December 1, 2020 u vol. 117 u no. 48

From the Cover

30029 The science of deep learning 30276 Digital text size and readability 30303 Self-confidence and gender pay gap 30775 Calcium signaling and urinary tract function

Contents

THIS WEEK IN PNAS—This week’s research highlights 29993 In This Issue Cover image: Pictured is the behavior of last-layer feature means and linear OPINION—Leading scientists discuss current issues classifiers of a deep neural network during the terminal phase of training, 29995 conservation during a global crisis: Consequences and the showing that the feature means and way forward linear classifiers converge to a simple Alok Bang and Suvarna Khadakkar and highly symmetric form. Empirically derived artificial neural networks have PROFILE—The life and work of NAS members greatly improved over the past decade, 30000 Profile of Joel D. Blum but their mechanisms of action remain Jennifer Viegas poorly understood. The Colloquium on The Science of Deep Learning aims to enrich understanding of highly COMMENTARIES advanced deep-learning systems and 30003 Hippocampal plasticity may drive cocaine relapse their use as research tools. See the Vanessa E. Lehmann and Paul J. Kenny Introduction to the Colloquium by See companion article on page 26460 in issue 42 of volume 117 Richard Baraniuk, David L. Donoho, and 30006 Are nearly free silanols a unifying structural determinant of silica – Matan Gavish on pages 30029 30032. particle toxicity? Image credit: X. Y. Han (Cornell C. Jeffrey Brinker, Kimberly S. Butler, and Stephen H. Garofalini University, Ithaca, NY) and Vardan See companion article on page 27836 in issue 45 of volume 117 Papyan (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada). 30009 In fatal COVID-19, the immune response can control the virus but kill the patient Arturo Casadevall and Liise-anne Pirofski See companion article on page 28336 in issue 45 of volume 117 30012 Hawks, Doves, and mongooses Michael L. Wilson See companion article on page 29759 in issue 47 of volume 117

PERSPECTIVE 30014 Ethics in field experimentation: A call to establish new standards to protect the public from unwanted manipulation and real harms Rose McDermott and Peter K. Hatemi

LETTERS 30022 Aspect ratio dependence of the ultimate-state transition in turbulent thermal convection Xiaozhou He, Eberhard Bodenschatz, and Guenter Ahlers

Free online through the PNAS open access option. PNAS u December 1, 2020 u vol. 117 u no. 48 u iii–ix Downloaded by guest on September 30, 2021 30024 Reply to He et al.: The dependence of heat transport PHYSICAL SCIENCES law on aspect ratio is still unclear Kartik P. Iyer, Janet D. Scheel, Jo¨rg Schumacher, APPLIED MATHEMATICS and Katepalli R. Sreenivasan 30039 Theoretical issues in deep networks 30025 Safety concerns regarding concomitant use Tomaso Poggio, Andrzej Banburski, and Qianli Liao of tocilizumab and glucocorticoids in 30088 On instabilities of deep learning in image COVID-19 patients reconstruction and the potential costs of AI Chengliang Yang, Elizabeth Liu, and Mingyao Liu Vegard Antun, Francesco Renna, Clarice Poon, Ben Adcock, 30027 Reply to Yang et al.: Tocilizumab treatment in COVID- and Anders C. Hansen 19 patients needs the assessment of the disease severity and timely intervention APPLIED PHYSICAL SCIENCES Xiaoling Xu, Mingfeng Han, Tiantian Li, Wei Sun, 30107 Hyperchromatic structural color for perceptually Dongsheng Wang, Binqing Fu, Yonggang Zhou, Xiaohu enhanced sensing by the naked eye Zheng, Yun Yang, Xiuyong Li, Xiaohua Zhang, Aijun Pan, Tahmid H. Talukdar, Bria McCoy, Sarah K. Timmins, Taufiquar and Haiming Wei Khan, and Judson D. Ryckman 30118 Heterogeneity in social and epidemiological factors determines the risk of measles outbreaks COLLOQUIUM ON THE SCIENCE OF DEEP LEARNING Paolo Bosetti, Piero Poletti, Massimo Stella, Bruno Lepri, Stefano Merler, and Manlio De Domenico INTRODUCTION 30029 The science of deep learning BIOPHYSICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY Richard Baraniuk, David L. Donoho, and Matan Gavish 30126 Structure and regulation of the BsYetJ calcium channel in nanodiscs Chieh-Chin Li, Te-Yu Kao, Chu-Chun Cheng, COLLOQUIUM PAPERS and Yun-Wei Chiang (江昀緯) 30033 The unreasonable effectiveness of deep learning in δ artificial intelligence 30344 Structure of eukaryotic DNA polymerase bound to Terrence J. Sejnowski the PCNA clamp while encircling DNA Fengwei Zheng, Roxana E. Georgescu, Huilin Li, 30039 Theoretical issues in deep networks and Michael E. O’Donnell Tomaso Poggio, Andrzej Banburski, and Qianli Liao 30354 Replisome bypass of a protein-based R-loop block 30046 Emergent linguistic structure in artificial neural by Pif1 networks trained by self-supervision Grant D. Schauer, Lisanne M. Spenkelink, Jacob S. Lewis, Olga Christopher D. Manning, Kevin Clark, John Hewitt, Urvashi Yurieva, Stefan H. Mueller, Antoine M. van Oijen, Khandelwal, and Omer Levy and Michael E. O’Donnell 30055 The frontier of simulation-based inference 30362 Tight and specific lanthanide binding in a de novo TIM Kyle Cranmer, Johann Brehmer, and Gilles Louppe barrel with a large internal cavity designed by 30063 Benign overfitting in linear regression symmetric domain fusion Peter L. Bartlett, Philip M. Long, Ga´bor Lugosi, Shane J. Caldwell, Ian C. Haydon, Nikoletta Piperidou, and Alexander Tsigler Po-Ssu Huang, Matthew J. Bick, H. Sebastian Sjo¨stro¨m, Donald Hilvert, David Baker, 30071 Understanding the role of individual units in a deep and Cathleen Zeymer neural network David Bau, Jun-Yan Zhu, Hendrik Strobelt, Agata Lapedriza, 30441 An S/T motif controls reversible oligomerization of Bolei Zhou, and Antonio Torralba the Hsp40 chaperone DNAJB6b through subtle reorganization of a β sheet backbone 30079 Fast reinforcement learning with generalized Theodoros K. Karamanos, Vitali Tugarinov, policy updates and G. Marius Clore Andre´ Barreto, Shaobo Hou, Diana Borsa, David Silver, and Doina Precup 30610 Markov state modeling reveals alternative unbinding pathways for peptide– 30088 On instabilities of deep learning in image MHC complexes reconstruction and the potential costs of AI Jayvee R. Abella, Dinler Antunes, Kyle Jackson, Gregory Lize´e, Vegard Antun, Francesco Renna, Clarice Poon, Ben Adcock, Cecilia Clementi, and Lydia E. Kavraki and Anders C. Hansen 30710 mGreenLantern: a bright monomeric fluorescent 30096 Algorithms as discrimination detectors protein with rapid expression and cell filling Jon Kleinberg, Jens Ludwig, Sendhil Mullainathan, properties for neuronal imaging and Cass R. Sunstein Benjamin C. Campbell, Elisa M. Nabel, Mitchell H. Murdock, Cristina Lao-Peregrin, Pantelis Tsoulfas, Murray G. Blackmore, Francis S. Lee, Conor Liston, Hirofumi Morishita, BRIEF REPORTS and Gregory A. Petsko

30101 The effect of tethering on the clearance rate of CHEMISTRY suspension-feeding plankton 30135 Stable metal anodes enabled by a labile organic Anders Andersen and Thomas Kiørboe molecule bonded to a reduced graphene 30104 The interplay of movement and spatiotemporal oxide aerogel variation in transmission degrades Yue Gao, Daiwei Wang, Yun Kyung Shin, Zhifei Yan, Zhuo pandemic control Han, Ke Wang, Md Jamil Hossain, Shuling Shen, Nicholas Kortessis, Margaret W. Simon, Michael Barfield, Atif AlZahrani, Adri C. T. van Duin, Thomas E. Mallouk, Gregory E. Glass, Burton H. Singer, and Robert D. Holt and Donghai Wang

iv u www.pnas.org Contents Downloaded by guest on September 30, 2021 30142 A chemical dynamics study on the gas-phase PHYSICS formation of triplet and singlet C5H2 carbenes 30215 Critical point for Bose–Einstein condensation of Chao He, Galiya R. Galimova, Yuheng Luo, Long excitons in graphite Zhao, Andre´ K. Eckhardt, Rui Sun, Alexander M. Mebel, Jinhua Wang, Pan Nie, Xiaokang Li, Huakun Zuo, Benoıˆt and Ralf I. Kaiser Fauque´, Zengwei Zhu, and Kamran Behnia 30151 Absolute ion hydration free energy scale 30220 From antiferromagnetic and hidden order to Pauli and the surface potential of water via paramagnetism in UM2Si2 compounds with 5f quantum simulation electron duality Yu Shi and Thomas L. Beck Andrea Amorese, Martin Sundermann, Brett Leedahl, Andrea Marino, Daisuke Takegami, Hlynur Gretarsson, Andrei COMPUTER SCIENCES Gloskovskii, Christoph Schlueter, Maurits W. Haverkort, Yingkai 30033 The unreasonable effectiveness of deep learning in Huang, Maria Szlawska, Dariusz Kaczorowski, Sheng Ran, M. Brian artificial intelligence Maple, Eric D. Bauer, Andreas Leithe-Jasper, Philipp Hansmann, Peter Thalmeier, Liu Hao Tjeng, and Andrea Severing Terrence J. Sejnowski 30228 Flow-induced choking of a compliant Hele-Shaw cell 30046 Emergent linguistic structure in artificial neural Finn Box, Gunnar G. Peng, Draga Pihler-Puzovic, networks trained by self-supervision and Anne Juel Christopher D. Manning, Kevin Clark, John Hewitt, Urvashi Khandelwal, and Omer Levy 30234 Machine-learning iterative calculation of entropy for physical systems 30071 Understanding the role of individual units in a deep ,Roy Beck ,( עלסןרע ) Eran Sela ,( רינתימע ) Amit Nir ( רביאחוי - יניס ) neural network and Yohai Bar-Sinai David Bau, Jun-Yan Zhu, Hendrik Strobelt, Agata Lapedriza, Bolei Zhou, and Antonio Torralba 30241 Multiscale structural complexity of natural patterns Andrey A. Bagrov (Андрей Александрович Багров), Ilia A. 30079 Fast reinforcement learning with generalized Iakovlev (Илья Яковлев), Askar A. Iliasov (Аскар Ильясов), policy updates Mikhail I. Katsnelson, and Vladimir V. Mazurenko Andre´ Barreto, Shaobo Hou, Diana Borsa, David Silver, and Doina Precup 30252 Hidden symmetries generate rigid folding mechanisms in periodic origami 30096 Algorithms as discrimination detectors James McInerney, Bryan Gin-ge Chen, Louis Theran, Jon Kleinberg, Jens Ludwig, Sendhil Mullainathan, Christian D. Santangelo, and D. Zeb Rocklin and Cass R. Sunstein 30260 Topological Weaire–Thorpe models of amorphous matter EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES Quentin Marsal, Da´niel Varjas, and Adolfo G. Grushin 30159 From particle attachment to space-filling coral skeletons STATISTICS Chang-Yu Sun, Cayla A. Stifler, Rajesh V. Chopdekar, Connor A. Schmidt, Ganesh Parida, Vanessa Schoeppler, 30055 The frontier of simulation-based inference Benjamin I. Fordyce, Jack H. Brau, Tali Mass, Sylvie Tambutte´, Kyle Cranmer, Johann Brehmer, and Gilles Louppe and Pupa U. P. A. Gilbert 30063 Benign overfitting in linear regression 30171 Molecular and isotopic evidence reveals the Peter L. Bartlett, Philip M. Long, Ga´bor Lugosi, end-Triassic isotope excursion is not and Alexander Tsigler from massive exogenous light carbon 30266 Methods for correcting inference based on outcomes Calum P. Fox, Xingqian Cui, Jessica H. Whiteside, Paul E. predicted by machine learning Olsen, Roger E. Summons, and Kliti Grice Siruo Wang, Tyler H. McCormick, and Jeffrey T. Leek 30179 Solar geoengineering may not prevent strong 30531 Estimating and forecasting spatial population warming from direct effects of CO2 on dynamics of apex predators using transnational stratocumulus cloud cover genetic monitoring Tapio Schneider, Colleen M. Kaul, Richard Bischof, Cyril Milleret, Pierre Dupont, Joseph and Kyle G. Pressel Chipperfield, Mahdieh Tourani, Andre´s Ordiz, Perry de Valpine, Daniel Turek, J. Andrew Royle, Olivier Gimenez, ˚ ENGINEERING Øystein Flagstad, Mikael Akesson, Linn Svensson, Henrik Brøseth, and Jonas Kindberg 30186 Dirac cones and chiral selection of elastic waves in a soft strip Maxime Lanoy, Fabrice Lemoult, Antonin Eddi, SOCIAL SCIENCES and Claire Prada 30191 Ionization behavior of nanoporous ANTHROPOLOGY polyamide membranes 30324 Matriliny reverses gender disparities in inflammation Cody L. Ritt, Jay R. Werber, Mengyi Wang, and hypertension among the Mosuo of China Zhongyue Yang, Yumeng Zhao, Heather J. Kulik, Adam Z. Reynolds, Katherine Wander, Chun-Yi Sum, Mingjie and Menachem Elimelech Su (苏明杰), Melissa Emery Thompson, Paul L. Hooper, 30201 Swimming acquire optimal efficiency Hui Li (李辉), Mary K. Shenk, Kathrine E. Starkweather, with multiple cilia Tami Blumenfield, and Siobha´n M. Mattison Toshihiro Omori, Hiroaki Ito, and Takuji Ishikawa 30208 Constitutive relationship and governing physical PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES properties for magnetophoresis 30276 Reconciling print-size and display-size constraints Ayankola O. Ayansiji, Anish V. Dighe, Andreas A. Linninger, on reading and Meenesh R. Singh Nilsu Atilgan, Ying-Zi Xiong, and Gordon E. Legge

Contents PNAS u December 1, 2020 u vol. 117 u no. 48 u v Downloaded by guest on September 30, 2021 SOCIAL SCIENCES 30370 Structure-function analysis of microRNA 3′-end 30285 Network interventions for managing the COVID-19 trimming by Nibbler pandemic and sustaining economy Wei Xie, Ivica Sowemimo, Rippei Hayashi, Juncheng Wang, Akihiro Nishi, George Dewey, Akira Endo, Sophia Neman, Thomas R. Burkard, Julius Brennecke, Stefan L. Ameres, Sage K. Iwamoto, Michael Y. Ni, Yusuke Tsugawa, Georgios and Dinshaw J. Patel Iosifidis, Justin D. Smith, and Sean D. Young 30380 Crystal structure of a guanine nucleotide exchange 30295 The social patterning of autism diagnoses reversed in factor encoded by the scrub typhus pathogen California between 1992 and 2018 Orientia tsutsugamushi Alix S. Winter, Christine Fountain, Keely Cheslack-Postava, Christopher Lim, Jason M. Berk, Alyssa Blaise, and Peter S. Bearman Josie Bircher, Anthony J. Koleske, Mark Hochstrasser, and Yong Xiong 30303 The confidence gap predicts the gender pay gap among STEM graduates 30391 NAP1-Related Protein 1 (NRP1) has multiple Adina D. Sterling, Marissa E. Thompson, Shiya Wang, Abisola interaction modes for chaperoning Kusimo, Shannon Gilmartin, and Sheri Sheppard histones H2A-H2B 30309 The changing geography of social mobility in the Qiang Luo, Baihui Wang, Zhen Wu, Wen Jiang, Yueyue Wang, Kangxi Du, Nana Zhou, Lina United States Zheng, Jianhua Gan, Wen-Hui Shen, Jinbiao Ma, Dylan Shane Connor and Michael Storper and Aiwu Dong

SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE 30400 FMRP links optimal codons to mRNA stability in neurons 30318 Consequences of seafood mislabeling for marine Huan Shu, Elisa Donnard, Botao Liu, Suna Jung, Ruijia Wang, populations and fisheries management and Joel D. Richter Kailin Kroetz, Gloria M. Luque, Jessica A. Gephart, Sunny L. Jardine, Patrick Lee, Katrina Chicojay Moore, Cassandra Cole, 30412 Mobile loop dynamics in adenosyltransferase Andrew Steinkruger, and C. Josh Donlan control binding and reactivity of coenzyme B12 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Romila Mascarenhas, Markus Ruetz, Liam McDevitt, Markos Koutmos, and Ruma Banerjee ANTHROPOLOGY 30423 The antibiotic sorangicin A inhibits promoter DNA 30324 Matriliny reverses gender disparities in inflammation unwinding in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis and hypertension among the Mosuo of China rifampicin-resistant RNA polymerase Adam Z. Reynolds, Katherine Wander, Chun-Yi Sum, Mingjie Mirjana Lilic, James Chen, Hande Boyaci, Nathaniel Su (苏明杰), Melissa Emery Thompson, Paul L. Hooper, Braffman, Elizabeth A. Hubin, Jennifer Herrmann, Rolf Hui Li (李辉), Mary K. Shenk, Kathrine E. Starkweather, Mu¨ller, Rachel Mooney, Robert Landick, Seth A. Darst, Tami Blumenfield, and Siobha´n M. Mattison and Elizabeth A. Campbell 30433 Interface switch mediates signal transmission in APPLIED BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES a two-component system 30328 Glutaric acid production by systems metabolic Mingxing Wang, Qiong Guo, Kongfu Zhu, Bo engineering of an L-lysine–overproducing Fang, Yifan Yang, Maikun Teng, Xu Li, Corynebacterium glutamicum and Yuyong Tao Taehee Han, Gi Bae Kim, and Sang Yup Lee 30335 Delivery of muscle-derived exosomal miRNAs induced BIOPHYSICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY by HIIT improves insulin sensitivity through down- 30159 From particle attachment to space-filling regulation of hepatic FoxO1 in mice coral skeletons Carlos Castan˜o, Mercedes Mirasierra, Mario Vallejo, Anna Chang-Yu Sun, Cayla A. Stifler, Rajesh V. Chopdekar, Novials, and Marcelina Pa´rrizas Connor A. Schmidt, Ganesh Parida, Vanessa Schoeppler, Benjamin I. Fordyce, Jack H. Brau, Tali Mass, Sylvie Tambutte´, BIOCHEMISTRY and Pupa U. P. A. Gilbert 30126 Structure and regulation of the BsYetJ calcium 30441 An S/T motif controls reversible oligomerization of channel in lipid nanodiscs the Hsp40 chaperone DNAJB6b through subtle Chieh-Chin Li, Te-Yu Kao, Chu-Chun Cheng, reorganization of a β sheet backbone and Yun-Wei Chiang (江昀緯) Theodoros K. Karamanos, Vitali Tugarinov, 30344 Structure of eukaryotic DNA polymerase δ bound to and G. Marius Clore the PCNA clamp while encircling DNA 30451 Biophysical analysis of the structural evolution of Fengwei Zheng, Roxana E. Georgescu, Huilin Li, substrate specificity in RuBisCO and Michael E. O’Donnell Saroj Poudel, Douglas H. Pike, Hagai Raanan, Joshua A. 30354 Replisome bypass of a protein-based R-loop block Mancini, Vikas Nanda, Rosalind E. M. Rickaby, and Paul G. Falkowski by Pif1 Grant D. Schauer, Lisanne M. Spenkelink, Jacob S. Lewis, Olga 30458 Structural basis for polarized elongation of Yurieva, Stefan H. Mueller, Antoine M. van Oijen, actin filaments and Michael E. O’Donnell Vilmos Zsolnay, Harshwardhan H. Katkar, Steven Z. Chou, 30362 Tight and specific lanthanide binding in a de novo TIM Thomas D. Pollard, and Gregory A. Voth barrel with a large internal cavity designed by 30465 Single-molecule and in silico dissection of the symmetric domain fusion interaction between Polycomb repressive Shane J. Caldwell, Ian C. Haydon, Nikoletta Piperidou, complex 2 and chromatin Po-Ssu Huang, Matthew J. Bick, H. Sebastian Rachel Leicher, Eva J. Ge, Xingcheng Lin, Matthew J. Reynolds, Sjo¨stro¨m, Donald Hilvert, David Baker, Wenjun Xie, Thomas Walz, Bin Zhang, Tom W. Muir, and Cathleen Zeymer and Shixin Liu

vi u www.pnas.org Contents Downloaded by guest on September 30, 2021 CELL BIOLOGY GENETICS 30476 Modular transient nanoclustering of activated β2- 30566 Aneuploidy increases resistance to chemotherapeutics adrenergic receptors revealed by single-molecule by antagonizing cell division tracking of conformation-specific nanobodies John Michael Replogle, Wen Zhou, Adrianna E. Rachel S. Gormal, Pranesh Padmanabhan, Ravikiran Kasula, Amaro, James M. McFarland, Mariana Villalobos-Ortiz, Adekunle T. Bademosi, Sean Coakley, Jean Giacomotto, Ailisa Jeremy Ryan, Anthony Letai, Omer Yilmaz, Jason Blum, Merja Joensuu, Tristan P. Wallis, Harriet P. Lo, Srikanth Sheltzer, Stephen J. Lippard, Uri Ben-David, Budnar, James Rae, Charles Ferguson, Michele Bastiani, and Angelika Amon Walter G. Thomas, Els Pardon, Jan Steyaert, Alpha S. Yap, 30577 Exo1 recruits Cdc5 polo kinase to MutLγ to ensure Geoffrey J. Goodhill, Massimo A. Hilliard, Robert G. Parton, efficient meiotic crossover formation and Fre´de´ric A. Meunier Aurore Sanchez, Ce´line Adam, Felix Rauh, Yann 30488 FoxO1 is a crucial mediator of TGF-β/TAK1 signaling Duroc, Lepakshi Ranjha, Be´range`re Lombard, Xiaojing Mu, and protects against osteoarthritis by maintaining Me´lody Wintrebert, Damarys Loew, Alba Guarne´, Stefano articular cartilage homeostasis Gnan, Chun-Long Chen, Scott Keeney, Petr Cejka, Raphae¨l Cuicui Wang, Jie Shen, Jun Ying, Ding Xiao, Gue´rois, Franz Klein, Jean-Baptiste Charbonnier, and Regis J. O’Keefe and Vale´rie Borde 30498 The Cockayne syndrome group A and B proteins are 30589 A microbial metabolite synergizes with endogenous part of a ubiquitin–proteasome degradation serotonin to trigger C. elegans complex regulating cell division reproductive behavior Elena Paccosi, Federico Costanzo, Michele Costantino, Yen-Chih Chen, Mohammad R. Seyedsayamdost, Alessio Balzerano, Laura Monteonofrio, Silvia Soddu, and Niels Ringstad Giorgio Prantera, Stefano Brancorsini, Jean-Marc Egly, 30599 Incompatibility between proliferation and plant and Luca Proietti-De-Santis invasion is mediated by a regulator of appressorium formation in the corn DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY smut Ustilago maydis 30509 Mammalian-specific ectodermal enhancers control Antonio de la Torre, So´nia Castanheira, the expression of Hoxc genes in developing nails and Jose´Pe´rez-Martı´n and hair follicles Marc Fernandez-Guerrero, Nayuta Yakushiji-Kaminatsui, IMMUNOLOGY AND INFLAMMATION Lucille Lopez-Delisle, Sofı´a Zdral, Fabrice Darbellay, Rocı´o 30610 Markov state modeling reveals alternative Perez-Gomez, Christopher Chase Bolt, Manuel A. unbinding pathways for peptide– Sanchez-Martin, Denis Duboule, and Marian A. Ros MHC complexes 30520 Rox8 promotes microRNA-dependent yki messenger Jayvee R. Abella, Dinler Antunes, Kyle Jackson, Gregory Lize´e, RNA decay Cecilia Clementi, and Lydia E. Kavraki Xiaowei Guo, Yihao Sun, Taha Azad, H. J. Janse van Rensburg, 30619 Leukotriene B licenses inflammasome activation to Jingjing Luo, Shuai Yang, Peng Liu, Zhongwei Lv, Meixiao 4 Zhan, Ligong Lu, Yingqun Zhou, Xianjue Ma, Xiaoping Zhang, enhance skin host defense Xiaolong Yang, and Lei Xue Ana Carolina Guerta Salina, Stephanie L. Brandt, Nathan Klopfenstein, Amondrea Blackman, Ju´lia Miranda Ribeiro Bazzano, Anderson Sa´-Nunes, Nicole Byers-Glosson, ECOLOGY Claudia Brodskyn, Natalia Machado Tavares, Icaro 30531 Estimating and forecasting spatial population Bonyek Santos Da Silva, Alexandra I. Medeiros, dynamics of apex predators using transnational and C. Henrique Serezani genetic monitoring 30628 TLR signaling adapter BCAP regulates inflammatory Richard Bischof, Cyril Milleret, Pierre Dupont, Joseph to reparatory macrophage transition by promoting Chipperfield, Mahdieh Tourani, Andre´s Ordiz, Perry de histone lactylation Valpine, Daniel Turek, J. Andrew Royle, Olivier Gimenez, Ricardo A. Irizarry-Caro, Margaret M. McDaniel, Garrett R. ˚ Øystein Flagstad, Mikael Akesson, Linn Svensson, Henrik Overcast, Viral G. Jain, Ty Dale Troutman, Brøseth, and Jonas Kindberg and Chandrashekhar Pasare – 30539 Parental benefits and offspring costs reflect parent 30639 Aberrant expression of USF2 in refractory offspring conflict over the age of fledging rheumatoid arthritis and its regulation of among songbirds proinflammatory cytokines in Th17 cells Todd M. Jones, Jeffrey D. Brawn, Ian J. Ausprey, Andrew C. Dan Hu, Emily C. Tjon, Karin M. Andersson, Gabriela M. Vitz, Amanda D. Rodewald, Douglas W. Raybuck, Than J. Molica, Minh C. Pham, Brian Healy, Gopal Murugaiyan, Boves, Cameron J. Fiss, Darin J. McNeil, Scott H. Stoleson, Nathalie Pochet, Vijay K. Kuchroo, Maria I. Bokarewa, Jeffery L. Larkin, W. Andrew Cox, Amy C. Schwarzer, Noah P. and Howard L. Weiner Horsley, Evalynn M. Trumbo, and Michael P. Ward 30649 Thymus-derived B cell clones persist in the circulation 30547 The impact of COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions after thymectomy in myasthenia gravis on the future dynamics of endemic infections Ruoyi Jiang, Kenneth B. Hoehn, Casey S. Lee, Minh C. Rachel E. Baker, Sang Woo Park, Wenchang Yang, Gabriel A. Pham, Robert J. Homer, Frank C. Detterbeck, Inmaculada Vecchi, C. Jessica E. Metcalf, and Bryan T. Grenfell Aban, Leslie Jacobson, Angela Vincent, Richard J. Nowak, Henry J. Kaminski, Steven H. Kleinstein, EVOLUTION and Kevin C. O’Connor 30554 Genomic islands of differentiation in a rapid avian radiation have been driven by recent MEDICAL SCIENCES selective sweeps 30661 Label-free adaptive optics imaging of human retinal Hussein A. Hejase, Ayelet Salman-Minkov, Leonardo macrophage distribution and dynamics Campagna, Melissa J. Hubisz, Irby J. Lovette, Ilan Gronau, Daniel X. Hammer, Anant Agrawal, Ricardo Villanueva, and Adam Siepel Osamah Saeedi, and Zhuolin Liu

Contents PNAS u December 1, 2020 u vol. 117 u no. 48 u vii Downloaded by guest on September 30, 2021 30670 Unbiased in vivo preclinical evaluation of anticancer PHYSIOLOGY drugs identifies effective therapy for the treatment 30186 Dirac cones and chiral selection of elastic waves in of pancreatic adenocarcinoma a soft strip Olivera Grbovic-Huezo, Kenneth L. Pitter, Nicolas Lecomte, Maxime Lanoy, Fabrice Lemoult, Antonin Eddi, Joseph Saglimbeni, Gokce Askan, Matilda Holm, Jerry P. and Claire Prada Melchor, Rohit Chandwani, Suhasini Joshi, Caj Haglund, Christine A. Iacobuzio-Donahue, Gabriela Chiosis, Tuomas 30763 Lack of adipocyte purinergic P2Y6 receptor greatly Tammela, and Steven D. Leach improves whole body glucose homeostasis Shanu Jain, Sai P. Pydi, Kiran S. Toti, Bernard Robaye, Marco Idzko, Oksana Gavrilova, Ju¨rgen Wess, MICROBIOLOGY and Kenneth A. Jacobson + 30679 Analysis of genomic distributions of SARS-CoV-2 30775 The intracellular Ca2 release channel TRPML1 reveals a dominant strain type with strong regulates lower urinary tract smooth allelic associations muscle contractility Hsin-Chou Yang, Chun-houh Chen, Jen-Hung Wang, Caoimhin S. Griffin, Michael G. Alvarado, Evan Yamasaki, Hsiao-Chi Liao, Chih-Ting Yang, Chia-Wei Chen, Bernard T. Drumm, Vivek Krishnan, Sher Ali, Eleanor M. Nagle, Yin-Chun Lin, Chiun-How Kao, Mei-Yeh Jade Lu, Kenton M. Sanders, and Scott Earley and James C. Liao + 30787 Allosteric modulation of alternatively spliced Ca2 - 30687 The SKI complex is a broad-spectrum, host-directed − activated Cl channels TMEM16A by PI(4,5)P2 antiviral drug target for coronaviruses, influenza, and CaMKII and filoviruses Woori Ko, Seung-Ryoung Jung, Kwon-Woo Kim, Jun-Hee Stuart Weston, Lauren Baracco, Chloe Keller, Krystal Yeon, Cheon-Gyu Park, Joo Hyun Nam, Bertil Hille, Matthews, Marisa E. McGrath, James Logue, Janie Liang, and Byung-Chang Suh Julie Dyall, Michael R. Holbrook, Lisa E. Hensley, Peter B. Jahrling, Wenbo Yu, Alexander D. MacKerell Jr, and Matthew B. Frieman PLANT BIOLOGY 30799 Broad noncoding transcription suggests genome 30699 Transcriptome-based design of antisense inhibitors surveillance by RNA polymerase V potentiates carbapenem efficacy in CRE Escherichia coli Masayuki Tsuzuki, Shriya Sethuraman, Adriana N. Coke, M. Hafiz Rothi, Alan P. Boyle, Thomas R. Aunins, Keesha E. Erickson, and Andrzej T. Wierzbicki and Anushree Chatterjee 30805 HOS15 is a transcriptional corepressor of NEUROSCIENCE NPR1-mediated gene activation of plant immunity 30033 The unreasonable effectiveness of deep learning in Mingzhe Shen, Chae Jin Lim, Junghoon Park, Jeong artificial intelligence Eun Kim, Dongwon Baek, Jaesung Nam, Sang Yeol Terrence J. Sejnowski Lee, Jose M. Pardo, Woe-Yeon Kim, David Mackey, 30710 mGreenLantern: a bright monomeric fluorescent and Dae-Jin Yun protein with rapid expression and cell filling 30816 Dissection of the general two-step di-C-glycosylation properties for neuronal imaging pathway for the biosynthesis of (iso)schaftosides in Benjamin C. Campbell, Elisa M. Nabel, Mitchell H. Murdock, higher plants Cristina Lao-Peregrin, Pantelis Tsoulfas, Murray G. Blackmore, Zi-Long Wang, Hao-Meng Gao, Shuang Wang, Meng Francis S. Lee, Conor Liston, Hirofumi Morishita, Zhang, Kuan Chen, Ya-Qun Zhang, Hai-Dong Wang, Bo-Yun and Gregory A. Petsko Han, Lu-Lu Xu, Tian-Qiao Song, Cai-Hong Yun, Xue Qiao, 30722 Fast recovery of disrupted tip links induced by and Min Ye mechanical displacement of hair bundles R. G. Alonso, M. Tobin, P. Martin, and A. J. Hudspeth POPULATION BIOLOGY 30728 Evidence accumulation for value computation in the 30285 Network interventions for managing the COVID-19 prefrontal cortex during decision making pandemic and sustaining economy Zhongqiao Lin (林中乔), Chechang Nie (聂车畅), Akihiro Nishi, George Dewey, Akira Endo, Sophia Neman, Yuanfeng Zhang (张原逢), Yang Chen (陈阳), Sage K. Iwamoto, Michael Y. Ni, Yusuke Tsugawa, Georgios and Tianming Yang (杨天明) Iosifidis, Justin D. Smith, and Sean D. Young 30738 Maternally inherited peptides as strain- 30824 Global associations between macronutrient supply specific chemosignals and age-specific mortality Hideto Kaba, Hiroko Fujita, Takeshi Agatsuma, Alistair M. Senior, Shinichi Nakagawa, David Raubenheimer, and Hiroaki Matsunami and Stephen J. Simpson 30744 Thirst recruits phasic dopamine signaling through subfornical organ neurons PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES Ted M. Hsu, Paula Bazzino, Samantha J. Hurh, 30836 A source for awareness-dependent figure–ground Vaibhav R. Konanur, Jamie D. Roitman, segregation in human prefrontal cortex and Mitchell F. Roitman Ling Huang, Lijuan Wang, Wangming Shen, Mengsha Li, Shiyu Wang, Xiaotong Wang, Leslie G. Ungerleider, PHARMACOLOGY and Xilin Zhang 30755 An inactive receptor-G protein complex maintains the dynamic range of agonist- SYSTEMS BIOLOGY induced signaling 30848 Mutation bias within oncogene families is related to Wonjo Jang, C. Elizabeth Adams, Heng Liu, Cheng proliferation-specific codon usage Zhang, Finn Olav Levy, Kjetil Wessel Andressen, Hannah Benisty, Marc Weber, Xavier Hernandez-Alias, and Nevin A. Lambert Martin H. Schaefer, and Luis Serrano

viii u www.pnas.org Contents Downloaded by guest on September 30, 2021 NEUROSCIENCE CORRECTIONS 30859 Forelimb force direction and magnitude PHYSICS independently controlled by spinal modules in the macaque 30857 Multiorbital charge-density wave excitations and Amit Yaron, David Kowalski, Hiroaki Yaguchi, Tomohiko Takei, concomitant phonon anomalies in Bi Sr LaCuO +δ 2 2 6 and Kazuhiko Seki Jiemin Li, Abhishek Nag, Jonathan Pelliciari, Hannah Robarts, Andrew Walters, Mirian Garcia-Fernandez, Hiroshi Eisaki, Dongjoon Song, Hong Ding, Steven Johnston, Riccardo Comin, and Ke-Jin Zhou SI CORRECTION

BIOCHEMISTRY SCIENCE 30858 Potent competitive inhibition of human ribonucleotide 30860 Diversity buffers winegrowing regions from climate reductase by a nonnucleoside small molecule change losses Md. Faiz Ahmad, Intekhab Alam, Sarah E. Huff, John Pink, Ignacio Morales-Castilla, In˜aki Garcı´a de Corta´zar-Atauri, Sheryl A. Flanagan, Donna Shewach, Tessianna A. Misko, Benjamin I. Cook, Thierry Lacombe, Amber Parker, Nancy L. Oleinick, William E. Harte, Rajesh Viswanathan, Cornelis van Leeuwen, Kimberly A. Nicholas, Michael E. Harris, and Chris Godfrey Dealwis and Elizabeth M. Wolkovich

Contents PNAS u December 1, 2020 u vol. 117 u no. 48 u ix Downloaded by guest on September 30, 2021