T-shaped gatehouse is identified and tactic of war through ‘friends and follow- its possible implications for the construc- ers’ in England, a theme later picked up in tion history of four notable early Irish particular by Paul Duffy in Chapter 16 (cf. twin-towered gatehouses are discussed. below). Chapter 3, ‘Trim before 1224: New From this, a revised date for the great Thoughts on the caput of de Lacy Lordship outer gatehouse at Carrickfergus is sug- in Ireland’, by Tadhg O’Keeffe, takes a gested [from Tom McNeill’s originally thought-provoking ‘counterfactualism’ re- proposed date of 1220s – 1230s under- search approach (i.e. what might have hap- taken by Hugh de Lacy, to a possible pened). The results of O’Keeffe’s detailed royal build between 1217 and 1220] (p. architectural examination of Trim Castle 77, 105-6). suggests that Hugh’s older brother, Walter Calling upon and revising previous inter- de Lacy had ambitious plans for Trim Cas- pretation, including that published by a tle, town and landscape, but Hugh returned number of eminent scholars and Castles from exile and put a stop to them. Studies Group members, and Dr Neil Guy In chapter 4, ‘The Medieval Archaeology in particular, Tietzch-Tyler’s soundly-ar- of Carrickfergus Town (Co. Antrim): A gued interpretation is at odds with that of Brief Survey’ by Ruairí Ó Baoill, is a valu- Duffy’s (Chapter 16). This highlights the THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL THENO 29: CASTLE 2015-16308 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 32: 2018-19 Book reviews 2018-19 - From Carrickfergus to Carcassonne successful meeting of one of the chief aims that while Hugh was charged with the of the book: to stimulate academic debate. expulsion of Carthar heretics, ‘les bons hommes/bonnes femmes’ did in fact re- Chapter 6, ‘The Occitan Cathar Manu- main active within their communities of script of Dublin (Ms 269 Tcd): A Unique Castlenaudray and Laurac, these under the Window into Dissident Religiosity’ by crusader lordship of Hugh. Anne Brenon, discusses the as yet poorly understood religious dissidence of Cath- The third chapter of Section II, and the arism, which Hugh de Lacy and others second of the book in French, is Chapter aimed to eradicate during the Albigensian 10, by Jean-Louis Gasc: ‘Simon de Mont- Crusade, the primary focus of the chapter fort – un croise dans l’âme?’, which pro- being on a small manuscript written in Occi- vides a fresh examination of contradictory tan discovered in Dublin in 1960: Trinity contemporary chroniclers of the Albigen- College Dublin, Manuscript 269. The final sian Crusade, to better understand de contribution to Section I, is Chapter 7 by Montfort’s career and temperament, these Jean-Michel Picard, ‘Transmission and Cir- influencing Hugh de Lacy’s exile in culation of French Texts in Medieval Ire- Languedoc. Chapter 11, also in French, is land: The Other Simon de Montfort.’ Picard by Jean-François Vassal: ‘Pierre de Voi- discusses such circulation, including the lit- sons. L’Histoire, au coeur de la Croisade erary text dating to 1210 – 1211 of Canso de en Albigeois, d’un seigneur du Nord’, la Crusada depicting Hugh de Lacy as a which considers Simon de Montfort’s lieu- main character and major supporter of Si- tenant during the Albigensian Crusade, mon de Montfort. This comprehensive Pierre de Voisons. While both chapters linguistic/literary study concludes with a study contemporaries of Hugh de Lacy’s suggestion that complex networks existed in in some detail and with new interpretation, Europe during the twelfth and thirteenth neither chapter relates its valuable research centuries. to links with Hugh de Lacy, beyond a passing reference in the latter. Section II: Exile, commences with Chap- ter 8, by Pilar Jiménez Sanchez: ‘Origines Chapter 12, by Jean Catalo, is entitled et implantation de l’Eglise des bons homes ‘The Château Narbonnais of Toulouse en Languedoc.’ This fascinating study, pre- during the Siege of 1218.’ Toulouse Cas- sented in French, examines the origins and tle was held by Simon de Montfort in the evolution of the Cathar dissidence and 1213, features prominently in the chron- its indoctrination by ‘les bons icles of the Albigensian Crusade, and hommes/bonnes femmes’ in Languedoc. was under siege from 1217-18. The While Carcassonne and Simon de Montfort chapter provides new interpretation receive attention, however, the connection based on conflicting historical evidence, with Hugh de Lacy’s exile in Languedoc and following extensive archaeological from 1210 is merely implicit. Daniel J. F. excavation, and considers whether or not Brown’s Chapter 9, ‘Strategies of Comital the castle was intra- or extra-mural (town and Crusader Lordship under Hugh II de walls of Toulouse Castle); it summarises Lacy’, on the other hand, focuses on Hugh that the town walls and its three gates in newly interpretative detail.
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