In recent years a large proportion of the Muslim population of had opposed the government of President Bashar al- Assad, and many people were killed. In the process a large part of the city was demolished. (Figure 3) In May 2014 the Homs opposition forces left the city following an agreement with the government. by Peter E. Lewis Actually something similar had occurred in the 9 th century, when the inhabitants of the city were largely Christian and the government was Muslim. According to The New Encyclopaedia Britannica , the city of Emesa “was taken in 636 by

Khaled Ebn -Walid Mosque. Photo by NouraRaslan. Image Wikimedia Commons.

AST year a friend of mine, who is a bringing them to life again, and with Lcoin dealer, asked me to look at 150 150 to identify I was like a pig in mud! unidentified ancient coins that he had Most of the coins were, as one would in his stock. I really enjoy identifying expect, small bronze coins from the 3 rd , ancient coins because one never knows 4th and 5 th centuries AD, and the coins what surprises may lie ahead and there of Constantine the Great and his sons is a great sense of satisfaction when a were particularly common. Some were particularly difficult coin is identified. very rare, but two rather worn coins Moreover, unless coins are identified they caught my attention. (Figures 1 and 2) remain worthless lumps of metal. I was They were small bronze coins minted in the 7 th century in the Syrian city of Homs. In Arabic the city is known as Ḥimṣ, and in ancient times, Emisa or Emesa. The city had been very much in the news at the time with disturbing images on television showing dead bod ies and destroyed buildings, and the Figure 2 – Bronze coin minted at Homs c. 700 coins made me think of its long history AD. 16 mms diameter. It is an early post- and the diversity of coins that had been re form Islamic coin. There is a diagram of it minted there. in Figure 18.

Figure 1 – Bronze coin minted at Homs c. 688-693 AD. 20 mms diameter. It is an Arab- Byzantine coin from the early Islamic period. There is a diagram of it in Figure 16. Figure 3 – Destruction in the Bab Dreeb area of Homs, 5 th April 2012. (Wikimedia Commons) Figure 4 – Map drawn by the author to show the position of Emesa (modern Homs). the Muslims, who renamed it Ḥimṣ , and the city’s large Christian element was Figure 7 – Bronze coin of Caracalla (198-217 eliminated during the rebellion of 855, AD) showing the temple of Emesa. Notice the when the churches were demolished and “tall triangular top” at the front. 29 mms di - ameter. (Roma Numismatics Ltd, Auction 4, the Christians executed or deported.” Lot 2313) There is nothing new under the sun. (Ecclesiastes 1:9) Anyway, let’s start at the beginning.

Figure 6 – Bronze coin of Antoninus Pius minted at Emesa showing an eagle above the stone of Emesa. 25 mms diameter. (Vcoins: Ancient Imports) There has been a settlement at Homs for thousands of years because it is just east of a gap in the mountain range that separates the coast from the hinterland. Excavations at the citadel of Homs showed evidence of settlement from Figure 8 – Bronze coin of Caracalla showing 2300 BC. In ancient times it was at a his mother, , on the obverse, and the altar or base for the stone of Elagabal on junction of roads from the north and the the reverse. The structure has 2 levels with 3 Figure 5 – Bronze coin of Antoninus Pius south and from in the east. figures under arches on each level. Perhaps the minted at Emesa showing the sun-god on the (Figure 4 - map) Palmyra prospered figures were ancestors of Julia who was the reverse. 20 mms diameter. (Jean Elsen & ses because caravans from Asia unloaded daughter of the high priest. 23 mms diameter. Fils, Auction 121, Lot 395) their goods there. Little is known about (Vcoins: Moneta Numismatic Services) the early history of Emesa, but in the of during the reign of the Roman with foreign gods: instead of opposing first century BC there was a dynasty of emperor Vespasian (69-79 AD). them or suppressing their cults they kings called Sampsigeramus, which Coins were first minted at Emesa dur - assimilated them. So the Greek Zeus was means “Shamash has enlightened”. Sha- ing the reign of Antoninus Pius (138-161 considered to be the same as their mash was the Assyrian sun-god who was AD) and the coins refer to the sun-god. , and the high god of Emesa was worshipped at Emesa. Emesa’s inde - One shows his radiate bust (Figure 5) also equated with Jupiter. Such a strategy pendence came to an end when it was and another shows the stone of Emesa ingratiated the Romans with the people incorporated into the Roman province surmounted by an eagle. (Figure 6) This in the provinces. The eagle, which was black, conical stone was probably a associated with the stone of Emesa, as meteorite. It represented the god Elah- seen on the coin in Figure 6, was also the Gabal (also written Elagabal), a name symbol of Jupiter. No doubt Antoninus which means “God of the Mountain”. It Pius was concerned to improve relations is not clear whether the sun-god was an with subjugated peoples following the emanation of Elagabal, or vice versa. disastrous Second Jewish Revolt (132- Henri Seyrig, a French numismatist, 135 AD) and so a great temple was built suggested that Elagabal was the supreme at Emesa during his reign. Avienus, a Lord or high god, while the actual sun- 4th century Latin writer, described the god of Emesa was Shamash. Ya‘akov temple: “The temple of Emesa, rising Meshorer, who was Professor of Numis - high, glistens in the first rays of the sun . matics at the Hebrew University in . . Higher than the Lebanese peaks green Jerusalem, considered that Elagabal was with opulent cedar, the temple of Emesa the sacred stone, which was the material jealously competes, showing off its tall embodiment of the sun-god. triangular top.” This temple (Figure 7), The Romans were clever when dealing the altar or base for the stone (Figure 8) and the stone with an eagle displayed on the front (Figure 9) feature on the coins of Emesa. After Antoninus Pius several Roman emperors minted coins at Emesa. In 215 AD Caracalla issued silver tetradrachms

Figure 11 – Gold aureus of (218- 222 AD) minted at Emesa showing the stone of Elagabal in a chariot drawn by 4 horses. The stone is ornamented with an eagle. Sim - ilar coins were minted in several cities to cel - Figure 9 – Bronze coin of Caracalla showing ebrate its journey to Rome. (Numismatica the eagle in front of the stone of Elagabal Ars Classica, Auction 72, Lot 698) with 2 parasols above. 30 mms diameter. Figure 13 – Gold aureus of Uranius Antoninus (Baldwin’s Auction 59-60, Lot 761) (253-254 AD) minted at Emesa showing the stone of Elagabal being transported in a char - iot drawn by 4 horses, as in Figure 11. (Numis- matica Ars Classica, Auction 54, lot 559)

Figure 14 – Bronze coin of Uranius Antoni - nus minted at Emesa showing the stone of Elagabal in the temple with the eagle but without a base. 32 mms diameter. (Roma Nu - mismatics Ltd, Auction 7, Lot 914)

Figure 15 – Bronze coin of the Byzantine em peror Constans II (641-668 AD) minted at Figure 12 – A silver drachm of the Sasanian Constantinople showing him holding a long Figure 10 – Silver tetradrachm of Caracalla king, Shapur I (241 – 272 AD) showing his cross and a globe with a cross on top. The large minted at Homs showing an eagle with the bust on the obverse and a fire altar, flanked ‘m’ on the reverse is the denomination (40), sun-god between its legs. 25 mms diameter. by two attendants, on the reverse. 25 mms and below it ‘E’ means the 5 th workshop and ‘II’ (Vcoins: Vilmar Numismatics) di ameter. (Vcoins: Zuzim) is the number of years of Constans’ reign (2). Postal Bid Sale We offer regular sales of 5,000+ lots, including World Coins - Most Countries A to Z (2,000+ lots) in all metals including Gold. Figure 16 – Diagram of the coin in Figure 1. On the obverse the Arabic word to the right of the figure is the mint name, Ḥimṣ . To the left is the Greek word, KA ΛON (good). On the reverse the Australia - Greek word, EMICHC , means ‘of Emisa’. The Arabic word below the ‘m’ is ṭayyib (good). The ‘m’ Pre Decimal, is the denomination (40). Gold, Banknotes, with his laureate bust on the obverse and and in 222 AD he was murdered and Decimal, an eagle on the reverse. Between the re placed by his cousin, Severus Alexan - Tradesmen’s Tokens (800+ lots) eagle’s legs there is a bust of the sun- der, who sent the stone back to Emesa. Medallions - god. (Figure 10) These tetradrachms are In 252 AD the Sasanian king, Shapur I generally considered to have been minted (Figure 12), invaded Syria. He divided his Share Script (Gold Mining) at Emesa although this is not indicated army to simultaneously attack Antioch World Banknotes - on the coin. In their book, The Syro- and Emesa. Antioch was sacked, but the Ancients - Roman Coins. Phoenician Tetradrachms and their Fract- people of Emesa led by the high priest, Great Britain - ions, Michel and Karin Prieur suggested Uranius Antoninus, repelled the invaders. Hammered, Milled & that the mint was Hatra, an Arab city As the Romans were slow in coming to in Mesopotamia, where Shamash was their defence Uranius assumed power Modern Coins, Large worshipped. in the region. He issued coins in gold Selection of Tokens & When Caracalla died in 217 AD he (Figure 13), silver and bronze (Figure 14), Medallions was succeeded by who issued but his rule was replaced by the Romans similar tetradrachms. But Caracalla had after about a year. The reappearance A wide range of lots to been popular with the Roman soldiers on his coins of the chariot carrying the suit almost any collecting and when his aunt, , who interest and budget - resided in the family home at Emesa, Lots from $5 to $5,000 . spread rumours that her grandson was Please request our the bastard son of Caracalla, the soldiers revolted, killed Macrinus and hailed her FREE Catalogue. grandson as the new emperor. He took the name of his supposed father, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, but as he was the high-priest of Elagabal at Emesa he was generally known as Elagabalus. The problem was that Elagabalus was an immature, wilful lad, only 14 years old. Moreover he was probably homosexual, and his outrageous behaviour as emperor shocked the people of Rome. The stone of Emesa was carried in a chariot drawn by four horses all the way to Rome (Fig - PO Box 1616, ure 11) and in the city Elagabalus walked Ballarat Mail Centre backwards facing the stone as was the Victoria 3354 Australia custom of the high-priest in Emesa. Phone: (03) 5330 1486 Herodian, a contemporary historian, des- Email: [email protected] cribed the scene: “Antoninus ran along Visit our ONLINE BIDSITE: in front of the chariot, but facing back - www.coinmall.com/cointrends wards as he ran looking at the god and holding the bridles of the horses. . . But to stop him tripping and falling while  Yes, I’d like your latest catalogue he was not looking where he was going, Name: ...... lots of sand gleaming like gold was put Figure 17 – Bronze coin minted at Emesa. 17 Address: ...... down, and his bodyguard supported him mms diameter. On the obverse the Arabic reads, ...... on either side to make sure he was safe “No god except Allah alone.” On the reverse, it ...... as he ran like this.” reads, “Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.” ...... P/Code ...... The depravity of the wild teenager was On the lowest line on the reverse is the name of too much even for the citizens of Rome the mint: Ḥimṣ . (Vcoins: David Tranbarger) equated with the sun. Eventually, how - ever, the temple of Elagabal was demol - ished and a church built on the site. What happened to the stone is unknown, but it has been suggested that it became the black stone in the Kaaba in Mecca. Emesa was not a mint used by the Byzantines. The coins that circulated there were minted mostly at Antioch and Constantinople. (Figure 15) But with the coming of Islam in the 7 th century Emesa again began minting coins. The Muslim authorities realized that a sudden change in the coinage might destabilize the economy, and initially they minted coins that looked like the Figure 18 – Diagram of the coin in Figure 2. On the obverse there is an elephant. The Arabic Byzantine ones but with some Arabic words on the obverse and reverse are the same as on the coin in Figure 17. All the Arabic phrases. (Figure 16) This Arab-Byzan - words on these coins are in the Kufic script. tine coinage was produced at Homs from about 682 to 697 AD, when the caliph ‘Abd al-Malik reformed the coinage. The earliest reform types were in gold, silver and bronze and simply showed Arabic sentences. (Figure 17) About the same time Homs minted pic torial types with an elephant (Figure 18) or a jerboa, a type of desert rat; but as Islam forbade images of living crea - tures these were replaced by the aniconic coinage that persisted in Muslim coun - tries until modern times. Nowadays the coins and banknotes (Figure 19) that circulate in Homs are made elsewhere. Figure 19 – Syrian banknote issued in 1997 and again in 2013. It shows Hafez al-Assad, the Sadly almost nothing exists of ancient father of the present president, Bashar al-Assad. Near his right shoulder is a gold dinar from Emesa in modern Homs. Even the Byz- the Umayyad Caliphate (685-750 AD), which was based in Damascus. antine church was replaced by a mosque. stone did not mean that it moved away Prieur explains: “Not only was Christi - Most of the ancient necropolis where the from the city: it was part of the cult of anity part of this trend, but so was the famous ‘faced helmet’ was discovered in Elagabal that the stone was carried cult of the sun, which expanded with 1936 (Figure 20) was destroyed to make from one temple to another in Emesa, the introduction of Invictus under room for a sports ground. Fortunately perhaps to reflect the seasons. Gallienus and Aurelian, and became the the coins still exist to tell the story of When the Byzantine Empire succeeded main cult of the empire.” So in the minds the city. the Roman Empire in about 500 AD of many early Christians Christ was $ $ $ Emesa became an important Christian centre. During the 3 rd century religious thinking in the Roman Empire began to tend towards monotheism, as Michel NOW YOU CAN SUBSCRIBE TO CAB ONLINE! Subscriptions to THE AUSTRALASIAN COIN & BANKNOTE MAGAZINE can now be ordered online through Australia ’s leading magazine subscription website, Magshop Figure 20 – Silver ‘faced helmet’ found in the necropolis at Homs. It would have been worn www.magshop.com.au/Australasian-Coin-Banknote by a high-ranking cavalry officer in the 1 st century AD. (Image courtesy of Balkancelts)