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Retos Y Herramientas Para El Estudio De La Biodiversidad

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Retos Y Herramientas Para El Estudio De La Biodiversidad RETOS Y HERRAMIENTAS PARA EL ESTUDIO DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD VÍCTOR HUGO TOLEDO HERNÁNDEZ (coordinador) UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEL ESTADO DE MORELOS UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEL ESTADO Praxis Digital 6 Retos y herramientas para el estudio de la biodiversidad Retos y herramientas para el estudio de la biodiversidad Víctor Hugo Toledo Hernández (coord.) México, 2015 RETOS Y HERRAMIENTAS PARA EL ESTUDIO DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD Víctor Hugo Toledo Hernández (coord.) Primera edición 2015 D.R. Víctor Hugo Toledo Hernández D.R. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Av. Universidad 1001 Col. Chamilpa, CP 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos [email protected] libros.uaem.mx Retos y herramientas para el estudio de la biodiversidad de Víctor Hugo Toledo Hernández (coord.) está bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento- NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional License. Diseño de portada: Angélica María Corona López Diseño de interiores: Ernesto López Ruiz ISBN 978-607-8434-47-3 Hecho en México / Made in Mexico AUTORES INSTITUCIONES Juana María Coronado-Blanco Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Svetlana Nikolaevna Myartseva Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Enrique Ruíz-Cancino 87149 Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, México Angélica María Corona-López Centro de Investigación en Beatriz Olivia Cortés-Anzúres Biodiversidad y Conservación (CIByC), Alejandro Flores-Palacios Universidad Autónoma del Estado de José Guadalupe Martínez-Hernández Morelos, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Ricardo Paredes-León México Ofelia Sotelo-Caro Víctor Hugo Toledo-Hernández Susana Valencia-Díaz Carmen Agglael Vergara-Torres Elizabeth Victoriano-Romero Guadalupe Peña-Chora Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México M. Ventura Rosas-Echeverría Escuela de Estudios Superiores, Jojutla, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62900 Jojutla, Morelos, México Jesús García-Jiménez Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Gonzalo Guevara-Guerrero Victoria, Boulevard Emilio Portes Gil 1301, 87010 Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, México AUTORES INSTITUCIONES Víctor M. Gómez-Reyes Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, México Federico Escobar Sarria Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., INECOL A.C. El Haya, Xalapa 91070, Veracruz, México Efrén Cázares-González, USDA, Forest Service, Northern Michael Castellano, Research Station, 3200 Jefferson Way, James Trappe Corvallis, Oregon 97331, EE. UU. Carlos Andrés Cultid-Medina Grupo de Investigación en Biología, Ecología y Manejo de Hormigas. Universidad del Valle. Cali 25360, Valle del Cauca - Colombia Bedir German Martínez-Quintero Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Tatiana Suarez Investigador asociado, – Colombia. Cali, Valle del Cauca – Colombia Juan Carlos Rudas Universidad de Caldas, Manizales 275, Caldas – Colombia Sebastián Villada-Bedoya Grupo de Investigación en Ecosistemas Tropicales. Universidad de Caldas. Manizales 275, Caldas – Colombia Andrey Ivanovich Khalaim Instituto Zoológico, Academia Dmitri Rafaelevich Kasparyan de Ciencias de Rusia, 199304 San Serguei Alexandrovich Belokobylskij Petersburgo, Rusia Índice PRÓLOGO 8 DIVERSIDAD DEL GÉNERO ENCARSIA FÖRSTER (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE) EN MÉXICO 10 Svetlana N. Myartseva, Enrique Ruíz-Cancino, Juana María Coronado-Blanco & Angélica María Corona-López AVANCES EN EL ESTUDIO DE PIMPLINAE (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) DEL ESTADO DE MORELOS, MÉXICO 25 Enrique Ruíz-Cancino, Andrey Ivanovich Khalaim, Dmitri Rafaelevich Kasparyan, Juana María Coronado-Blanco, Víctor Hugo Toledo-Hernández, Alejandro Flores-Palacios, Guadalupe Peña-Chora, Gonzalo Guevara-Guerrero & Jesús García-Jiménez. DORYCTINAE (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) DE LA SIERRA DE HUAUTLA Y OTRAS LOCALIDADES DEL ESTADO DE MORELOS, MÉXICO 36 Juana María Coronado-Blanco, Serguei Alexandrovich Belokobylskij, Enrique Ruíz-Cancino, Víctor Hugo Toledo-Hernández, Angélica María Corona-López & Jesús García-Jiménez. MÉTODOS BÁSICOS EN ENTOMOLOGÍA: ETIQUETAS ENTOMOLÓGICAS 48 A.I. Khalaim, & Enrique Ruíz-Cancino. TRUFAS DEL CENTRO DE MÉXICO 57 Gonzalo Guevara-Guerrero, Jesús García-Jiménez, Efrén Cázares-González, Víctor M. Gómez-Reyes, Michael Castellano, James Trappe, Enrique Ruíz-Cancino & Alejandro Flores-Palacios. ¿CÓMO USAN EL PAISAJE DOS ESPECIES DE ESCARABAJOS COPRÓFAGOS EN LOS ANDES OCCIDENTALES DE COLOMBIA? 73 Carlos A. Cultid-Medina, Bedir G. Martínez-Quintero, Juan Carlos Rudas, Tatiana Suarez, Sebastián Villada-Bedoya & Federico Escobar. PARTICIÓN TEMPORAL DE NICHO DE LA FAMILIA CERAMBYCIDAE (COLEOPTERA) EN TRES LOCALIDADES DE LA RESERVA DE LA BIOSFERA SIERRA DE HUAUTLA, MORELOS 82 José Guadalupe Martínez-Hernández, Víctor Hugo Toledo-Hernández, Alejandro Flores-Palacios & Angélica María Corona-López. RIQUEZA DE ESPECIES DE CERAMBYCIDAE (COLEOPTERA) DEL ESTADO DE MORELOS, MÉXICO 92 Víctor Hugo Toledo-Hernández, José Guadalupe Martínez-Hernández, Angélica María Corona-López, Alejandro Flores-Palacios, Svetlana N. Myartseva, Enrique Ruíz-Cancino & Juana María Coronado-Blanco. ACAROFAUNA (ARACHNIDA: ACARI) DEL ESTADO DE MORELOS 104 Ricardo Paredes-León, Angélica María Corona-López, Víctor Hugo Toledo-Hernández & Alejandro Flores-Palacios. EL PAPEL DE LOS INSECTOS EN LA CONSERVACIÓN 129 M. Ventura Rosas-Echeverría. LA FRAGMENTACIÓN DEL HÁBITAT, UNA AMENAZA PARA LA DIVERSIDAD BIOLÓGICA EN EL BOSQUE TROPICAL CADUCIFOLIO 145 Ofelia Sotelo-Caro. LA IMPORTANCIA DEL ESTUDIO DE LA DIVERSIDAD Y ECOLOGÍA DEL DOSEL DEL BOSQUE TROPICAL CADUCIFOLIO 155 Alejandro Flores-Palacios, Susana Valencia-Díaz, Angélica María Corona-López & Víctor Hugo Toledo-Hernández. ¿SON LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA CORTEZA LAS QUE DETERMINAN LA PREFERENCIA DE HOSPEDERO DE LAS EPÍFITAS? 168 Carmen Agglael Vergara-Torres & Alejandro Flores-Palacios. PATRONES DE DISPERSIÓN DE SEMILLAS EN EPÍFITAS DEL BOSQUE TROPICAL CADUCIFOLIO 182 Elizabeth Victoriano-Romero, Víctor Hugo Toledo-Hernández & Alejandro Flores-Palacios. DINÁMICA DE LA MORTALIDAD DE RAMAS EN UN BOSQUE TROPICAL CADUCIFOLIO 193 Beatriz Olivia Cortés-Anzúres, Angélica María Corona-López, Víctor Hugo Toledo-Hernández & Alejandro Flores-Palacios. PRÓLOGO El estudio, manejo y conservación de la biodiversidad es una prio- ridad mundial porque el impacto humano ha colocado en riesgo de desaparecer a una cantidad de especies sin precedente. La velocidad de la destrucción y transformación de los ecosistemas pone en riesgo a la diversidad porque, se especula, que muchas especies no han te- nido tiempos generacionales suficientes para adaptarse. Para ayudar a esta problemática y desde hace cinco años, los Cuerpos Académi- cos que conformamos la Red Temática de Colaboración Académica PROMEP, “Sistemática y Ecología de Comunidades Forestales y Cul- tivos”, hemos venido organizando ciclos de conferencias y talleres donde se ofrecen herramientas para el estudio de la biodiversidad y se presentan los últimos avances de grupos biológicos selectos. En países biodiversos, como México, la generación de herra- mientas para el estudio de la biodiversidad es una meta básica, pues las tales herramientas permiten identificar tanto organismos como fronteras de trabajo cruciales para el entendimiento de la biodiversidad y su conservación. Este libro surge como fruto del IV Taller Internacional de Recur- sos Naturales: Retos y herramientas para el estudio de la biodiver- sidad, y recopila algunas de las contribuciones al mismo, más otras que se anexaron durante la edición del texto. Los trabajos aquí pu- blicados ofrecen una visión actualizada del estado de generación del conocimiento de grupos de investigadores de México (Morelos, [ 8 ] Tamaulipas, Veracruz), Colombia y Rusia, que concentran su traba- jo en Latinoamérica, además de brindar herramientas para incre- mentar el conocimiento de la biodiversidad y señalar fronteras de avance en grupos selectos. Esta obra es el resultado del trabajo colegiado de la red de Cuer- pos Académicos bajo el auspicio de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, la Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas y de la Secretaria de Educación Superior a través del Programa para el Desarrollo Profesional Docente. CUERPO ACADÉMICO BIOLOGÍA DEL DOSEL [ 9 ] DIVERSIDAD DEL GÉNERO ENCARSIA FÖRSTER (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE) EN MÉXICO DIVERSITY OF THE GENUS ENCARSIA FÖRSTER (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE) IN MEXICO SVETLANA N. MYARTSEVA1, ENRIQUE RUÍZ-CANCINO1, JUANA MARÍA CORONADO-BLANCO1 & ANGÉLICA MARÍA CORONA-LÓPEZ2 1Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, 87149 Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México. 2CIByC, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. ABSTRACT Aphelinidae is one of the most important families of insects used succesfully in applied biological control in many countries, inclu- ding Mexico. This family contains more than 1 350 species at world level; 185 species are known in Mexico. In the last 15 years, aphe- linids have been studied in the Mexican Republic, finding a lot of new records and also new taxa, including two new genera. Genus Encarsia Foerster has the largest quantity of species in all of the fa- mily and has major importance in biocontrol programs, especially for the control of scales or whiteflies; it is considered megadiverse —410 species in 2012. For example, 5 Encarsia species (clypealis, divergens, merceti, perplexa, smithi) were introduced into Mexico from tropical Asia to combat the citrus blackflyAleurocanthus wo- glumi Ashby; E. perplexa is the commoner in the orchards. Up until the end of 2013, 105 Encarsia
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