The paulette instituted in 1604 by Sully, minister of H IV:

for an annual fee of 1/60th of the value of the office (an official list price lower than the price actually paid), office-holders could guarantee their ability to bequeath their office to a competent offspring. The paulette overcame the 40 days’ rule whereby if one died within 40 days of bequeathing the office or without bequeathing the office, the office reverted to the king (to be sold anew).

The paulette had to be renewed by the king every 9 years= opportunity for tense negotiations every time The birth of Louis XIII by in the Marie de Medici cycle, now in the Louvre

Ls XIII born 1601 paintings from 1621-30, commissioned by Marie for the Palais du Luxembourg coronation of Marie de Medici as regent in 1610 (Rubens cycle) she was regent 1610-14 in the sway of her maid’s husband Concini Elisabeth (Louis’s sister) and (Louis’s bride) in the Rubens cycle.

Who chose Louis XIII’s wife? at the same time Louis’ favorite sister Elisabeth married the oldest son of Philip III, future Philip IV of = a political alliance; painting from the favorable to school of Alonso which French Sanchez Coello; party? this scene never happened in reality the exchange of the princesses at the Bidassoa river, in the Western Pyrenees; Nov 1615; painting by Marucelli

Marriage of Louis XIII in 1615 to Anne of Austria, daughter of Philip III of Spain; both were 14 years old.

Eager for consummation of the marriage Marie precipitated a first night after which Louis didn’t approach Anne for 4 years.

painting by Jean Chalette Anne lived in an entourage of Spanish maids in waiting, neglected by Louis XIII and by Marie who continued to be called Queen of France.

In 1624 Luynes replaced the Spanish with French maids in waiting; got her to dress in the French style (incl. lower neckline).

She died in 1666. after 23 years of marriage and 4 miscarriages Anne of Austria gave birth to a son in 1638: the future Louis XIV “le Dieu-donné” Louis XIII lit de justice in 1614, but takes power in 1617: eliminates Concini, his mother’s favorite and exiles her in 1617 (1st exile)

1618 revokes paulette 1620 restores paulette Palais du Luxembourg today, built 1615-31 for Marie de Medici. She moved in in 1625, was finally exiled in 1631; Gaston d’Orléans (Louis xiii’s younger brother) inherited it in 1642. It was used by Louis XIV, became a museum in 1750 and is now the seat of the French Senate.

Gaston, duc d’Orléans (1608-60) Louis XIII’s only younger brother who more than once conspired against him, at first in alliance with his mother, then with other nobles (whom he abandoned once caught) Cardinal de Richelieu chief minister 1624-42

had served MdM and brokere a peace between Marie and Ls after her escape from exile in 1619

his rivals died or were arrested for corruption by 1624. At Day of the Dupes in 1631 Marie is exiled =final triumph of Richelieu 19th engraving based on a 17th- ct print of the duel of the comte de Bouteville and the marquis de Beuvron in 1627. the same square today: Their two seconds fought too. Place des Vosges, built 1605-12 (initiative of H IV)

Bouteville was executed for his open defiance of the royal decree forbidding duelling in 1626. The decree was not the first of its kind, such serious enforcement was new. La Rochelle under siege in 1628: 12 km of fortifications around the city, 30,000 troops 1,4 km long seawall built to cut off the city’s access to the sea Spanish ships and British ships came to help on each side, to little effect surrender of La Rochelle hailed in paintings, poems and songs