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S.Thulasi Krishna et al | IJCSET(www.ijcset.net) | May 2016 | Vol 6, Issue 5, 161-171

Performance of Ten Development Process Models with Principles

S.Thulasi Krishna M.E., (Ph .D), Dr. S .Sreekanth, Ph.D Research scholar Professor, Rayalaseema University Dept of CSE Kurnool (dist.,) SITAMS,Chittoor(dt), Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh

Abstract:- The life cycle is very Various processes and methodologies have been developed important in project development. A software process model over the last few decades to improve , with is the basic framework which gives a workflow from one stage varying degrees of success. However, it is widely agreed to the next, for developing any project in efficient manner. that no single approach that will prevent project overruns Now days we have number of process models available but and failures in all cases. Software projects that are large, which one is best model, identification is very difficult. So in this research paper I proposed Ten software development complicated, poorly-specified, and involve unfamiliar process model histories, phases, principles and performance of aspects, are still particularly vulnerable to large, software development chart. This chart explores clear unanticipated problems. A software development process is architecture, behavior of process model and applicability of a structure imposed on the development of a software software development process model for various projects. This product. There are several models for such processes, each is useful for developing projects in short period. describing approaches to a variety of tasks or activities that take place during the process. It aims to be the standard that defines all the tasks required for developing and Keywords:process model, history, phases, process model maintaining software. processes are principles, performance of software development process chart. composed of many activities, notably the following: • Analysis INTRODUCTION • Specification Software processes performed during software • Development and evolution are becoming rather complex and recourse-intensive. They involve people who execute • Implementation actions with the primary goal to create quality software in • Testing accordance with the previously set user requirements and only structured, carefully guided and documented software • Documentation processes can lead to the stated goal. Constant monitoring • Training and Support and improvement of software processes is therefore of a significant interest for organizational performing software • Maintenance development and maintenance. In order to improve the process an objective description and evolution of the Software development teams, taking into account its goals existing process is needed. and the scale of a particular project, and have a number of well-established software development models to choose A software development process, also known as a software from. Therefore, even though there are number of models development life cycle (SDLC), is a structure imposed on each software Development Company adopts the best- the development of a software product. It is often suited model, which facilitates the software development considered as a subset of system development life cycle. process and boosts the productivity of its team members. There are several models for such processes, each There are ten types of Model are: , describing approaches to a variety of activities that take Incremental model, model, , V- place during the process. Software Engineering (SE) is the model, Concurrent engineering model, Agile model, Build application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable and fix model. approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software, and the study of these approaches.

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1. HISTORY OF WATERFALL MODEL WITH PRINCIPLES Maintenance: We always keep eye on the product and provide the entire necessary bug or issue fixes if occurs in History of waterfall model: The formal description of the production or reported by end users. Also time to time we method is often cited as an article published by Winston. keep updated the product with new updates or patches if W. Royce in 1970. developed or available. Water fall model is a sequential development approach, in The basic principles are: which development is seen as flowing steadily downwards though several phases 1. Project is divided into sequential phases, with some overlap and splash back acceptable between phases. Phases 2. Emphasis is on planning, time schedules, target dates Analysis: budgets and implementation of an entire system at one This is the first phase of development where all the time. requirements Gathered and documented. 3. Thighs control is maintained over the life of the project Design: In this phase all the system design is analyzed and via extensive written documentation, formal reviews, specified like hardware, system configuration and and approval/ signoff by the user and architecture or the system. technology management occurring at the end of most phases before beginning the next phase. Written Coding: In this phase all the development works are documentation is an explicit deliverable of each phase. performed and development components or units handed over to testing team. 4. Iterate – create a prototype, then the real system. repeat each phases using new information gained and the Test: Once the development completed, testing phase entire process at least once delivering the live system. starts and in this phase we test the each unit or component and make sure the developed components are working as expected. All the testing activities are performed in this phase.

APY S/M/L M.N CRF SL A.T A D Applicability Model Cost/Risk/ NO Architecture Advantages Disadvantages Small Medium Name Flexibility Large 1 WATER - Simple and easy - Rigid design and Low Budget FALL Understand inflexible small projects. MODEL --linear sequential procedure[1]. -Un development High-risk step by step - Restricting back’s and of process forth movement from related software Less Flexibility - Well understood a stage to a former Example Milestones one. When new commercial - Clearly defined requirements surface projects Stages accommodating those - In development - Provide a with existing ones of E- commerce template into become difficult due Website (or) which Methods to restriction in portal for Analysis looping back to prior -In development Design Coding , stages . of network testing. - poor choice for protocol - Easy to Manage software development Software each phase has projects where Water fall model has divided into six specific requirements are not phases: deliverable well known or Requirement - Risk of project understood by Analysis failure is slow development team. Design -Not good for complex Coding projects that take Testing more time to Maintenance complete. The project failure is high - Difficult in responding to changes result to high amount of risk and uncertainly. 1 : Performance of Waterfall Model

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2. HISTORY OF INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT MODEL Code: Coding of software is done during this stage WITH PRINCIPLES Test: once the system is deployed , it goes through the History of Incremental Process Model: testing phase Iterative and incremental, 1988, the article: The new The basic principles are: product development game “ by Takeuchig nonaka prosed 1. A series of mini- Waterfall are completed for a small [2]. part of a system, before proceeding to the next Different methods are acceptable for combing linear and increment. iterative systems development methodologies, with primary 2. Overall requirements are defined before proceeding for objective of each being to reduce inherent project risk by evolutionary, Mini – waterfall development of breaking a project into smaller segments and providing individual increments of a system. more ease - of – change during the development process. 3. The initial software concept, , Phases and design of architecture and system are defined via Requirement Analysis: Requirement and specification waterfall, followed by iterative prototyping, which of the software are Collected culminates in installing the final prototyping a working system. Design: some high –end function are designed this stage

Table 2. Performance of Incremental Development Model

APY S/M/L M.N CRF SL A D Applicability Model Small Cost/Risk/ NO Advantages Disadvantages Name Medium Flexibility Large

2 Incremental - Parallel -Each is rigid and do not Large High Cost Development development overlap each other. Project Model can be -Each additional build has planned to be incorporated into Low Risk -More flexible the existing. and less -Design errors become More costly part of system and requirements difficult to remove. Flexibility -Progress can be -An overhead in model is measured rapid context switching between various -Testing and activities. Each iteration is followed by smaller an evaluation ensuring iteration is that user requirements easy. Incremental Process Model has 4- Phases have been met -Risks are Analysis identified Design and resolved during an Code iteration and Testing each iteration is an easily managed milestone. -It breaks down the problem into sub problem thus dealing with reduced complexity.

163 S.Thulasi Krishna et al | IJCSET(www.ijcset.net) | May 2016 | Vol 6, Issue 5, 161-171

3. HISTORY OF PROTOTYPE MODEL WITH PRINCIPLES 2. Attempt to reduce inherent project risk by breaking a project into smaller segments and providing more ease History of Prototype model: of change during to development process. The prototype model included in REMS (Regional 3. User is involved though out the development process, Economic Modeling System) is for the state of Massachus which increases the likelihood of user acceptance of etts, us in 1989. the final implementation. is the development approach of 4. Small – scale mock – ups of system are developed acting during Software development, the creation of following an iterative modification process until the prototype i.e. incomplete versions of the software program prototype evolves to meet the user’s requirements. developed. 5. While most are developed with the Phases: expectation that they will be discarded it is possible in Communication, Quick Plan Modeling, Quick Design: some cases to evolve from prototype to working system. Construction of Prototype, deployment, delivery and feedback: Elaboration, from an overall concept of operation document down to the coding of each individual program. The Basic Principles are: Each trip around the spiral traverses four basis quadrants: 1. Not a Standard, complete development methodology, but rather an approach to handle selected parts of a 1. Determine objectives alternatives, and constraints of larger an approach to handle selected parts of a larger, the iteration. more traditional development methodology (i.e. 2. Evaluate alternative, identify and resolves risks. incremental, spiral, or rapid application development RAD) 3. Develop and verify deliverables from the Iteration. 4. Plan the next iteration. Table 3. Performance of Proto type Model

M.N APY CRF A.T A D SL S/M/L Model Cost/Risk/ NO Architecture Advantages Disadvantages Name

-Users/ -Includes lack of Small High Cost information about 3. Prototy Customers own the exact number of To pe requirements to iteration and the Medium Low Risk Model work will be faster time period required and efficient if to upgrade the developers will prototype in order to collaborate. bring it up to the More -It is created using user satisfaction of the Flexibility feedback user and customer.

-Cost effective -Not suitable for large (development cost is applications reduced) -Structure of system can be damaged since -Increased system development speed may changes could be made. -Potential risks associated with -Integration can be very delivering of the difficult Prototype Model Has Five Phases: system can be -The premature refined prototype lack key 1. Communication consideration like 2.Quick Plan security, fault tolerance, 3. Modeling quick Design distributed processing and other 4. Construction of prototype such key issues[4]. 5.Deployment delivery and Feed back

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4. HISTORY OF SPIRAL MODEL WITH PRINCIPLE 2. “Each cycle involves a progression though the same sequence of steps, for each part of the product and History of Spiral Model: each of its levels off or engineering is lesser In 1988 published a formal software system importance. development “Spiral model”. 3. Project control involves prioritizing development and Spiral Model: The formal software system development defining delivery deadlines of “time boxes”. “spiral model”, which combines some key aspects of the 4. If the project starts to slip, emphasis is a reducing waterfall model and rapid prototyping methodologies in an requirement to file the time box, not increasing the offer to combine advantages top-down and bottom-up deadline. concepts. It provided emphasis in a key area many felt had been neglected by another Methodology: deliberate 5. Generally includes point application design, where iterative risk analysis particularly suited to large – scale users are intensely involved in system design, via complex systems. consensus building in either structured workshops, or electronically facilitated interaction. Phases: 6. Active users involved are imperative. Planning Phase, Risk Analysis, Evaluation phase 7. Iteratively produces production software as proposed The basic principles are: to a throw way prototype. 1. Focus is a risk assessment and on minimizing project 8. Producer documentation necessary to facilitate future risk by braking a project into smaller segments and development and maintenance. providing the opportunity to evaluate risks and Weight consideration of project continuation throughout the 9. Standard system analysis and design methods can be lifecycle. fitted into this framework.

Table 4. Performance of Spiral Model

APY S/M/L M.N CRF SL A.T A D Applicability Model Small Cost/Risk/ NO Architecture Advantages Disadvantages Name Medium Flexibility Large

4 Spiral -Changing requirement can -Risks analysis Small to High Cost Model be accommodated requirements high Medium expertise. -Allow for extensive use of prototype -Does not work Risk for smaller -Requirements can be projects. captured more accurately. Flexibility -Made separately -Estimates (budget, schedule for each ect) becomes more realistic. applications. -It uses a stepwise -Risks of not approaches development. meeting budget or schedule.

-Complex and Spiral Model Has Four- Phases: difficult to follow strictly. 1. Planning -Applying already 2.Risk Analysis development product to needs 3.Engineering of a new 4.Evaluation customer, involves high risk of making the correct product.[5].

165 S.Thulasi Krishna et al | IJCSET(www.ijcset.net) | May 2016 | Vol 6, Issue 5, 161-171

5. HISTORY OF RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT for CRUD of objects. MODEL WITH PRINCIPLES Application generation: Automated tools are used to convert process models into code and the actual system. History of RAD: Testing and turnover: Test new components and all the The term first used to describe a software development interfaces. process introduced by in 1991. The basic principles of RAD are: RAD is a software development methodology, which 1. Key objectives is for fact development and delivery of favors iterative development and the rapid construction of high quality system a relatively low investment cost. prototype intend of large amount of upfront planning. The planning “of software development using RAD is 2. Attempts to reduce inherent project risks by breaking a interleaved with writing the software itself the lack of project into smaller segments and providing more ease extensive pre-planning generally a allows software to be of change during the development process. written much faster, and makes it easier to change 3. Aims to produce high quality system quickly, requirement. primarily via iterative prototyping ( at any stage of Phases: development), active users involvement, and computerized development tools. These tools may Business modeling: The information flow is identified include (GUI) Graphical users Interface builders between various business functions. Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools, : Information gathered from business Database management system (DBMS), fourth modeling is used to define data objects that are needed for generation programming languages, code generation, the business. and object oriented techniques. Process modeling: Data objects defined in data modeling are converted to achieve the 4. key emphasis is on fulfilling the business need, while a basic understanding of the fundamental business Business information flow to achieve some specific problem necessary to avoid solving the wrong business objective. Description are identified and created problems.

Performance of rapid application development model Table 5. RAD Model

APY S/M/L M.N CRF SL A.T A D Applicability Model Small Cost/Risk/ NO Architecture Advantages Disadvantages Name Medium Flexibility Large

5 Rapid -Time to -Cost of product is Small to Low Cost Application delivery is less. not known. Development Medium Model -Changing -It is difficult for requirements users to commit Technical can be the time required risks are accommodated for success of the low [9]. RAD process. -Progress can be measured [6]. -Difficult to reuse High the module for Flexibility -Productivity with future system. fewer people in short time. -Lack of scalability high cost of -It makes an commitment by overlap the user. 5- Phases reduction in project risk. Business Modeling Data Modeling Process Modeling Application Modeling Testing And turn Over

166 S.Thulasi Krishna et al | IJCSET(www.ijcset.net) | May 2016 | Vol 6, Issue 5, 161-171

6. HISTORY OF RATIONAL MODEL WITH PRINCIPLES History of model: Developers consider possible applications of the software and costs associated with the - In 1997, Jacobsen Booch Runbay – Umphase development. - Rational unified process model is an iterative software 3. Construction - The project is developed and development process frame work completed. The software is designed, written, and - Created by the rational software cooperation, a tested. division of IBM since 2003 [3]. 4. Transition - The software is released to the public. - Rational unified process model is not a single concrete Final adjustments or updates are made based on prescriptive process but rather an adaptable process feedback from end user. frame work, intended to be tailored by the Principles are: development organizing and software teams that will select the elements of the process that are appropriate 1. Develop iteratively, with risk as primary iteration for their needs . driver Phases: 2. Manage requirements 1. Inception - The idea for the project is stated. The 3. Employ a components – based Architecture development team determines if the project is 4. Model Software visually worth pursuing and what resources will be needed. 5. Continuously verify quality 2. Elaboration - The project's architecture and required resources are further evaluated. 6. Control changes.

Table 6. Performance of Rational Unified Process Model

APY S/M/L M.N CRF SL A.T A D Applicability Model Small Cost/Risk/ NO Architecture Advantages Disadvantages Name Medium Flexibility Large

6 Rational - Process details are - Process details Small Low Cost Unified expressed in are expressed in Process general terms, general terms, Project Model allowing local providing Low Risk customization minimal guidance and requirement - Heavy emphasis local documentation . customization . Low Flexibility - Can embrace - complex incremental release. - Heavy - Evolutionary documentation approach can lead can be expensive. to clean implementation.

Rational Unified Process Model has Four Phases: Inception Elaboration Contraction Testing

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7. HISTORY OF V-MODEL WITH PRINCIPLES Data/ process integrity ; This principles states that the successful design of any solution requires the incorporation History of V-Model: and defined data and process elements must be identified The concept of v-model was developed simultaneously, but for each and every retirement. independently, in Germany and in the United States in the Scalability: This principles states that the “V” concepts has late 1980’s the flexibility to accommodate any IT project irrespective The German V-model was originally developed by IABG of size, complexity or duration the “V” concept is in ottobrunn, near Munich, in co-operation with the feeder applicable to a large mainframe development project office for defense technology and procurement in koblenz, applying a waterfall approach as it is to a web based for the federal ministry of ministry of defense. It was taken development project applying agile techniques. over by the federal Ministry of the interior for the civilian Cross referencing: This principle states that there must be public authorities’ domain in Sumner 1992 [10]. a direct correlation between every requirement that has Phases: been defined with a corresponding and verifiable testing activity and result that substantiates that each and every Requirements, The high- design (HLD),The low- authorized requirement has been incorporated into the level design (LLD), The implementation, Coding . completed application. V-Model principles: Tangible Documentation: This principles states that there -The following principles are inherent when the v model is must be tangible documentation (electronic/ or hardcopy) applied Large to Small – This principle stated created as the project evolves. requirements, standards, Testing from a hierarchical perspective. Performance of V-Model model Table 7 : V-Model

APY S/M/L M.N CRF SL A.T A D Applicability Model Small Cost/Risk/ NO Architecture Advantages Disadvantages Name Medium Flexibility Large

7 V- - Testing activities - Very rapid and Small High Cost Model like planning least flexible testing designing Project - Software is happens well High Risk before coding. This developed during saves a lot of time the hence higher implementation chance of success phases, some Less over the waterfall early prototypes Flexibility model. of the software are produced. - Proactive defect tracking that is - If any changes defects are found at happen in early stage . midway, then the test documents - Avoids the along with V-model has divided into Some Phases are: downward flow of requirement the defects. documents has to 1. Requirement Analysis be updated. - Works well for 2. High level Design small projects where requirements 3. Detailed Specification are easily 4. Coding understood[12]. 5. 6. Integrated testing 7. Operational testing

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8. HISTORY OF CONCURRENT DEVELOPMENT MODEL from the under development state into the awaiting WITH PRINCIPLES changes state. History of Concurrent Development Model Awaiting changes: early in a project the communication activity has completed its first iteration and exists in the Sometimes called concurrent Engineering can be repeated awaiting changes state. semantically as a series of frame work activities, software Engineering and tasks, and their associated states. Principles are: The concurrent process model defines a series of events The concurrent process model is applicable to all types of that will trigger transition from a series of events that will software and provides an accurate picture of the current tiger transition from state to state for each of the software state of a project rather than confining software engineering engineering activities action or tasks. activities. Phases: Actions and tasks to a sequence of events, it define a network of activities, action, or task on the network exited None: none state while initial communication was simultaneous with other activities, action or tasks . completed. Event generated at one point in the process network trigger Under development: the customer indicates that changes transition among the state. in requirement must be made the modeling activity moves

Performance of concurrent development process model Table 8 : Concurrent Development Model

APY S/M/L M.N SL A.T A D Applicability CRF Model Small NO Architecture Advantages Disadvantages Cost/Risk Name Medium Large

Concurrency -It is can be represented -The SRS must be development Modeling activity N schematically as a series of continually 8 Model framework activities. updated to reflect Medium Low Under development changes. Project Under review Cost

-It requires Low Risk Awaiting Changes -Concurrency process model discipline to that will trigger transition from Baselined avoiding too Underrevision state to state for each of the many new software engineering activities features too late in and action or task. the project . Low -The concurrent process model Flexibility Done is application to all types of software development and process accurate picture of the current state of a project.

Concurrent development Model has divided some phases: 1. Under development 2. Awaiting changes 3. Under revision 4. Done 5. Baselined 6. Under revision 7.under review

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9 HISTORY OF AGILE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS MODEL 4. Business people and developers must work together WITH PRINCIPLES daily throughout the project 5. Build project around motivated individual History of Agile Development Process Model 6. The most effective and effective method of conveying Agile process model development by manifesto in year information to and within a development team is face 2001. to face communications. “Agile software development “refers to groups of software 7. Working software in the primary measures of progress. development methodologies based on iterative 8. Agile processes promote sustainable development this development, where requirements and solutions evolve via sponsors, developers and user should be able to collaboration between self-organizing cruces functional maintenance constant place indefinitely. teams. 9. Conation is a function to technical excellence and good design enhance quality. Principles: 10. Simplicity the art of maximizing the amount of work 1. Our highest priority is to satisfy the customer though not done is essential. early and of valuable software. 11. The best architecture, requirements and design emerge 2. Welcome changing requirement ever in development. from self-organizing teams. Agile process harness change for the customer’s 12. At regular, integrals the team reflects on how to completive advantage. become more efficient then tunes and adjusts it 3. Delivery working software frequently. behavior accordingly. Table 9: AGILE Development Process Model

AT A DA Sl.No M N AP S/M/L CRF Architecture Advantage Disadvantage

9 AGILE - Customer - Some software Large High Cost development satisfaction by deliveries, process rapid continuous especially the Model delivery of useful large ones, it is Project LowRisk software. difficult to accesses the - Working software is effort required delivery frequently at the High - Face to face beginning of Flexibility conversation is the the software best form of life cycle . communication. - There is lack of - Close daily emphasis as cooperation necessary between business designing and people and documentation developers. - The project can . - Continuous easily get taken attention to off track if the technical customer excellence and goal representative design. is not clear what final outcome that they want.

10. HISTORY OF BUILD AND FIX MODEL WITH Build: PRINCIPLES In this phase, the software code is developed and passed on to the nextphase. History of Build and Fix Model Fix: Build and fix model developed by Boehm1988. In this most In this phase, the code developed in the build phase is made simple model of software development, product with is error free. Also, in addition to the corrections to the code, construct with minimal requirements and generally no the code is modified according to the user's requirements. specifications nor is any attempt at design, and testing most Principles: often neglected. This is representation of what is happening In this process, developers write code, fix the problems in much Software development project. they notice, and repeat. There is no guidance to help Phases: developers converge to an appropriate result This model includes the following two phases.

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Table 10 : Performance of Build and Fix Model

M.N APY CRF SL A.T A D Model S/M/L Cost/Risk/ NO Architecture Advantages Disadvantages Name

10 Build -Requires less experience -No real means is Small High Cost and to execute or manage available for assessing Project Fix other than the ability to the program quality High Model program. and risks. Risk -Suitable for smaller -Cost of using this software. process model is high, High -Requires less project as it requires rework Flexibility planning. until user requirement are accomplished. -Informal design of the software as it involves unplanned procedure. -Maintenance of this model is problematic [13]. Build and Fix Model Has Three Phases 1. Build First Version 2. Modify Until Client is Satisfied 3. Operations

CONCLUSION: AUTHORS After analysis of ten software process models, through the various factors, it has been fund that the original architecture, phases and principles, performance model. Simulation can be used to identify process flaws deficiencies and bottle necks, to estimate the impact of potential changes to the process and to compare alternative process models without putting new process into practice. S.Thulasi Krishna received the B.Tech. Degree in This paper is very useful to the developers. and Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru University, Hyderabad, India in 2005, M.E from Sathyabama University Chennai, and currently pursing REFERENCES: Ph.D in Rayalaseema University, Kurnool. Presently working as an [1] Utest : http://blog.utest.com/its-a- software-crisis/2011/04 Associate Professor in Kuppam Engineering College. He is also a member [2] Model-Based system Architecture-page184 of International Association of Engineering. http://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=1118893646 [3]. IBM acquires rations http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rational- unified_process [4]. B.W. Bohme “ Anchoring the software process”, IEEE,IEEE software, Vol- 13,Issues 4, july1996, PP.73-83. www.testingexcellence.com/incremental-model/. [5] The Spiral Model Advantages and disadvantages are available at: www.tutorialpoint.com/sdlc/sdlc-spiral-model.htm Dr. S. Sreekanth has obtained Ph.D. Degree from S.V.University, th [6] R.S Preusman, “Software engineering, A practitioner’s approach” 5 Tirupathi. Presently he is working as a Professor in the Department of edition. Newyork: McGraw-Hill, 2001, pp 34. Computer Science and Engineering in Sreenivasa Institute of Technology [7] E.I. Mary, B.A.zimmer “The Evolutionary Development model for and Management Studies, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, with the experience Software”, Hewlett-Packard journal, Article 4, August 1996, PP, 1-8. of 20 years. He has published 15 research papers both in national and [8] asked.mark(2003-11-25)."rup in brief" IBM retrie international journals of computer science. [9] Testingfreak.com/rad-model-software-testing-advantage-disadvntage [10] v-model advantage disadvantage available at: http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/v-model [11]. the"v'model by comeron waston-project insight www.projectinsight.net/../the-quot-v-quot-mdel by -cameron-waston [12] V-Model advantages and disadvantages: Istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-v-model-advantages- disadvantages [13]. Software engineering pages: http://books.google.com.in/books?isbn=82122423779sangeethasabh arwal-2008

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