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J.C. KAPTEYN HIS LIFE and WORKS Henriette Hertzsprung–Kapteyn

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J.C. KAPTEYN HIS LIFE and WORKS Henriette Hertzsprung–Kapteyn J.C. KAPTEYN HIS LIFE AND WORKS Henriette Hertzsprung{Kapteyn Introduced and translated with some annotations by Pieter C. van der Kruit 07.11.14Updated and corrected version, 07.11.14 Cover picture: Henriette M.A.A. Hertzsprung{Kapteyn with her father Jacobus C. Kap- teyn. Part of07.11.14 an illustration from the biography (see Figure 20.1). J.C. KAPTEYN: HIS LIFE AND WORKS 07.11.14 07.11.14 J.C. KAPTEYN: HIS LIFE AND WORKS Biography by Henriette Hertzsprung-Kapteyn INTRODUCED AND TRANSLATED WITH SOME ANNOTATIONS BY PIETER C. VAN DER KRUIT Jacobus C. Kapteyn Professor of Astronomy, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, the Netherlands 07.11.14 07.11.14 vii The cover07.11.14 of the original book. The size is 18:5 × 22 cm. Quand on n'a pas ce qu'on aime, il faut aimer ce qu'on a. When you don't have what you love, you have to love what you have. 07.11.14 Preface In 1928 H. Hertzsprung{Kapteyn, daughter of Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn, wrote a biogra- phy of her father, entitled J.C. KAPTEYN: ZIJN LEVEN EN WERKEN, and published it with publisher P. Noordhoff in Groningen. The book is now part of the Digitale Bi- bliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren (Digital Library of Dutch Literature), where a complete electronic version of the book is available1. This is the only existing biography of Jacobus Kapteyn. It is known that astronomer Willem de Sitter and historian Johan Huizinga had been planning to write a biography of Kapteyn. Willem de Sitter (1872{1934) was Kapteyn's first PhD student (1901). He became professor of astronomy in Leiden in 1908 and was director of Leiden Observatory between 1919 until his death. De Sitter has done fundamental work (starting with his thesis) on the large satellites of Jupiter, but is among a wider audience best known for his work on cosmology and promoter of Einstein's general relativity. He and Einstein proposed in 1932 a model for an expanding cosmos based on de Sitter's solution of Einstein's field equation, which is now referred to as the Einstein-de Sitter universe. Johan Huizinga (1872{1945) was appointed professor of history in Groningen in 1905, but took up a similar chair in Leiden in 1919, which he held until his detention by the Nazi's in 1942. He was the son of Dirk Huizinga, professor of physiology in Groningen and close friend of Kapteyn. In a note, dated August 24, 1925, in the astronomical periodical the Observatory, de Sitter described their intention to write a biography of Kapteyn and appealed to colleagues for any information or help.2 They seemed to have moved most of Kapteyn's archive of correspondence to Leiden in preparation of this. However, in the end the biography was never written. It is likely that later de Sitter's son Aernout was planning to write the biography and had been transporting Kapteyn's correspondence {maybe together with other papers{ in a big crate to Indonesia, where he was director of Lembang Observatory. This crate was apparently lost in the bombing of Rotterdam in 1940.3 Various obituaries and short biographical articles have been written about Kapteyn as an astronomer and scientist, most notably by A. Blaauw: Kapteijn, Jacobus Cornelius4. In 1999 a `Legacy' symposium has been devoted to Kapteyn with the title The Legacy of J.C. Kapteyn: Kapteyn and the development of modern astronomy. The proceedings5 have been published by Piet van der Kruit and Klaas van Berkel (editors) and will be referred to below as `the Legacy'. More recently a collection of `love letters' that Kapteyn wrote to Elise Kalshoven at the time that she was still his fianc´eeand future wife, while Kapteyn already had moved to Groningen, has been published under the title Lieve Lize: De minnebrieven van de Groningse astronoom J.C. Kapteyn aan Elise Kalshoven, 1878- 1See www.dbnl.org/tekst/hert042jcka01 01/, where versions in .pdf and .txt formats are provided. 2See articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1925Obs....48..293D. 3See the article by Petra van der Heijden in `the Legacy'. 4Published in: Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C. Gillispie, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1973. I come back to the07.11.14 spelling of the name `Kapteyn' or `Kapteijn' below. 5Kluwer, xviii + 382 pp., ISBN 0-7923-6393-0, 2000. ix x J.C. KAPTEYN: HIS LIFE AND WORKS 1879 6 by Klaas van Berkel en Annelies Noordhof-Hoorn, referred to below as `the Love Letters'. Henriette Mariette Augustine Albertine Kapteyn (Groningen: November 16, 1881 { Utrecht: October 15, 1956), known to intimates as Hetty, was the second child and second daughter of Jacobus Cornelius (Ko) Kapteyn (Barneveld: January 19, 1851 { Am- sterdam: June 18, 1922) and his wife Catherina Elisabeth (Elise) Kalshoven (Barneveld: June 9, 1855 { Amsterdam: March 2, 1945). They had married on July 17, 1879 at Utrecht after Kapteyn had taken up his professorship in astronomy and theoretical mechanics at the University of Groningen, to which he was appointed in 1878. Henriette had an older sister (Jacoba Cornelia, born in 1880), a younger brother (Gerrit Jacobus, born in 1883), while there had been a stillborn brother in 1895. In historical notes about Kapteyn, when this biography is mentioned, almost invariably the name of the author is written as Henrietta Hertzsprung{Kapteyn. The cover of the book only has her first initial `H'. On the other hand, there are on the WWW a few genealogies of the Kapteyn and Kalshoven families, that all spell her name Henriette7. Fortunately, the City of Groningen provides electronic, public access to its archives, in- cluding the records of births for the period since 1811 (up to one hundred years prior to the queries). These archives, named AlleGroningers (www.allegroningers.nl), contain the birth certificate of Henriette Kapteyn (see Figure 0.1)8. Clearly her name is spelled with the an `e' at the end. Note also that no diaeresis or umlaut is used over the second `e'. The same is true for the `e' in Mariette. Henriette studied in Groningen and in Amsterdam and obtained the degree `Candi- daats'9 in law and an `MO'10 in English.11 Henriette Kapteyn married Danish astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung (1873{1967) on May 16, 1913. The marriage certificate of Ejnar Hertz- sprung and Henriette Kapteyn is also available in the archives of the city of Groningen (see Figure 0.2 and 0.3)12. There her first name is also spelled Henriette. I will adopt that spelling throughout the following. Connected to this is the issue of whether the last name is spelled Kapteyn or Kapteijn. J.C. Kapteyn always used the `y' and his and her name are also spelled in that manner in the biography that Henriette wrote. Sufficient reason to adopt it throughout the following. It is also spelled Kapteyn in the birth certificate of Henriette (see Figure 0.1). However, in the marriage certificate in Figure 0.2 and 0.3 the names of Henriette herself, that of her father and her uncle Frederik Willem Hendrik Kapteyn (1853{1920) (who acted as an official witness) were spelled Kapteijn. Note that all signatures do not have dots over the `y' which would be required to make it an `ij'. The site AlleGroningers has more official 6Univ.of Groningen, 168 pp, ISBN 978-90-367-3353-3, 2008. 7See for example aswww.genealogieonline.nl/genealogie-baert-cornelis-kalshoven/I225.php, www.middel .org/canon-van-groningen/kapteyn and www.lamartin.com/genealogy/kalshoven.htm. 8The URL is www.allegroningers.nl/index2.php?task=bladeren&id=17241&gemeente key=&registertype key&jaar=&entiteit=register&aktegegevens=&option=com¯ genealogie&Itemid=59&cp=715&pp=714 9This is the title obtained more or less halfway through academic studies, roughly comparable to what nowadays would be the Bachelors degree. 10MO stands for Middelbaar Onderwijs (secondary education) and the diploma qualified for teaching at gymnasia and high-schools. 11See: Nieuwe Deelgenoten in de Wetenschap: Vrouwelijke studenten en docenten aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen 1871-1919 (Groninger Historische Reeks) by Inge de Wilde, 1998) 12www.allegroningers.nl/index2.php?task=bladeren&id=818392&entiteit=akte&option=com07.11.14genealogie& Itemid=54. PREFACE xi Figure 0.1 Reproduction of Henriette Kapteyn's birth certificate from the archives of the city of Groningen. documents of Kapteyn and his relatives, but most can be found by searching for the name `Kapteijn'. Hertzsprung was trained as a chemical engineer in Copenhagen and obtained his de- gree in 1898. Subsequently he worked in Saint Petersburg, but in 1901 he went to Leipzig University to study photochemistry. He returned to Denmark in 1902 and worked at Copenhagen University Observatory and at the (private) Urania Observatory. He was ap- pointed in 1909 by Karl Schwarzschild to work at the Astrophysikalisches Observatorium in Potsdam. Karl Schwarzschild (1873{1916) was director of Sternwarte G¨ottingen and moved to Potsdam to lead the Astrophysikalisches Observatorium in Potsdam in 1909. Schwarzschild is best known for his solution of Einstein's field equations of general rela- tivity of a spherically symmetric case, leading to the Schwarzschild radius, which is the size of the event horizon of a black hole. In 1919 Hertzsprung went to Leiden Observatory and became its director in 1937. He retired in 1946. His greatest contribution is his work on the classification system for stars according to spectral type, stage in their develop- ment and luminosity.07.11.14 This resulted in the Hertzsprung{Russell Diagram, which has been instrumental to understand stellar evolution. xii J.C.
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