HORS-SÉRIE

LE MENSUEL DU CENTRE TECHNIQUE INTERPROFESSIONNEL DES FRUITS ET LÉGUMES

THE EUFRUIT PROJECT REDUCTION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES ON FRUIT AND IN THE ENVIRONMENT THE EUFRUIT FRANZISKA ZAVAGLI, HORS-SÉRIE NOVEMBER 2018 E PROJECT CTIFL

STATE OF THE ART ON INTEGRATED APPLE PRODUCTION IN RESEARCH

CO-WRITER

MARIANNE BERTELSEN, AARHUS UNIVERISITY ; PHILIPPE BINARD, FRESHFEL ; ANA BUTCARU, USAMV ; JORDI CABREFIGA, IRTA ; PETER-FRANS DE JONG, STDLO ; HELENE DERUWE, FRESHFEL ; MICHELLE FOUNTAIN, NIAB EMR ; HINRICH HOLTHUSEN, ESTEBURG ; BEATRICE IACOMI, USAMV ; CHRISTELLE LACROIX, INRA ; MARKUS KELDERER, LAIMBURG ; ANDREAS NAEF, AGROSCOPE ; DEBORAH REES, NATURAL RESOURCES INSTITUTE ; FRANCESCO SPINELLI, UNIBO ; WENDY VANHEMELRIJCK, PCFRUIT ; MARCEL WENNEKER, STDLO

LINK TO THE EUFRUIT KNOWLEDGE PLATFORM : HTTP://KP.EUFRIN.EU © Aarhus University This project has received funding > EUFRIN-EUFRUIT JOINT MEETING : FOCUS ON RESEARCH TO REDUCE THE USE OF PESTICIDES from the European Union’s Hori- AND LIMIT RESIDUES ON FRUITS AND ENVIRONMENT zon 2020 research and innovation EUFRUIT is a Horizon 2020 European postharvest, physical barriers, functio- programme under grant agree- funded project, aiming to facilitate ac- nal biodiversity, chemical strategies to ment No 696337. cess to knowledge and to disseminate avoid residues, innovative spray applica- existing research and innovation poten- tion techniques, and a system approach tial for the benefit of the fresh produce where different techniques are com-

Infos-Ctifl est édité par le CTIFL sector and consumers. The consortium bined to reduce pesticide input. (Centre technique interprofessionnel des fruits et was created by the members of the infor- légumes créé par arrêté du 24 septembre 1952 de la loi du 22 juillet 1948) mal network called EUFRIN (European Adresse Fruit Research Institutes Network), FRUIT PRODUCTION AND 22 rue Bergère, 75009 Paris - Tél. 01 47 70 16 93 - Fax 01 42 46 21 13 composed of university departments PESTICIDE RESIDUES Site internet and research institutes for temperate www.ctifl.fr Directeur de la publication fruit crops, and by representative orga- Pesticides have always been used exten- Louis Orenga nisations of the fresh fruit sector. sively in fruit production – right from Rédacteur en chef Jean-François Bloch-Berthié - The project is divided into 4 thematic the start of the twentieth century. Trees email : [email protected] Work Packages (WP): new fruit culti- are long-lived and stationary, making Comité de rédaction Franziska Zavagli (CTIFL) vars (WP2), pesticides residues (WP3), crop rotation impossible, and enabling Mise en page Frédéric Bourcet fruit quality (WP4), and sustainable a wide range of pests and diseases to be Responsable des abonnements production (WP5). This document gives continually present, and ready to strike Véronique Bara - email : [email protected] Abonnements an overview of the state of the art from when environmental conditions are Prix 2019 pour 10 numéros/an 14 European institutes for on-going re- right. Also, in the case of fruit, ‘looks - 90 € - Étranger 135 € Prix du numéro 12 € search and practices to reduce the use do matter’; consumers prefer blemi- N° de commission paritaire en cours of pesticides, and to limit residues on sh-free fruit, and strict rules apply to Dépôt légal 4e trimestre 2018 - ISSN 0758-5373 Impression fruits and the risk to the environment the amount of damage accepted on the Chirat - 744 rue de Sainte Colombe 42540 Saint-Just-La-Pendue (WP3). fruit. Pesticides have enabled control of Photo de couverture Apple production is the main case study these diseases and pests and the result Freshfel/Fotolia with examples on several topics such as: is cheap, diverse, abundant and year- Toute reproduction partielle ou intégrale est autorisée alternatives (bio-control agents, natural round available fruit, which enables sous réserve de mentionner la source products, semio-chemicals, attractants) healthier lifestyles for the vast majority to chemical pesticides in orchards and of consumers.

2 THE EUFRUIT PROJECT HORS-SÉRIE NOVEMBER 2018 REDUCTION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES ON FRUIT AND IN THE ENVIRONMENT

EUFRUIT, A PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN THE FRESH PRODUCE SUPPLY CHAIN consumer intake of pesticide residues also AND RESEARCH point to negligible effects. A Danish stu- dy estimates the health effect of residue The fresh fruit and vegetable sector is at the forefront of adopting sustainable pro- intake to be equivalent to a glass of wine duction methods to cope with societal and environmental challenges and respond every 6 years (Larsson et al. 2018). An to evolving consumers’ expectations for consuming healthy and safe fresh produce. American study also draws attention to To adjust production methods and reduce pesticide dependency, the fresh produce the often-overlooked fact that media focus sector is working closely together with researchers to engage in new production me- on pesticide residues may lead to reduced thods in order to prevent pests and diseases that might occur, and to be a proactive intake of fruit and vegetables, counterac- player in protecting soil, water and biodiversity. ting advice given by WHO to increase This partnership between the fresh produce supply chain and the researchers is consumption (Reiss et al. 2012). highly relevant for engaging new cultural practices; reducing pesticide dependency However, pesticide residues will remain a and moving towards new biological control systems in the orchards. constant worry for media as well as consu- The EUFRUIT project is an important milestone for growers and the supply chain mer and environmental organisations. to share best practices and knowledge. It is a catalyst to stimulate growers to test Apples and peaches are often included on and engage in alternative and innovative production models which contribute to ‘dirty dozen lists’ for fruits and vegetables more sustainable production methods, minimizing residues on fruit and vegetables that contain the most residues which are supplied to European consumers. regularly featured in the news media With the scoping of the various initiatives undertaken across Europe, the European (https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/ growers are best positioned to cope with the stringent EU regulations on plant pro- dirty-dozen-foods). In the future, more tection products and maximum residue limits. They can even go beyond this in sensitive analytical methods are bound order to meet additional customers’ requirements, to best match the consumer’s to reveal more residues than is the case aspiration for safe, fresh and natural fresh produce. today. Reducing pesticide residues have also become a competitive tool for super- markets forcing growers to take action. Pesticide usage during fruit development matic and of no consequence to human Fruit growers, as well as the scientific carries the risk of leaving residues on the health by the National Institutes in charge community supporting the growers the- fruit that remain traceable after harvest. of overseeing residues in foodstuff (An- refore need to address these issues and Strict rules apply as to how close to har- dersen 2016). A few recent studies aimed strive to develop alternatives to the use of vest different pesticides may be used. This at estimating the health consequence of pesticides in fruit production. ▪ ensures that the amount of residue on the fruit does not surpass the maximum resi- due level (MRL). If fruit contains residues in concentrations higher than the MRL, the fruit is banned from sale. In reality, most fruit (70-90%) contain less than 10% of the allowed MRL – as documented by National Health Safety Reports or private institutions such as the QS Qualität und Sicherheit GmbH, Bonn, (QS, 2015, 2016, 2018). The MRL is set with a safety margin, so that the acceptable Daily intake (ADI) is not exceeded, ensuring that the most vulnerable consumer can consume the produce on a daily basis wi- thout health issues. Pesticides are among the most well-examined compounds and both acute as well as long-term toxicity is evaluated. In general, the levels of residue found in fruit are regarded as unproble- > SUSTAINABLE FRUIT PRODUCTION TO DEAL WITH SOCIETAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES

3 THE EUFRUIT FRANZISKA ZAVAGLI, HORS-SÉRIE NOVEMBER 2018 E PROJECT CTIFL

ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS TO CHEMICAL PESTICIDES

USE OF BIOCONTROL AGENTS tion of the risk of development of re- AGAINST PESTS AND DISEASES sistance among pathogen populations. Moreover, they are highly specific to a Biological control is based on the use pathogen and hence considered as har- of organisms with capacities to reduce mless to non-target species. the populations of harmful organisms In the case of macroscopic biocontrol that cause pests or diseases. Biological agents, also known as traditional biolo- control has been in use for many cen- gical control, the most common strategy turies, for example in 1888 with the of application is augmentative, based on release of Rodolia ladybird beetles to the introduction of biocontrol agents in control a scale in citrus in Califor- large populations to obtain immediate nia. However, modern use started at the control of the pests (Lorito et al. 2010; end of the nineteenth century (DeBach Parnell et al. 2016; van Lenteren 2012). 1964; van Lenteren and Godfray 2005). The most known BCAs in pome fruits Four different types of biological control are the predatory mites Amblyseius > GROUND BEETLE CYLINDERA GERMANICA CONSUMING A LARVA OF CARPOCAPSE are known : natural, conservation, californicus to control pest mites, the classical, and augmentative biological lacewing lucasina to control strategies. control (Eilenberg et al. 2001; Cock et al. and the ladybird beetle Cyclone- Microscopic BCAs are usually bacterial 2010), in order from low to high human da limbifer also to control aphids. These or fungal strains isolated from the epi- intervention. Biocontrol agents (BCAs) have been used since 1985, 1995 and phytic, the endophytic environment or might also be classified as macroscopic, 1990, respectively (van Lenteren et al. the rhizosphere of the host plant (Cabre- including , mites and nemato- 2018). However, efficiency is variable figa et al. 2014, Daranas et al. 2018, des, or microscopic including bacteria, and extremely depends on pest pres- Fira et al. 2018). BCAs against several viruses and fungi. Both types can be sure. Recently, the trend goes towards pre and post-harvest diseases are com- differentiated on basis of the target. conservation biological control that mercially available. In the case of pome Thus, macroscopic BCAs are useful to consists of adapting the habitat to attract fruits, the best studied entomopathoge- control only pests, while microscopic and retain natural enemies controlling nic species is the bacterium Bacillus biocontrol agents have a wider range of pests in more natural ways (Weller et thuringiensis. However, other biological targets, from bacteria, fungi to insects. al. 2002; Mendes et al. 2011), for exa- insecticides are registered in Europe The use of microbial antagonists is a mple by i) adding floral resources, ii) such as the fungi Beauveria bassiana widely spread control method of di- introducing insect hotels or iii) creating and Paecilomyces fomosoroseus or Cydia seases in horticultural crops. The main artificial habitats for local fauna. This pomonella Granulovirus. More recently, advantage of biocontrol is the reduction strategy focuses on implementation into other entomopathogenic bacteria, such of chemical pesticides, minimizing organic production, and some projects as Serratia spp, Pseudomonas entomophi- residues in fruits, and the minimiza- are already evaluating its commercial la, Burkholderia spp., Chromobacterium, applicability with good perspectives Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp. have in some regions. This kind of strategy, been studied to control different pests. combined with other measures such as Another entomopathogenic microorga- the use of permanent environmental nism widely used is the fungus Metarhi- covers (netting), should help in a biolo- zium anisopliae. It has the advantage of gical production with less chemicals. showing a very limited activity against Thus, biocontrol of pests is standard useful insects such as pollinators. In practice for controlling infestation in In- fact, it can even be used to control Var- tegrated Pest and Disease Management roa in beehives. However, many micros- (IPM) strategies. However, biocontrol copic BCAs are still under study and are methods are not available for the most not yet registered. important emerging pests, such as the Microorganisms, such as Bacillus amy- spotted wing Drosophila (Drosophila su- loliquefaciens, Aureobasidium pullulans zukii) and the brown marmorated stink and Trichoderma harzianum are com- bug (Halyomorpha halys). Understan- mercially available for the control of ding the natural enemy complex and bacterial and fungal diseases. In this other biotic factors that cause mortality case, different mode of action have © Jordi Cabrefiga > LADYBIRDS HAVE A VORACIOUS APPETITE of these two pests is essential for the de- been described such as competitive FOR APHIDS velopment of biological control and IPM exclusion of the pathogen, production

4 THE EUFRUIT PROJECT HORS-SÉRIE NOVEMBER 2018 REDUCTION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES ON FRUIT AND IN THE ENVIRONMENT

more specifically in its Sus- gredient(s), and the regulatory require- tainable Use of Pesticides Di- ments for approval. In countries where rective (EC 2009), but their their use is permitted or approved, stan- optimal application condition dardized neem oil extracts are effective and the efficacy levels have to against the rosy apple , one of the be improved. A combination of most important and damaging pests, biocontrol with other cultural which is known for the strains resistant strategies should result in more to insecticides in central and southern environmental friendly produc- Europe. Precise timing of application tion systems. shortly after hatching of eggs in spring is critical. Neem oil based products may in some cases produce inadmissible NATURAL PRODUCTS IN phytotoxicity on apple leaves, disqua- CROP PROTECTION lifying it for use in commercial apple production (Trautmann, 2016). Another

> SYRPHE LARVA EMPTYING AN APHID Natural products have a long plant extract product, from Quassia history of use in crop protec- amara, is effective against apple sawfly of antimicrobial compounds such as tion. Nowadays, such products from when applied at petal fall (Laimburg, cyclolipopeptides in Bacillus spp., phe- plants, (e.g. chitosan) or mine- ). Extracts from Equisetum arvense, nolics in Pseudomonas fluorescens, and rals are available for pest and disease Urtica spp., Glycyrrhiza glabra, algae, as pseudopeptides in Pantoea agglomerans control, and some of them could be used well as limonene, thymol and laminarin and Pantoea vagans. Other modes of ac- in integrated and organic orchards. The are under evaluation in the control of tion rely on interference of the pathogen consumer’s demand for apples pro- apple scab in Italy (Laimburg) and signalling system or induction of plant duced in a more environmentally frien- (IRTA). In France, laminarin is registe- resistance against diseases. The latter dly manner has generated the need for red against apple scab and fire blight. mode of action is exploited by Trichoder- alternatives for scab control, a disease Botanical products generally have low ma harzianum and plant growth promo- that still requires a large number of fun- toxicity, a shorter shelf life, limited field ting rhizobacteria (PGPR). gicide treatments. Therefore, potassium persistence (repeated applications are Fire blight of pome fruits (Erwinia amy- bicarbonates could be successfully used needed), has no risk for pathogen/pest lovora), Xanthomonas diseases of stone against apple scab, as a preventive treat- resistance, and are considered safe to fruits and strawberry, and Pseudomo- ment or in a “during infection” spray humans and environment. nas diseases in apple and kiwifruit are strategy, under favourable primary in- Pest and disease management is more well known bacterial diseases of fruit fection conditions (Jamar et al., 2010). than applying the right product at the trees. The most widespread biocontrol A combination of potassium carbonates correct time. What begins as a frag- products are based on bacterial antago- with a reduced dose of wettable sulphur mented set of tactics for the local pest/ nists, in particular Lactobacillus planta- can give a good powdery mildew control rum and B. amyloliquefaciens. Another as well as an increased yield (Foundation promising BCA group are lytic bacterio- KOB, Germany; Kelderer et al., 2016; phages that are effective against citrus Mitre et al., 2018). An unsolved problem canker, for example. Lactic acid bacteria in organic apple production is fruit rot. are known to have no environmental Efficacy of pre-harvest application of bi- nor consumers’ concerns because they carbonate, acid clay (Holthusen 2014a, are already used as food additives to b) or laminarin depends mainly on the control food-borne pathogenic bacteria regional climate and may generate some in fresh fruit and vegetables. Lactic acid phyototoxicity problems. Thus, farmers bacteria effective again Erwinia amylo- are reticent to implement such strate- vora, Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni gies for economic reasons (Agroscope, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae ; AU, Denmark). have already been identified and tested, Natural products such as plant extracts although not yet registered. keep attracting more attention. Howe- In conclusion : the use of biocontrol in ver, few suitable commercial products IPM programs can be an alternative to are available. For such products, one © Jordi Cabrefiga chemical products in agreement with of the major challenges to reach the > BACTERIAL BIOCONTROL AGENT the European Union regulations and market is standardization of active in- COLONIZING PEAR FLOWER SURFACE

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pear. Work to test codling moth control have successfully mated and laid eggs. systems have been carried out by NIAB Pheromone trapping and RIMPro po- EMR in the UK (Saville et al,. 2018). Co- pulation development models are very dling moth can be effectively controlled useful for monitoring insect numbers by spraying with insecticides, but this season to season. In the UK the RAK requires repeat spraying each season as 3+4 system also give relatively good a proportion of the population always control of 2 other common tortricids on remains to re-infest. apple. One mating disruption system that has Sex pheromone mating disruption sys- been developed is the Exosex CM cod- tem only gives adequate control of low ling moth pheromone autoconfusion codling moth populations and should be system (Exosect, UK). A lattice of 25 del- used in combination with other codling ta dispensers per ha is set out in a grid moth control measures, including gra- through the orchards at the start of the nulovirus and/or insecticides. codling moth flight, which is usually in Plants also produce volatile signalling May, and can be detected using sex phe- chemicals (semiochemicals), for exa-

© Pixabay.com © romone trap catches. mple when attacked or physically da- > EXTRACTS FROM EQUISETUM ARVENSE (HORSETAIL) MAY BE USED AS A PLANT Each dispenser contains wax powder maged to stimulate defence responses in PROTECTION loaded with the codling moth sex phe- distant parts of the plant. These semio- disease complex must gradually form romone in its base and a sex pheromone chemicals may be generally attractive an overall management plan in which lure. The lure attracts males into the to insects as they indicate the presence various strategies (geographic and cli- dispensers where they become contami- of a food source. Therefore another matic considerations, cultivar selection, nated with the pheromone-loaded pow- use of semiochemicals is to encourage sanitation) work together. Market prices der which is attracted electrostatically to natural predators of pests. In the US a and production costs also influence the their bodies. Contaminated males are product containing methyl salicylate design and viability of such production confused and also attract other males is marketed as PredaLureTM to attract systems. so preventing or delaying mating of fe- hoverflies which are very effective pre- males in a process known as false trail dators of aphids. Trials carried out by THE USE OF SEMIO-CHEMICALS AND following. NIAB EMR and the Natural Resources ATTRACTANTS FOR PEST CONTROL An alternative product that works on Institute, University of Greenwich have IN APPLE ORCHARDS a similar principle is RAK3+4 (BASF, confirmed the effectiveness of PredaLu- The use of synthetically produced na- marketed by Agrovista in the UK). Trials reTM in increasing hoverfly numbers tural products such as pheromones undertaken in the UK by NIAB EMR as and have started to identify chemical and other semio-chemicals is seen as part of AHDB project TF 223 (Saville et combinations with increased efficacy. ▪ a means to reduce the use of conven- al, 2018), across a range of farms have tional, chemical insecticides. Insect indicated that under the right condi- pheromones are volatile chemicals pro- tions this pheromone can give compa- duced by insects as part of their social rable control to conventional insecticide signalling system. For example, insects spray programmes. Thus in two farms may release pheromones to attract indi- over two seasons when one part treated viduals of the opposite sex for mating. with conventional sprays was compared Pheromones have been isolated for to another part treated with RAK3+4 many insect species and can contribute mating disruption, the levels of fruit to pest control either by allowing accu- damage were similarly reduced and the rate monitoring of populations or as numbers of moths were similar. The part of a direct control system, for exa- two products Exosex and RAK3+4 have mple in mating disruption. been found to have similar efficacy. One pest of apple orchards where phe- For effective use of mating disruption, romones have been used particularly pheromone traps are used to monitor effectively is the codling moth (Cydia insect numbers and optimise the imple- pomonella) which is a member of the mentation. This is not ideal as it only gi-

Lepidopteran family Tortricidae, and ves an indication of whether there is trap Michelle © Fontain > PHEROMONE DISPENSERS FOR MATING is one of the most important pests of shut down (hence no males captured). It DISRUPTION, TO PREVENT MALE INSECTS apples in Europe, and also a key pest for does not tell the grower whether females FINDING FEMALES

6 THE EUFRUIT FRANZISKA ZAVAGLI, HORS-SÉRIE NOVEMBER 2018 E PROJECT CTIFL

ALTERNATIVES TO POSTHARVEST TREATMENTS

Postharvest treatments are applied to between 48 and 52 °C for reduce fruit losses during storage and 2 to 3 minutes (Giraud shelf life. Most common practices are et al., 2012 ; Maxin et al. drenching of fruits in fungicide solu- 2014, Mathieu-Hurtiger tions or thermonebulization of fungi- et al., 2014 and 2016 cides inside storage rooms. However, ; Edelenbos and Hol- both techniques are increasingly viewed thusen, 2018). However, critically since they leave detectable pes- HWD was never imple- ticide residues on fruits. mented on a larger scale An alternative is the nebulisation of bio- in fruit industry, since logical control organisms (BCOs) inside energy consumption is storage rooms. However, the efficacy of relatively high, while BCOs is still limited (max. 50 % against treatment volumes are Neofabraea spp.) and quite variable de- relatively low. Research © pcfruit pending on the deposit distribution in- in recent years has fo- > NEBULISATION OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ORGANISMS INSIDE STORAGE ROOMS side the storage room. The distribution cused on short hot water depends on the airflow, the injection treatment (HWR) (Maxin et al. 2012b). hing agent and pesticide investigated, nozzles, the position of the fogger and Compared to HWD, HWR with tem- residues were reduced by between 20 ventilation, as well the position of the peratures between 54 and 58 °C for 20 and 95%. In general, washing agents bins inside the room (Ambaw et al., to 30 seconds gave slightly lower effi- were somewhat more effective than 2017). Further optimisation is needed ciencies while the energy consumption water. Water itself gave reduction rates for a more precise distribution of the was reduced by at least 50% and treated between 20 and 50%, depending on BCOs in storage rooms and bins. volume was doubled (Holthusen, unpu- temperature, washing duration and Compared to BCOs, hot water treat- blished). Recently a commercial HWR chemical characteristics of the pesticide ments work completely free of any machine became available which can (Regis, 2012). Warm water was more agent. Instead, thermal energy, in the be integrated into existing grading effective than cold water (Regis, 2012) form of heated water, prevents the de- lines and can handle at least 10 t apples and the efficacy was always improved velopment of storage rots and storage h-1. The same technique can also be by mechanical brushing (Holthusen scab. Experiments performed by Maxin used to prevent the development of Mo- 2014a, b). Efficacy of residue reduction et al. (2012a) showed that the effect of nilia rots on peaches. Treatments with was independent from the time of treat- hot water treatment is not only based on temperatures between 56 and 60 °C for ment either directly after harvest (Berto- reduced spore germination, but also on 15 to 60 seconds gave efficacies between lini and Folchi, 2016) or after six month a stress-induced physiological response 50 to 90% (Lurol et al., 2018). In 2017, a in ULO storage. However, no technique of the fruits against fungal attacks. new on-line hot-water spray system was was able to reduce the residues below the Hot water dipping (HWD) showed developed to treat several tons of fruit detection limit. Therefore, the key objec- high efficacies (> 75%) against most per hour with an optimisation of the tive of reducing the number of residues, storage rot pathogens on apples and different parts of the machine to reduce as demanded by food retailers, has not pears when applied at temperatures the operating costs. been achieved. ▪ Cleaning of fruits to re- move pesticide residues is a completely different postharvest approach. It could be considered as a compromise between the need for plant protection in the orchards and the demand of food retailers for residue-minimised products. Experiments to wash and brush fruits with water, soaps, and acids were performed © Hinrich Holthusen © Hinrich Holthusen > IMPROVING FRUIT QUALITY BY HOT WATER TREATMENTS at different sites. De- > WASHING AND BRUSHING TRIALS TO INTEGRATED INTO EXISTING GRADING LINES pending on the was- REMOVE RESIDUES FROM APPLES

7 THE EUFRUIT FRANZISKA ZAVAGLI, HORS-SÉRIE NOVEMBER 2018 E PROJECT CTIFL

PHYSICAL BARRIER

During the vegetation period, fruit growers carry out treatments with plant protection products (mainly fun- gicides, insecticides and acaricides) to protect the plants and fruits against the damage caused by diseases and pests. Over the years, the fruit industry has been forced to look for alternatives for chemical plant protection products, for various reasons; for example that certain plant protection products have been eliminated as a consequence of new authorization procedures. In the case of other products, it has been found that they have lost their effica- cy due to the occurrence of resistance against different pests and diseases. Moreover, the market demands fruits without detectable residues of plant protection products. In recent years different research sta- tions in Europe have investigated va- > PLASTIC COVERS COMBINED WITH HAIL NETS TO PROTECT FRUITS FORM RAIN AND LIMIT APPLE SCAB AND FRUIT ROT rious physical methods for controlling pests and diseases on different fruit Generally speaking, we have to dis- is based on a barrier effect. The fact crops. Some of them were introduced tinguish between excluding nets and that lots of apple orchards are protec- into the orchards by growers, others are plastic covers. The concept of excluding ted with hail nets, to prevent them still at the experimental stage. nets (e.g. in France called Alt’Carpo) from meteorological damage and for increasing fruit quality, offers the pos- sibility to completely cover the orchard, installing anti-insect nets on sides in a strategy to use this cover as a physi- cal barrier to avoid lepidopera (codling moth, oriental fruit moth, leaf rollers) and diptera (Mediterranean fruit fly) which are both common pests. In sou- thern areas with more generations of the moths, the technique of using the excluding net spreads quite rapidly. The nets show positive results against the cockchafer, bees as vectors of fire blight, fruit flies andHalyomorpha . Efficacy depends on the pressure of the pest, the type of net system, mesh width and time of application and can reach up to 100%. Three year trials carried out in the Girona area (Ca- talonia) have proved that these pests have been partially, and sometimes

© Michelle © Fontain totally, kept under control with this > APPLE SCAB IS OF MAJOR ECONOMIC > CODLING LARVAE ENTRIES MAKE THE FRUIT IMPORTANCE NOT MARKETABLE technology. Besides, the use of this

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main objective is to cover the orchards during the whole season against scab, Neofabrara spp., Alternaria, Marsonina, sooty blotch and sooty mold, thereby reducing the number of treatments as much as possible. The results gained until now are very encouraging. In Italy and France, successful disease control has also been achieved for Pseudomo- nas syringae on kiwis and for Monilia on apricots. Similar to the excluding nets, there are systems which cover only the crown of the trees and others which are com- bined with hail nets covering the whole orchard. The results differ depending on the system, time of opening, pres- sure of the different diseases, variety, combination with other treatments etc. Some trials showed a negative in- fluence on the yield and the quality of © Markus Kelderer Markus © ® > THE KEEP IN TOUCH SYSTEM COVERS THE TREES AGAINST THE RAIN AVOIDING DISEASES AND the fruits (colour, sugar, acidity) due to EXCLUDES THE PESTS WITH A NET the reduction of the photosynthetical- netting system can help to introduce been invaded by Drosophila suzukii. In ly active irradiation under the covers. biological control of other pests such this case, the use of net systems with Powdery mildew shows a tendency to as aphids through the use of auxiliary mesh sizes of 0.8 x 0.8 mm became increase below the plastic covers. fauna. Therefore, excluding nets are an imperative to protect the harvest. In Plastic covers also show a huge poten- a good tool that allows a reduction of most cases, these nets allow a drastic tial in reducing the use of pesticides in chemical sprayings on the orchards, reduction in the number of treatments the orchards. From a technical point especially insecticides. In a French with insecticides, and hence a consi- of view, the plastic covers are still not long term project called “ECOPHYTO derable reduction of residues on the ready for widespread commercial use. pomme”, excluding nets around or- fruits. In some cases, the combination There are concerns with respect to ne- chards combined with Bacillus thurin- with mating disruption and/or insec- gative side effects on yield and quality, giensis and granulosis virus application ticide treatments is necessary. Given the incidence of pests and diseases achieved in total a 40-50 % reduction that excluding nets can be regarded as other than the main targets and the of chemical insecticides. Sometimes, a further development of the hail net technical implementation of the sys- the nets are simply positioned on the systems, the concerns are few and in tems. However, the major limitations trees, in other systems they are fixed general the growers quickly accept the for this technology are the costs. The around the orchard. Mesh size differs implementation of these systems. plastic cover requires a stable structure between fruit growing areas, from 2.2 Plastic covers protect the orchards able to resist windy conditions and the x 5.4 to 3 x 7.4 mm. A smaller mesh and fruits against rain and conse- lifetime of the plastic cover is limited to size may offer a better protection. De- quently against infection by diseases a couple of years. Further concerns are pending on the fixing systems and the caused by fungus and bacteria. Since with regard to ecological sustainabi- time of application during blooming, the end of the 90’s cherry orchards lity. The carbon foot print for example it is possible to influence fecunda- are covered close to harvest in order is unfavourable in comparison to the tion and crop load. But there are also to avoid cracking of the fruits. In the treatments with pesticides using the some negative side effects, such as an case of apples and pears, field trials traditional spraying equipment. A fur- increased incidence of woolly aphids are conducted at the University of Aa- ther aspect, discussed mainly in tourist (Eriosoma lanigerum). European pro- rhus (Denmark), CTIFL (France), and areas, is the visual impact on the land- ductions of cherries and soft fruit have Laimburg Research Centre (Italy). The cape of orchards with plastic covers. ▪

9 THE EUFRUIT FRANZISKA ZAVAGLI, HORS-SÉRIE NOVEMBER 2018 E PROJECT CTIFL

FUNCTIONAL BIODIVERSITY IN ORCHARD HEDGEROWS TO FOSTER CONSERVATION BIOCONTROL

Orchards are complex agro-ecosystems complex should be selected. This can be with multiple biological layers including estimated based on local references from fruit trees, herbaceous ground covers, and previous surveys and on known specific hedgerows, which can all be under the plant traits. For example, hairy leaves are influence of crop management practices. generally associated with a rich Hedgerows lining orchards provide op- community since hairs offer shelter and/ portunities to design plant assemblages or trap pollen as an alternative food, (e.g., to foster the diversity of insect food-webs hazelnut trees Corylus avellana host a rich through the provision of a variety of ha- and abundant natural enemy complex). bitats and resources, and conservation Food resources such as pollen and nectar biocontrol of insect pests through the are also important for natural enemy fe- presence of natural enemies (Simon et al., cundity and fitness. Thirdly, local rather 2010). than exotic plant species are likely to be a The design and evaluation of an experi- source of natural enemies for the orchard. mental hedgerow (1995-2005) in pear or- Plant species assemblages in hedgerows chards in South-Eastern France to control should provide natural enemies with di- the pear psyllid Cacopsylla pyri as well as verse habitats and/or food resources such entomological surveys on various tree as pollen, nectar and alternative preys all > GREAT TIT IN NEST BOX species led to the identification of three year round. This encompasses evergreen both within (i.e. lining hedgerows) and main principles to consider in the design leaves and hollow or intertwined stems beyond (i.e. tree species in nearby envi- of ‘pest suppressive’ hedgerows around (e.g., ivy (Hedera helix)) as wintering ha- ronment) the orchard scale, attesting that orchards (Simon et al., 2010 ; Simon et al., bitat; early, season and late flowering; and biotic interactions occur at larger scales. 2009). Firstly, plant species that can host species hosting specific herbivores as al- On the other hand, ESTEBURG expe- key pests and diseases (e.g., hawthorn ternative preys as food resources. Because riments revealed that herbaceous plant Crataegus monogyna that hosts fireblight) many tree species offer several types of re- borders attached to an orchard not only should be banned to avoid detrimental sources, a ‘moderate’ diversity (e.g., 12 spe- give shelter to natural enemy effects on the orchard and surrounding cies in our case study) ensured that there but also to such devastating pests as the crops. Secondly, plant species that host was more than one tree species to support common green capsid (Lygocoris pabu- a rich and/or abundant natural enemy each type of resource all year round. linus), being responsible for deformed In the INRA experiment, this approach fruits in the “Altes Land” fruit growing was determined to be successful for ma- area. While only the larvae of the first ge- naging orchard pests such as mites, pear neration attack the apple fruitlets during psyllids and some aphids. However, other blossom and shortly after, the second ge- (bio)control methods should be used in neration mainly develops on herbaceous conjunction with functional biodiversity plants underneath or beside the apple to control pests such as Tortricids (e.g. trees. Experiments since 2014 demons- codling moth Cydia pomonella) that can trated that the common green capsid cause severe fruit damage at low popula- could be more effectively controlled by tion levels. The efficiency of conservation mowing such herbaceous plants during biocontrol in orchards can also be limited larval development of the second gene- due to low numbers of natural enemies ration than by insecticides (Mohr et al., reaching the orchard, which might be 2016). In some cases, plant biodiversity caused by a higher attractiveness of inside orchards therefore might be a hedgerows and by the use of pesticides, hurdle for the production of marketable and can be influenced by the age and fruits. management of hedgerows that can al- If conservation biocontrol should be es- nra ter functional biodiversity (Simon et al., tablished in orchards on the basis of the © I > WINTER RESOURCES IN MULTI-SPECIES 2010). Previous work (Simon et al., 2010; principles proposed, further research is HEDGEROWS INCLUDING HABITAT AND FOOD Simon, 1999) highlighted that natural needed to better understand and manage RESOURCES PROVIDED BY LAURUSTINUS (VIBURNUM TINUS) EVERGREEN FOLIAGE AND enemy arthropod diversity inside the biotic interactions at different spatial HAZEL TREE POLLEN, RESPECTIVELY orchard was affected by plant diversity scales. ▪

10 THE EUFRUIT FRANZISKA ZAVAGLI, HORS-SÉRIE NOVEMBER 2018 E PROJECT CTIFL

ADAPTATION OF CHEMICAL STRATEGIES TO FULFIL RESIDUE REQUIREMENTS

During the season, chemical treatments there are further restrictions for export are performed to control pests and di- to specific countries. The challenge is seases in the orchards. Throughout the how to manage pests and diseases in the years more and more concerns about the post blossom period until harvest. Fur- effect of the chemical products on the thermore, because fruits of the same or- beneficial insects in the orchards have chard may have different sale channels, been raised and in the 1990s the concept the fruit growers are challenged to pre- of IPM was introduced to fruit growers. sent a spray schedule that meet all these Selectivity of chemical products for restrictions together. beneficial insects was a key factor and To reduce residues as much as pos- much research was performed to deter- sible, studies have been carried out by mine the selectivity of the different che- different research institutes (including mical products. Based on this research, pcfruit, Laimburg, ESTEBURG (Hol- several products were banned for fruit thusen, 2014a)). For example, for the production and only selective products different available products, pre-harvest were still allowed. intervals are determined to attempt to Since 1 September 2008, the maximum reach the LOD (limit of residue detec- residue limits on fruits have been har- tion). Surprisingly for classic protec- monised within Europe (Regulation No tants long pre-harvest intervals must 396/2005). However, for about 10 years also be taken used to obtain this LOD (re- now, producing fruit according to IPM search pcfruit, ESTEBURG (Holthusen strategies is no longer sufficient. The and Valenta 2016)). Another issue is the public and governmental concern about use of cocktails of treatments and the > HEALTHY AND SAVE FRESH FRUITS ARE THE residues is still growing and has already impact on residues at harvest; for exa- CONSUMERS EXPECTATIONS led to increasing pressure to reduce the mple the use of surfactants and speci- to the elaboration of specific “green” residues on the fruits. The competition fic leaf fertilizers which can influence pesticides lists and “guidelines” for between retailers concerning residue the residue level at harvest (research applications throughout the season. levels, eventually combined with a pcfruit). Furthermore, the application As one product may have a different maximum of active ingredients present stages of the culture and the number of registered dose rate or number of appli- on the fruit, is an issue which has a applications are also important factors cations in different countries this is a stronger impact than the official MRL influencing the residue levels on fruits research topic that is ongoing in diffe- (Maximum Residue Limit). In addition, (pcfruit). For example, results obtained rent European countries and some gui- in the Project FRUIT.NET, developed delines may differ between countries. in Catalonia by IRTA, the Association For example, in Germany the guideline of fruit producers (AFRUCAT) and the is named « guideline for controlled in- Department of Agriculture (DARP), tegrated production in pome and stone indicated that rationalization of treat- fruit ». In the UK the guidelines are ments during production and avoiding the Apple Best practice guide (http:// treatments during post-harvest resulted apples.ahdb.org.uk/) from AHDB in the reduction of residues on fruits. As the development of new products is Thus, in 1998 using conventional an ongoing topic and as analytical me- strategies, 85.2% of products applied thods become more and more accurate during production exceeded the LOD for detection of lower residues, this leads by more than 10%, while in 2016 using to a change in the LOD according to new the FRUIT.NET strategy, less than 8% analytical methods or extraction proce- of products passed the LOD by more dures; this research should therefore

> FRUIT ROT DISEASES ON APPLES : than 10%. The results of these research continue in the future to help the fruit NEOFABRAEA ALBA programs are very important and lead growers maintain their livelihoods. ▪

11 THE EUFRUIT FRANZISKA ZAVAGLI, HORS-SÉRIE NOVEMBER 2018 E PROJECT CTIFL

EFFICIENT INNOVATIVE SPRAY APPLICATION TECHNIQUES

New innovative application techniques are used to significantly reduce the emission into the environment of crop protection products, and to minimize pesticide residues on fruits. It is also possible to reduce the amount of crop protection agents used as these new application techniques ensure a better and more uniform crop coverage. In cooperation with spray machine manu- facturers and the agrochemical indus- tries, new application techniques for fruit crops via crop-dependent spraying based on crop volume or crop row vo- lume dosage, and adjusting spray pa- rameters (such as air speed and nozzle type) are developed. In Germany, pesticide usage in pome and stone fruit is generally adapted to the Crown Height of the trees. Howe- ver, a model to adapt the spray volume further to the tree density as well as > SPRAYER’S PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT sprayer specific parameters (reduc- one of the orchards in two of the three lume reduction was disproportional tion up to 25%) resulted in lower fruit experimental years, where the new to the increased risk of damage and quality compared to the normal spray model was used. Although, no general therefore cannot be recommended for application. Field experiments were increase in damage was observed, a commercial fruit production (Huhs et conducted over several years in five higher potential production risk was al., 2014; Huhs, 2015). commercial orchards. Tremendous clearly demonstrated if spray volume In another approach, sprayers equip- losses due to apple scab occurred in was reduced. The possible spray vo- ped with sensors to detect gaps in- side and between trees were tested. If gaps were detected single or multiple nozzles were switched off, allowing a saving of up to 69% of spray volume, depending on shape, density and deve- lopment stage of the trees (Kämpfer et al., 2014). However, testing the equip- ment in commercial orchards resulted in an excessive increase of scab infec- tion at least at one site, even though the spray volume reduction was below 10%. Again, the system worked in one of the two investigated orchards but disproportionately increased the risk of fruit losses and therefore cannot be recommended for commercial fruit production (Huhs et al., 2018). Despite some negative results, if tested and applied correctly, these new tech- © Hinrich Holthusen > TUNNELSPRAYERS TO REDUCE EMISSIONS INTO THE ENVIRONMENT

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avoid over spraying of a crop and thus shallow. It is expected that drift and re- minimizing the risk of high pesticide sidue can be reduced at higher levels residues levels on fruits. compared to spindle trees. In France for example, the use of the A different approach is the use of a fixed Leaf Wall Area model allowed a re- spraying system: taking into account duction in the use of plant protection regulatory and societal developments, products from 1 to 22% for the same the actions of the French project Pulve- quality at the harvest than the reference fix aims to study an innovative method treated at full dose (Verpont, Le Ma- of applying crop protection products guet, Bellevaux, 2018). The grid model using a fixed system of over tree mi- also assessed in the French project Pul- cro-sprinklers, tested initially in apple vArbo seems to be very interesting (8 to orchards. Besides the development of 26% reduction of the plant protection an optimized, efficient and sustainable product use). Achieving reduced used prototype, this project aims to evaluate of pesticides through effective applica- the technique in terms of its agronomic, tion techniques is one thing, making environmental and economic perfor- this reduction possible at the producer mances. The first results are very en-

> FIXED SPRAYING SYSTEM ON APPLE level is another thing. Implementation couraging and even if there is still some TREES DEVELOPED BY CTIFL IN A PROJECT of these evolutions of practices will work to do to optimize the application CALLED PULVÉFIX pass through information, awareness quality (homogeneity of deposits), the niques significantly reduce emissions and training of different actors. control of pests and diseases is good. into the environment and the exposure Besides adopting the spray application This new way to apply pesticides will of bystanders and local residents, while system, the orchard training system have a very important impact on drift retaining a high level of biological ef- can also be adjusted. Currently, re- reduction : drift trials carried out in ficacy, and avoid overdosing on leaves search is carried out on 2D fruit walls 2018 at CTIFL showed a drift reduction and fruits. These goals are achieved for better mechanical pruning, thin- of more than 95% at 5 m (and no more through a combination of technology ning and harvesting. With this training drift at 10, 30, 40 and 50 meters from and a decrease in the amount of applied system the canopy is more uniform and the last row of the orchard). ▪ product. It is estimated that this will result in application techniques in the high drift reduction classes of at least 95%. However, knowledge on the process of spray deposition within a crop canopy, and the effect of different spraying sys- tems is still lacking. Hence, a better comprehension for dosage per surface area of land into a deposition range on leaves is needed. This process will integrate crop dimension parameters, such as the Crown Height model, the Tree Row Volume model, the Tree Row Density model, the Leaf Wall Area model and also models based on grids crossing different vegetation indica- tors (BBCH stages, canopy width and height classes). This should result in © Hinrich Holthusen a lower spray volume (lower dose) and > DRIFT REDUCTION IN ORCHARDS SPRAYING WITH INNOVATIVE SPRAYERS

13 THE EUFRUIT FRANZISKA ZAVAGLI, HORS-SÉRIE NOVEMBER 2018 E PROJECT CTIFL

LONG TERM TRIALS TO REDUCE THE USE OF PESTICIDES AND COMBINE ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUES

Fruits have to be protected against a series of pests and diseases, which is impossible with a single technique. Different approaches such as prophy- lactic measures, beneficial insects, mechanical intervention, bio control products, and less susceptible varieties are used. Despite the implementation of these measures in integrated pest management (IPM), the use of pes- ticides is still necessary. The quality requirements of the market are increa- sing and the risk for significant econo- mic losses is too high to give up the use of pesticides. This is in contradiction to consumer expectations for residue free fruits and minimal pesticide use. EU Member States have to establish condi- nra tions to promote low pesticide-input © I pest management strategies and ap- > LONG TERM TRIALS TO EVALUATE A COMBINATION OF ALTERNATIVES TECHNIQUES TO plied research institutes may play an PESTICIDES : OVERVIEW OF THE BIORECO SYSTEM EXPERIMENT IN APPLE ORCHARDS important role to bring innovative pest dosphaera leucotricha) (Simon et al,. against codling moth. Lastly, an acute management strategies to practice. 2017 ; Simon et al,. 2011). Three systems assessment of the risk of fruit damage Long term trials with combinations of (Conventional, CON; Low Input, LI; was achieved in the plots based on fo- alternative techniques can be used to Organic, ORG) were planted with three recasts and meteorological conditions, compare the agronomic performance apple cultivars differing in disease sus- observations in orchards and the use of and the economic feasibility of these ceptibility (Smoothee, a Golden Deli- models of prediction of the risk of da- strategies to actual growers’ practices. cious type cultivar susceptible to scab; mage (scab, codling moth). Several partners of the EUFRUIT Ariane, a scab-resistant cultivar; and Compared to the regional reference, it was project have established such trials. Melrose, a low-susceptibility cultivar) possible to reduce the use of pesticides by EUFRUIT work package meetings and that were implemented in each of the an average of 38 to 45% by combining a the knowledge platform have been used systems (i.e. 9 plots in total). Seceral low-susceptible or disease-resistant culti- to exchange results among researchers, ways to limit the use of pesticides were var, a set of alternatives to pesticides and advisors and farmers from different used according to the systems. Both an acute assessment of the risk of fruit countries. plant-mediated processes (through damage. This reduction was achieved Long term system experiments can cultivar choice, tree training, super- for similar yield levels in LI and CON be used to assess the efficiency of sets vised fertilization and irrigation), and systems. The yield was lower in the of methods combined to control crop natural enemy-mediated processes ORG system where fruit damage may pests with the objective to reduce the (through selective pesticide use and be higher. The abundance and diversity use of pesticides while maintaining reduction of the frequency of mowing of the studied biological communities yields. The BioREco orchard (2005- in the orchard alleys) were considered. (earthworms, earwigs, spiders) varied de- 2015) was the first system experiment Direct measures against pests included pending on the system and year. More ge- in fruit tree production in France sanitation practices and alternative nerally, the environmental impact of the that developed such an approach and methods to synthetic pesticides, such systems was reduced by decreasing the addressed the control of the major pests as mechanical weeding, mating dis- use of pesticides. Production costs were and diseases of apple, i.e. scab (Ventu- ruption, microbiological and biological higher in LI and ORG than in CON sys- ria inaequalis), codling moth (Cydia control with granulosis virus and ento- tems, but without price premium in LI. pomonella), and powdery mildew (Po- mopathogenic nematodes respectively Finally, the LI system required a specific

14 THE EUFRUIT PROJECT HORS-SÉRIE NOVEMBER 2018 REDUCTION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES ON FRUIT AND IN THE ENVIRONMENT

combined with mating disruption and biocontrol agent insecticides (low cod- ling moth pressure) and adapted treat- ments against aphids. – more than 58 % reduction with a scab sensitive variety, by using a rain cover against apple scab combined with ma- ting disruption and different types of insecticides (chemicals and biocontrol agent) or combined with an exclusion net and limited complementary insec- ticides against codling moth (low pres- sure). The same level of reduction was also obtained by adapting the doses of all products to the trees’ volume and stage. In each case, the protection against aphids was adapted to their pressure. – between 55 et 65 % reduction with a scab resistant variety, where the main > THE ECOPHYTO PROJECT LED AT CTIFL BETWEEN 2012 AND 2017 COMBINED RAIN COVERS AND apple scab protection had been covered EXCLUSION NETS by natural products combined with ex- context and access to information for its “global treatment frequency indicator” clusion nets or/and mating disruption implementation. This multi-criteria eva- (TFI) as follows: depending on the codling moths pres- luation (Simon et al., 2011 ; Alaphilippe – max. 40 % reduction with a scab sen- sure. et al., 2013) highlighted the strengths sitive variety, where some treatments – More than 75 % reduction with a scab and limits of the experimental systems. during the first and second scab conta- resistant variety produced in an orga- It also emphasized decisive choices mination periods could be avoided, nic production system or by adapting made at planting, namely the choice of the cultivar, the importance to combine alternative methods to control pests and to adjust cropping practices to biotic and abiotic conditions using orchard survey and decision support tools (Simon et al., 2017 ; Alaphilippe et al., 2013). Also in France, a national network on pesticide reduction in apple orchards started in 2012 within the ECOPHYTO national program. The idea was to eva- luate 27 systems located in six different regions during six years. A system is an orchard where several products, techniques, strategies are combined to reduce the use of pesticide. On each location, the low input systems are compared to an orchard representing the conventional practices. On average between 2013 and 2017 the low input strategy achieved the reduction of the > FLOWERS STRIPS AND HEDGES IN BORDER OF ORCHARDS TO DEVELOP BENEFICIAL INSECTS

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adversely affects the profitability. Un- like for the OP strategy, there is no pre- mium price to compensate the lower yield and the higher production risk of the low LR-strategy. A premium price for low-residue production might be justified by environmental advantages. Results showed that by choosing the adapted cultivar it should be possible to increase the pack out after storage and decrease pack out loss with positive consequences on the income variabi- lity, leading to a better economic sus- tainability (Goelles et al., 2015). In Catalonia, since 2011, a cooperative project between the Agriculture De- partment of this region, IRTA and the fruit sector, FRUIT.NET, is running to optimize the use of pesticides and mi- nimize the residues in apples, pears, © Agroscope © > EXPERIMENTAL APPLE ORCHARD WITH HAIL NETS COVER COMBINED WITH AN INSECT PROOF peaches and citrus. In the case of apple SIDE NET ON ITS RIGHT HALF production, the project is based on pre- doses with conventional products, both In Switzerland, during a nine-year dictive models for apple scab (apple), combined with exclusion nets or mating period, Agroscope tested a Low Resi- on the priority of use of alternative disruption (Zavagli et al,. 2018). due crop protection strategy for apples methods (mating disruption, mass In Northern Germany, regional pro- with the objective to reach comparable trapping) to chemicals and on avoiding grams on pesticide and pesticide resi- yields to the Integrated Production; a the longer remaining active ingredient dual reduction in apple started in 2009. production without residues on fruits. treatments close to harvest. The results Five different plant protection systems This Low Residue (LR) strategy was of the program are promising: in apples were evaluated in one orchard over five compared to the Integrated Production the use of insecticides was decreased by years. The focus was on preventing de- (IP) and the Organic Production (OP). up to 35 % and the use of fungicides was tectable pesticide residues at the time Attributes of the economic sustaina- reduced by 24%, achieving a low resi- of harvest. The average number of de- bility have been evaluated in order to dues level on fruits at harvest (less than tectable residuals could be reduced to compare all three strategies. With the 20% of MLR). 1.4 when application was completely chosen plant protection, fertilizer and It is assumed by the EUFRUIT resear- stopped or switched to organic pesti- thinning programs in the LR strategy, chers that a further reduction of pesti- cides only after blossom, compared to it was possible, even with susceptible cide use is possible by optimizing the 3.3 detectable pesticide residues when varieties such as Golden Delicious, combination and application of alterna- synthetic pesticides were applied up un- to reach a yield comparable to the tive products and technologies. Thus, til harvest. Fruit losses were high after IP-strategy. However, the pack out for some of the long term trials described 5 month of cold storage when no pesti- Golden Delicious was about 10% lower above are continuing to implement new cides were applied after blossom (more and for Topaz even 20% lower in the methods. New demonstration orchards, than 40% due to storage diseases). LR strategy compared to the IP strate- such as those of an Interreg project in Using fungicides authorized in organic gy. All varieties showed significant the Lake Constance region, are planted. production after blossom reduced fruit losses due to storage diseases (mainly These trials will lead to practical recom- losses by more than 60% while synthe- Gloeosporium rot) in the LR and the OP mendations for growers and demonstrate tic fungicides reduced losses by up to strategy. The evaluation showed that eco-friendly fruit production systems to 70% (Holthusen, 2014a). the lower pack out for the LR strategy retailers and consumers. ▪

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17 DOCUMENTATION HORS-SÉRIE NOVEMBER 2018 DG GÉNÉRALE

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Etudes de moyens of areawide pheromone mating dis- Hot water treatment (HWT) of fresh permettant de diminuer la pression ruption programs that target cod- produce to prolong shelf life and re- des produits phytosanitaires em- ling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), duce losses and waste. Speech at: ployés contre les maladies fongiques Amer. Entomol. 57 (2) 93-100. Frutic Symposium 2018 at Fruit Lo- en verger de pommiers. Mémoire gistica, Potsdam, 6th February 2018. d’Ingénieur, p.81. Padilha, A. C., Arioli, C. J., Boff, M. I. http://orgprints.org/33116/1/55_FRU- C., Rosa, J. M. and Botton, M. (2017), TIC%202018%20-%20Merete%20 Physical barriers Traps and baits for luring Grapholi- Edelenbos.pdf ta molesta (Busck) adults in mating Bertelsen M. and Lindhard Pedersen Giraud, M., & Bompeix, G. (2012). Pos- disruption-treated apple orchards, H. (2014). Preliminary results show tharvest diseases of pome fruits in Neotrop. Entomol. Doi: 10.1007/ rain roofs to have remarkable effect

18 HORS-SÉRIE NOVEMBER 2018

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