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Archaeology of the Marquesas Islands

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~'~', . ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE . ... MARQUESAS ISLANDS BY RALPH LINTON BERNICE P. BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETIN 23 BAYARD DOMINICK EXPEDITION P UBLICATIO N N U MB(R 10 HONOLULU, H AWAII P UBL1SH (D BY TH( M US(UM 192 5 RALPH LINTON SERVED AS ETHNOLOGIST WITH THE MARQUESAS PARTy OF THE BAYARD DOMINICK EXPEDI­ TION, 1920-1921, DEVOTING HIS ATTENTION TO MA­ TERIAL CULTURE AND ARCHAEOLOGY. A PAPER BY MR. LINTON ON THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE MARQUE­ SAS WAS PUBLISHED BY THE BISHOP MUSEUM IN 1923. CONTENTS PAct Introduct ion 3 Stone construction 5 Walls 5 Terraces and platforms 6 Kinds and sources of material 7 Methods of construction 10 Passages , vaults, chambers, and pits.............................................................................. 13 Steps and stairways ,.................................... 14 Structural forms not represented 14 Comparison __ IS Fortifications 20 Comparison 15 Ceremonial structures 24 Tohua 24 Tohua on Fatuhiva :.............................................. 25 Tohua on Hivaoa and Tahuata 26 Tohua on Nukuhiva 27 Tohua on Uahuka 29 Tohua on Uapou 30 Comparison 30 Me'ae 31 Mortuary me'ae 32 Me'ae on Nukuhiva 34 Me'ae on Uapou 36 Me'ae on Uahuka 37 Me'ae on Hivaoa 37 Me'ae on Tahuata and Fatuhiva 39 Summary 40 Tokai : :............................................................................................. 40 Places of circumcision 41 Sacred places of fishermen 41 Comparison 41 Mortuary structures 54 Mortuary practices 54 Comparison 62 Sculpture 70 Images 70 . Wooden images 70 Stone images 74 Stone caps 79 Architectural figures 79 Detached heads ....c............................... .................................................................................. 81 Altar stone and relief carvings 83 Significance and use of sculptur es 85 Comparison 88 Petroglyph s 96 Comparison 99 Miscellaneous structures ,......................... 101 Agricultural terr aces 101 Ma pits 102 Ovens for cooking ti root 103 Archaeological survey 105 Foreword 105 Eiao __ 106 ~~~~~i·· : ::: : : ::: ::: :: :: : :: :: :::: :::: : :: :: :: :: : ::::: : : : : :: :: ::: ::: : :: ::: : : ::: :: ::: ::: : : :: : : :::: :::: :: : :: :: : :: ::: : : :: : : : : :: ::: : : ::: :: :::: : : ::~~~ Nukuhiva __ loS Uahuka 119 Uapou 129 ~~:~~::---::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~~ Tahuata . .. .._ .. .._ ------------..------ ---.---.. 178 Fatuhiva ..> • .. .. 181 Bibliography _ m __ ••• __ •••••••••••••• __ .. .. m 186 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Plate I. II. ~:ll: ~~~ ~~~~r~···:::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~~ III. Pedestal, seats, coffin, and burial place. _.__ .. m _ .. 187 IV. V. VI. ~~~~~i~!iF~~;:;~:~~~i~;~;~~~:::·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::: ::::: ::: ::: :: :::::: :: : :::: :::::: ::::::: ~i VII. Stone figures 187 VIII. Stone figures .. m m _.· ••••• ••• 187 IX. Stone architectural figures 187 X. XI. ~~~~: hr:a~:e~~.~~~....~~.~~~ ...::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~~~ XII. XIII . XIV. !r~~g7=~:;:~';;::;;;_::;:;;;~-:;;:::;: XV. li· PAGE FIGURE1. Drawings of petroglyphs at Hapatoni, Tahuata mm • _ m. • 97 2. Map of Nukuhiva ... ..... .... .... .. .. ...- 105 3. Plan of tohua of Ponaouoho, Nukuhiva __ __. 109 4· Plan of me'ae of Potekava, Nukuhiva __ .. .. III 5. Plan of me'ae of Mahaiata, Nukuhiva . .. II2 6. Plan of tohua of Nanauhi, Nukuhiva _..__ . .. .. II8 7. Map of Uahuka .. .. ..m •• • _ m .. m . 120 8. Plan of sacred place of fishermen, Hanei Valley, Uahuka m 121 9. Plan of me'ae, Hanei Valley, Uahuka m.m .. m .. m m m __ .. 122 10. Plan of tohua of Vaitukuhai, Uahuka .. .. ..__ _ 125 II. Plan of tokai of Anit ahaana, Hane Valley , Uahuka __ 126 12. Map of Uapou m .. • m .mmm .. .. m __ 130 13. Plan of me'ae of Tapaipu oho, Hakah etau , Uapou 131 14. Sketches of bas-relief and incised carvings at the me'ae, paepae of Manui, Hakamoui , Uapou 133 IS. Sketches of bas-relief on ke'etu at the paepae of Puheputoka, Moui Valley, Uapou m __ .. m.m .m ••• 134 16. Sketch of back of a tiki house post at the paepae of Puheputoka, Hakamoui Valley, Uapou ..m .. __ .. •• 135 17. Map of Hivaoa --- --- ------ ------.------ ---..-- . __. .. 137 18. Plan of community center, Taaoa Valley, Hivaoa .... .. 139 19. Plan of me'ae of Tetoaautani, Atuona Valley, Hivaoa . ..m 144 20. Plan of rne'ae of Muutea, Atuona Valley, Hivaoa . 146 21. Plan of ceremonial structure, Tahauku Valley, Hivaoa . .. ISO 22. Plan of combined tohua and me'ae, Punaei Valley, Hivaoa __.. ISS 23. Plan of me'ae of Oipona, Pu amau Valley, Hiva oa .. .. 160 24. Plan of me'ae of Pouani Valley, Puamau, Hivaoa .. _._ .. .. 164 25. Plan of Meaefaua, Paumau Valley, Hivaoa . 166 26. Plan of me'ae in Eiaone Valley, Hivaoa .. .. .. .. _. .. 16<} 27. Map ' of Tahuata -....................................................................... 179 28. Map of Fatuhiva .. .. .. .... ...... ....m .. • __ ..... • 182 29. Plan of tohua connected with me'ae of Pou au, Omoa Valley , Fatuhiva 183 30. Plan of me'ae of Vevau, Omoa Valley, Fatuhiva m. 184 Archaeology of the Marquesas Islands By R ALPH LI NTON INTRODUCTION The Marquesas Islands offer few opportunities for archaeological re­ search; both the geographic conditions and the character of the native culture are .unfavorable. The islands are very mountainous and there are no coastal plains. The populati on is concentrated in narrow , steep-sided valleys whose bottoms are scoured by periodic floods. Th ere are very few caves, most of the so-called burial caves being nothing more than recesses, sheltered from the rain by narrow overhanging ledges which are too shallow to afford much protection to their contents. Thus no oppor­ tunity was afforded for the gradual accumulation of stratified deposits and so far as known no kitchen middens or shell heaps exist in the islands. The natives used wood and vegetable fiber for fully ninety per cent of their artifacts, and were ignorant of the use of pottery . Their manufac­ tured stone implements were comparatively simple and so highly prized that they were rarely discarded except when broken . The climate is un­ favorable for the preservation of perishable materials, dry periods alter­ nating with moist warm periods favorable for fungoid growths. In the burial caves, the offerings placed with the dead are much less numerous than in Hawaii . Most of them have been broken, probably with the idea of releasing the contents for the use' of the departed spirit. Since preliminary survey showed that little material or information was to be gained from excavation , my time was devoted to a study of the ancient structures and the rather numerous images and petroglyphs. All these remains, with the possible exception of one group of petroglyphs, are unquestionably the work of the ancestors of the present natives. Even the largest and most massive of the ancient terraces and platforms were built by methods in vogue fifty years ago and some of the finest of the stone images are known to .have been made within the historic period. The older natives are familiar with the names and uses of the more impor­ tant sites and some of the most extensive of the ceremonial structures have l'rl::.ll " r r te- -v ~"' r,.. r iot l t""IV (I1 _"'I ~rl _l(n'''C I C""'.XLC""'.III win" : .. IJI\.Jn..r.II ~ .L li e: L.U.H_J..a.U:~ .1.:') u. .U .- __ . _. __ •• • - u u • _ _ • • _ 4 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bull etin been used within the memory of persons still living. The study of these remains can not be expected, therefore , to throw much light on the early history of the Marquesas Islands or on the order of arrival of the various waves of immigrants who have blended to form the historic population. No indications of a very early occupation of the group were found or of the presence of any people whose culture differed markedly from that of the historic inhabitants. Linton-Archaeology of the Marquesas Islands 5 STONE CONSTRUCTION The Marquesans possessed a surprising skill in stone construction. Although they built no single structure which equalled the finest of the Tongan burial places (langi) or the great marae of Oborea in Tahiti, the general excellence of their work places them in the first rank of builders. The visitor is amazed by the extent of their ceremonial structures , the size of the stones used, and the skill with which these have been placed and fitted. The construction of many of the ordinary house platforms could hardly b_ebettered by Europeans. The wide use of rough stone construction in Polynesia makes it appear probable that the first settlers of the Marquesas brought with them some knowledge of the mason's art, but the high development of this art was due largely to local conditions. Most of the Marquesan valleys are nar­ row and steep-sided and contain practically no level ground. In order to obtain horizontal floors it was necessary either to support the entire structure on posts of unequal height or to resort to some form of artificial leveling. The Marquesans solved the problem by terracing. Simple earth terraces require constant attention and repair, and as all the Marquesan "alleys provide an abundance of loose stone the building of retaining walls was an obvious step. Indeed, it is not improbable that the ancestors of the Polynesians were familiar with the construction of stone-faced ter­ races before their departure from their Asiatic or Indonesian home land. The experience acquired in the
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  • The Marquesas

    The Marquesas

    © Lonely Planet Publications 199 The Marquesas Grand, brooding, powerful and charismatic. That pretty much sums up the Marquesas. Here, nature’s fingers have dug deep grooves and fluted sharp edges, sculpting intricate jewels that jut up dramatically from the cobalt blue ocean. Waterfalls taller than skyscrapers trickle down vertical canyons; the ocean thrashes towering sea cliffs; sharp basalt pinnacles project from emerald forests; amphitheatre-like valleys cloaked in greenery are reminiscent of the Raiders of the Lost Ark; and scalloped bays are blanketed with desert arcs of white or black sand. This art gallery is all outdoors. Some of the most inspirational hikes and rides in French Polynesia are found here, allowing walkers and horseback riders the opportunity to explore Nuku Hiva’s convoluted hinterland. Those who want to get wet can snorkel with melon- headed whales or dive along the craggy shores of Hiva Oa and Tahuata. Bird-watchers can be kept occupied for days, too. Don’t expect sweeping bone-white beaches, tranquil turquoise lagoons, swanky resorts and THE MARQUESAS Cancun-style nightlife – the Marquesas are not a beach holiday destination. With only a smat- tering of pensions (guesthouses) and just two hotels, they’re rather an ecotourism dream. In everything from cuisine and dances to language and crafts, the Marquesas do feel different from the rest of French Polynesia, and that’s part of their appeal. Despite the trap- pings of Western influence (read: mobile phones), their cultural uniqueness is overwhelming. They also make for a mind-boggling open-air museum, with plenty of sites dating from pre-European times, all shrouded with a palpable historical aura.