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AUTHOR Segos, Jane D.; And Others TITLE First Ladies of State. INSTITUTION Council for Citizenship Sducation, Troy, NY.; New York State Commission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution, Albany. PUB DATE 91 NOTE 25p. AVAILABLE FROM Council for Citizenship Education, Russell Sage College, Troy, NY 12180 ($5.00). PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052) -- Guides - Classroom Use - Instructional Materials (For Learner) (051)

EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DEScRIPTORS Citizenship Education; Grade 7; History Instruction; Junior High Schools; *Learning Activities; Social Studies; State Government; *State History; State Officials; *Womens Studies IDENTIFIERS Clinton (Cornelia Tappen); *First Ladies (State); Jay (Sarah Livingston); *New York

ABSTRACT These documents are designed to help seventh grade students in New York State understand tne role of women and the structure and function of the family in both New York and U.S. history. StuCents are introduced to the state's first two first ladies:. Cornelia Tappen Clinton (1744-1800) and Sarah Livingston Jay (1756-1802). Between 1777 and 1804, George Clinton served seven terms as , while , the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, was elected as the state's chief executive in both 1796 and 1798. Individual profiles of the lives and times of Cornelia Tappen Clinton and Sarah Livingston Jay are featured. A separate document for teachers suggesting educational activities utilizing the profiles of the first ladies is included. (DB)

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Y'eakyorkftate THE CONSTITUTIONAL ERA

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BEST COPY MILAN 2 \0) weathervane, The "* log0la a gilded wood made in New York ca.1888 "Goddess of Uberty." centennial of the by IA. Flake tocommernorate the In 1888. U.S. Constitution the Image courtesyof Per.nisslon to reproduce York, Steve Millermerican Folk Art, New New York. -'41.v0A,VpiergMmia_iiLtv:rstrwrPorvinesi

* THE CONSTITUTIONAL ERA 1777-1800 OAF ational Activities for the Seventh Grade Curriculum Jane D. Begos

priorities established by the chief executive, GOALS In the beginnings of our nation and state,the wives * To develop the student's ability to compare, under- of our leaders were not subjected to suchpublic scru- stand, respect, and accept the role of women in tiny. nor were they expected to adopt an"agenda" of history, and to explore their values, beliefs, and their own. They were unknown beyond the circleof attitudes; their families and friends. Ali we knowabout them * To increase the student's knowledge of the roleof the today is what we can infer from rare portraits andfrom structure and function of family at thebeginning of contemporary references in letters,diaries, and memoirs. our state's and nation's history, and tomake them Begin the discussion by emphasizing thisfact. Then, aware of changes that have taken place: after the students have studied the material orheard the * To enable the student to demonstrate an appreciation reports. ask the following questions.The discussion may for the flo N of human histcry. be ended with the question as towhether the students think today's media coverage of women ofposition is SOCIAL STUDIES of value and why. Cornelia Clinton and Sarah Jay both fulfilledtheir roles SKILLS UTILIZED as wives and mothersaccording to the eighteenth- * The ability to collect, organize, process, and commu- century definition of those roles. Both womenalso nicate accurate social studies information and ideas belonged to the same social class; they kneweach and to form a set of standards in order to applythem other and had many mutual friends. As wivesof men to the evaluation of assumptions, sources,evidence. who were leaders in forming our state andnational reasoning, and arguments; governments, they had to meet theadditional challenge * The ability to identify and locate appropriate sources of helping their husbands in tills excitingbut demanding of information and to measure or qualify them as to work. Each woman did this in her own way, andeach reliability; woman fulfilled the roles of wife andmother in her * The ability to infer meaning, biases, assumptions,and own way. These ways weredifferent, according to the points of view implied but not stated in the sources, personality of the individual. Atthougheighteenth- and to kientify similarities and differences in the lata century women had to submit to manyrestrictions that given in order to group like items together. women cf the 198os do not, it isinteresting to observe how these two women were able to expresstheir own tastes and temperamentswithin such a rigid ACTIVITY/DISCUSSION framework. ssign the information in this educational packet to each student in the class or designate a student or ACTIVITY 1: DISCUSSION presented group of students to prepare a report to be Clinton and Sarah to the ciass on Cornelia Clinton, SarahJay. Nancy A. Look at the portraits of Cornelia Jay. Remind the students that CorneliaClinton was Reagan. Barbara Bush. and Matilda Cuonto. that The object of this activity is to point up thedifferences thirteen years older than Sarah Jay. Tell them between the life styles and the personal stylesof New Cornelia's portrait was painted in New York in I 797. at the the age of fifty-three: and that Sarah's portrait waspainted York's first two "First Ladies" and to compare them to With these former First Lady of the United States. Nancy Reagan, in Paris in I 783, when she was twenty-six. the things in m;nd. what can you ob3erve aboutthe style of and to the present First Lady, Barbara Bush. and to feel is more present First Lady of New York State.Matilda Cuomo. dress of these two women? Which do you Today, the news media-radio, television. news- "high fashion" for the era? papers, and magazines-are able to focus a very strort From a newspaper or magazine, clip out apicture of Nancy Reagan and Barbara Bush.What can you spotlight on the lives of women married to our state ar,d women? national leaders. Because of this, we know a lot about observe from the style of dress of these two the way they dress, the way they think, the way they which eighteenth-century woman can you compareto which twentieth-century woman? entertain, the way they interact with their families, and picture of the public roles they espouse within the framework of From a newspaper or magazine, clip out a " .`"7-4rf.'it,"27'"1-,

Matilda Cuomo. What can you observe about her style representatives and senators vote on the Nineteenth of dress? Amendment? B. One of the functions of women married to men in Portray the results of the vote on the Nineteenth public office is to plan and act as hostess at official Amendment in New York State graphically, county by social functions. Women in our sociehi plan and hostess county. Where was the Amendment defeated? Why? social functions for their Mends and relatives. From the This exercise can also be targeted to your specific description of the types of social functions that Come lia community by examining local voting records. Who Clinton preferred (See text, pages 5, 6), and those that were the local leaders and organizationswho backed Sarah Jay liked to plan (see text, page 6), what can you the movement? What individuals or organizations infer about the entertaining style of these two women? opposed woman suffrage? What do you know about the state functions thet Nancy Reagan has hosted at the White House, and about her personal entertaining style at the Reagan ranch in FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES California? What do you know about Barbara Bush's For the Teacher: entertaining at the Bush summer home in Maine? What I . If possible, organize a field trip to a nearby historic do you expect will be Mrs. Bush's s 'yle of entertaining site, local history museum, or re-creation of a period atstate functions in the White House? What kind of farm. Before the trip, have the students pull as many entertaining does Matilda Cuomo do? references to women's work in the home and in the C. From the Information available in the text, what do field as they can find. Some are mentioned in this packet. you know of the family life of Cornelia Clinton and Sarah At the site y,3u have chosen. have the students look at Jay? HOW many children did they have, and how dld the kitchen or laundry room. at heating fixtures and they interact with them? How many children does lighting devices. Ask them to compare and contrast Nancy Reagan have, and how does she interact with these areas with the same areas in their own homes. them? Barbara Bush? Matilda Cuomo? Have them compare the amount of time and work their mothers spend on food preparation. laundry, and main- taining heating and lighting devices with the amount ACTIVITY 2: ARCHIVE ALIVE of time women such as Cornelia Clinton and Sarah A major source of information on the daily lives of Jay would have spent on these household chores. women in earlier times comes from the diaries and Remind them that both eighteenth-century women letters they kept. From these records, we learn what their would have had servants, but that they also had the daily tasks were, how they accomplished them, what need to supervise their servants and often did the work their social activities wete, what their illnesses were and themselves. how they were treated, who their friends and relatives 2. In the classroom, have students celebratetheir were, and whet they thought about them. foremothers and women of position in their community The students are probably familiar with diary keeping. today by finding as much as they can about them Perhaps they hvve read or studied The Diary of Anne and their work, and by collecting their pictures. if Frank. possible. Then 9st the pictures with a caption created Have the students keep a daily diary or write daily by the students. letters to a -friend" for one week. At the end of the week. For the Students: let them share selections from their diaries and letters I. Visit an art museum and stud:.' portraits and old and see how much sodal history they can find about photographs of wo:-.'nen. Remember that having a por- the life of a middle-school student in the 1980s, What do trait painted was a n expensive and time-consuming they eat? What do they wear? Do they buy it or make project: people would wear their best clothes for such it? what do they study in school and how do they like a portrait. As the camera replaced the artist, itbecame it? what forms of recreation do they like? Who are the possible to catch people at unprepared moments. at members of their families? work and at play. Compare the styles of dress in old After the students have shared their class assignments, portraits with styles of dress in photographs of you ask if any of them keeo a diary. Do they know anybody and your famil;' today. Observe and describe about who does? Have they ever read a published diary? Have the differences. they ever read the diary of a friend or relative? Do 2. Collect information on some prominent woman in they have any letters at home that they received in the your communitythe Nvife of a man in public office, a past year? Do they keep letters or know anybody who woman in public office, a prominent business woman, does? How do they think the telephone will affect the a prominent scientist, artist, or musician, etc.Include documentary record? newspaper and maga&re articles, photographs you may be able to take, programs of events you attend where ACTIVITY 3 she appears in some capacity. etc. See how much you can learn about this person in this way.Why do you Independent Study admire this woman? (Recommended for highly motivated students or for a group project.) U.S. Constitution: Amendment XIX. Ratified August i 8, -First Ladies of New York State" activity sheet created by 1920. Jane Begos. consultant to the New York State Office The right of citizens of the United States to vole shall of Parks. Recreation and Historic Preservation. Ms. Begos by any is a specialist in women's diaries, having compiled not be denied or abridged by the United States or and published the first Annotated Bibliography of State on account of sex. of Published Women's Diaries (1977). For ten years. she congress shall have power to enforce this article by was programs director at the John Jay Homestead, a appropriate legislation. New York State Historic Site. TO obtain further information Using local newspapers, magazine articles, speeches. rtgarding her current work on the American Women's sermons, and other printed material, examine me Diaries Project, write: Jane Begos, P.O. Box 247. Rhinebeck, woman suffrage movement in your community. Howdid New York 12572. your city/town/county vote? How did NewYork's 2 5 at& &ride BIBLIOGRAPI41Y

Abbot WW. ed. The Papers of George Washington. Vols. 1 and and Marvin Lowenthal. This Was New York: The 2. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983. Nation's Capital in I 789. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co.. Inc.. I 943. I3olton, Theodore and Irwin F. Corielyou, Ezra Ames of Albany. New York: New.York Historical Society, 1955. Morris.13:chard B., ed. John Jay: The Making of a Revolutionary. New York: Harper & Row, 1975. Brooks. Geraldine. Dames and Daughters of the Young_Republic. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 190 I . John Jay: The Winning of the Peace. New York: Harper & Row. 1980. Conway, Jill K. The Female Experience in 18th and 19th i.entury America. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1985. Norton. Mary Beth. Liberty's Daughters: TheRevolutionary Experience of American Women, I 750-1800. Boston; Little. Crawford, Mary Caroline. Romantic Days in the Eariy Republic. Brown & Co., 1980. Boston: Little. Brown, and Company, 1912. Brink. Benjamin Meyer, ed. and pub. Olde Ulster: An Historical DePauw. Linda Grant. Four Traditions. Albany NY: New York and Genealogical Magazine. Vols. 1 , 2. 3, 4. 10. Kingsten, NY: State, Office of State Historian. i 974. 1905. I 954. Met. Mrs. Katherine. The Queens of American Society. New York: Prince. Carl E.. ed. The Papers of . Trenton: Charles Scribner & Company. 1868. New Jersey Historical Commission, 1979. Ellis. David M.. Jame A. Frost. Harold C. Syrett and Harry F. Reynolds, Cuyler. comp. Genealogical and Family History of Carman. A Short Hi aory of New York State. Ithaca:Cornell Southern New York and the Hudson River Valley. Vol. I. New University Press. I C 57. York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1914. Fitzpatrick. John C.. ed. The Diaries of GecIntgLyashingmn. Schechter, Stephen L. ed. The Reluctant Pillar New York and the I 748- 1799. Vo' New York Houghton Mifflin Company. 1925. Adoption of the Federal Constitution. Albany, NY. New York Gillisple. Charles C. The Montgolfler Brothers and Me Invention State Bicentennial Commission. 1987. of Aviation 17831.1784. Princeton. NJ: Princeton University Press. 1983. Scholten. Catherine M. Childbearing in American Society: 650-1850. New York; New York University Press. 1985. Hastings. Hugh. ed. The Public Papers of George Clinton. i o vols. New York: State of New York. 1899. Sedgwick. Theodore, Jr. Memoirs of the Life of William Livingston. New York: 1833. Hobart. Lois. Patriot's Lady: The Life of Sarah Livingston Jay. New York: Funk and Wagnalts, 1960. Smith, Thomas E. The City of New York in the Year of washingtonS Inauguration. i 789. New York: Printed for the Reformed Dutch Hoes. Roswell Randall, trans. and ed. Kingston author. 1889. Church Ba Rismal Records, Marriage Register. Vols. I and 2. New York: Printed for the editor. 1891. Spaulding. E. Wilder. His Excellency. George Clinton: Critic of the Constitution. New York: The Macmillan Company. 1938. Johnston. Henry P.. cc!. The Correspondence and Papers of John Vols. 2 and Jav. New York: CP. Putparns Sons. 1890. Syrett. Harold C. The Pa ers of . 15. New York: Columbia University Press. 1961. Kerber. Linda K. Women of the ReDublic, Chapel Hill: University Family of North Carolina Press, 1980. Van Rensselaer. Florence. comp. and pub. The Livingston in America and its Scottish Origins. New York: i 94g. Levin. Phyllis Lee. . New York: St. Martin's Press. 1987. Wilson. James Grant. 'Society in the Early Days of the Republic:. Magazine of American History U893. 29: 81- I 07. Monaghan. Frank. John Jav: Defender of Liberty. New York & of New York. Indianapolis: The Bobbs.Merrill Company. 1935. Young. Alfred F. The Democratic Republicans Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. I 976.

6 3 Mara47 kelpTos- New York State Commission on the Bicentennial of the U.S.Constitution New York State Education DepartMent

Hort Mario M. Cuomo Governor

^ Hon. SOI Wachtler Hon. Domenick L Gabrielli Chief Judge of the Associate Judge of the New State of New York York State COurt of Appeals (Rel.) Chairman Vice Chairman

Hon. Beatrice S. Burstein, Justice, New York State SupremeCourt Antonia M. Coriese, Vice President, New York State United Teachers Edward B. Flink. Esq.. Kelleher & Flink Hon. Kenneth P. LaValle. New York State Senate Hon. Michael R. McNulty, U.S. House of Representatives Hon. Joseph S. Murphy. Chancellor, City University of New York Hon. Mark Alan Siegel. New York State Assembly Hon. Thomas Sobol. New York State Commissioner of Education Professor Robert J. Spitzer. State University College at Conland Hon. Moses M. Weinstein, Associate Justice. Appellate Division, New York State Supreme Court Clifton R. Wharton, Jr., Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Teachers insurance Annuity Association and College Retirement Equities Fund

Stephen L. Schechter Paul J. Scudiere Executive Director Administrative Officer

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Columbia University: The Jay Papers New York State Commission on the Restorationof the Capitol Mrs. Matilda Cuomo New York State Library. Manuscripts and Special The Dutch Reformed Church, Germantown Collections Division Gary Gold New York State Archives John Jay Homestes.sd State Historic Site New York State Office of Parks. Recreation and Historic The Library of Congress Preservation Mount Vernon Ladies Association of tilt,. Union The Office of the Architect of the New York State Capitol MunsonWilliamsProctor institute Rensselaer County Historical Society Museum of the City of New York Schuyler Mansion State Historic Site The New-York Historical Society The Smithsonian Institution New York Public Library Yak' University

Cultural Education Center 9D-30 Empire State Plaza Albany, New York i 2230 (518)473-6191 I II 1744-1800

THE CONSTITUTIONAL ERA

.-sreater44.4

he population of New a series of exhilarating, but gY'iork State in the con- often bewildering and dis- stitutional era is estimated maying events for their at approximately 300,000, wives and families. nearly three-quarters of whom Cornelia Tappen Clinton were women and children. rarely, if ever, travelled Their contributions to the beyond the boundaries of New York State, preferring the development of the Empire 0 State have recently earned the roles of wife, mother, and belated but welcome atten- eV homemaker expected of tion of scholars, authors, and women of her time. fts the educators as they re-examine '44_ state's first "First Lady," she the events that led first to entertained persons as promi- independence and then to the nent as George Washington establishment of our state and Aro. and the Marquis de Lafayette. national governments. A traditional, well-to-do matron, Alexander Hamilton, John she excelled in the domestic Jay, George Clinton, and other sphere, shunning the public life Portrait of Mrs. George Clinton by Thomas Bluget de state and national leaders all Valdenuit. Charcoal and chalk on paper, I707. that her position offered. shared their domestic and Courtesy MunFon.wittlarns-Pmclor Institute. In stark contrast, Sarah political lives with perceptive Mom by aft Fancy. Livingston Jay may be char- and industrious women from influential families-- acterized as a member of the eighteenth-century women !ike Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, Sarah international jet set. Young, beautiful, and socially Livingston Jay, and Comelia Thppen Clinton. The adroit--she accompanied her husband to Europe bicentennial of the United States Constitution, during his tenure as the American minister pleni- approved on September I 7, 1787; New York's potentiary to Spain in 1779 and as peacemaker ratification of that document on July 26, 1788; and (together with and John the Bill of Rights, proposed by Congress on Adams) at Paris in 1 782. September 26, 1789, have stimulated renewed While far from typical in their life-course profiles, interest in the lives of both the men and women they share a range of experiences common to all of this period. American women of the late eighteenth century. This publication introduces today's New Yorkers They managed households, cared for the ill, gave to this state's first two "First Ladies": Cornelia birth to (and buried) several children, and suffered Tappen Clinton (1744-1800) and Sarah Livingston from the loneliness imposed by a series of Jay (1756-1802). Between i 777 and i 804, military conflicts. In addition, they often anguished George Clinton served seven terms as governor over stinging public criticism of the political and of New York while John Jay, the first chief justice diplomatic decisions advanced by their husbands. of the United States Supreme Court, was elected Cornelia Clinton and Sarah Jay, along with as the state's chief executive in both 1796 and thousands of their contemporaries have be- i 798. For more than twenty-five years, the queathed a legacy of personal sacrifice and political, military, diplomatic, and constitutional steady devotion to the founding of our state and milestones of their husbands' lives intersected in our nation. Margaret Gordon-Cooke L TAPPEN GENEALOGY

Wynkoop Coat of Arms. Courtesy of The New York Slate Library Manuscripts and Special Collections DIVIsion.

father's unfortunate early death. Hebecame a 0 aomelia Tappen (1744-1800) was born into dabbled n established andinfluential family in noted Ulster County physician and also Ulster County, New York, her Dutch ancestors in politics. having arrived in New Netherland in the seven- teenth century. Cornelia's mother, Tjaatje (Charity) Wynkoop ( i 710-1793), was the daughterof Cornelius Wynkoop motto: Wynkoop, Jr., and Barbara Mathyson. The Vinutem Hilaritate Colere wynkoop name signifies "wine-buyer" or "wine-merchantr The family first appeared in America in 1642; Peter Wynkoop settled in "(L-76--,lekvy-k Sxcellence Rensselaerswyck (Albany) as "Commissioner Superintendent of Wares & Merchandise" forthe itiegc,voetwes&'' patroon, Jeremias Van Rensselaer. Cornelia's father, Petrus Tappen (1716-1748), was the son of Christoffel andCornelia (Vas) Tappen. He was born in Kingston and was a descendant of Jurian Teunisse Tappen, a glass- maker, who immigrated from Holland toAmerica Cornelia ( I 744-1800), the Tappen'ssecond in the early 1600s, Petrus Tappen was an daughter, was named after hergrandmother, eminent, substantial landholder of theKingston perpetuating the eighteenth-century customof corporation. naming their infants after grandparents,aunts, Tjaatje Wynkoop and Petrus Tappen were uncles, and deceased siblings. At the ageof married July 2, 1736, by Domine PetrusVas at twenty-six, Cornelia married GeorgeClinton the Reformed Dutch Church of Kingston.Their first (1739-1812), thcl a young lawyer,part-time son, Christoffel (1737), theirsecond son, Pieter surveyor, and member ofthe New York General ( i 738). and their first daughter,Cornelia (1740), all Assembly. Less than eight years later. hebecame died in infancy, victims of the higheighteenth- New York State's first elected governor,and century mortality rate. The Tappen'sfourth child, Cornelia its first "First Lady' Christoffel (1742- i 826), became a trustceof Kingston and a clerk of the corporation and wasa member of the New York ProvincialCongress from 1775-1777. The youngest Tappen,Petrus ( I 748- ), was born barelyfive months after his 2 9 -;54,.):-.74,7,avrivwtw,v.rfa-`"-AzifinPI

AN, THE EARLY YEARS

Wednesday evening, February 7, 1770, his namesake, and appointed him clerk of the OPGeorge Clinton and Comelia Tappen, in Court of Common Pleas of Ulster County, George the company of Anthony Hoffman and Jannitje served in this capacity In person or through a wynkoop, left the village of Kingston and travelled deputy from 1759 to his death in 18 i 2. by sleigh to East Camp (now Germantown). There, After their marriage, the Clintons moved to their they were married by the Reverend Gerhard new home at New Windsor. Theirfarm was Daniel Koch, pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church. located on a hillside that commanded a superb This marriage allied southerly view of the rugged Hudson highlands. George Clinton to both The newlyweds apparently enjoyed decorating the Tappens and the their first residence. They shopped in New York Wynkoops, families of City for paint, sheet iron for the fireplaces. English considerable political superfine tiles, paper for the walls, and pots and influence in Ulster kettles for the kitchen. The Clinton's first two County. Furthermore, children were born at New Windsor; Catharine, both families were on November 5. 1770. andCornelia, on June 29, ardent opponents of the 1774. Crown and Parliament Times were prosperous for the young Clintons; and were to become patriots in the American Cornelia maintained her home and cared for her Revolution. husband and children. George busied himself with George ClintonS parents, Colonel Charles Clinton farming and milling, pursued his law practice, anci (1690- i 773) and Elisabeth Denniston Clinton. spent several months a year representingUlster immigrated to America from Dublin in 1729. Of County in the New York General Assembly. By the Clinton's first three children, Catharine. 1 7 75, Clinton was devoting most of his time to ( i 723-1762), James (1726-1729), and Mary public service. On December 19 of that year. the (1728-1729). only Catharine survived the New York Committee of Safety appointed him outbreak of measles on board ship shortly after brigadier their departure from Dublin. Their ship, the general of the George and Anne, dropped anchor at Cape Cod, Ulster and Massachusetts October 4, i 729. and the Clintons Orange spent their first winter there. county militia The following year the family moved to Ulster in response to County, New York, and named their homestead. the threat of "Little Britain." It was here that four more sons, impending Alexander ( i 732-1758), Charles, Jr. (1734-1779). hostilities James (1733- 1 8 12). and George (1739-1812) were with Great born. George was named for his distant cousin Britain. Parsonage of Reformed Church. and royal governor of New York, George Clinton Germantown, unchanged since746. (1743-1 753), who showed a specialintdrest in Courte3y Dutch Reformed Chur^h. Germantown. 1 BEST COPY AVAILABLE THE WAR YEARS

%I Homestead where George % r Clinton was born July 26. 1739. Located In Ulster (now Orange) County. An unpretentious dwelling, this story.and.a.half cottage had one large room for living, cooking 44' a. and eating. and one room for sleeping on the second floor. As the family prospered. more rooms were added. The house 'auk was demolished in the nine. o, teenth century. It was at this residence that George Clinton received his uring the Revo- early education from a clergyman, Daniel Thain. lutionary War, The Clintons were Presby- aautaghii Cornelia and her family . , terians and attended services at remained in close touch Mill win the Bethlehem Presbyterian Church. which was located on with the general. His head- the road to New Windsor. quarters, from which he d commanded both militia and Continental Army troops, was located within In July of 1777. George Clinton tookthe oath of several miles of their homestead at New Windsor. office as New York State's first chief executive, when conditions permitted. Comelia accompanied making Cornelia Tappen Clinton the first "First her husband on inspection tours of nearby Ladyr The burdens of statesmanship contributed military installations. to their already heavy wartimeresponsibilities. In September of i 776, the Britishburned New Having moved to Poughkeepsie, Cornelia occu- York City, destroying 1000 homes. The refugees pied the Crannell house from 1778 to 1783, fled north to patriot-held Hudson River counties where the Clintons' next three children-George, and moved in with relatives and friends,straining Elizabeth. and Martha-were born. already tight provisions and housing. Like other military wives, Cornelia supplied her husband with fresh linen and personal items, and the children often packed gifts of butter. tea,and snuff to send to the general. His monthlysalary of $125.00 allowed them to maintain arelatively comfortable standard of living. Letters from home kept General Clintoninformed of daily activities. John McKesson. a familyfriend, advised him of Comelia's presence at church in New Windsor, and concluded with newsof the children. "Caty is well, tho' her Eyes are weak"he wrote, and "Cornelia is the best girl I ever saw at /^ her age:'

1

5

George Washington CI Intim( Elizabeth Clinton (1780. I 778-1813).The namesake i 825). married Matthias13. of General George Washington Talimadge October 25. 1803. was a disappointment to iis courtesy of Yak. University Ari wilery George Clinton was the first elected governorof New York parents-Inheriting neither State. On July 30. 1777, at the courthousein Kingston. Pierre political nor legal skills George Clinton. /^11 .. 4 van Cortlandt administered the oath of office to a Int HARDSHIP CONTINUES

I.

Comelia and George Clinton, CourlesY Museum M the CM' of New Vorlt

0 tomelia Clinton grieved for her neighbors as During this period, Cornelia became fast friends he enemy set fire to Kingston in October with Martha Washington, as General George of i 777, demolishing every house. For days, Washington and Major General George Clinton unburied bodies lay in the streets. Survivors devised defensive plans for the expected British drove the remaining livestock to the interior, and invasion through New York's waterways. The made efforts to secure the harvest before raiding wartime hardships were keenly felt by the parties could carry it off. With f %VD children and mistresses of farms, taverns, and shops, as inflated sixty head of sheep and cattle to care for, Comelia paper currency replaced hard specie and military abandoned her furniture, but managed to save service drew fathers, husbands, and sons away vital crops of buckwheat, potatoes. turnips, and from home. The labor-intensive life style of the cabbage. General Clinton considered moving his late eighteenth century was shifted to the women, family to Connecticut as the situation grew more who assumed responsibility for the survival of alarming. Adding to the toll of battle injured, an their families on meager rations, restricted com- epidemic of smallpox swept through the region merce, and a soldier's salary of four dollars a early In 1778. month. In spite of these discouraging conditions, Cornelia Clinton and other New York women contributed to the ever-increasing demands of the military by weaving cloth, collecting lead for ammunition, brewing rum. -- operating mills, and farming. . , Martha Dandridge Custis Washington I I 73 II 802). : 1 1.4 Perhaps one common bond n between Cornelia and Martha it', .1% 411 Washington was their mutual . dislike for the limelight. .11..tt- : Martha conceded that -many younger and gayer women would be extremely pleased." pi referring to her status as First Lady. but I would -much rather " be at home:' se:AO is- 4v.`i)t). Coudesv Motim vemon Ladle's' %sot kmdd ea mt . t num ,

. 12 4 AT HOME INNEW YORKCITY

44 4144.! s I ______tation reached its zenith in NewYork in July oi 1 788, Now in his eleventh yearas governor, George Clinton led theAntifeaeralists, the oppo- nents of ratification, whodominated the New York ratifying convention at Poughkeepsie.With New v. York City a Federalist stronghold,Co:nelia Clinton ay. seldom socialized with hisformer comrades and their wives, but relied on herlarge, close-knit " taught the girls L family for companionship. She knitting and embroidery andinstructed them in household management. On July 26, 1 788, thepolitical drama at the Dutchess County Courthouse wasresolved in favor of ratification, and New Yorkcelebrated its role as the "eleventh pillar of thefederal republic:' Cornelia heard the caonons'salute from the Battery and listened to thesimultaneous ringing of church bells throughout thecity. No. tO Queen Street. a three.story mansionbuilt by Mayor Abraham dePeyster in thelate 16005. Courtesy The New York litstortcal Society.

f er the war. Cornelia and GeorgeClinton I.../tmoved to New York City in 1784,where they occupied a house at No. 10Queen Abigail Adams Smith. (latt,r Pearl) Street. The Clintons maintained their friendship with In 1788. while the General and Mrs. Washington, towhom gOVemor was under 'attack for his strong they sent lime and balsam trees, ivy, opposition to the corn, and peas for theirplantation Constitution, Abigail Adams Smith wrote at Mount Vernon, Virginia. the following: In 1 785, the Clinton's sixth and last child, Maria, was born. Alexander Clinton, the gover- We ware invited to dine with theGovernor, which nor's nephew, also resided at . was a very particular favor. He norhis family neither the governor's visit, or ate visited by, any familieseither in public or No. I 0 Queen Street, and served as private life. He sees no company,and is not much personal secretary. Woved. His conduct in many respectsis censured, important figures perhaps unjustly. lb me he appears onewhose Many of the Revolution's most conduct and motives of action are not tobe seen lived within a few blocks of their EastWard thiough upon a slight examination. The ixtrthe has neighborhood--Alexander and Elizabeth Schuyler taken upon the subjea of the newConstitution Ls much Hamilton; John Jay and his wife, SallyLivingston condemned...Mrs. Clinton is not sho wy.but a kind. Jay; Mr. and Mrs. AlexanderMcDougall, and friendly woman." William and Kitty Duer, among others.These families faced new challenges whenconfronted with the political and economicdilemmas spawned by the deterioration of theArticles of Confederation. Old allies became enemies asthe struggle for approval of the United StatesConsti-

Cornelia's silver basting spoon. crafted byAndrew Billings,Poughkeepsie. Courtesy Museum of the City of NeW Yoric

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THE INNER CIRCLE

gan".he Washingtons and Clintons frequently dined together d often attended the John Street Theater, where "The Old Soldier" and "A School for Scandal" were popular with New York audiences. Governor and Mrs. Clinton hosted a formaldinner for the new president and his lady prior to the inaugural festivities, and Joined hundreds of otl ter New Yot kers at an inauguralball that followed the April 30, 178a oath-taking coremonies at Federal Hall. From 1791 to 1794, the Clintons resided at Government House, built at Bowling Green to house the president of the United States when New York City was the t irst federal capital. It was never occupied by President and Mrs. Washington, however, wholived at No. 3 Cherry Street, a house built by Walter Franklin. 1._____.... The Clintons spent leisure time qme - at a farm purchased from James ., Rivington in a suburb known as .--:- Greenwich. Located on the banks of the Hudson in "The A Burgomasters' Bowery," the farm 1 appealed to the Clintons with its . 't rustic appearance, Its cottage-like dwellings, its orchards, and its I view of the river.

From I 79 II 794, the Clintons occupied Government House. The mansion built on the site ,f Fort George at Bowling Green was originally intended to house the president rftri-... #-6 of the United States: however, it was left unfinished when . . *:. 1he federal government moved so . a CourtesyNew York Public 1.1brarY. 14 T.r'r P,;i37.77r)17

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tle more than three months after their daughter. A tIornelia. married "Citizen" Genet, twelve year-old Martha Washington Clinton. Cornelia's fifth child. died. It appearsthat Comelia took great comfort from visits to the Greenwichfarm, and a grandson, born in November of 1795.helped to fill the void. In i 795. after eighteen years of public service,George Clinton temporarily retired. From 1795 until 1800. he wasable to spend a substantial amount of timewith his family at Greenwich where he attended to personal matters and recoupedhis health. Late in the fall of 1799. Cornelia became veryill. Her physician. Dr. Young, held out hope for recovery, butshe died on March 15, 1800. at the age of fifty-six. George Clinton."the aged governor," was deeply affected by the loss ofhis "dearest wife:' During their thirty-year marriage, she had been a devoted wifeand mother. Cornelia Clinton did not seek to exploit her positionand did noi appear to relish the public role that wasoccasionally thrust upon her. She entertained when necessary, but was mostcomfortable when surrounded by her immediate family andclose friends. As a contemporary observed,she was "not showy, but a kind, friendly woman." more than fulfilling the obligationsexpected of women in the constitutional period. Had she lived foranother decade. Cornelia could have claimed a national role byvirtue of George Clinton's two terms as vice president of theUnited States in the administrations of Thomas Jeffersonand James Madison.

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CARIOR Clinton Coat of Arms. Courtesy of the New 'Milt Stale Lrtnary I

Cornelia Clinton Genet (1774-1810) In I 794. the Clinton's daughter Cornelia. married the French ambassador, Edmond Charles (Citizen) Genet. The wedding took place on November 6. I 794 at Government House. from MS EXCELLENCY (iEli(XiE CLINTON. Spaukfing.

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THE CONSTITUTIONAL ERA

44: t',. The European The American Scene Scene

re- esent also, but in t.../(ericanscall the names seldom of the lower profile, were women who administered A the mothers, wives, and vast territories of the world at daughters of the men who a time when the Un!ted States guided our road to ;iberty. Constitution withheld its priv- Abigail Adams' memorable ileges from more than half of advice to her husband to our population. "remember the ladies" as he For nearly three-quarters of prepared the first drafts of the the eighteenth century, Declaration of Independence Sarah Van Brugh Livingston Jay. 011on canvas by demonstrated her keen per- Russia was ruled by female Daniel Huntington. 1783. sovereigns. Catherine the Courtesy New Nock Stole (Ace of Par le, Recreation41)(111/VON Prrftt' ception of the new roles Great, for example, reigned women would one day play. with unchallenged authority from 1762 to 1796. Her correspondence with Elsewhere, Portugal's Queen Marie ruled from and others also revealed a strong commitment 1777 to i 816, and Maria Theresa succeeded to to the principles underlying America'sdrive the Austrian throne after her husband's death, for independence. wielding power for forty Along with thousands years. Keen protectors of their of other New York women, own monarchies, all shared Cornelia Tappen Clinton an interest in the negotiations and Sarah Livingston Jay that followed the close of contributed to the period that hostilitks between America staged the founding of our and Great Britain. A century Republic. By virtue of their close association with the earlier, Elizabeth I of England vv had consolidated her realm, mt- major actors on that stage, dominated her European they hold a unique place in neighbors, and supported our history. As New York'sfirst the colonization of the New two "First Ladies." their lives World. Although eighteenth- were linked to the destiny of century England restricted Catherine the Great .Nbigail Adams. the nation. of Russia. Courtesy Massac hust'IIs suffrage for men and denied Historical Sot tety Shirley A. Rice it to women, many began to consider the implications of Mary Wollstonecraft's epic work, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. published 1.6 in London in 1797.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE . SALLY

Sarah Livingston Jay. Pastel by Sharpies. Courtesy Neve No* State Office of Parks. Itecreatm and I Mimic Preservation.

V stIliam Livingston, New Jersey's first cluded Alexander ate governor, and his wife, Susannah Hamilton and John their Jay, two young New French Livingston. raised their large family at Yorkers who often Elizabethtown, New Jersey, home, "Liberty Hall:' sought the counsel Sarah (Sally) Van Brugh Livingston (1756-1802). her Of their distinguished the eighth of their thirteen children, spent host and the com- adolescence on this comfortable rural estate panionship of his overlooking the Elizabeth River. the attractive daughters. There, she listened with youthful curiosity to On April 28, 1774, discussions about rebellion and independence Sally Livingston and that monopolized her father, who represented John Jay exchanged New Jersey in the Continental Congress.William 4 wedding vows in Livingston's colleagues and fellow patriots in- the great parlor at "N Liberty Hall. She I. was seventeen: Jay, John Jay twenty-eight. President of the Continental Congress: co-author of The Federalist: first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court: Governor of New York State. I 793- I Hof. Oil on canvas by Kellen. after Stuart. oullesV New `fix% State Mite or Parks. lirt fedfK141. anti Himont PteServat1041

The first years of marriageseparated the young couple. Sally remained atElizabethtown while he immersed himself in the deterioratingsituation between Great Britain and her Americancolonies. Jay was the principal authorof New York's first state constitution, served onrevolutionary com- mittees, and shuttled between eastcoast cities, reporting to the Continental Congress. Eventually, British troops threatenedLiberty Hall. On November 29. 1777,Kitty (Catherine) Sally, residing in A nineteenth-century engraving of -Liberty Hall': Livingston reported to her sister, William and Susannah Livingston brought their youngfamily Philadelphia, that "everything [hadbeen] carried from New York City to this spacious New Jersey residence off [including] hinges. locks, and panesof glass:' in 1772. 19, I VOYAGE TO EUROPE .1,4- .4 .4:;::'.

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The Confederacy took Sally and John on the first leg of the trip to Spain. courwsy of the Bruce aaurry. MemPhtS. Tennessee.

n October of I 779, Sally accompanied her Further delays necessitated chartering passage husband to Europe, where as minister on the Aurora. which departed St. Pierre for Cadiz g-plenipotentiary to Spain, he pursued efforts to in December, 1779. secure loans for American military operations. They left their three year-old son, Peter Augustus, with her parents in Elizabethtown and embarked on the Confederacy. Before a gale forced them to put in at Martinique for repairs. Sally spent lazy shipboard after- noons writing long letters to family and friends. Lengthening distance sharpened her admiration for America. To her sister, Kitty, she 3 wrote: "Where is the country where Justice is so impartially admin- istered, industry encouraged, health and smiling plenty so bounteous to all as in our favored country? And are not those blessings, each of them resulting from or matured by freedom, worth contending for? What have I to do with politicks! Am I not myself a woman, and writing to Ladies?"

Sally toured the sugar mills on Martinique while the Confederacy underwent repairs. Courtesy Jay Papers. Special Corlertions. Co4umb4a tlaversay Libcanes. I s BiSTCOPY AURAE ";. 41'4 ,`-riirS,:Crv

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Aiving inCadiz on the southern coast of by the court of Charles Ill, their personalfinances pain in January of 1780, the Jays strained, and grieving over the death offour-week- began preparations for the overland Journey to old Susan, Sally's moods alternatedbetween Madrid. Sally, now pregnant with their second indignation and despair. child, combed the markets in Cadiz forhams, Sally Jay to her mother. Susannah chocolate, sugar, and household supplies, and French Livingston. Madrid. August 28. I 780. supervised the packing. advising her ot Susan's death: Their small party led a mule train northward "On monday the 22nd day after the toward Xeres. With them was Brockholst binh of my little innocent, we perceived that she had a fever, but Livingston, Sally's brother, who acted as Jay's were not apprehensive of danger personal secretary, and Peter Jay Munro,their until the next day when it was attended with a fit. On wednesday young nephew. the convulsions increased, and on The assignment was marked by the lackof thursday she was the whole day In funds, by poor communication with the one continued fit, nor could she and by close her little eye.lids untill fryday Continental Congress, by Spanish duplicity, morning the 4th of AuguA at 4 the personal betrayal of BrockholstLivingston, o'clock, when wearied with pain, who sought to undermine Jay's efforts.Snubbed the link; sufferer found rest Counesy Jay Papers. SIXS3al ConectkIns Columbia lluversily Libraries.

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daft 174 PARIS _4410sor

he Jays welcomed reassignment to Paris in 1782. Having buried an infant daugh!er in Madrid and given birth to another, Sally had directed her full attention to her household. Now, the new mission promised reunion with other Americans in the diplomatic corps and an inirckluction to the celebrated ambience of the French capital. A third daughter, Ann (Nancy), was born on French soil while complex negoti- - ations leading to the lleaty of Paris vt. dragged on. When the signatories reached agreement. Sally saluted the happy news with this toast:

The United States of America, may they be perpetual The Congress The King and Nation of France General Washington and the American Army The United Netherlands and all other free States in the world May our Country be always His Catholic Majesty and all other prepared for War, Princes and Powers who have but disposed to Peace manifested Friendship to America Liberty and Happiness The Memory of the Patriots to all Mankind. who have fallen for their Country - Diversions included Montgol- May kindness be shown to their fiers' balloon ascensions Widows and Children A diplomat's wife In Paris. and dinners with Dr. Benjamin The French Officers and Army Alonzo Chappel. Franklin, who entertained with who served in America demonstrations of the properties of magnetism. Gratitude to our Friends and Sally sent for the popular novel. Evelina, and had Moderation to our Enemies the children innoculated against smallpox. Finally. John Jay completed his peace com- May all our Citizens be Soldiers, missioner duties. Sally was ecstatic at the and all our Soldiers Citizens prospect of returning home; they had not seen Concord, Wisdom and Firmness to Peter Augustus for nearly five years. all American Councils

Sally often attended the Paris Opera where she was mistaken for the French queen, Marie Antoinette. iimetittM%ii) Benjamin Franklin. courtesy us. New Ottt Public Library

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Plans for the New Street stables at the rear of the Jayresidence in . courtesy Mus(-um ol %I1, oty of New Thrk. 1784

62Ptheir return to America, a square. three- story stone residence at No. 8 Broadway in New York City housed the Jays. whoeagerly embraced the society of long-absent family and friends. Sally's circle included Mrs.Alexan- der Hamilton (Betsy Schuylen, Mrs, George Clinton (Cornelia Tappen. New York's first "First Lady"), Kitty Duer, and Alice DeLancey Izard. The household was looked after by servantsand slaves, Among them was Benoit, whom the Jays purchased in Martinique, and who accompanied them to Spain and to France. Frequent Jayand visits often taxed the accom- modations and the staff. Meanwhile, Maria (born in 1782) and Ann were m41 This silver coffeepot enrolled at the celebrated Moravian school belonged to the Jays. in Bethlehem. . where "were courwsy museum of ihe City of Nett-ork. educated a large proportion of the belleswho gave the fashionable circles of NewYork...their inspiration. ..

Alice DeLancey Izard. Kitty Duer. Betsy Schuyler Hamilton. 4) FIRST LADY OF NEW YORK STATE +ON. 1795-1801

egi.he unparalleled festivities surrounding President George Washington's inaugura- tion on April 30 highlighted the events of 1789- the convening of the First Federal Congress and the establishment of the national government. With New York designated the national capital, poli- ticians from New Hampshire to Georgia converged on the city. when John Jay became chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1 789, the appoint- ment meant separation from Sally and the children, as did his mission to Great Britain in 1793 that resulted in the highly controversial . His prolonged absences thrust the entire responsibility for the household on her shoulders. Her husband's election as the state's chief executive in 1796 opened a new chapter in Sally's life. The Jays continued to maintain a home in New York City &Ind rented temporary quarters in Albany when that city became the state capital in 1797. Sally entertained weekly on Thursday evenings and the Jays attended other receptions hosted by prominent neighbors.

Sally, William, (born 1 789) and Sarah Louisa, (born 1 792).Pastel by Sharpies. Courtesy New York State Office of Parks. Recreation and Historic Preserratkm.

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t the turn of the century, the earlynational A vivacious and intelligent woman. (era drew to a close, and John Jayretired Sally cherished her family and was a devoted from public life. The Jays yearned for a futurefree and caring mother. The lessons of the years of the heavy responsibilities they had bornefor abroad and the challenges encountered at home thirty years. Sally's health, however, began tofail had seasoned the privileges of birth andtempered rapidly. the character of the woman whose untimely Despite her decline, their long-delayed desirefor death was mourned by all who knew her. a country homestead began tomaterialize. A without hesitation, she adopted an international comfortable farmhouse, surrounded by an array life that held more pitfalls than praise,travelled of outbuildings, slowly emerged on thousands of miles under the most a rural Jay family tract in Bedford, prirnitive conditions, negotiated the minefields of politics and diplomacy, Westchester County. Early in 1 80 1 . 11 I they took possession. ' and mastered the slippery slopes I of Parisian salons. She remained, On May 28, 1802, with her husband t. at her side, Sarah Livingston Jay until the end, a beloved wife and succumbed to a long-standing illness. companion. She was just forty-six years old-her Sally is interred in the Jay family youngest child, Sarah Louisa. a girl of vault at "Tiw Locusts," Rye. ten.

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SaIIvsobituary aplwared in tiw New York press on June 4. I SO:t. :40" Courtesy !Sew `1 ork Stale I Amin.' Do mon ot 4 11. yr Ntatussc rusts mut sux-1 talc (M11111115 r.dett

Sally's white satin evening slippers. They featured a low. curved heel and were trantned with pink satin piping. UnlineW MUSellin of Me (:ltv 1)1 Nvw 'lurk 8 The Executive Mansion Albany, New York

Dear Friends, The role of the First Lady of New York State has changed dramatically since the first governor took office over 200 years ago. It is. only in recenthistory that the First Lady has assumed a strong public role, pursuing her own agendawithin the framework of priorities established by the governor. This changing image is best personified by , an undaunting advocate of human rights. She fought courageously for those oppressed by injustice, poverty, and war, and she continues to be an important model not only for First Ladies and women in leadershipbut for all who envision and strive .for a just world. The First Ladies of the 18th century led vastly different lives from Mrs.Roosevelt. Nonetheless, this teaching exhibit on Cornelia Tappen Clinton and Sarah Livingston Jaywill point to women who were influential, courageous and colorful. This exhibit, which has been prepared by the New York StateCommission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution, will give us the opportunity to becomefamiliar with the first two "First Ladies" of New York State who witnessed the establishmentof the State and of the national government. Learning about the history of our State and the people who made that historyis an important endeavor for all of New York's citizens. I hope that those with the opportunity to study this teaching exhibit will find the experience to be a richly rewardingand informative one. I congratulate those who had the foresight to put the exhibit together. I alsoextend my very best wishes to those who will takethe time to learn more about these very special women and the many contributions they made to the State of New York during thelthh century.

Sincerely,

Matilda Raffa Cuomo "First Ladies of New York State" is an educational project of the New York State Commission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution.

Cultural Education Center913-30 Empire State Plaza Albany, New York12230 (518)473-6191

Teaching packet and poster design by Leigh Ann Smith. Photos by Gary Gold.

New York State Education Department 25