KIATA WIND FARM

EPBC ACT REFERRAL

Kiata Wind Farm Pty Ltd

Suite 5 61–63 Camberwell Road, Hawthorn, VIC 3123 P.O. Box 337, Camberwell, VIC 3124 Ph. (03) 9815 2111 Fax. (03) 9815 2685 October 2015 Report No. 13079 (5.0) EPBC Act Referral – Kiata Wind Farm Report 13079 (5.0 )

Referral of proposed action

Project title: Kiata Wind Farm

1 Summary of proposed action

1.1 Short description Kiata Wind Farm Pty Ltd (KWF Pty Ltd) is wholly controlled by Windlab Limited (Windlab). Kiata Wind Farm Pty Ltd is proposing to construct Kiata Wind Farm on a 950 hectare area of land at Coker Dam Road, Kiata, 10 kilometres south-east of Nhill in north-western Victoria (Attachment 1a — map and 1b —shapefiles). Kiata Wind Farm would comprise 13 wind turbines and associated infrastructure, including transmission cabling, substation, and construction and maintenance access roads and tracks. The access to the Kiata Wind Farm would be through ten kilometre access route along the Winiam East Road and Janetskis Road. The majority of infrastructure would be situated on freehold land, although a small proportion would be situated within public road reserves. Attachment 1a shows the proposed wind farm layout, including ancillary infrastructure. 1.2 Latitude and longitude Please find attached associated GIS-compliant file that delineates the proposed referral area (Attachment 1b).

Name Longitude (I) Latitude (I) 1 141.7477 -36.4045 2 141.7517 -36.4051 3 141.7556 -36.4079 4 141.763 -36.4073 5 141.7672 -36.4096 6 141.7398 -36.3842 7 141.7446 -36.3822 8 141.7521 -36.3865 9 141.7494 -36.3918 10 141.7543 -36.3899 11 141.7663 -36.3942 12 141.7645 -36.398 13 141.7608 -36.4016

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1.3 Locality and property description The wind farm lies within the Kiata and Nhill districts, located in north-western Victoria. It is located approximately 10 kilometres south-east of Nhill. Kiata is the nearest settlement approximately five kilometres to the north-east of the site. The location of the proposed wind farm is shown in Attachment 1a. The vast majority of the study area comprises cropped freehold land in various stages of crop rotation. Fallow crops were subject to sheep grazing at the time of the field assessment. Large areas of native vegetation adjoin the study area, including the Conservation Volunteers conservation area in the south-west and the Little Desert National Park (c. 132 000 hectares) 2 - 7 km to the south-east. These large remnant woodland blocks flank the south-east and south-west wind farm boundaries and form a network of wider, regional value which provides dispersal routes for species that may move between habitats. Structural habitat connectivity is limited to native vegetation along road reserves, which was observed to be fragmented.

1.4 Size of the development footprint or work The size of the development footprint is: . Thirteen turbine positions, including a 10 metre diameter base construction area and an adjacent 45 x 75 metre construction hardstand; . The 6 metre wide turbine access tracks within the Wind Farm Assessment Area and a one metre width track for cabling; . On-site electrical substation, . Site office, temporary batching plant, construction laydown area (111 metres x 160 metres); and . Local roads, which are wide enough already for construction traffic.

1.5 Street address of the site There is no street address that would be relevant to the whole site given its size.

1.6 Lot description The lots are described below by Volume, Folio and Plan. Volume Folio Land Description Plan 7145 811 Crown Allotment 97 Parish of Kiata TP610608 8975 965 Crown Allotment 100B Parish of Kiata TP 513926U 9290 071 Crown Allotment 99 Parish of Kiata TP 262311F 6244 630 Crown Allotment 100 Parish of Kiata TP 793055J 9264 881 Crown Allotment 100A Parish of Kiata TP 294556S 9999 961 Crown Allotment 49A Parish of Woraigworm TP260566F formerly known as part of Crown Allotment 29 8369 074 Parish of Woraigworm TP327215S 9999 960 Crown Allotment 49 Parish of Woraigworm TP276042D 9481 660 Crown Allotment 49E Parish of Woraigworm TP306602D Formerly known as part of Crown Allotment 100B Parish of 8391 049 Kiata TP246857Y

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1.7 Local Government Area and Council contact (if known)

The study area lies within the Wimmera bioregion and the Wimmera catchment (Attachment 2). The entire study area falls under the Hindmarsh Shire Council.

1.8 Time frame The proposed timing of the construction of Kiata Wind Farm is commencement in late 2016 or early 2017. The timeline is dependent on gaining necessary approvals in a timely manner and commercial negotiations. The wind farm operational life is anticipated to be 25 years.

1.9 Alternatives to proposed action X No

Yes, you must also complete section 2.2

1.10 Alternative time frames etc X No

Yes, you must also complete Section 2.3. For each alternative, location, time frame, or activity identified, you must also complete details in Sections 1.2-1.9, 2.4-2.7 and 3.3 (where relevant). 1.11 State assessment X No

Yes, you must also complete Section 2.5 1.12 Component of larger action X No

Yes, you must also complete Section 2.7 1.13 Related actions/proposals X No Yes, provide details: 1.14 Australian Government funding X No Yes, provide details: 1.15 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park X No Yes, you must also complete Section

3.1 (h), 3.2 (e)

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2 Detailed description of proposed action

2.1 Description of proposed action The proposed Kiata Wind Farm comprises 13 wind turbines and associated permanent and temporary infrastructure. It is considered as a small- medium scale wind development. The site proposed for the wind farm comprises three landowners and an area of approximately 1,000 hectares. The development layout covers 11.1 hectares, less than 2% of the subject site, with the remainder of the land to be retained for agricultural use (primarily cropping and stock grazing). Within the wind farm site, very little of the original native woodland and shrubland vegetation communities remain intact. These vegetation types persist as patchy linear strips along road reserves. The majority of infrastructure will be largely situated on freehold land cleared of native vegetation, although a small number of access tracks will be situated within public road reserves. The layout is detailed in Attachment 1a. The following permanent infrastructure is proposed: . 13 wind turbines of between 2MW and 4MW rated capacity each; Turbine configurations generally consisting of hub heights up to 130 metres and tip heights up to 200 metres. The turbines will be constructed from tubular steel and/or concrete sectional towers and will support a nacelle, nose cone and blade assembly. Several specific turbine models are being considered for assessment and modelling for environmental and planning purposes. The final height and configuration of the turbines to be installed on the Kiata Wind Farm site will be determined following a commercial tendering process that will occur after a planning permit is granted. The turbines selected through the commercial tendering process will be within the envelope provided by the aforementioned dimensions. . Approximately 10 kilometres of internal access tracks with widths of 6 metres, with appropriate widening at corners and junctions. These tracks will provide access for the installation of the wind turbines and for ongoing maintenance. . Creation of up to 6 access points from public roads to facilitate access to the site for construction and operational purposes. This work will be complemented by improvements to local roads at the access points, at local intersections and along road sections as required to meet council requirements and to ensure safe and efficient traffic movements. . 1 permanent anemometry mast up to 100 metres high for wind resource and data validation purposes during operation of the wind farm. . Approximately 8 kilometres of underground cabling between the turbines and to the point of collection (substation) prior to transitioning to existing overhead wires (see below). . There is not anticipated to be any overhead power collection, nor is an external transmission line required. . A combined collector and terminal substation will be located at approximately grid coordinates Zone 54S X: 567080, Y: 5971747, with a footprint of approximately 0.25 hectares (see Attachment 1a). This will contain a marshalling point for underground cables, metering, control and transformation equipment to connect the wind farm electrical system to the adjacent 66 kV sub-transmission line. . Crane pads at each wind turbine location, 75 metres by 45 metres in extent, for the purpose of providing a stable foundation for cranes to erect and install all components of the wind turbines.

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The following temporary infrastructure is also proposed: . 2 construction compounds, being approximately 1.8 hectare and 0.25 hectares respectively. These compounds will host site offices and amenities, tool and materials storage sheds, construction staff car parking, component laydown areas and truck parking. . A temporary concrete batching plant will also be located in one of the site compounds. Other material such as road base and water for construction will be principally sourced from local commercial suppliers.

2.2 Alternatives to taking the proposed action Other than not taking the action, the proponent has no realistic alternative to the proposed action.

2.3 Alternative locations, time frames or activities that form part of the referred action The proponent has no alternative locations, time frames or activities for the proposed action.

2.4 Context, planning framework and state/local government requirements The entire study area is located in Shire of Hindmarsh and within the Wimmera Catchment Management Authority region. With the exception of road reserves, the entire site is zoned Farming Zone (FZ). Road reserves are zoned Road Zone (RZ) in the Hindmarsh Planning Scheme. No relevant planning overlays cover the project site. The Minister for Planning is the Responsible Authority for a new application for a permit for a wind energy facility in Victoria. The proposed development, including native vegetation removal, will require a planning permit from the Minister. An offset plan will be prepared for the removal of native vegetation. These offsets will be sourced prior to any approved removal of native vegetation.

2.5 Environmental impact assessments under Commonwealth, state or territory legislation The Minister for Planning, Government of Victoria is responsible for administering the Environment Effects Act 1978 and for deciding whether an Environment Effects Statement (EES) is required. It is not anticipated that this scale of development will have a significant effect on the environment and be referred to the Minister. The Minister for Planning is the Responsible Authority for a new application for a permit for a wind energy facility in Victoria. The Victorian Minister for the Environment, represented by the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) is the referral authority. The proponent and BL&A have liaised with DELWP regarding the native vegetation to be removed and the methodology for targeted surveys for threatened fauna species. The contacts for the project at DELWP are Ezaz Sheikh, Statutory Planner, DELWP, Ballarat, Victoria 3350 T: 03 5336 6644 E: [email protected] and Pauline Rudolph, Senior Biodiversity Officer, DELWP, Horsham. T: 03 5362 0754, E: [email protected].

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2.6 Public consultation (including with Indigenous stakeholders) The proponent has undertaken a public consultation program for the proposed wind farm beginning in January 2014. The program has or will include: . Implementation of Windlab’s award winning community engagement program (Clean Energy Council Business Community Engagement Award Winner 2015), . Distribution of a project newsletter to all neighbours in the vicinity of the wind farm, . Face-to-face meetings with all project neighbours (40 meetings over 4 visits in 2014 and 2015), . Offers of free equity in the wind farm project for all project neighbours, . Public open day on 11 September 2015, . Dedicated project website to be in operation in early October 2015, and . Provision for a voluntary Cultural Heritage Management Plan to be completed late in 2015.

2.7 A staged development or component of a larger project The proposed wind farm is not part of a larger, staged project.

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3 Description of environment & likely impacts

3.1 Matters of national environmental significance

3.1 (a) World Heritage Properties

Description The proposed action will not take place in, or near a World Heritage property.

Nature and extent of likely impact No impacts will occur to any World Heritage property.

3.1 (b) National Heritage Places

Description The proposed action will not take place in, or near a National Heritage Place.

Nature and extent of likely impact No impacts will occur on any National Heritage Place.

3.1 (c) Wetlands of International Importance (declared Ramsar wetlands)

Description Lake Albacutya (a declared Ramsar wetland) occurs approximately 67 north-north east, and downstream, of the northernmost extent of the proposed wind farm.

Nature and extent of likely impact The majority of wind farm infrastructure will be located on ridge-lines rather than within drainage lines. Small, ephemeral and degraded drainage lines were observed within the study area. The distance of these to Lake Albacutya and the limited effect on the overall catchment of this wetland from the proposed wind farm will not lead to impacts that will change the ecological character of this Ramsar wetland.

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3.1 (d) Listed threatened species and ecological communities

Description Detailed information on the occurrence of listed threatened species and ecological communities in the proposed development site are provided in the Flora and Fauna Report for Kiata Wind Farm — Report 13079 (4.1) (Attachment 2). The likelihood of suitable habitat in the study area for nationally threatened ecological communities, flora and fauna species was ascertained through a search of the following databases: . The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) Protected Matters Search Tool (DSEWPAC 2013); and . Victorian Biodiversity Atlas Flora and Fauna records (DSE 2013).

EPBC Act Listed Ecological Communities The review of existing information indicated that within the search region there occurred potential suitable habitat for four ecological communities listed under the EPBC Act. These are: . Buloke woodlands of the Riverina and Murray-Darling depression bioregions; . Grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) grassy woodlands and derived native grasslands of south-eastern Australia; . Natural grasslands of the Murray Valley plains; and . White box-yellow box-blakely's red gum grassy woodland and derived native grassland. The native vegetation recorded in the study area did not meet any of the listed ecological community descriptions and/or thresholds, and they are therefore considered to not occur within the proposed development area.

EPBC Act Listed Flora Species The review of existing information indicated that within the search region there were records of, or there occurred potential suitable habitat for, 13 species listed under the EPBC Act. The likelihood of these species occurring in the study area is assessed in Table 1. One species, Hairy-pod Wattle (Acacia glandulicarpa), listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act, was recorded within the construction access track assessment area along Janetskis Road. (See Figure 6 in Attachment 2) The following species were not recorded during the initial site assessment, but were considered as potentially occurring based on the availability of suitable habitat in the project area and previous records. . Downy Star-Bush (Asterolasia phebalioides; Vulnerable); . Jumping-jack Wattle (Acacia enterocarpa; Endangered); . Metallic Sun-orchid (Thelymitra epipactoides; Endangered); . Rigid Spider-orchid (Caladenia tensa; Endangered); and . Wimmera Spider-orchid (Caladenia lowanensis; Endangered). Targeted flora surveys for these species were undertaken between 14th and 18th October 2013 and 13th and 14th August 2015. Targeted surveys involved walking transects spaced five meters apart through areas of suitable habitat. No flora species (other than the Hairy-pod Wattle) listed under the EPBC Act were recorded during the field survey and consequently all other species were deemed unlikely to occur in the development area. Those species found to occur, or considered as likely to occur, based on the availability of suitable

001 Referral of proposed action September 2015 Page 12 EPBC Act Referral – Kiata Wind Farm Report 13079 (5.0 ) habitat in the project area and previous records are highlighted grey in Table 1. Table 1: EPBC Act listed flora species and their potential to occur in the study area Notes: CE = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable

Potential to Potential to occur EPBC Common Scientific occur in Wind in Construction Act Habitat Name Name Farm Access Track status Assessment Area Assessment Area

Information on this species occurrence in Aphanes A herb VU Victoria could not be sourced. It is likely that it Doesn't appear to occur in Victoria pentamera doesn't occur in the state. Restricted to Lake Fyans (south west of Stawell, Victoria). Record from Deep Lead Flora Candy and Fauna Reserve is unconfirmed. Occurs in Caladenia No habitat in the study area – unlikely Spider- VU Plains Sedgy Woodland; Shallow Sands versicolor to occur orchid Woodland. Soils are generally sandy/silty clay loams derived from Quaternary alluvial and swamp deposits (Todd 2000). This species grows in Heathy Mallee containing Astroloma conostephioides (Flame Heath), Babingtonia behrii (Broom Baeckea), Calytrix Habitat present in tetragona (Common Fringe-myrtle), Cassytha No habitat the Construction glabella (Slender Dodder-laurel), Dillwynia present in the Access Track Downy Star- Asterolasia sericea (Showy Parrot-pea), Eucalyptus Wind Farm Assessment Area VU Bush phebalioides leptophylla (Slender-leaf Mallee), Assessment Area – Not recorded Glischrocaryon behrii (Golden Pennants), – unlikely to during targeted Hakea mitchellii (Desert Hakea), Hibbertia occur survey –Unlikely to virgata (Twiggy Guinea-flower), Melaleuca occur lanceolata subsp. lanceolata (Moonah) and M. wilsonii (Violet Honey-myrtle) (Carter 2010). Grows in open Eucalyptus largiflorens/ Eucalyptus leucoxylon woodland with a sparse Floodplain Pterostylis grassy understorey, on seasonally inundated, No habitat in the study area – unlikely VU Rustyhood cheraphila heavy, grey-black clay soils. A couple of sites to occur occur on the floodplain of the Wimmera River (Duncun et al 2009). Occurs in the Wimmera region of western Victoria, in a range of woodland, shrubland and open mallee vegetation communities, on sandy clay to clay-loam soils; with some stands on Not observed ironstone gravel, rarely on heavy clays. In during the field mallee vegetation it occurs on well-drained Habitat present in survey of the Hairy-pod Acacia soils, where it grows with Eucalyptus the study area – VU Wind Farm Wattle glandulicarpa incrassata, Eucalyptus dumosa, Eucalyptus recorded in study Assessment Area wimmerensis and/or Eucalyptus behriana. On area – unlikely to heavier soils, it occurs in grassy and shrubby occur woodland habitats with Eucalyptus leucoxylon, Eucalyptus microcarpa, Allocasuarina luehmannii or Eucalyptus largiflorens (Carter 2011). In Victoria, this species is restricted to a small area in the State’s west, in the Diapur-Kaniva area of the Wimmera. It grows in a range of habitats from Melaleuca uncinata, on the highest parts of the northern Lawloit Range, on Jumping- Acacia Not observed during the field surveys - EN gravely duplex ironstone soils; to mallee scrub jack Wattle enterocarpa unlikely to occur and grassy woodlands of Eucalyptus leucoxylon (Yellow Gum), E. microcarpa (Grey Box) and Allocasuarina luehmannii (Buloke) on more fertile soils in adjacent areas (Moritz & Bickerton 2011).

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Habitat present in the Construction Primarily in coastal heathlands, grasslands and No habitat Access Track Metallic Thelymitra woodlands, but also in drier inland heathlands, present in the Assessment Area EN Sun-orchid epipactoides open forests and woodlands. (Backhouse & study area – – Not recorded Jeanes 1995 in DSEWPC 2003). unlikely to occur during targeted survey –Unlikely to occur Habitat present in the Construction Access Track Rigid Eucalyptus and Callitris woodland in well- No habitat in the Caladenia Assessment Area Spider- EN drained sandy loams. Grows among shrubs study area – tensa – Not recorded orchid (Jones 2006). unlikely to occur during targeted survey –Unlikely to occur Sandhill Information on this species occurrence in Pterostylis Greenhood VU Victoria could not be sourced. It is likely that it Doesn't appear to occur in Victoria arenicola Orchid doesn't occur in the state. NSW and Victoria in thick patches in floodwaters. Also Victoria in River Red Gum Western open woodland with an open grassy No habitat present in the assessment Callitriche Water- VU understorey dominated by Paspalidium areas – unlikely to occur – unlikely to cyclocarpa starwort jubiflorum along river banks, and with wallaby occur grasses on ground less-frequently inundated (DEC 2013). Only known from two extant populations, at Natimuk and Minyip, in western Victoria. Both populations occur on level ground with a loamy soil type. The Natimuk population occurs on a Pimelea roadside reserve in a grassland dominated by Only known from two population Wimmera spinescens spear grasses and wallaby grasses outside of the search region and CE Rice-flower subsp. (Austrostipa and Austrodanthonia species habitat in the assessment areas is pubiflora respectively), with scattered shrubs of Bursaria probably unsuitable -unlikely to occur spinosa (Sweet Bursaria) and Senna artemisioides (Cassia), whereas the population at Minyip occurs on Crown Land within a Buloke grassland area (DSE 2008). Habitat present in the Construction Access Track Wimmera Occurs on Cypress-pine/Yellow Gum Woodland No habitat in the Caladenia Assessment Area Spider- EN on sandy loams derived from Tertiary and study area – lowanensis – Not recorded orchid Quaternary aeolian deposits (Todd 2000). unlikely to occur during targeted survey –Unlikely to occur Finely texture soils in a wide range of Winged Lepidium vegetation communities such as grassland, No habitat present in the assessment Pepper- monoplocoid EN wetland, floodplain woodland and chenopod areas – unlikely to occur – unlikely to cress es shrublands. Also, dry and eroded clay scolds in occur sparsely vegetated areas (DSE 2003).

Details of the methods and results of all flora assessments can be found in the Flora and Fauna Report at Attachment 2.

EPBC Act Listed Fauna The review of database searches identified 10 listed fauna species as occurring or potentially occurring in the search region (study area and surrounding 10 kilometres). This included six bird, one reptile, one frog, one fish and one invertebrate species. The likelihood of occurrence of these species in the study area based on the availability of suitable habitat is presented in Table 2. One of these fauna species – Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata; Vulnerable) was deemed likely to occur in the study area. Although not predicted by the PMST, an unconfirmed record of the Southern Bent-wing Bat (Miniopterus orianae bassanii; Critically Endangered) was recorded during bat surveys (detailed below).

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Details of the survey methods and results of all fauna assessments can be found in Attachment 2. A summary of the survey methodology and findings for Malleefowl and Southern Bent-wing Bat are detailed below and potential impacts are discussed in the following section. No other EPBC Act-listed species are likely to occur on the project site or be affected by the project.

Malleefowl This species occurs in mallee habitat and may potentially wander onto roadsides adjacent to the project site whilst foraging or moving between larger habitat remnants. A population currently occurs in mallee woodland of the Conservation Volunteers Reserve to the west of the site. This reserve is located along Salisbury South Road, which flanks the western boundary of the wind farm. This property is protected by a feral animal-proof fence, reducing the likelihood of Malleefowl movement between the reserve and roadsides.

Southern Bent-wing Bat Seven bat species were recorded during the autumn and summer targeted survey. One unconfirmed record of the Southern Bent-wing Bat was made during the March 2014 survey. The record is considered unconfirmed because there is uncertainty that the call belonged to the Southern Bent-wing Bat as discussed below. The bat call attributed to the threatened Southern Bent-wing was recorded only once on the site. However, the call of the species can vary from region to region and it is possible the call is from a common species attributed to the Southern Bent-wing bat call complex i.e. Little Forest Bat or Chocolate Wattled Bat. Due to the unusual nature of the call, it was sent to Dr. Lindy Lumsden from Arthur Rylah Institute, who examined the call through the Anascheme software to compare a call to a reference call (recorded call of a known species) of the species in question. The software determined there was a 75% probability of the call being attributed to a Southern Bent-wing bat, however Dr. Lumsden could not definitely say whether it is a Southern Bent-wing bat call or not, as no reference bat calls from the Kiata region were available. The two maternity caves for the Southern Bent-wing Bat are located at Warrnambool and Naracoorte. The National Recovery Plan for the Southern Bent-wing Bat Miniopterus schreibersii bassanii (Lumsden et al 2015) does not recently record the Southern Bent-wing Bat as occurring north-east of the Naracoorte caves. In light of the lack of current records and suitable roosting habitat, there is a low likelihood of it being Southern Bent-wing bat. The proposed Kiata Wind Farm is over 100 kilometres from the Naracoorte Caves, so it is considered out of the species range. Given the Naracoorte roosting and maternity caves are over 100 kilometres from the project site, it is possible that the call was part of a bat species complex that includes the Southern Bent-wing Bat and that the call actually belonged to another species. In the unlikely event that the call did belong to this species, it is likely to occur in very small numbers as individual vagrants.

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Table 2: EPBC Act listed fauna species and their potential to occur in the study area Notes: CE = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable; M = Listed migratory species

Number Common Scientific EPBC Act Date of last Potential to occur in Wind Potential to occur in Construction Habitat of Name name status record Farm Assessment Area Access Track Assessment Area records

Birds Terrestrial wetlands, including a range of wetland types but prefers permanent water Aquatic habitat in the study Australasian Botaurus No suitable habitat in the study EN bodies with tall dense vegetation, particularly 3 1/08/1991 area is highly modified - Bittern poiciloptilus area – unlikely to occur those dominated by sedges, rush, reeds or unlikely to occur cutting grass (Marchant and Higgins 1990). Suitable habitat adjacent to the development site in nature Mainly in semi-arid zones (200–450mm reserve (Conservation Volunteers) rainfall), but in higher rainfall area of heath with remnant mallee habitat that Leipoa and mallee-heath; rarely arid zones. Suitable habitat - potential to Malleefowl VU, M 27 31/10/2003 is surrounded by a cat and fox ocellata Associated with mallee, particularly floristically occur proof fence. Potential to occur rich tall dense mallee of higher rainfall areas briefly to forage on roadsides but (Marchant and Higgins 1993). unlikely to be resident on project site. This species inhabits native grasslands with Plains- Pedionomus sparse cover, preferring grasslands that No suitable habitat in the study area – unlikely to occur VU 1 14/08/1990 wanderer torquatus include Wallaby Grass and Stipa species (Marchant and Higgins 1993). Prefer eucalypt forests and woodlands but often in adjacent acacia or Casuarina Suitable foraging habitat and no Red-tailed woodlands. In Vic., subspecies graptogyne suitable nesting habitat. The Calyptorhync No suitable habitat – unlikely Black EN, M inhabits mostly in or at edge of patches of 2 28/08/2000 species is rarely seen north of hus banksi to occur Cockatoo Brown Stringybark woodlands in pasture or in Little Desert NP - unlikely to occur remnant copses of River Red Gum (Higgins regularly 1999). Prefers a narrow range of eucalypts in Suitable habitat present along Victoria, including White Box, Red Ironbark Little or no suitable habitat roadsides although the wind farm Lathamus and Yellow Gum as well as River Red Gum and site is at the edge of is at the edge of the species Swift Parrot EN None None discolor when this species supports abundant ‘lerp’ species’ range. Unlikely to range and there are no records in (Emison et al. 1987; Higgins 1999; Kennedy occur. the search region – Unlikely to and Tzaros 2005). occur regularly Although suitable habitat exists, Absence of historical records there is a absence of historical Western Psophodes The species inhabits mallee woodlands and and suitable habitat, therefore records – unlikely to occur VU None None Whipbird nigrogularis shrublands (Higgins and Peter 2002). unlikely to occur. regularly.

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Number Common Scientific EPBC Act Date of last Potential to occur in Wind Potential to occur in Construction Habitat of Name name status record Farm Assessment Area Access Track Assessment Area records

Reptiles Striped Tussock grasslands on the volcanic plains, Absence of historical records and suitable habitat, therefore Legless Delma impar VU often associated with scattered rocks and None None unlikely to occur. Lizard cracked soils (Cogger 2000). Frogs Permanent, still or slow flowing water with fringing and emergent vegetation in streams, Growling Litoria Absence of historical records and suitable habitat, therefore VU swamps, lagoons and artificial wetlands such None None Grass Frog raniformis unlikely to occur. as farm dams and abandoned quarries (Clemann and Gillespie 2004). Fish Slow flowing turbid water of rivers and Maccullochell Absence of historical records and suitable habitat, therefore Murray Cod VU streams of low elevation; also fast flowing None None a peelii peelii unlikely to occur. clear upland streams (Allen et al. 2002). Invertebrates Suitable habitat in areas of remnant vegetation that Areas that are, or have been native grasslands support a native grassland or grassy woodlands. It is known to inhabit understory (shown on Figure 4) No Suitable habitat in the Golden Sun Synemon degraded grasslands with introduced grasses CE 20 13/11/1992 that are outside of the impact construction assessment area – Moth plana being dominant, with a preference for the area. Suitable habitat does not Unlikely to occur. native wallaby grass being present (DEWHA exist in the wind farm 2009). assessment area – Unlikely to occur.

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Nature and extent of likely impact EPBC Act Listed Flora Species Hairy-pod Wattle The Hairy-pod Wattles were found along the roadside vegetation of Janetskis Road (see Attachment 2, Figure 6). This is outside the project site, but is along the road to be used for delivery of the turbines and blades. The locations where Hairy-pod Wattles were found along the road will be avoided. Information to support this conclusion is summarised below. . In the section of access track in which the Hairy-pod Wattles are found, the proposed access track will not require any widening, as the existing road is sufficiently wide at 7.5 - 9.0 metres and the trucks required to bring equipment to the site will have a wheel-base width of 6 metres. . Marking and fencing the roadside population of Hairy-pod Wattles during construction will occur to prevent damage to individual plants. The project will therefore not have an impact on the Hairy-pod Wattle from the construction and operation of the wind farm. EPBC Act Listed Fauna Species Malleefowl Given the extensive area of mallee habitat close to the study area, it is highly unlikely that the proposed action, which will involve the removal of a very limited area of native vegetation (i.e. less than 0.045 hectares) will significantly impact this species. Roadside vegetation removal has been minimised to provide continued habitat linkages for Malleefowl. As the Malleefowl does not fly, it is not at risk during wind farm operation. The following is an evaluation of the likelihood of the proposal having a significant impact on Malleefowl in accordance with the Department of the Environment’s significant impact guidelines (DOE 2013a).

Impact Threshold Evaluation of Activity (Vulnerable) Action leading to a long-term decrease in the size of an The national recovery plan for Malleefowl identifies no important population is considered to have a significant impact particular populations or general areas of greater importance on the species (DEWHA 2013). The guidelines state that an for the long-term survival of Malleefowl than any other. As such, ‘important population’ is a population that is necessary for a the population in Conservation Volunteers Reserve adjacent to species’ long-term survival and recovery. This may include the wind farm has been treated as important. This reserve is populations identified as such in recovery plans, and/or that surrounded by a feral animal-proof fence of around 2 metres in are: height. There one paid of Malleefowl nesting in the site. . Key source populations either for breeding or dispersal It is considered unlikely that the construction and operation of . Populations that are necessary for maintaining genetic the Kiata Wind Farm would lead to a long-term decrease in the diversity, and/or size of this population given that potential habitat along . Populations that are near the limit of the species range. roadsides proposed for removal (less than 0.045 hectares) is likely to be used occasionally, and that the species does not fly much above the shrub canopy level (<10 m off the ground) so is not at risk during wind farm operation. A reduction in the area of occupancy of an important population The development and operation of the wind farm is not of the species is considered to have a significant impact on the expected to reduce the area of occupancy of the species as species (DEWHA 2013) areas of potential habitat along roadsides are only likely to be used occasionally for foraging or movement through territory and removal involves a very limited area (less than 0.045 hectares). The fragmentation of an existing important population into two Given that the population is known to occur in the fenced (cat or more populations is considered to have a significant impact proof fence) nature reserve adjacent to the wind farm site, on the species (DEWHA 2013) construction and operation of the Kiata Wind Farm is considered unlikely to fragment the population. The limited removal of road side vegetation for access track openings will have limited impact on movement.

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Any adverse effects on habitat critical to the survival of a The development and operation of the wind farm is not species is considered to have a significant impact on the expected to adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of species (DEWHA 2013) the species, as areas of potential habitat along roadsides are only likely to be used occasionally for foraging or movement through territory. Disruption to the breeding cycle of an important population is The development and operation of the wind farm is not considered to have a significant impact on the species (DEWHA expected to disrupt the breeding cycle of Malleefowl, as areas 2013) of potential habitat along roadsides are only likely to be used occasionally for foraging or movement through territory, not breeding. No evidence was found during site ecological surveys for any mounds that would indicate breeding in the wind farm site or along existing roads. Modification, destruction, removal, isolation or decreasing the In the development site the habitat is not considered suitable availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is as it is agricultural land. Native vegetation on sides of roads is likely to decline is considered to have a significant impact on patchy and in poor condition when compared with the habitat the species (DEWHA 2013) available in the adjacent Conservation Volunteers reserve. As such, it is considered unlikely that the construction or operation of the Kiata Wind Farm would impact Malleefowl habitat such that the species is likely to decline. Result in invasive species that are harmful to a vulnerable An invasive species harmful to Malleefowl is highly unlikely to species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ become established as a result of the development of the wind habitat farm. Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline, The development of the wind farm is highly unlikely to result in the introduction of disease that is harmful to Malleefowl. Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species. The development of the wind farm will not interfere with the recovery of the Malleefowl population.

Based on the above evaluation, the proposed Kiata wind farm is considered unlikely to have a significant impact on the population of the Malleefowl.

Southern Bent-wing Bat The threatened Southern Bent-wing bat may have been recorded once during the bat utilisation surveys however, the call of the species can vary from region to region and it is possible the call is from a common species attributed to the Southern Bent-wing bat call complex i.e. Little Forest Bat or Chocolate Wattled Bat. In light of the lack of historical records and suitable roosting habitat, there is a low likelihood of it being Southern Bent-wing bat. The recorded call was sent to Lindy Lumsden from Arthur Rylah Institute, who examined the call and determined there was a 75% probability of the call being attributed to Southern Bent- wing bat. The two maternity caves for the Southern Bent-wing Bat are located at Warrnambool and Naracoorte. The National Recovery Plan for the Southern Bent-wing Bat Miniopterus schreibersii bassanii (Lumsden et al 2015) does not recently record the Southern Bent-wing Bat as occurring north-east of the Naracoorte caves. There are no historical records of the Southern Bent-wing bat within 50 km of the wind farm (VBA 2015); and the overlap in bat-call parameters that make positive identification difficult for some species, including the Southern Bent-wing Bat (Gration 2011). The proposed Kiata Wind Farm is over 100 kilometres from the Naracoorte Caves, so it is considered out of the species range. In light of the lack of current records and suitable roosting habitat, there is a low likelihood of it being Southern Bent-wing bat. In the unlikely event that the species is present in the wind farm, it is may be an occasional visitor in very small numbers, with habitat for the species within the wind farm considered to be low quality, given the lack of suitable caves for roosting and the degraded nature of water sources around which the species would preferentially feed. Potential impacts to Bent-wing Bat from the construction and operation of the wind farm are discussed below in relation to the Department of the Environment’s significant impact criteria (DSEWPaC 2013).

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Impact Threshold Evaluation of Activity (Endangered and Critically Endangered) Action leading to a long-term decrease in the size of a It is considered unlikely that a population of the Southern Bent- population is considered to have a significant impact on the wing Bat occurs at Kiata Wind Farm. For this reason it is species (DOE 2013a). The guidelines state that an ‘important unlikely that an important population occurs here. population’ is a population that is necessary for a species’ long- term survival and recovery. This may include populations The absence of historical records and extremely low number of identified as such in recovery plans, and/or that are: recordings at Kiata Wind Farm suggests that the numbers of . Key source populations either for breeding or dispersal the Southern Bent-wing Bat utilising the area is very low. Given . Populations that are necessary for maintaining genetic the low number of records, the individuals present are unlikely diversity, and/or to constitute an important population. In addition, given the . Populations that are near the limit of the species range. distance of Southern Bent-wing Bat to the maternity caves, over 100 kms, it is likely a vagrant individual. A reduction in the area of occupancy of the species is The development and operation of the wind farm will not considered to have a significant impact on the species (DOE reduce the area of occupancy of the species as it is unlikely to 2013a) occur consistently in the area. The fragmentation of an existing population into two or more Given the lack of any significant habitat for the species on the populations is considered to have a significant impact on the proposed wind farm site, evidenced from the low number of species (DOE 2013a) records (one possible record), the development and operation of the wind farm is highly unlikely to fragment the population on Kiata Wind Farm. Any adverse effects on habitat critical to the survival of a The Southern Bent-wing Bat is likely to be dependent for species is considered to have a significant impact on the survival on the two known maternity caves located at species (DOE 2013a) Warrnambool and Naracoorte, which are 220 and 105 kilometres from the proposed wind farm respectively. This, together with the lack of regular occurrence of the species on the project site mean that the development of the wind farm at Kiata will not impact on habitat critical to the survival of the Southern Bent-wing Bat. Disruption to the breeding cycle of a population is considered to The construction and operation of the wind farm would not have a significant impact on the species (DOE 2013a). disrupt the breeding cycle of the local population given the large distance between the wind farm site and the maternity caves of the Southern Bent-wing Bat.

Modification, destruction, removal, isolation or decreasing the The habitat for Southern Bent-wing Bat is not considered to be availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is optimal, considering the lack of caves for roosting and the likely to decline is considered to have a significant impact on degraded nature of available water sources around which the the species (DOE 2013a) bat would be more likely to forage. Therefore, the proposed wind farm will not result in impacts on habitat that will lead to a decline in the species. Result in invasive species that are harmful to a vulnerable An invasive species harmful to Southern Bent-wing Bat is highly species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ unlikely to become established as a result of the development habitat of the wind farm. Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline, The development of the wind farm is highly unlikely to result in the introduction of disease that is harmful to Southern Bent- wing Bat. Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species. The development of the wind farm will not interfere with the recovery of the Southern Bent-wing Bat population as it does not lie in the species’ core range and is not recorded as important in the National Recovery Plan for the Southern Bent- wing Bat.

Based on the information detailed above, it is considered highly unlikely that the construction and operation of Kiata Wind Farm will significantly impact the Southern Bent-wing Bat.

3.1 (e) Listed migratory species

Description In addition to the two listed migratory species included in Table 2 (Malleefowl and Red-tailed Black Cockatoo), the review of existing information indicated that an additional four migratory birds were predicted to occur in the search region. Their potential to occur in the study area is detailed in Table 3. Species that are likely to occur are highlighted in grey. One species (White-throated Needletail; Hirundapus caudacutus) was considered likely to occur in the project area.

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Table 3: EPBC Act listed migratory species and their potential to occur in the study area Notes: M = Listed migratory species; (JAMBA) = Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement; (CAMBA) = China-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement; (ROKAMBA) = Republic of Korea- Australia Migratory Bird Agreement; (Bonn) = Bonn Convention

Potential habitat and Number Date of last Common Name Scientific name EPBC Act Status Habitat occurrence of species in of records record study area M (JAMBA, CAMBA, Inhabits wide range of coastal or inland wetlands with varying No suitable habitat in the Common Tringa nebularia ROKAMBA, Bonn levels of salinity; mainly muddy margins or rocky shores of 1 12/12/1981 study area – unlikely to Greenshank Convention (A2H)) wetlands (Higgins and Davies 1996). occur Prefer freshwater inland wetlands, in particular, permanent or No suitable habitat in the Plegadis M (CAMBA, Bonn Glossy Ibis ephemeral water bodies and swamps with abundant vegetation 1 3/10/1999 study area – unlikely to falcinellus (A2S)) (Marchant and Higgins 1990). occur Occurs in wide variety of permanent and ephemeral wetlands; it M (JAMBA, CAMBA, No suitable habitat in the Gallinago prefers open freshwater wetlands with dense cover nearby, such Latham's Snipe ROKAMBA, Bonn 1 1/01/1974 study area – unlikely to hardwickii as the edges of rivers and creeks, bogs, swamps, waterholes A2H) occur (Naarding 1983; Higgins and Davies 1996). Aerial, over all habitats, but probably more over wooded areas, Suitable habitat present in White-throated Hirundapus M (JAMBA, CAMBA, including open forest and rainforest. Often over heathland and 3 1/01/1981 the study area – Potential Needletail caudacutus ROKAMBA) less often above treeless areas such as grassland and swamps or to occur on a fly-over basis farmland (Higgins 1999).

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Nature and extent of likely impact White-throated Needletail White-throated Needletails are highly nomadic when in Australia and move in flocks ahead of weather fronts, often over heavily forested areas. Although not observed during surveys, this species is likely to occur in the study area over wooded and open habitats, however the site would not form core habitat for the species as it prefers forested areas of the Great Dividing Range (Higgins 1999). The removal of the small area of habitat (less than 0.045 hectares) during construction is unlikely to have a measurable impact on population numbers, estimated to be at least 10,000 individuals (Higgins 1999). As an aerial forager, spending most of its time flying in search of aerial insect prey (Higgins 1999), it is known to be susceptible to collisions with turbines and other structures. However, given the highly mobile nature of its movements and small extent occupied by the proposed wind farm, any impacts on the species’ population are expected to be insignificant. The following table is an evaluation of the likelihood of the proposal having a significant impact on White- throated Needletail in accordance with the Department of the Environment’s significant impact guidelines (DOE 2013a). An area of ‘important habitat’ for a migratory species includes (DOE, 2013a): . habitat utilised by a migratory species occasionally or periodically within a region that supports an ecologically significant proportion of the population of the species; . habitat that is of critical importance to the species at particular life-cycle stages; and . habitat utilised by a migratory species which is at the limit of the species range, . habitat within an area where the species is declining.

Impact Threshold Evaluation of Activity (Migratory) Modification, destruction, or isolation of an area of The habitat is not considered to be optimal for the White-throated important habitat for the species is considered to have a Needletail, as it prefers forested areas of the Great Dividing Range significant impact on the species (DEWHA 2013) (Higgins 1999). As an aerial forager, it could be susceptible to collisions with turbines and other structures. However, given the highly mobile nature of its movements and small extent of country occupied by the proposed wind farm, the installation of 13 turbines is not considered to impact on important habitat for the species. Establishment of an invasive species that is harmful to a An invasive species harmful to White-throated Needletail is highly migratory species in an area of important habitat for the unlikely to become established as a result of the development of migratory species is considered to have a significant impact the wind farm. on the species (DEWHA 2013) Serious disruption of the lifecycle of an ecologically The development of the wind farm is highly unlikely to result in the significant proportion of the population of a migratory introduction of disease that is harmful to White-throated species is considered to have a significant impact on the Needletail. species (DEWHA 2013)

Based on the above evaluation, the proposed Kiata wind farm is considered unlikely to have a significant impact on the White-throated Needletail.

3.1 (f) Commonwealth marine area

Description This is not applicable. The proposed action will not take place in any marine area.

Nature and extent of likely impact Not applicable. The proposed action will not take place in any marine area.

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3.1 (g) Commonwealth land Description Not applicable. The proposed action will not take place on Commonwealth land.

Nature and extent of likely impact Not applicable. The proposed action will not take place on Commonwealth land.

3.1 (h) The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

Description Not applicable. The proposed action will not take place within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.

Nature and extent of likely impact Not applicable. The proposed action will not take place within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.

3.1 (i) A water resource, in relation to coal seam gas development and large coal mining development Description Not applicable. The proposed action will not take place within, or impact upon, a water resource.

Nature and extent of likely impact Not applicable. The proposed action will not take place within, or impact upon, a water resource.

3.2 Nuclear actions, actions taken by the Commonwealth (or Commonwealth agency), actions taken in a Commonwealth marine area, actions taken on Commonwealth land, or actions taken in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

3.2 (a) Is the proposed action a nuclear action? X No Yes (provide details below)

If yes, nature & extent of likely impact on the whole environment

3.2 (b) Is the proposed action to be taken by the X No Commonwealth or a Commonwealth Yes (provide details below) agency?

If yes, nature & extent of likely impact on the whole environment

3.2 (c) Is the proposed action to be taken in a X No Commonwealth marine area? Yes (provide details below) If yes, nature & extent of likely impact on the whole environment (in addition to 3.1(f))

3.2 (d) Is the proposed action to be taken on X No Commonwealth land? Yes (provide details below) If yes, nature & extent of likely impact on the whole environment (in addition to 3.1(g))

3.2 (e) Is the proposed action to be taken in the X No Great Barrier Reef Marine Park? Yes (provide details below) If yes, nature & extent of likely impact on the whole environment (in addition to 3.1(h))

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3.3 Other important features of the environment 3.3 (a) Flora and fauna Flora During the field assessments, 48 plant species were recorded. Of these, 40 (83%) were indigenous and eight (17%) were introduced or non-indigenous native in origin (See Attachment 2). In addition to the six EPBC Act listed flora species which were considered potentially to occur in the area affected by the project, (as discussed in section 3.1 (d)), one species (Buloke, Allocasuarina luehmannii), which is listed under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (FFG Act), was observed in roadside vegetation outside the impact area, and is also considered likely to occur in the construction access track area due to the presence of suitable habitat. Two species listed as rare under the DEPI advisory list (DEPI 2013c) were recorded within the construction access track assessment area during the field surveys. These are: . Thorny Bitter-pea (Daviesia pectinata); and . Wimmera Mallee-box (Eucalyptus wimmerensis). Note that many EPBC Act listed species are also listed under the FFG Act and on the DEPI advisory list. Fauna Four fauna habitat types occurred within the Wind Farm Assessment Area and Construction Access Track Assessment Area. These are: . Agricultural land; . Woodland; . Aquatic habitat; and . Mallee habitat. The review of existing information indicated that within the search region 40 rare or threatened fauna species (29 bird, two mammal, four reptile, two frog, one fish and two invertebrate species) listed under the EPBC Act, the state Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (FFG Act) and/or the DEPI advisory list (DEPI 2013d) may occur (excluding listed marine species). In addition to the two EPBC listed fauna species considered to potentially occur within the infrastructure zone (as discussed in section 3.1 (d)), four species listed under both the FFG Act and on the DEPI advisory list (DEPI 2013d) and a further thirteen fauna species listed on the DEPI advisory list (DEPI 2013d) were considered to potentially occur within the study area. Listed fauna species recorded, or predicted to occur in the wind farm and associated infrastructure area are presented in Table 4. Species that have the potential to occur or are likely to occur are highlighted in grey. Please note that nomenclature follows that used by the Victorian Biodiversity Atlas (2014).

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Table 4: Listed fauna species and potential to occur in the study area

Conservation status Potential to occur in Number Date of last Potential to occur in Wind Common Name Scientific name Habitat Construction Access Track EPBC FFG DEPI of records record Farm Assessment Area Assessment Area Birds Terrestrial wetlands, including a range of wetland types but prefers permanent water Aquatic habitat in the study No suitable habitat in the study Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus EN L EN bodies with tall dense vegetation, particularly those dominated by sedges, rush, reeds 3 1/08/1991 area is highly modified - unlikely area – unlikely to occur or cutting grass (Marchant and Higgins 1990). to occur Large and deep permanent bodies of water and aquatic flora abundant. Also occurs on billabongs, watercourses and flood waters on alluvial plains, freshwater meadows, Australasian Shoveler Anas rhynchotis VU 1 18/09/1981 No suitable habitat in the study area – unlikely to occur shallow swamps, reed swamps, wooded lakes, sewage farms and farm dams (Marchant and Higgins 1990). Woodlands, open country and terrestrial wetlands; in arid and semi-arid zones; mainly Black Falcon Falco subniger VU over open plains and undulating land with large tracts of low vegetation (Marchant 2 3/04/1993 Suitable habitat - potential to occur and Higgins 1993). Open woodlands and open shrublands; often those dominated by eucalypts; also often Black-eared Cuckoo Chrysococcyx osculans NT 8 22/08/1999 Suitable habitat - potential to occur in saltbush or bluebush shrublands (Higgins 1999). Terrestrial wetlands and prefers deep permanent, well vegetated water bodies Blue-billed Duck Oxyura australis L EN 1 10/12/1973 No suitable habitat in the study area – unlikely to occur (Marchant and Higgins 1990). Wetlands that include permanent open water and deep freshwater marsh (Marchant Brolga Grus rubicunda L VU 3 24/07/1988 No suitable habitat in the study area – unlikely to occur and Higgins 1993). Suitable habitat exists Brown Treecreeper Climacteris picumnus Woodlands dominated by eucalyptus, especially Stringybarks or other rough-barked Recorded in woodland habitat NT 57 29/09/2007 (scattered trees) – likely to (south-eastern ssp.) victoriae eucalypts usually with open grassy understorey (Higgins et al. 2001) along roadside. occur Habitat suboptimal (too dense Open woodlands with Grey Box, Yellow Box and/or River Red Gum, with a grassy No suitable habitat in the study or lacking in fallen timber); few Bush Stone-curlew Burhinus grallarius L EN 9 6/10/1997 understorey (Robinson and Johnson 1997). area – unlikely to occur recent records – unlikely to occur. Inhabit low shrubby undergrowth in mallee woodlands; also acacia shrublands, dry No suitable habitat in the study Suitable habitat exists. Chestnut Quail-thrush Cinclosoma castanotus NT sclerophyll woodlands and heathlands in arid and semiarid zones (Higgins and Peter 3 1/12/1980 area – unlikely to occur Potential to occur. 2002). M (JAMBA, CAMBA, Inhabits wide range of coastal or inland wetlands with varying levels of salinity; mainly Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia Bonn VU 1 12/12/1981 No suitable habitat in the study area – unlikely to occur muddy margins or rocky shores of wetlands (Higgins and Davies 1996). Convention (A2H)) Commonly found in box-ironbark forests and woodlands and also occurs along Diamond Firetail Stagonopleura guttata L NT 30 29/09/2007 Suitable habitat - likely to occur watercourses and in farmland areas (Emison et al. 1987; Tzaros 2005). Dromaius Widespread and found in a variety of habitats from timbered areas to open country Emu NT 38 28/09/2007 Suitable habitat - likely to occur novaehollandiae (Marchant and Higgins 1990). Terrestrial wetlands; prefer fresh, densely vegetated waters, particularly floodwater Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa L EN swamps and creeks vegetated with lignum or cane grass (Marchant and Higgins 1 10/12/1973 No suitable habitat in the study area – unlikely to occur 1990). M (CAMBA, Prefer freshwater inland wetlands, in particular, permanent or ephemeral water bodies Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus NT 1 3/10/1999 No suitable habitat in the study area – unlikely to occur Bonn (A2S)) and swamps with abundant vegetation (Marchant and Higgins 1990). Inhabits large, deep waters where vegetation is abundant; particularly deep swamps and lakes, pools and creeks. Also occur on freshwater meadows, seasonal swamps Hardhead Aythya australis VU 2 14/07/1979 No suitable habitat in the study area – unlikely to occur with abundant aquatic flora, reed swamps, wooded lakes and swamps, rice fields, and sewage ponds (Marchant and Higgins 1990). Occur mostly in open Grey Box, White Box, Yellow Box, Yellow Gum and Ironbark Melanodryas cucullata woodlands with pockets of saplings or taller shrubs, an open shrubby understorey, Hooded Robin cucullata L NT 32 1/09/2000 Suitable habitat - potential to occur sparse grasses and patches of bare ground and leaf-litter, with scattered fallen timber

(Higgins and Peter 2002; Tzaros 2005). M (JAMBA, Occurs in wide variety of permanent and ephemeral wetlands; it prefers open CAMBA, Latham's Snipe Gallinago hardwickii N NT freshwater wetlands with dense cover nearby, such as the edges of rivers and creeks, 1 1/01/1974 No suitable habitat in the study area – unlikely to occur ROKAMBA, bogs, swamps, waterholes (Naarding 1983; Higgins and Davies 1996). Bonn A2H) Inhabits woodlands, acacia scrub, spinifex and tussock grasslands. It takes readily to Little Button-quail Turnix velox NT 2 10/11/1980 Suitable habitat - likely to occur cereal crops (Marchant and Higgins 1993). Suitable habitat adjacent to the remnant mallee reserve Mainly in semi-arid zones (200–450mm rainfall), but in higher rainfall area of heath VU, M Suitable habitat - potential to (Conservation Volunteers) - Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata L EN and mallee-heath; rarely arid zones. Associated with mallee, particularly floristically 27 31/10/2003 (JAMBA) occur potential to occur briefly to rich tall dense mallee of higher rainfall areas (Marchant and Higgins 1993). forage on roadsides but unlikely to be resident. It inhabits terrestrial wetlands, estuarine habitats and sheltered inland waters. Almost Musk Duck Biziura lobata VU entirely aquatic; preferring deep water of large swamps, lakes and estuaries, where 2 6/10/1997 No suitable habitat in the study area – unlikely to occur conditions are stable and aquatic flora abundant (Marchant and Higgins 1990). This species inhabits native grasslands with sparse cover, preferring grasslands that No suitable habitat in the study area – unlikely to occur Plains-wanderer Pedionomus torquatus VU L CE 1 14/08/1990 include Wallaby Grass and Stipa species (Marchant and Higgins 1993).

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Conservation status Potential to occur in Number Date of last Potential to occur in Wind Common Name Scientific name Habitat Construction Access Track EPBC FFG DEPI of records record Farm Assessment Area Assessment Area Purple-gaped Inhabits mallee heathlands, but also mallee woodlands and scrubland growing on No suitable habitat within wind Recorded in suitable mallee Lichenostomus cratitius VU 10 20/04/1987 Honeyeater coastal areas (Higgins et al. 2001). farm – unlikely to occur habitat along roadsides Suitable foraging habitat and no Prefer eucalypt forests and woodlands but often in adjacent acacia or Casuarina suitable nesting habitat. The Red-tailed Black EN, M woodlands. In Vic., subspecies graptogyne inhabits mostly in or at edge of patches of No suitable habitat – unlikely to Calyptorhynchus banksi L EN 2 28/08/2000 species is rarely seen north of Cockatoo (JAMBA) Brown Stringybark woodlands in pasture or in remnant copses of River Red Gum occur Little Desert NP - unlikely to (Higgins 1999). occur regularly Terrestrial wetlands, sheltered marine habitats and wet grasslands. Foraging limited Royal Spoonbill Platalea regia NT to shallow waters; often among aquatic or emergent vegetation or submerged logs 3 24/08/1979 No suitable habitat in the study area – unlikely to occur that shelter prey and favour coastal habitats (Marchant and Higgins 1990). Inhabits low shrublands, densely or sparsely vegetated saltbush, bluebush and Rufous Fieldwren Calamanthus campestris NT samphire shrublands, and often chenopod shrublands, dominated by saltbush or 2 19/10/1999 No suitable habitat in the study area – unlikely to occur bluebush (Higgins and Peter 2002). It prefers open woodlands that do not obstruct low flight, and natural and exotic Spotted Harrier Circus assimilis NT 5 31/10/2004 Suitable habitat - potential to occur grasslands in arid and semi arid areas (Higgins and Davies 1996). Suitable habitat present along roadsides although the wind Prefers a narrow range of eucalypts in Victoria, including White Box, Red Ironbark and Little or no suitable habitat and farm is at the edge of the Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor EN L EN Yellow Gum as well as River Red Gum when this species supports abundant ‘lerp’ None None site is at the edge of species’ species range and there are no (Emison et al. 1987; Higgins 1999; Kennedy and Tzaros 2005). range. Unlikely to occur. records in the search region – Unlikely to occur regularly Absence of historical records Although suitable habitat exists, and suitable habitat, therefore there is a absence of historical Western Whipbird Psophodes nigrogularis VU L CE The species inhabits mallee woodlands and shrublands (Higgins and Peter 2002). None None unlikely to occur. records – unlikely to occur regularly. M (JAMBA, Aerial, over all habitats, but probably more over wooded areas, including open forest White-throated Suitable habitat present in the study area – Potential to occur on a Hirundapus caudacutus CAMBA, VU and rainforest. Often over heathland and less often above treeless areas such as 3 1/01/1981 Needletail fly-over basis ROKAMBA) grassland and swamps or farmland (Higgins 1999). Mammals Sminthopsis Native grasslands associated with rocky areas, rough pastures and the edges of Fat-tailed Dunnart NT 2 6/04/1979 No suitable habitat in the study area – unlikely to occur crassicaudata stubble paddocks (Menkhorst 1995). Suitable habitat along Pseudomys Murray Mallee, dry heath, Brown Stringybark scrub and Yellow Mallee scrub No suitable habitat in the roadsides adjacent to remnant Silky Mouse NT 3 7/11/1978 apodemoides (Menkhorst 1995). study area – unlikely to occur blocks of vegetation – potential to occur. Reptiles Suitable habitat exists and Semi-arboreal species and is usually found on fallen timber, stumps, branches and Bearded Dragon Pogona barbata VU 7 7/11/1978 Recorded in the wind farm recorded nearby – likely to fence posts (Cogger 2000). The species will forage on foliage and flowers. occur Well timbered areas from dry woodland to wet southern forests and rainforest (Wilson Lace Goanna Varanus varius EN 5 8/11/2005 Suitable habitat - potential to occur and Swan 2003). Tussock grasslands on the volcanic plains, often associated with scattered rocks and Absence of historical records and suitable habitat, therefore Striped Legless Lizard Delma impar VU L EN None None cracked soils (Cogger 2000). unlikely to occur. Western Blue-tongued Dry to open sandy areas, supporting shrublands, heaths and mallee woodlands with Tiliqua occipitalis NT 5 16/01/2011 Suitable habitat - potential to occur Lizard spinifex (Wilson and Swan 2003). Frogs Wet and dry forest, grassy areas besides small creeks, alpine grasslands and mossy Brown Toadlet Pseudophryne bibronii L EN 8 8/11/1978 No suitable habitat in the study area – unlikely to occur bogs (Cogger 2000). Permanent, still or slow flowing water with fringing and emergent vegetation in Absence of historical records and suitable habitat, therefore Growling Grass Frog Litoria raniformis VU L EN streams, swamps, lagoons and artificial wetlands such as farm dams and abandoned None None unlikely to occur. quarries (Clemann and Gillespie 2004). Fish Maccullochella peelii Slow flowing turbid water of rivers and streams of low elevation; also fast flowing clear Absence of historical records and suitable habitat, therefore Murray Cod VU L VU None None peelii upland streams (Allen et al. 2002). unlikely to occur. Invertebrates No suitable habitat in the Small area of habitat may be In the Kiata area, this butterfly occurs in sparse dry woodland of Buloke and Slender study area – unlikely to occur suitable. Potential to occur. Paralucia pyrodiscus Cypress-Pine overstorey; Sweet Bursaria, Grey Mulga, Golden Wattle, Desert Hakea, Eltham Copper Butterfly L EN 29 5/12/2005 however DEPI mapping DEPI mapping indicates the lucida Flame Heath and Mat-rushes. Salisbury population occurs in Yellow Gum-Black Box indicates the specific offset specific offset threshold has dominated woodland with similar understorey species (Webster 2003). threshold has been met. been met.

001 Referral of proposed action September 2015 Page 26 EPBC Act Referral – Kiata Wind Farm Report 13079 (5.0 )

Conservation status Potential to occur in Number Date of last Potential to occur in Wind Common Name Scientific name Habitat Construction Access Track EPBC FFG DEPI of records record Farm Assessment Area Assessment Area Suitable habitat in areas of remnant vegetation that support a native grassland Areas that are, or have been native grasslands or grassy woodlands. It is known to understory (shown on Figure No Suitable habitat in the Golden Sun Moth Synemon plana CE L CE inhabit degraded grasslands with introduced grasses being dominant, with a 20 13/11/1992 4) that are outside of the construction assessment area – preference for the native wallaby grass being present (DEWHA 2009). impact area. Suitable habitat Unlikely to occur. does not exist in the wind farm assessment area – Unlikely to occur.

001 Referral of proposed action September 2015 Page 27 EPBC Act Referral – Kiata Wind Farm Report 13079 (5.0 )

3.3 (b) Hydrology, including water flows The most prominent landscape features in the study area were a series of gentle low ridges dissected by shallow ephemeral drainage lines. The majority of the proposed wind farm infrastructure (particularly turbines and access roads) will be sited on these ridges. Numerous farm dams occur throughout the region. The review of existing information and observations during the site inspection suggest that no significant wetlands exist in the study area. 3.3 (c) Soil and Vegetation characteristics Soil Soils were of aeolian origin and comprised sandy loams of varying texture (largely dictated by the clay fraction). Vegetation The vast majority of the study area comprised cropped freehold land in various stages of crop rotation. Fallow crops were subject to sheep grazing at the time of the field assessment. Remnant native vegetation that was recorded in the study area comprised mostly narrow linear patches of highly degraded Sandstone Ridge Shrubland (EVC 93) within private land and linear strips of relatively high quality Sandstone Ridge Shrubland (EVC 93) along public road reserves. Narrow linear patches of Lower Rainfall Shallow Sands Woodland (EVC 882_62) were recorded along sections of the construction access track, and a large patch of the same vegetation type was recorded near the centre of the private land outside the Wind Farm Assessment Area. Numerous scattered mallee trees were also observed throughout the entire study area.

3.3 (d) Outstanding natural features Large areas of native vegetation adjoin the study area, including the Conservation Volunteers reserve to the south-west and Little Desert National Park (c. 132 000 hectares) in the south-east. These large remnant woodland blocks flank the south-east and south-west wind farm boundaries. The site itself does not support any outstanding natural features.

3.3 (e) Remnant native vegetation Evidence on site assessment and the current DEPI mapping, including floristic composition and soil characteristics, suggested that the following EVCs were present within the assessment areas: . Lower Rainfall Shallow Sands Woodland (EVC 882_62); . Sandstone Ridge Shrubland (EVC 93); and . Lignum Swampy Woodland (EVC 823).

3.3 (f) Gradient (or depth range if action is to be taken in a marine area) The topography of the majority of the study area was a series of gentle low ridges dissected by shallow ephemeral drainage lines.

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3.3 (g) Current state of the environment The area proposed for construction works supported introduced vegetation with several small patches of remnant native vegetation. Large areas of the site are currently utilised for cropping. Fallow crops were subject to sheep grazing at the time of the field assessment. Where vegetation does remain, it is primarily narrow linear patches of highly degraded Sandstone Ridge Shrubland within private land and linear strips of relatively high quality Sandstone Ridge Shrubland restricted to public road reserves.

3.3 (h) Commonwealth Heritage Places or other places recognised as having heritage values None within the study area.

3.3 (i) Indigenous heritage values Although not required for the project a voluntary Cultural Heritage Management Plan is being prepared for Kiata.

3.3 (j) Other important or unique values of the environment The study area adjoins a Conservation Volunteers reserve in the south-west and Little Desert National Park (c. 132,000 hectares) in the south-east. These large remnant woodland blocks flank the wind farm boundary.

3.3 (k) Tenure of the action area (eg freehold, leasehold) The proposed development site is privately owned land. Site access, which will involve some works, will be via public land (being principally road reserves).

3.3 (l) Existing land/marine uses of area The land is currently used for agricultural purposes. With the exception of road reserves, the entire study area is zoned Farming Zone (FZ). Road reserves are zoned Road Zone (RZ) (see Attachment 2).

3.3 (m) Any proposed land/marine uses of area The land use of the site will remain as it is currently, as described in 3.3 (l).

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4 Measures to avoid or reduce impacts Kiata Wind Farm Pty Ltd has adopted the specific design measures to minimise impacts on the environment outlined below. An initial overview constraints investigation of native vegetation in roadsides along Janetskis and Coker Dam Road and along Salisbury South Road was undertaken to investigate the most appropriate access track route to minimise impacts on flora and fauna values (see Attachment 2). The assessment found that the east-west route utilising Janetskis Road and Coker Dam Road would result in lower impacts to flora and fauna compared with the north-south route along Salisbury South Road. The east-west route is more appropriate for the reasons below. . Higher quality native vegetation and a greater number of listed ecological values were recorded along the north-south route compared with the east-west route. . The east-west route currently supports a wider and better-formed road compared with the north-south route. Much of the road formation is greater than 7 metres wide and in some places up to 9.5 metres wide. The width of the vehicles to deliver the turbines and blades is estimated to be 6.0 metres. Thus, no vegetation removal for road upgrades will be required along the preferred route and consequently the impact on flora species and native vegetation will be minimised. For these reasons, the east-west route was chosen for the construction access track. . In the areas where Hairy-pod Wattles were recorded along Janetskis Road the road is wide enough for construction vehicles to utilise the existing road and no upgrade or widening works are required here. This will avoid disturbance to all Hairy-pod Wattle plants.

Additional mitigation measures to be implemented are described below. Construction phase . A Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) will be developed for submission to and approval of the responsible agency. This plan will include measures to ensure that no disturbance occurs to areas supporting the Hairy-pod Wattle on the access roads. . Appropriate best-practice construction measures will be implemented, as outlined in the Construction Environmental Management Plan. . All environmental controls will be checked for compliance on a regular basis. . Where possible, it is recommended that disturbance to roadside vegetation is minimised to maintain important habitat linkages in the wider region. . Environmentally sensitive areas including retained native vegetation and the Hairy-pod Wattles will be securely, temporarily fenced and appropriately signed to ensure unauthorised access and inadvertent damage to habitat and flora. Post-construction phase . A Bat and Avifauna Management Plan will be developed to the satisfaction of the Responsible Authority for detecting and mitigating bird and bat impacts within an adaptive management framework;

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. An Operational Environmental Management Plan (OEMP) will be developed to the satisfaction of the Responsible Authority; and . The implementation of these plans will ensure minimisation of potential impacts on sensitive biodiversity.

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5 Conclusion on the likelihood of significant impacts

5.1 Do you THINK your proposed action is a controlled action?

X No, complete section 5.2

Yes, complete section 5.3

5.2 Proposed action IS NOT a controlled action. The Kiata Wind Farm is a small scale, 13 turbine, wind farm development, to be constructed primarily on cleared agricultural land with little indigenous biodiversity, near Kiata, Victoria. The wind turbines and internal roads will be constructed on agricultural land with no native vegetation removal. Small areas of native vegetation removal will be required along existing roads where access tracks onto the development site are required in three locations. At these locations, no matters of national environmental significance will be significantly impacted. The existing access roads are wide enough to ensure that construction vehicles are able to access the site without impacting on native vegetation or any matter of national environmental significance. The proposed action is not likely to have a significant impact upon Hairy-pod Wattle, Southern Bent-wing Bat, Malleefowl or White-throated Needletail, or other Matters of National Environmental Significance. No other listed EPBC matters of national environmental significance are likely to occur in the area of the proposed action.

5.3 Proposed action IS a controlled action

Matters likely to be impacted World Heritage values (sections 12 and 15A) National Heritage places (sections 15B and 15C) Wetlands of international importance (sections 16 and 17B) Listed threatened species and communities (sections 18 and 18A) Listed migratory species (sections 20 and 20A) Protection of the environment from nuclear actions (sections 21 and 22A) Commonwealth marine environment (sections 23 and 24A) Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (sections 24B and 24C) A water resource, in relation to coal seam gas development and large coal mining development (sections 24D and 24E) Protection of the environment from actions involving Commonwealth land (sections 26 and 27A) Protection of the environment from Commonwealth actions (section 28) Commonwealth Heritage places overseas (sections 27B and 27C)

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6 Environmental record of the responsible party

Yes No

6.1 Does the party taking the action have a satisfactory record of responsible environmental X management? Through Windlab, KWF Pty Ltd has experience in the formulation of environmental mitigation and management strategies for wind farm developments, as described below. . Environmental Management Plan endorsed by Buloke Shire Council and Construction Environmental Management Plan endorsed by the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) for Windlab’s Coonooer Bridge Wind Farm, . Bird and Bat Management Plan endorsed by DELWP for the Coonooer Bridge Wind Farm, . Wildlife Management Plan endorsed by DELWP for the Coonooer Bridge Wind Farm. . Windlab generally focuses on the development of small-medium scale wind facilities that have limited impact on the environment.

6.2 Has either (a) the party proposing to take the action, or (b) if a permit has been applied for X in relation to the action, the person making the application - ever been subject to any proceedings under a Commonwealth, State or Territory law for the protection of the environment or the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources?

If yes, provide details

6.3 If the party taking the action is a corporation, will the action be taken in accordance with X the corporation’s environmental policy and planning framework?

If yes, provide details of environmental policy and planning framework Windlab does not have a set environmental policy and planning framework however in conducting their core business they work towards positive environmental outcomes consistent with applicable regulatory requirements. As a result project success is tied with success in environmental outcomes.

6.4 Has the party taking the action previously referred an action under the EPBC Act, or been X responsible for undertaking an action referred under the EPBC Act?

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Provide name of proposal and EPBC reference number (if known) Coonooer Bridge Wind Farm, EPBC 2013/6735

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7 Information sources and attachments

7.1 References Brett Lane and Associates Pty Ltd (BL&A) 2014, Kiata Wind Farm: Flora and Fauna Assessment, Report No. 13079 (4.1), Report prepared for Windlab Pty Ltd by Brett Lane and Associates Pty Ltd, Hawthorn East, Victoria. Benshemesh, J 2007, National Recovery Plan for Malleefowl, Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia. Department of Environment and Primary Industries 2013a, Flora and Fauna Guarantee Threatened List 2013, Department of Environment and Primary Industries, East Melbourne, Victoria, viewed 21st July 2013, . Department of Environment and Primary Industries 2013c, Advisory List of Rare or Threatened Plants in Victoria. Department of Environment and Primary Industries, East Melbourne, Victoria. Department of Environment and Primary Industries 2013d, Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria. Department of Environment and Primary Industries (then DSE), East Melbourne, Victoria. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA) 2013, Matters of National Environmental Significance – Significant Impact Guidelines 1.1, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (now Department of the Environment), Canberra. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Populations and Community (DSEWPAC) 2013, EPBC Act Protected Matters Search Tool. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Populations and Community (now Department of the Environment), Canberra, report generated 2nd August 2013. Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) 2013, Victorian Biodiversity Atlas (VBA), Department of Sustainability and Environment (now Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning), East Melbourne, Victoria, viewed 15th August 2013. Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) 2015, Victorian Biodiversity Atlas (VBA) version 3.0.8, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, East Melbourne, Victoria, viewed 13th August 2015. Gration, R 2011, “Can radar technology overcome the current limitations of surveying for the Southern Bent-wing Bat Miniopterus schreibersii bassanii at wind farms?” In The Biology and Conservation of Australasian Bats, eds. Law, B; Eby, P; Lunney, D; Lumsden, L, Royal Zoological Society of NSW, Mosman, NSW, pp. 185–194. Higgins, PJ (ed) 1999, Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds, Volume 4: Parrots to Dollarbird, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Lumsden, L. F. and Jemison, M. L. 2015. National Recovery Plan for the Southern Bent-wing Bat Miniopterus schreibersii bassanii. Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

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Department of Environment and Primary Industries (DEPI) 2013, Victorian Biodiversity Atlas (VBA), Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (then Department of Environment and Primary Industries), East Melbourne, Victoria, viewed 15th August 2013, Viridans Biological Databases 2013, Victorian Flora Information System, Viridans Pty. Ltd., Bentleigh East, Victoria.

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7.2 Reliability and date of information The information in Section 3 was taken from: . Flora records within a search area comprising the proposed wind farm study area polygon plus a 10 kilometre buffer, which are held in the Victorian Biodiversity Atlas (DEPI 2013); . Terrestrial fauna records within a search region comprising the proposed wind farm development site plus a 10 kilometre buffer, which are held in the Victorian Biodiversity Atlas (VBA) (DEPI 2013; DELWP 2015); . Flora and fauna species and ecological communities listed under the EPBC Act, using the EPBC Protected Matters Search Tool (DSEWPC 2013) for species listed as potentially occurring, or potential habitat occurring, within a search region comprising the proposed wind farm study area polygon plus a 10 kilometre buffer; . Ecological Vegetation Class (EVC) mapping/modelling (both extant and pre-1750) (DEPI 2013b); and . Consultant flora and fauna reports prepared by BL&A (2014) at Attachment 2.

7.3 Attachments

 attached Title of attachment(s) You must attach figures, maps or aerial photographs showing Attachment 1a — Map the project locality (section 1) showing location of  proposed action

 GIS file delineating the boundary of the Attachment 1b – GIS referral area (section 1) File of location

figures, maps or aerial photographs showing Attachment 2 — BL&A (2015) Flora and the location of the project in respect to any  matters of national environmental Fauna Assessment — significance or important features of the Report 13079 (4.2) environments (section 3)

If relevant, attach copies of any state or local government n/a approvals and consent conditions (section 2.5)

copies of any completed assessments to meet state or local government approvals and outcomes of public consultations, if available (section 2.6)

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copies of any flora and fauna investigations Attachment 2 — BL&A (2015) Flora and and surveys (section 3)  Fauna Assessment — Report 13079 (4.2)

technical reports relevant to the assessment Attachment 2 — BL&A (2015) Flora and of impacts on protected matters that support  the arguments and conclusions in the referral Fauna Assessment — (section 3 and 4) Report 13079 (4.2)

report(s) on any public consultations  Attachment 3 – undertaken, including with Indigenous Windlab (2013) Kiata stakeholders (section 3) Wind Farm Community Engagement Plan Attachment 4 – ACHM Voluntary Standard Assessment

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8 Contacts, signatures and declarations

Project title: Kiata Wind Farm

8.1 Person proposing to take action

Name Matthew Parton

Title Project Manager

Organisation Kiata Wind Farm Pty Ltd)

ACN / ABN (if applicable) 607460873

Postal address Level 3 55 Blackall Street Barton Act 2600

Telephone (02) 6175 4611

Email [email protected]

Declaration I declare that to the best of my knowledge the information I have given on, or attached to this form is complete, current and correct. I understand that giving false or misleading information is a serious offence.

Signature Date 7/10/2015

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EPBC Act Referral – Kiata Wind Farm Report 13079 (5.0 )

8.2 Person preparing the referral information (if different from 8.1)

Name Bernard O’Callaghan

Title Senior Ecologist & Project Manager

Organisation Brett Lane & Associates Pty Ltd

ACN / ABN (if applicable) ABN 12 095 541 334

Postal address PO Box 337 Camberwell VIC 3124

Telephone 03 9815 2111

Email [email protected]

Declaration I declare that to the best of my knowledge the information I have give or attached to this form is complete, current and correct. I understand that giving false or misleading information is a serious offence. Date 7 /10 / 2015 Signature

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