Constructed Wetlands

CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS

Vassilios A. TSIHRINTZIS Professor Director, Laboratory of Ecological Engineering and Technology Department of Environmental Engineering School of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace 67100 Xanthi, Greece

E-mail: [email protected] http:// www.env.duth.gr/eet

Introduction

Based on the 1991/271/EEC Directive, all EU countries must provide suitable treatment facilities for domestic wastewater In Greece, 50-60% of the population, mostly people residing in the large urban centers, is currently served with treatment plants Conventional wastewater treatment facilities are used, which suffer from various problems: operational problems and treatment deficiencies high operational costs lack of personnel In rural areas, the population is mostly served with septic tanks Natural treatment systems , particularly constructed wetlands , are ideal for wastewater treatment in rural areas

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

1 Conventional System - Monitoring

Domestic COD - IN Domestic COD - OUT Domestic TKN - IN Domestic TKN - OUT Industrial COD - IN Industrial COD - OUT Industrial TKN - IN Industrial TKN - OUT

600 80 500 70 60 400 50 300 40 200 30 20 100 10 TKN Concentration (mg/L) Concentration TKN COD Concentration (mg/L) Concentration COD 0 0 17/11/2004 17/11/2004

Domestic TP - IN Domestic TP - OUT Domestic TC - IN Domestic TC - OUT Industrial TP - IN Industrial TP - OUT Industrial TC - IN Industrial TC - OUT

50 100,000,000 40

30 10,000,000 20

TP Concentration (mg/L) Concentration TP 0 1,000,000 Total Coliforms (No./100mL) Coliforms Total 17/11/2004 17/11/2004

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Natural Systems for Wastewater Treatment

Natural systems use the physical, chemical and biological processes, which also take place in the natural environment when wastewater, soil, plants, microorganisms and the atmosphere interact. Aquatic natural systems Terrestrial natural systems

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

2 Aquatic Natural Systems

Stabilization or Oxidation Ponds Constructed Wetlands Free-water surface flow (FWS) Subsurface flow Horizontal Subsurface flow (HSF) Vertical Subsurface flow (VF)

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Υ δροχα ρη φυτα

Εισροη

Εκροη Free-water Αδιαπερατο γεωυφασ µα surface flow Ριζε ς Φ υσικο CW φυτων υπεδαφος (α) Τεχνητος Υγροβιοτοπος Επιφανειακης Ροης

Υ δροχαρη φυτα Εγκαρσιος Εγκαρσιος διατρητος διατρητος α γω γος α γω γος διαν οµης συλλογης Horizontal εκροης subsurface Εισροη flow CW Λ ιθ οι

Χαλικι Λ ιθ οι Αδιαπερατο Φ υσικο Ριζε ς γεωυφασ µα Κ λιση 1% υπεδαφος φυτων

(β) Τεχνητος Υγροβιοτοπος Υποεπιφανειακης Ροης

Σχηµα 6.12. Ειδη Τεχνητων Υγροβιοτοπων

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

3 Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland

EUROPEAN TYPE

Sand: d50 = 0.5 mm 10 cm Sand Fine gravel : d50 = 6 mm

Medium gravel : d50 = 24.4 mm 15 cm Fine gravel Cobbles: d50 = 90 mm

10 cm Medium gravel

15 cm Cobbles

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland

Primary Treatment

Influent

Vertical Flow (Ι)

Vertical Flow (ΙΙ )

Horizontal Effluent Flow (ΙΙΙ )

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4 Comparison of Conventional Treatment Systems and Constructed Wetlands

CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS Use of non-renewable Use of renewable energy energy sources (concrete, sources (solar, wind etc.) steel, electricity, chemicals Production of small etc.) quantities of by-products Production of large No mechanical parts quantities of by-products No requirement of (activated sludge) specialized personnel Mechanical parts Low construction and Requirement of specialized operation cost personnel Large area demand High construction and operation cost Low area demand

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Examples in Greece

Conventional system – Wastewater treatment plant in Parikia, Paros Island

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

5 … Examples in Greece Stabilization ponds and constructed wetlands – Pilot-scale units in NAGREF facilities near Gallikos river, Thessaloniki

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

… Examples in Greece Irrigation with wastewater – Pilot-scale systems in NAGREF facilities in Heraklion, Crete

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6 … Examples in Greece Olive mill wastewater treatment – Pilot-scale units in NAGREF facilities in Heraklion, Crete

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Examples in Europe

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7 … Examples in Europe

FRANCE - Alba la Romaine: Sludge treatment in a CW

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

… Examples in Europe

FRANCE - Saint Thomé: Vertical flow CW (400 capita)

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8 … Examples in Europe

FRANCE – Roussillon: Vertical flow CW (1250 capita)

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

… Examples in Europe

PORTUGAL – Alcochete : HSF CW (500 p.e .)

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

9 Sludge treatment

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

… Examples in Europe PORTUGAL - Beja -Sado : Stabilization ponds (aerated, facultative, maturation), HSF CW , filters (23435 p.e.)

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

10 Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology

Research in constructed wetland systems: Pilot-scale experiments for the optimization of CW design parameters Monitoring of full-scale CW facilities Design, construction supervision, and monitoring of new CW facilities, and Development of models and decision support systems (DSS)

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

1. Pilot -scale Constructed Wetland Experiments

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

11 …Pilot -scale Constructed Wetland Experiments Horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) CWs Akratos C.S. and Tsihrintzis V.A. (2007). Effect of Temperature, HRT, Vegetation and Porous Media on Removal Efficiency of Pilot-Scale Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands, Ecological Engineering , Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 173-191. Five rectangular CW tanks made of steel, with dimensions 3m long, 0.75 m wide and 1 m deep

3 units were filled with medium gravel from a quarry (MG, D 50 =15.0 mm): 1 unit was unplanted (control unit) The other two units were planted, one with Typha and the other with Phragmites

One unit was filled with fine gravel (FG, D 50 =6.0 mm) and another one with cobbles (CO, D 50 =90.0 mm) from a riverbed . Both of them were planted with Phragmites The setup allowed for the testing of the effect of various parameters such as: vegetation, porous media (size, origin) flow, organic loading, hydraulic residence time Temperature, season on the removal efficiency of the CWs Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) CWs

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12 … Horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) CWs

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… Horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) CWs :

Removal Performance MG-C MG-R MG-Z FG-R CO-R 100 90 80 70 60 (%) 50 40 Απόδοση 30 20 10 0 04/02/04 04/05/04 02/08/04 31/10/04 29/01/05 29/04/05 28/07/05 26/10/05 Ηεροηνία MG-C MG-R MG-Z FG-R CO-R

100 90 80 70

(% ) 60 50 40

Απόδοση 30 20 10 0 04/02/04 04/05/04 02/08/04 31/10/04 29/01/05 29/04/05 28/07/05 26/10/05

Ηεροηνία Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

13 Horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) CWs …Removal Performance

BOD

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 6 d 8 d 14 20 6 d 8 d 14 20 6 d 8 d 14 20 6 d 8 d 14 20 6 d 8 d 14 20 d d d d d d d d d d MG-C MG-R MG-Z FG-R CO-R COD

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 6 d 8 d 14 d 20 d 6 d 8 d 14 d 20 d 6 d 8 d 14 d 20 d 6 d 8 d 14 d 20 d 6 d 8 d 14 d 20 d

MG-C MG-R MG-Z FG-R CO-R

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) CWs …Removal Performance TKN

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 6 d 8 d 14 20 6 d 8 d 14 20 6 d 8 d 14 20 6 d 8 d 14 20 6 d 8 d 14 20 d d d d d d d d d d

MG-C MG-R MG-Z FG-R CO-R N-NH 3

100

0 6 d 8 d 14 20 6 d 8 d 14 20 6 d 8 d 14 20 6 d 8 d 14 20 6 d 8 d 14 20 -20 d d d d d d d d d d

MG-C MG-R MG-Z FG-R CO-R Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

14 Horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) CWs …Removal Performance

3- P-PO 4

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 6 d 8 d 14 20 6 d 8 d 14 20 6 d 8 d 14 20 6 d 8 d 14 20 6 d 8 d 14 20 d d d d d d d d d d

MG-C MG-R MG-Z FG-R CO-R TP

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 6 d 8 d 14 d 20 d 6 d 8 d 14 d 20 d 6 d 8 d 14 d 20 d 6 d 8 d 14 d 20 d 6 d 8 d 14 d 20 d

MG-C MG-R MG-Z FG-R CO-R

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

…Pilot -scale Constructed Wetland Experiments Free -water surface (FWS) CWs Kotti I.P. and Tsihrintzis V.A. (2009). Effect of Temperature, HRT, Vegetation, Substrate Material and Plan- view Shape on Removal Efficiency of Pilot-Scale Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetlands (Submitted). Akratos C.S., Tsihrintzis V.A., Gikas G.D., Kotti E. (2006a). Natural Systems for Wastewater Treatment: Constructed Wetlands in North Greece. In: Proceedings of the Conference “Small scale wastewater treatment facilities”, April 6-9, Portaria, Volos , pp. 169-175 (in Greek). Five CW tanks made, with dimensions 3.4 m long, 0.85 m wide and 0.75 m deep: 1 rectangular unit, with sand , planted with Typha 1 rectangular unit, with clay , planted with Typha 1 rectangular unit, with clay , planted with Arundo donax 1 rectangular unit, with clay , planted with Phragmites 1 trapezoidal unit, with clay , planted with Typha The setup allowed for the testing of the effect of various parameters such as: vegetation, substrate material shape of unit in plan view flow, organic loading, hydraulic residence time Temperature, season on the removal efficiency of the CWs Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

15 Free -water surface (FWS) CWs

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… Free -water surface (FWS) CWs

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16 … Free -water surface (FWS) CWs : Removal Performance

Chart Removal BOD

100

80 A 70 B 60 C 50 D 40 % Removal % Removal E 30

0 9/11/04 29/12/04 17/2/05 8/4/05 28/5/05 17/7/05 5/9/05 25/10/05 14/12/05 2/2/06 24/3/06 Date

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… Free -water surface (FWS) CWs : Removal Performance

A B C D E

100 80

60 40 % Removal 20 0 BOD COD TKN N-NH3 P-PO43- TP Constituent

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17 …Pilot -scale Constructed Wetland Experiments Vertical flow (VF) CWs Stefanakis A.I. and Tsihrintzis V.A.. (2009). Performance of Pilot-Scale Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands Treating Simulated Municipal Wastewater: Effect of Various Design Parameters, Desalination , (in press).

Pilot-scale VFCW description: 10 VFCW units: W1 – W10 Plastic cylindrical tanks: d = 0,8 m h = 1,5 m Α = 0,57 m2 a) Drainage media: cobbles layer (15 cm thick) b) Layers of others porous media (medium - fine gravel, sand) Porous media: carbonate (quarry), igneous (riverbed) Alternative media: zeolite, bauxite Plants: common reed (Phragmites australis ), cattail (Typha latifolia ) PVC ventilation tubes for aeration Type: European, French, American Outflow: 10 plastic tanks of 150 L

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Vertical flow (VF) CWs … Description

Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands Outflow plastic tanks

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18 Vertical flow (VF) CWs … Description

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Vertical flow (VF) CWs : Description

EUROPEAN TYPE: W1 - W8

Sand: d50 = 0,5 mm

Fine gravel: d50 = 6 mm

10 cm Sand Medium gravel: d50 = 24,4 mm

Cobbles: d50 = 90 mm 15 cm Fine gravel 50 cm

10 cm Medium gravel

15 cm Cobbles

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19 Vertical flow (VF) CWs : … Description

FRENCH TYPE W9

Fine gravel: d50 = 6 mm

Medium gravel: d50 = 24,4 mm

Cobbles: d50 = 90 mm 50 cm Fine gravel

90 cm 20 cm Medium gravel

20 cm Cobbles

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Vertical flow (VF) CWs : … Description

AMERICAN TYPE W10

Sand: d 50 =0.5 mm

Fine gravel: d50 = 6 mm

Medium gravel: d50 = 24.4 mm Sand 30 cm Cobbles: d50 = 90 mm

10 cm Fine gravel 80 cm 25 cm Medium gravel

15 cm Cobbles

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20 Vertical flow (VF) CWs : … Description Pilot unit Medium Ventilation Fine gravel Plant CW type # gravel tubes W1 Carbonate Reed W2 Carbonate Cattail W3 Carbonate Unplanted W4 Zeolite Carbonate Yes 50% Carbonate European Carbonate W5 50% Zeolite 50% Carbonate W6 Carbonate 50% Bauxite Reed W7 River bed W8 Carbonate No W9 Carbonate French Yes W10 Carbonate American Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Vertical flow (VF) CWs : Removal time -series W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 removal

5 50 50 40 40 30 30 % COD removal COD % % BOD % 20 20 10 10 0 0 Oct-07 Nov-07 Dec-07 Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08 Oct-07 Nov-07 Dec-07 Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 -N removal -N +

40 4 40 30 30 % TKN removal TKN %

20 NH % 20 10 10 0 0 Oct-07 Nov-07 Dec-07 Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08 Oct-07 Nov-07 Dec-07 Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 -P removal -P -3

40 4 40 30 30 % TP removal TP % 20 20 % PO % 10 10 0 0 Oct-07 Nov-07 Dec-07 Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08 Oct-07 Nov-07 Dec-07 Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08

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21 Vertical flow (VF) CWs : % Removal

BOD COD TKN NH4+-N TP PO4-3-P

100 90 80 70 60 50 40

% Removal 30 20 10 0 W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 Mean (W1- W10) CW Unit

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…Pilot -scale Constructed Wetland Experiments Pilot -scale sludge drying reed bed units (SDRB) Stefanakis A.I. and Tsihrintzis V.A. (2009b). An experimental study of activated sludge treatment in Sludge Drying Reed Beds, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference AMIREG2009, Athens, 7-9 September 2009 (http://heliotopos.conferences.gr/?amireg2009) (accepted).

Pilot-scale SDRB description: 11 SDRB (VFCW) units: S1 – S11 Plastic cylindrical tanks: d = 0,8 m h = 1,5 m Α = 0,57 m2 a) Drainage media: cobbles layer (15 cm thick) b) Layers of others porous media (medium - fine gravel, sand) Porous media: carbonate (quarry), igneous (river bed) Plants: common reed (Phragmites australis ), cattail (Typha latifolia ) PVC ventilation tubes for aeration Sludge loading rate Cr

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22 Pilot -scale SDRB: … Description

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Pilot -scale SDRB … Description

Fine gravel Medium gravel

Medium gravel

Cobbles

d=0.4 m

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23 Pilot -scale SDRB: … Description Medium Fine Aeration Loading Adding Unit Plant Material size gravel gravel tubes (kg/m 2/yr) Cr S1 River bed Reed 75 S2 Carbonate Reed 75 S3 Cattail 75 No S4 Unplanted 75 S5 30 YES S6 Fine 60

S7 River bed 75

S8 Reed 30 Yes

S9 60 S10 NO 75 No S11 YES Medium 75 Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Pilot -scale SDRB: Results …

Mean Value: TS 17.5% , VS 66%

TS VS 80 70

60 VS 50 40

TS - VS(%) TS - 30 20 10 TS 0 IN S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11

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24 Pilot -scale SDRB: … Results

Decrease TKN concentration in accumulated sludge: 21%

TKN(mg/g) 20

0 IN S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10S11

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Pilot -scale SDRB: … Results

Decrease TP concentration in accumulated sludge: 50%

8 7 6 5 4 3 TP(mg/g) 2 1 0 IN S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11

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25 …Pilot -scale Constructed Wetland Experiments Pilot -scale gravity -filters of zeolite as additional treatment stage of HSF CWs Stefanakis A.I., Akratos C.S., Gikas G.D. and Tsihrintzis V.A. (2009c). Performance of Natural Zeolite (Clinoptilolite) as Filter Medium, Providing an Additional Treatment Stage of the Effluent of two Pilot-scale, Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials , 124 (1-3), 131–143 (doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2009.05.005)

2 zeolite filters receive the effluent of the two HSF Wetland effluent CWs units (MG-R & MG-Z) Diameter D = 38cm Plastic tank (85L) Effluent of the Influent at the top zeolite-filter MG-Z: fine grained ( Z-F) Natural Tank zeolite height: (d50 = 1.22 mm, ε = 34%) 75cm MG-R: coarse (Z-C)

(d50 = 2.78 mm , ε = 39%)

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Pilot -scale gravity -filters of zeolite : Results

MG-R MG-Z Z-C Z-F

14 d 6 d 8 d 100 14 d 6 d 8 d 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50

removal (%) removal 40 5 40 30 30 (%) CODremoval 20

BOD 20 10 10 0 (b) 0 (a) 02/21/06 04/21/06 06/21/06 08/21/06 10/21/06 12/21/06 02/21/07 02/21/06 04/21/06 06/21/06 08/21/06 10/21/06 12/21/06 02/21/07

14 d 6 d 8 d 100 14 d 6 d 8 d 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 TP removal (%) removal TP TKN removal (%) removal TKN 20 20 10 10 (c) 0 0 (e) 02/21/06 04/21/06 06/21/06 08/21/06 10/21/06 12/21/06 02/21/07 02/21/06 04/21/06 06/21/06 08/21/06 10/21/06 12/21/06 02/21/07

14 d 6 d 8 d 14 d 6 d 8 d 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50

40 (%) removal -P -N removal (%) removal -N 40 -3 + 4 4 30 30

20 PO

NH 20 10 10 0 0 (d) (f) 02/21/06 04/21/06 06/21/06 08/21/06 10/21/06 12/21/06 02/21/07 02/21/06 04/21/06 06/21/06 08/21/06 10/21/06 12/21/06 02/21/07 Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

26 Pilot -scale gravity -filters of zeolite : … Results

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Pilot -scale gravity -filters of zeolite : … Results

Pollutant Removal (%)

Filter Ζ-C Filter Ζ-F

BOD 60.6 63.2

COD 52.5 62.0

TKN 75.1 83.2

NH 4-N 78.3 85.8 TP 56.8 40.5

OP 56.4 39.2

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27 …Pilot -scale Constructed Wetland Experiments

Pilot -scale gravity -filters of various materials as additional treatment stage of VF CWs Stefanakis A.I. and Tsihrintzis V.A. (2008). Constructed Wetland and Effluent Quality Improvement Using Zeolite and Bauxite as Filter Media. In: Proceedings AQUA 2008, 3rd International Conference, Water Science and Technology with emphasis on water and climate , 16-19 October, Athens, Hellas.

Treatment of 10 L from VFCW effluent

Porous Media volume Media Residence time Filter Porosity media (L) height (cm) RT (d)

Bauxite Β1 0.45 32.2 0.30 (d =21 mm) 50 1 Ζ1 33.3 0.30 Zeolite 0.43 (d =15 mm) Ζ2 50 43.3 0.38 2

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Pilot -scale gravity -filters of various materials as additional treatment stage of VF CWs : Description

Influent (=W8 effluent) Diameter d = 38cm

77cm Zeolite / Bauxite B1 Z1 Cobbles Z2 layer Filter effluent

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28 Pilot -scale gravity -filters of various materials as additional treatment stage of VF CWs : Results 100 100

80 80 Org. matter 60 Z2 Z2 Z1 60 Z1 VFCW+ B1 B1 40 40 Z2>Z1>B1 Removal (%) Removal 5 (95-94-90%) 20 20 COD Removal (%) Removal COD BOD 0 0 VFCW Gravity filters VFCW Gravity filters Nitrogen 100 100 VFCW+ 80 80 Z2>Z1>B1 Z2 60 Z1 60 (85-82-60%) B1 B1 40 40 Z1 Z2

20 (%) Removal TP

TKN Removal (%) Removal TKN 20 Phosphorus 0 0 VFCW+ VFCW Gravity filters VFCW Gravity filters B1>Z1 ≈Z2 (71-61%)

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Lysimeters for ET Estimation in CW

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29 Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

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30 Lysimeters for ET Estimation in CW

MG-C MG-R MG-Z FG-R CO-R

3000

2500

2000

1500 Cum ET (mm) ET Cum

1000

500

0 1- Οκτ 31- Οκτ 30- Νοε 31- εκ 30- Ιαν 2- Μαρ 1- Απρ 1- Μαϊ 1- Ιουν 1- Ιουλ 1- Αυγ 31- Αυγ 30- Σεπ 31- Οκτ 30- Νοε 31- εκ 30- Ιαν Date

oC 7D Ave oC

20 Cum ET Cum

0 1- Οκτ 31- Οκτ 30- Νοε 31- εκ 30- Ιαν 2- Μαρ 1- Απρ 1- Μαϊ 1- Ιουν 1- Ιουλ 1- Αυγ 31- Αυγ 30- Σεπ 31- Οκτ 30- Νοε 31- εκ 30- Ιαν Date Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

2. Monitoring of Full -scale Facilities

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31 … Monitoring of Full -scale Facilities

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… Monitoring of Full -scale Facilities

Three full-scale CW facilities were monitored for relatively long periods, and useful data on their performance have been collected. These include: Vassova lagoon CW, Kavala Prefecture Nea Madytos CW, Thessaloniki Prefecture Gomati CW, Chalkidiki Prefecture

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32 … Monitoring of Full -scale Facilities Vassova lagoon CW Akratos C.S., Tsihrintzis V.A., Pechlivanidis I., Sylaios G.K. and Jerrentrup H. (2006b). A Free Water Surface Constructed Wetland for the Treatment of Agricultural Drainage Entering Vassova Lagoon, Kavala, Greece, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, Vol. 15, No 12.

Vassova lagoon is a small and shallow lagoon in the area of Nestos River Delta used for fisheries The problem: Increase of the lagoon salinity because lack of freshwater input, shallow depth, evaporation and low precipitation Free-water surface constructed wetland Treatment agricultural drainage from a nearby drainage canal (phosphorus and other pollutant removal) Freshwater input into the Vassova lagoon

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Vassova Lagoon CW: Plan view

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33 Vassova lagoon CW: Monitoring

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Vassova lagoon CW: …Description 20-2-2004 Inflow

20-5-2004

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34 … Monitoring of Full -scale Facilities Nea Madytos CW Akratos C.S., Gikas G.D., Tsihrintzis V.A. (2006c). Monitoring of a Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland of Nea Madytos. In: Proceedings of the Conference “Small scale wastewater treatment facilities”, April 6-9, Portaria, Volos , pp. 193-199 (in Greek).

Vertical Flow CW Wastewater treatment of Νea Madytos and Modi villages, Thessaloniki Prefecture, North Greece Population: 1992: 2060 p.e. 2012: 3300 p.e.

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Nea Madytos CW: Plan view

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35 Nea Madytos CW: Description

Inflow-screen

Imhoff tanks

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Nea Madytos CW: … Description VF CWs for sludge treatment

1st stage VF CWs

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36 Nea Madytos CW: … Description

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Nea Madytos CW: … Description

1-4-2004

26-3-2004

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

37 Nea Madytos CW: … Description

22-4-2004

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Nea Madytos CW: Pollutant concentrations Inflow Outlet Imhoff Outlet 1st stage CW Outlet 2nd stage CW Outlet 3rd stage CW Outlet 1st tank Outlet 2nd tank

800

600

400

BOD (mg/L) BOD 200

0 1/3/04 1/5/04 1/7/04 1/9/04 1/1/05 1/3/05 1/5/05 1/7/05 1/9/05 1/1/06 1/3/06 1/5/06 1/7/06 1/9/06 1/11/04 1/11/05 1/11/06

Inflow Outlet Imhoff Outlet 1st stage CW Outlet 2nd stage CW Outlet 3rd stage CW Outlet 1st tank Outlet 2nd tank 1000

800 600

400

COD (mg/L) COD 200

0 1/3/04 1/5/04 1/7/04 1/9/04 1/1/05 1/3/05 1/5/05 1/7/05 1/9/05 1/1/06 1/3/06 1/5/06 1/7/06 1/9/06 1/11/04 1/11/05 1/11/06

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

38 Nea Madytos CW: Pollutant removal

BOD COD BOD COD TKN NH4 TKN NH4 100 100

80 80 60 60 40 40

Removal % 20 Removal % 20 0 0 Imhoff 1st stage VF 2nd stage VF 3rd stage VF Imhoff 1st stage VF 2nd stage VF 3rd stage VF Tank CW CW CW Tank CW CW CW

TP PO4 TP PO4 TSS TC TSS TC

100 100 80 80 60 40 60 20 40 0

Removal % Removal % Removal 20 -20 -40 0 Imhoff 1st stage VF 2nd stage VF 3rd stage VF Imhoff 1st stage VF 2nd stage VF 3rd stage VF Tank CW CW CW Tank CW CW CW

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Nea Madytos CW: … Pollutant removal

120

100 (%) 80

Αποάκρυνση 20

0 BOD COD TKN NH3 PO4 TP TC TSS Ρύπος

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

39 Nea Madytos CW: Cost

Construction cost: Total: 580,000 € Per capita: 193 €/capita

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

… Monitoring of Full -scale Facilities Gomati CW Gikas G.D., Akratos C.S. and Tsihrintzis V.A. (2007a). Performance Monitoring of a Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland Treating Municipal Wastewater. Global NEST Journal, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 277-285.

Description: Population: 1000 p.e. Vertical flow, comprises the following stages: Screen Primary settling tank Sludge tank Siphon tank 1st stage VF CWs 2nd stage VF CWs 3rd srage HSF CW VF CWs for sludge treatment

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

40 Gomati CW: Plan view

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Gomati CW: Description

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

41 Gomati CW: … Description

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Gomati CW: …Description

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

42 Gomati CW: Pollutant concentrations

Influent Grate Settling Tank 1st VF CW stage 2nd VF CW stage HSF 1000

) 800 -1 600 400

BOD (mg BOD L 200 0 1/7/03 1/9/03 1/1/04 1/3/04 1/5/04 1/7/04 1/9/04 1/1/05 1/3/05 1/5/05 1/7/05 1/9/05 1/11/03 1/11/04 Date Influent Grate Settling Tank 1st VF CW stage 2nd VF CW stage HSF 300

) 250 -1 200 150 100

TKN (mg TKN L 50 0 1/7/03 1/9/03 1/1/04 1/3/04 1/5/04 1/7/04 1/9/04 1/1/05 1/3/05 1/5/05 1/7/05 1/9/05 1/11/03 1/11/04 Date

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Gomati CW: … Pollutant removal

BOD COD TKN NH3 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 Removal (%) Removal (%) Removal 0 0

TP PO4 TSS TC 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 Removal (%) Removal (%) Removal 0 0 Grate Settling 1st VF CW 2nd VF CW HSF Grate Settling 1st VF CW 2nd VF CW HSF tank stage stage tank stage stage

Treatment Stage Treatment Stage

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

43 Gomati CW: … Pollutant removal

100

80 (%) 60

20 Αποάκρυνση

0 BOD COD TKN NH3 PO4 TP TC TSS Ρύπος

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Gomati CW: Cost

Construction: Total: 345.300 € + tax Per capita: 345 €/capita Includes: access road, plant, fence Operation/Maintenance: Electric energy: 810 €/yr Work-salaries : 6000 €/yr Miscellaneous : 150 €/yr TOTAL : 6969 €/yr or 6.96/p.e./yr

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

44 3. Design, Construction and Monitoring of New Facilities

Small-scale CWs for onsite treatment of household wastewater Horizontal subsurface flow CW Vertical flow CW Full-scale system in N. Oikismos, Kastoria Prefecture Full-scale system in Rhoditis, Rhodope Prefecture

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

… Design, Construction and Monitoring of New Facilities Small -scale CWs for onsite treatment of household wastewater Gikas G.D., Tsihrintzis V.A., Kotti E. (2007b). Small-Scale Constructed Wetland for on-site Treatment Domestic Wastewater. In: Proceedings of the 6th National Conference, “Water Recourses Management Based on Watershed”, EEDYP, June 14-16, Chania, Crete, Greece, pp. 199-207 (in Greek).

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

45 Small -scale CWs for onsite treatment of household wastewater

Design Parameters and technical specifications of the two on-site CWs

System type Parameters Units HSF VSF Population equivalent p.e. 4 8 Inflow L/p.e./d 150 150

BOD 5 g/p.e./d 50 50 Suspended Solids, SS g/p.e./d 52 52 ΤΚΝ g/p.e./d 10 10 Total phosphorus, TΡ g/p.e./d 1.2 1.2 Length m 10 7.0 Width m 2.5 3.5 Bed depth m 0.6 0.9 Bed surface m2 25.0 24.5 Number of plants Plant/m2 16 16 Vegetation type Reed Cell A:Reed; Cell B:no plant

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

… Design, Construction and Monitoring of New Facilities Horizontal subsurface flow CW Gikas G.D., Tsihrintzis V.A. (2009a). On-Site Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Small-Scale Constructed Wetland. Proceedings International Conference “Asset Management of Medium, and Small Wastewater Utilities”, IWA, Alexandroupolis, Thrace, Greece, 3 - 4 July 2009 (http://iwasam.env.duth.gr) (accepted).

Site 1: Kosmio

Πορώδες ζεόλιθου: 0,4 Υλικό πλήρωσης : d10=0,3mm έως 2mm d60=0,5mm έως 8mm Φρεάτιο d60/d10<4 ζεόλιθου Φυτά : Κοινό καλάι (Phragmites australis) Πυκνότητα φύτευσης : 4 φυτά/τετρ. έτρο

ΚΑΤΟΨΗ 90 110 Φ ιάτρητος αγωγός Φ90 Φ (δειγατοληψίας) PVC Γ Γ A PVC A διανοής

συλλογής Φρεάτιο Φρεάτιο Φρεάτιο ζεόλιθου αγωγός

συλλογής καθίζισης αγωγός

τοή aa διάτρητος διάτρητος

εβράνη HDPE 1m m ΤΟΜΗ ΓΓ

Θέσεις ΤΟΜΗ AA γεωύφασα 0,30 προστασίας c δειγατοληψίας c εβράνης 0,0 0,05 c 0,0 0,10 0,20 0,15 b b a 0,40 b 0,35 a

Κροκάλα Υλικό πλήρωσης Κροκάλα Θέσεις ειγατοληψίας κλίση 1% Ζεόλιθος ιάτρητος Αγωγός Φ90

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

46 Horizontal subsurface flow CW: Description

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Horizontal subsurface flow CW: …Description

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

47 Horizontal subsurface flow CW: …Description

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Horizontal subsurface flow CW: Pollutant removal

Mean C (mg/L) Mean R (%) Mean C (mg/L) Mean R (%)

200 100 60 100

160 80 45 75 120 60 30 50

(mg/L) 80 40 Removal (%) Removal 15 25 (%) Removal 40 20 BODConcentration

0 0 TKNConcentration (mg/L) 0 0 Τ1 Τ2 Τ3 Τ4 Τ5 Τ6 Τ7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sample Location Sample Location

Mean C (mg/L) Mean R (%) Mean (/100mL) Removal (%)

10 100 1.E+09 100 1.E+08 90 8 80 g/L) 80

1.E+07 70 6 60 1.E+06 60 1.E+05 50 4 40 1.E+04 Removal (%) Removal 40 1.E+03 2 20 30 TP ConcentrationTP ( 1.E+02 20 0 0 1.E+01 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1.E+00 0 Sample Location 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

48 … Design, Construction and Monitoring of New Facilities Vertical flow CW Gikas G.D., Tsihrintzis V.A. (2009b). A Small-Size Constructed Wetland for on –site Treatment of Household Wastewater. Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology (CEST2009), September 3-5, Chania, Crete, Greece. A

Site 2: Avdira Βάνα

Φρεάτιο αντλίας

Φρεάτιο συλλογής 75

75 καπάκι Φ 32 32 Φ Φ Φ PVC PVC PVC PVC

Φρεάτιο διανοής διανοής στράγγισης

στράγγισης συλλογής αγωγός αγωγός αγωγός

αγωγός καπάκι A Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Vertical flow CW: Description

Θ έσεις δειγατοληψ ίας

0 , 2 0 0 , 0

0 ,2 5 0 ,3 0 0 ,4 5

στάθη λειτουργίας

α ν τλία

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

49 Vertical flow CW: … Description

ΤΟΜ Η ΑΑ + 1 ,2 0

+ 0 ,3 0 0 ,00 0,0 0 0 ,30 0 ,1 5

κλίσ η 1 % Ζεόλιθος

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Vertical flow CW: … Description

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

50 Vertical flow CW: … Description

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Vertical flow CW: … Description

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

51 Vertical flow CW: Pollutant concentrations

150 Legend 120 ST1 ST2 90

-N(mg/L) 60 ST3 effluent CW1 4

NH 30 effluent CW2 influent ZT 0 final effluent 15/01/07 16/03/07 15/05/07 14/07/07 12/09/07 11/11/07 10/01/08 10/03/08 09/05/08 08/07/08 06/09/08 05/11/08

2500 200 2000 150 1500 100 1000 N (mg/L) N COD(mg/L) 500 ΤΚ 50

0 0 15/01/07 16/03/07 15/05/07 14/07/07 12/09/07 11/11/07 10/01/08 10/03/08 09/05/08 08/07/08 06/09/08 05/11/08 15/01/07 16/03/07 15/05/07 14/07/07 12/09/07 11/11/07 10/01/08 10/03/08 09/05/08 08/07/08 06/09/08 05/11/08

900 30 25 600 20 15 10 300 (mg/L) TP BOD (mg/L) BOD 5 0 0

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering15/01/07 16/03/07 15/05/07 & Technology14/07/07 12/09/07 11/11/07 10/01/08 10/03/08 09/05/08 08/07/08 06/09/08 05/11/08 15/01/07 16/03/07 Department15/05/07 14/07/07 12/09/07 11/11/07 of Environmental10/01/08 10/03/08 09/05/08 08/07/08 06/09/08 Engineering,05/11/08 Democritus University of Thrace

Vertical flow CW: … Pollutant removal

Removal BOD COD BOD COD TP PO4 TP PO4 Parameter % 100 100 80 80 60 60 BOD 96,4 40 40 20 20 COD 94,4 Removal% Removal % Removal 0 0 Septic Tank CW Zeolite Tank Septic Tank CW Zeolite Tank TKN 90,8

TSS TC TSS TC TKN NH4 TKN NH4 NH4 92,8 100 100 80 80 TP 69,8 60 60 40 40 PO4 61,6 20 20 Removal % Removal % Removal 0 0 Septic Tank CW Zeolite Tank Septic Tank CW Zeolite Tank TSS 95,3

TC 99,96

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

52 … Design, Construction and Monitoring of New Facilities Full -scale system in N. Oikismos , Kastoria Gikas G.D., Tsihrintzis V.A., Petalas C., Skias S. (2006). Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment of N. Korestia, Kastoria District. In: Proceedings of the Conference “Small scale wastewater treatment facilities”, April 8-9, Portaria, Volos, pp. 201-208 (in Greek)

Study Area

Municipality: N. Oikismos, Korestia Population: 500 p.e. Sewage system: separate

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Full -scale system in N. Oikismos : Study area

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

53 Full -scale system in N. Oikismos : … Study area

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Full -scale system in N. Oikismos : Description

1st stage 2nd stage 3rd stage 1,5 m2/p.e. 1,0 m2/p.e. 1,5 m2/p.e. 3 CW beds 2 CW beds 1 HSF CW bed Vertical Flow Vertical Flow

ΚΛΙΝΕΣ Α΄ ΣΤΑΙΟΥ

ΣΙΦΝΑΣ ΕΞΟΟΣ ΥΓΕΙΟΝΟΜΙΚΗ ΚΛΙΝΕΣ Β΄ ΣΤΑΙΟΥ ΤΑΦΗ ΣΧΑΡΑ ΚΛΙΝΗ ΟΡΙΖΟΝΤΙΑΣ ΡΟΗΣ ΕΙΣΟΟΣ

ΚΑΟΣ ΦΡΕΑΤΙΟ

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

54 Full -scale system in N. Oikismos : Plan view

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Full -scale system in N. Oikismos : 1st stage CW bed, plan view B

ΠΛΑΚΑ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΣΙΑΣ ΠΛΑΚΑ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΣΙΑΣ ΠΛΑΚΑ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΣΙΑΣ ΕΠΙΦ ΑΝΕΙΑΣ ΥΛΙΚΟΥ ΕΠΙΦ ΑΝΕΙΑΣ ΥΛΙΚΟΥ ΕΠΙΦ ΑΝΕΙΑΣ ΥΛΙΚΟΥ 110 Φ

στ ήριγα στ ήριγα στ ήριγα 200 PVC Φ PVC αερισού

διανοής

αγωγός

διάτρητος α γω γός διανο ής PVC Φ 2 0 0

θ υρ ίδα επίσκεψης - καθαρισού κ ιν ητό π ώ α 110 Φ 200 Φ PVC PVC αερισού

στράγγισης

αγωγός στ ήριγα στ ήριγα στ ήριγα αγωγός

λεπτο. 1

ΠΛΑΚΑ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΣΙΑΣ ΠΛΑΚΑ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΣΙΑΣ ΠΛΑΚΑ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΣΙΑΣ 0,5% ΕΠΙΦ ΑΝΕΙΑΣ ΥΛΙΚΟΥ ΕΠΙΦ ΑΝΕΙΑΣ ΥΛΙΚΟΥ ΕΠΙΦ ΑΝΕΙΑΣ ΥΛΙΚΟΥ διάτρητος

διάτρητος αγω γός στράγγισης PVC Φ 1 10 κλίση

κλ ίσ η 1 % 200

Φ PVC λ επτο. 2 απαγωγής

Γ αγωγός B στραγγισάτων Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

55 Full -scale system in N. Oikismos : 1st stage CW bed, side section

Μεβράνη

λεπτο. 2

στήριγα αγωγού διανοής αγωγός αερισού σκυρόδεα 0,2x0,2 m

αγωγός διανοής PVC Φ200

λεπτό χαλίκι 2-8mm

χαλίκι 5-20mm κροκάλα 20-40mm

αγωγός στράγγισης στήριγα αγωγού διανοής

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Full -scale system in N. Oikismos : Siphon

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

56 Full -scale system in N. Oikismos : Expected effluent quality and removals

PARAMETER CONCENTRATION REMOVAL (mg/L) (%)

BOD 5 <=15 96 %

COD <=40 93 %

SS <=15 96 %

TKN <=6 91 %

ΤP <=4 50 %

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Full -scale system in N. Oikismos : Cost

Construction Expenditure (€) Soil excavation 74,457 Plant 20,346 Structure using concrete, Plumbing 62,801 Electromechanical 50,004 Oncost 87,350 Value-added tax 56,042 Total 351,000 Operating cost Electric energy 12.25 €/day ή 7.35 €/p.e./yr ή 0.13 €/m3 wastewater

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

57 Full -scale system in N. Oikismos : Construction

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Full -scale system in N. Oikismos : … Construction

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

58 Full -scale system in N. Oikismos : … Construction

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Full -scale system in N. Oikismos : … Operation

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

59 … Design, Construction and Monitoring of New Facilities Full -scale system in Rhoditis , Rhodope Prefecture System description

Study Area Septic tank 1st stage Municipality: Rhoditis, 1.2 m2/p.e. Komotini 3 CW beds Vertical Flow Population: 800 p.e. 2nd stage 0.8 m2/p.e. Construction cost: 349,000 € 2 CW beds Vertical Flow 3rd stage 1.0 m2/p.e. 1 HSF CW bed

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Full -scale system in Rhoditis , Rhodope

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

60 COST CW Treatment System Parameter Neos Rhoditis Gomati Kyprinos Oikismos Population served (capita) 600 800 1000 1200 Flow (m3/d) 90 120 150 180 Total area (ha) / 0.73/ 0.84/ 0.80/ 0.95/ Unit area (m2/p.e.) 12.2 10.5 8.0 7.9

Construction cost

Excavation/fill (€) 133,245 105,672 93,247 136,760 Planting (€) 36,381 32,080 24,385 45,543 Reinforced concrete 53,211 108,390 210,870 167,242 structures(€) Piping (€) 33,985 22,150 37,987 33,644 Hydraulic structures (€) 24,849 17,468 43,176 28,644 Electrical/mechanical (€) 64,563 63,240 21,708 90,513 Total construction cost (€) 346,234 349,000 431,373 502,346

Operation cost

Annual (€/y) 4,410 6,296 6,960 6,935 Annual per p.e. (€/p.e./y) 7.35 7.87 6.96 5.78

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

… COST

Total construction cost Annual operation cost 5.5 8

5.0 7

4.5 6 Euro) Euro) 5 3 4.0 5 (x10 (x10 3.5 4 Anual operation cost Total construction cost Total cost construction 3.0 3 600 800 1000 1200

Population served (capita)

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

61 4. Development of CW Models and DSS

Use of Artificial Neural Networks Modeling hydrodynamics and constituent transport in HSF-CW systems Use of GIS in siting areas for construction of natural systems

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

… Development of CW Models and DSS

Use of Artificial Neural Networks Akratos C.S., Papaspyros J.N.E., Gikas G.D., Tsihrintzis V.A., (2006d). Performance and Modeling of Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands Treating Municipal Wastewater in North Greece, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference for Wetland Systems for Pollution Control, September 24-29, 2006, Lisbon, Portugal, Vol. I. Akratos C.S., Papaspyros J.N.E., Tsihrintzis V.A. (2008). An Artificial Neural Network Model and Design Equations for BOD and COD Removal Prediction in Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands, Chemical Engineering Journal , Vol. 143, No. 1-3, pp. 96-110. Akratos C.S., Papaspyros J.N.E., Tsihrintzis V.A. (2009a). Total Nitrogen and Ammonia Removal Prediction in Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands: Use of Artificial Neural Networks and Development of a Design Equation, Bioresource Technology , Vol. 100, No. 2, pp. 586-596. Akratos C.S., Papaspyros J.N.E., Tsihrintzis V.A. (2009b). Artificial Neural Network Use in Ortho-phosphate and Total Phosphorus Removal Prediction in Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands, Biosystems Engineering , Vol. 102, No. 2, pp. 190-201.

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

62 Use of Artificial Neural Networks

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were used to model HSF CWs based on two-year experimental data from five pilot-scale units Hyperbolic design equations, combining zero and first order kinetics, were produced to predict BOD, COD, nitrogen and phosphorus removal. These equations showed better predictions than the commonly used first order model. The common form of these equations is:

HRT R = where HRT and K are in days K + HRT

 22 8.  For BOD removal: K =    T  15  For COD removal: K =    T 

where T is the wastewater temperature ( oC).

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

… Use of Artificial Neural Networks

 22 8.   n 3 For TN removal: K =  45 5.    T  1− n 

where n is the porosity and (n/(1-n))3 is an expression entering many formulas predicting hydraulic conductivities in porous media.

 22 8.   1 2 For ortho-phosphate removal: K =   7.1    T   s 

where 1/s is a parameter named inverse specific area (1/s=(D 50 /(D max -Dmin ))/(1-n)) and 1.7 is the constant of the inverse specific area.

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

63 … Development of CW Models and DSS

Modeling hydrodynamics and constituent transport in HSF -CW systems Liolios K.A., Moutsopoulos K.N., Tsihrintzis V.A., Akratos C.S. (2009). Modeling of Flow and Effects of Climatic Parameters in Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands, In: Proceedings of the Common Conference, 11 th Conference of the Hellenic Hydrotechnical Society and 7 th Conference of the Hellenic Committee of Water Resources Management under the theme “Integrated Water Resources Management under Climatic Change Conditions”, pp.611-618 (in Greek).

The Visual MODFLOW was used to simulate pilot-scale HSF CWs. The model was calibrated using measured values and was used satisfactorily to test the effect of precipitation on removal efficiency of CWs

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Model flow domain prediction

Without rainfall

With rainfall

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

64 Model concentration predictions

Without rainfall With rainfall

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

… Development of CW Models and DSS Use of GIS in siting areas for construction of natural systems Gemitzi Α., Tsihrintzis V.A., Christou O., Petalas C. (2007). Use of GIS in Siting Stabilization Pond Facilities for Domestic Wastewater Treatment, Journal of Environmental Management Vol. 82, pp. 155–166

Geographic information systems (GIS) were used for the problem of siting areas for construction of natural systems, such as stabilization ponds (SPs) for domestic wastewater treatment. Based on the GIS analysis, suitable locations were identified in each municipality first, and then the total required surface area of these systems was compared to the available surface area of each municipality, in order to decide whether SP systems could be a viable solution to the wastewater management problem in the particular region.

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

65 Use of GIS in siting areas for construction of natural systems: Results

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

Conclusions

Experiments in pilot-scale CW units and monitoring of full-scale facilities have demonstrated the effectiveness of CWs in treating municipal wastewater in Greece Special materials, such as zeolite and bauxite, can be used to provide additional polishing of CW effluent when this is needed Constructed wetlands are also efficient systems for dewatering and mineralization of activated sludge CW systems are an economic and reliable solution for the treatment of wastewater from small communities in rural areas

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace

66 ThankThank you!you!

[email protected] www.env.duth.gr/eet

Laboratory of Ecological Engineering & Technology Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace