DOCSLIB.ORG

Paradoxes of China's Economic Boom

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Paradoxes of China's Economic Boom ANRV381-SO35-18 ARI 2 June 2009 15:51 Paradoxes of China’s Economic Boom Martin King Whyte Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Sociol. 2009. 35:371–92 Key Words The Annual Review of Sociology is online at development, postsocialist transition, developmental state, market soc.annualreviews.org reforms, property rights This article’s doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115905 Abstract Copyright c 2009 by Annual Reviews. China’s stunning economic performance for the past three decades was All rights reserved by HARVARD UNIVERSITY on 07/20/09. For personal use only. not only unexpected but contradicts much received wisdom in the study 0360-0572/09/0811-0371$20.00 of development. Four paradoxes posed by China’s record are critically Annu. Rev. Sociol. 2009.35:371-392. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org examined: (a) China’s traditional culture and institutions as obstacles to development; (b) the necessity of big bang comprehensive reforms to transform a centrally planned economy into a market economy; (c) the perils of state-directed economic development (especially when the state is composed of lifelong communist bureaucrats); and (d ) the necessity of getting the institutions right in order to foster develop- ment, particularly by establishing secure private property rights. Rea- sons why China was able to defy expectations and the received wisdom and develop so successfully are discussed. The Chinese case indicates that countries cannot succeed at development by a standard cookbook approach but must tailor their development policies and institutions to their distinctive history, potentials, and limitations. 371 ANRV381-SO35-18 ARI 2 June 2009 15:51 For the past three decades, China has experi- were launched in 1978. After all, who would enced an extraordinary economic boom. Eco- have thought that lifelong communist bureau- nomic growth rates averaging close to 10% crats could successfully direct the transforma- a year have been maintained despite serious tion from an increasingly inefficient centrally bumps in the road, such as foreign sanctions planned system to a vibrant market economy? after the 1989 Tiananmen massacre and the In multiple respects China’s approach to eco- 1997 Asian financial crisis. Hundreds of mil- nomic development contradicts received wis- lions of mostly rural Chinese citizens have dom on how to pursue growth. In reading the been lifted out of grinding poverty, and rapidly existing literature on economic development, growing middle and wealthy classes now en- one thinks of the analogy between China’s joy consumption levels that are approaching economic performance and the bumblebee— First World standards. Multiple other indica- by all rights it should not be able to fly, but tors convey the spectacular successes of China’s nonetheless it does, and in fact it soars spec- economic boom. For example, China went from tacularly! By considering briefly several strands having negligible foreign direct investment at of past research on China and economic de- the time Mao Zedong died in 1976 to being the velopment, and then by examining key features developing world’s largest recipient of foreign of China’s approach in the post-1978 period, direct investment in recent years. China in the this review attempts to contribute to an ex- same period went from having essentially zero panded debate about economic development foreign exchange reserves to having the world’s possibilities in the contemporary world. The largest accumulation (with close to US$2 tril- primary generalizations to be critically exam- lion in 2008). The country that in 1958 pro- ined here in light of China’s experiences are the voked a combination of pity and amusement following: with its failed attempt to use backyard steel fur- China’s traditional institutions and naces to catch up with Great Britain in steel culture as obstacles to economic production has since the mid-1990s been by far development; the world’s largest producer of steel. Similarly, The need for comprehensive, big bang China went from producing limited ranges of market reforms in order to successfully very unstylish clothing (Would you like your dismantle a centrally planned socialist Mao-jacket and pants in blue, gray, or olive- economy; green?) to being the major provider of inex- The necessity of undergoing a dual tran- pensive but relatively stylish clothing marketed sition from state management to mar- around the world; a nation that had virtually by HARVARD UNIVERSITY on 07/20/09. For personal use only. kets and from autocracy to democracy, no privately owned cars in 1976 now has more while avoiding a variety of perils of state- than 9 million sold each year, with more Buicks directed economic development; Annu. Rev. Sociol. 2009.35:371-392. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org purchased annually by Chinese consumers than The imperative to get the institutions by Americans. As a symbolic tribute to China’s right by adopting the institutions and development success, when the World Bank ap- policies required in a modern market so- pointed a new chief economist in 2008, the post ciety, particularly secure private property went to a Chinese researcher, Justin Yifu Lin, rights. rather than to a Western economist (although having a PhD from the University of Chicago may have helped). What are the explanations for China’s dra- FROM DEVELOPMENT FAILURE matic turnaround and spectacular economic TO DEVELOPMENT SUCCESS successes of recent decades? This success The first paradox concerning China’s recent was unexpected at the time China’s reforms economic boom is that this is the society about 372 Whyte ANRV381-SO35-18 ARI 2 June 2009 15:51 which a considerable literature accumulated and comfort with, technological tinkering and over the years as a case study in economic de- scientific experimentation. velopment failure—indeed, failure not once but Not all explanations of China’s first failure twice. The first failure involves the fact that, at economic development adopt this cultural although China was in many respects more deficiency framework, however. Elvin (1973) developed than Western societies until as late coined the term “high level equilibrium trap” to as the eighteenth century, subsequently it was refer to his claim that the late imperial Chinese England that launched the industrial revolu- commercial system was so sophisticated and re- tion, while China failed to do so. The second sponsive to changes in demand and supply that failure involves the fact that when both China severe shortages and bottlenecks that might and Japan were presented with military and have stimulated technological breakthroughs economic challenges from Britain and other (for example, a shift from household weaving to Western powers in the nineteenth and early factory textile production) were avoided. Thus, twentieth centuries, Japan rose to the chal- for Elvin, China was a victim of its own success lenge through reforms that launched it on a in constructing over the centuries a highly ef- path to becoming a modern industrial power, fective and responsive preindustrial economic while China failed to do so. How did a country system. A more recent critique of the cultural that was a case study of economic development deficiency approach to explaining China’s first failure become so successful, and what does failure at development has been presented by this turnaround say about the assertions in the Pomeranz (2000), whose argument in oversim- existing literature? plified form says that England had two key re- The most famous analysis of China’s first sources that China lacked—coal and colonies. failure was, of course, developed by Max Weber China did have ample coal deposits, but un- in works such as The Protestant Ethic and the like England these were located far away from Spirit of Capitalism (1930 [originally 1905]) and the coastal cities where textile and other facto- The Religion of China (1951 [originally 1915]). ries might be established, and China lacked any Weber contended that although Chinese means to transport the coal from the interior culture was in many ways sophisticated and to the coast quickly and cheaply. In addition, imbued with a fairly high level of rationality, English colonies provided both manufacturing it nonetheless was in key respects deficient in inputs and finances to fuel growing factories the institutions and values necessary to allow without putting excessive burdens on the do- modern capitalism to arise—for example, with mestic population. a culture stressing reverence for the past, Works dealing with China’s second by HARVARD UNIVERSITY on 07/20/09. For personal use only. stability, and harmony rather than openness failure—her inability to match Japan’s eco- to change and the pursuit of individual self- nomic response to the West in the nineteenth Annu. Rev. Sociol. 2009.35:371-392. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org interest; denigration of merchants and weak and early twentieth centuries—generally can development of urban political autonomy and also be divided into those that take a cultural social classes; strong family obligations that deficiency approach and those that do not. In generally trumped rational economic calcu- terms of the former, Bellah (1957) argued that lations; and weak development of scientific by historical chance Japan was endowed with a experimentation and rationality (all in compar- rough functional equivalent of the Protestant ison with preindustrial
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Shanghai, China's Capital of Modernity
    SHANGHAI, CHINA’S CAPITAL OF MODERNITY: THE PRODUCTION OF SPACE AND URBAN EXPERIENCE OF WORLD EXPO 2010 by GARY PUI FUNG WONG A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOHPY School of Government and Society Department of Political Science and International Studies The University of Birmingham February 2014 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis examines Shanghai’s urbanisation by applying Henri Lefebvre’s theories of the production of space and everyday life. A review of Lefebvre’s theories indicates that each mode of production produces its own space. Capitalism is perpetuated by producing new space and commodifying everyday life. Applying Lefebvre’s regressive-progressive method as a methodological framework, this thesis periodises Shanghai’s history to the ‘semi-feudal, semi-colonial era’, ‘socialist reform era’ and ‘post-socialist reform era’. The Shanghai World Exposition 2010 was chosen as a case study to exemplify how urbanisation shaped urban experience. Empirical data was collected through semi-structured interviews. This thesis argues that Shanghai developed a ‘state-led/-participation mode of production’.
    [Show full text]
  • Englischer Diplomat, Commissioner Chinese Maritime Customs Biographie 1901 James Acheson Ist Konsul Des Englischen Konsulats in Qiongzhou
    Report Title - p. 1 of 348 Report Title Acheson, James (um 1901) : Englischer Diplomat, Commissioner Chinese Maritime Customs Biographie 1901 James Acheson ist Konsul des englischen Konsulats in Qiongzhou. [Qing1] Aglen, Francis Arthur = Aglen, Francis Arthur Sir (Scarborough, Yorkshire 1869-1932 Spital Perthshire) : Beamter Biographie 1888 Francis Arthur Aglen kommt in Beijing an. [ODNB] 1888-1894 Francis Arthur Aglen ist als Assistent für den Chinese Maritime Customs Service in Beijing, Xiamen (Fujian), Guangzhou (Guangdong) und Tianjin tätig. [CMC1,ODNB] 1894-1896 Francis Arthur Aglen ist Stellvertretender Kommissar des Inspektorats des Chinese Maritime Customs Service in Beijing. [CMC1] 1899-1903 Francis Arthur Aglen ist Kommissar des Chinese Maritime Customs Service in Nanjing. [ODNB,CMC1] 1900 Francis Arthur Aglen ist General-Inspektor des Chinese Maritime Customs Service in Shanghai. [ODNB] 1904-1906 Francis Arthur Aglen ist Chefsekretär des Chinese Maritime Customs Service in Beijing. [CMC1] 1907-1910 Francis Arthur Aglen ist Kommissar des Chinese Maritime Customs Service in Hankou (Hubei). [CMC1] 1910-1927 Francis Arthur Aglen ist zuerst Stellvertretender General-Inspektor, dann General-Inspektor des Chinese Maritime Customs Service in Beijing. [ODNB,CMC1] Almack, William (1811-1843) : Englischer Teehändler Bibliographie : Autor 1837 Almack, William. A journey to China from London in a sailing vessel in 1837. [Reise auf der Anna Robinson, Opiumkrieg, Shanghai, Hong Kong]. [Manuskript Cambridge University Library]. Alton, John Maurice d' (Liverpool vor 1883) : Inspektor Chinese Maritime Customs Biographie 1883 John Maurice d'Alton kommt in China an und dient in der chinesischen Navy im chinesisch-französischen Krieg. [Who2] 1885-1921 John Maurice d'Alton ist Chef Inspektor des Chinese Maritime Customs Service in Nanjing.
    [Show full text]
  • 6. China's Economic Transformation
    6. China’s economic transformation1 Gregory C. Chow Why economic reform started in 1978 Deng Xiaoping took over control of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 1978. He was responsible for initiating reform of the planned economy to move towards a more market-oriented economy. In a sense, the change in policy can be interpreted partially as a continuation of the ‘four modernisations’ (of agriculture, industry, defence, and science and technology) announced by premier Zhou Enlai in 1964, but interrupted by the Cultural Revolution. This explanation was suggested to me by a former vice-premier of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). On the other hand, a former premier once told me: ‘The Cultural Revolution did great harm to China, but it freed us from certain ideological constraints.’ These statements indicate that the Cultural Revolution did affect the thinking of top party leaders and thus the course of China’s economic development. Taking these statements into account, together with other considerations, I offer the following explanation for the initiation of economic reform. There were four reasons the time was ripe for reform. First, the Cultural Revolution was very unpopular, and the party and the government had to distance themselves from the old regime and make changes to win the support of the people. Second, after years of experience in economic planning, government officials understood the shortcomings of the planned system and the need for change. Third, successful economic development in other parts of Asia—including Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea, known as the ‘Four Tigers’—demonstrated to Chinese government officials and the Chinese people that a market economy works better than a planned one.
    [Show full text]
  • Can the Strategy of Western Development Narrow Down China's
    Can Western Development Narrow Down China’s Regional Disparity? Can the Strategy of Western Development Narrow Down China’s Regional Disparity?* Wei Zhang Abstract Faculty of Oriental Studies The main causes of the faster growth in China’s eastern coastal University of Cambridge Sidgwick Avenue area, and thus for the rise in income disparity between eastern Cambridge CB3 9AD and western regions, are the rapid increases in foreign trade and United Kingdom foreign investment resulting not only from the government’s [email protected] coastal development strategy but also from inherent advantages of the eastern coastal area. Since 1999, the development strategy for western China has focused on the injection of large amounts of capital, but fiscal constraints make this strategy unsustainable. China’s government should allow mobility of the labor force across regions to play a bigger role in solving the income disparity problem. 1. Introduction China embarked upon economic reforms in 1978. Since then, the average annual growth rate of China’s GDP through 2001 has been 8.9 percent.1 The pace of GDP growth in different regions has varied, however. If we di- vide China into three areas based on geographical location and government policy coverage (viz., eastern, central, * I thank Wing Thye Woo, Cyril Lin, Maozu Lu, Guy Liu, and Zhichao Zhang for insightful discussion on this topic. I also beneªted from discussions during the Asian Economic Panel conference on 9–10 October 2003 in Seoul, South Korea. The views expressed in the paper are those of the author and should not be interpreted as reºecting the views of those who have helped with the paper.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Economic Growth: Implications to the ASEAN (An Integrative Report)
    Philippine APEC PASCN Study Center Network PASCN Discussion Paper No. 2001-01 China's Economic Growth: Implications to the ASEAN (An Integrative Report) Ellen H. Palanca The PASCN Discussion Paper Series constitutes studies that are preliminary and subject to further revisions and review. They are being circulated in a limited number of copies only for purposes of soliciting comments and suggestions for further refinements. The views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not neces- sarily reflect those of the Network. Not for quotation without permission from the author(s). P HILIPPINE APEC PASCN S TUDY C ENTER N ETWORK PASCN Discussion Paper No. 2001-01 China’s Economic Growth: Implications to the ASEAN (An Integrative Report) Ellen H. Palanca Ateneo de Manila University September 2001 The PASCN Discussion Paper Series constitutes studies that are preliminary and subject to further revisions and review. They are being circulated in a limited number of copies only for purposes of soliciting comments and suggestions for further refinements. The views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Network. Not for quotation without permission from the author(s). For comments, suggestions or further inquiries, please contact: The PASCN Secretariat Philippine Institute for Development Studies NEDA sa Makati Building, 106 Amorsolo Street Legaspi Village, Makati City, Philippines Tel. Nos. 893-9588 and 892-5817 ABSTRACT The rise of China’s economy in the last couple of decades can be attributed to the favorable initial conditions, the market-oriented economic reforms, and good macroeconomic management in the nineties.
    [Show full text]
  • POLITICAL ECONOMY for SOCIALISM Also by Makoto Itoh
    POLITICAL ECONOMY FOR SOCIALISM Also by Makoto Itoh TilE BASIC TIIEORY OF CAPITALISM TilE VALUE CONTROVERSY (co-author with I. Steedman and others) TilE WORLD ECONOMIC CRISIS AND JAPANESE CAPITALISM VALUE AND CRISIS Political Economy for Socialism Makoto ltoh Professor of Economics University of Tokyo M St. Martin's Press © Makoto ltoh 1995 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published in Great Britain 1995 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-333-55338-1 ISBN 978-1-349-24018-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-24018-0 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96 95 First published in the United States of America 1995 by Scholarly and Reference Division, ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., 175 Fifth A venue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-12564-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ltoh, Makoto, 1936-- Political economy for socialism I Makoto Itoh.
    [Show full text]
  • How Effective Is the Renminbi Devaluation on China's Trade
    How Effective is the Renminbi Devaluation on China’s Trade Balance Zhaoyong Zhang, Edith Cowan University and Kiyotaka Sato, Yokohama National University Working Paper Series Vol. 2008-16 June 2008 The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute. No part of this article may be used reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in articles and reviews. For information, please write to the Centre. The International Centre for the Study of East Asian Development, Kitakyushu HOW EFFECTIVE IS THE RENMINBI DEVALUATION ON CHINA’S TRADE BALANCE∗† Zhaoyong Zhang Edith Cowan University Kiyotaka Sato Yokohama National University Abstract The objective of this study is to contribute to the current discussion on the Renminbi (RMB) exchange rate by providing new evidence on China’s exchange rate policy and the impacts of RMB devaluation/revaluation on China’s output and trade balance. For a rigorous empirical examination, this research constructs a vector autoregression (VAR) model and employs the most recent econometric techniques to identify if the Chinese economic system has become responsive to the changes in the exchange rate after about three decades reform. More specifically, we use a structural VAR technique to estimate impulse response functions and variance decompositions for China’s output and trade balance, and to determine how the fundamental macroeconomic shocks contribute to the fluctuations in the real exchange rate, and how output and trade account respond to the identified various shocks. This study will contribute to our better understanding of how far and how fast China’s reforms have transformed the economy to a market-oriented economy, and also the recent discussion on China’s exchange rate policy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Way to the Socialist Planned Economy
    The Way to the Socialist Planned Economy Marek Breit and Oskar Lange Translated by Jan Toporowski* Abstract: This is the first English translation of a 1934 article by Marek Breit and Oskar Lange on the economics of socialism. Breit and Lange advocate a form of market socialism based on self-managed workers’ cooperatives, with membership open to all who wish to join. 1 The Breakdown of the Capitalist Economy Otto Bauer said not very long ago that ‘the fall of the second workers’ government in England, the events of recent years, and especially in the current year in Germany, mark the end of an epoch and the start of a new one in the history of the international workers’ movement. We find ourselves at the start of a period of severe, protracted economic crises, broken only by short moments of respite; a period in which the proletariat will rather be convinced of how narrow are the boundaries with which the world capitalist economy limits the possibilities for liberation of the working class, and how these binding constraints may only be removed together with the whole capitalist system.’1 Essentially the world-wide economic crisis, the likes of which the capitalist economy has not experienced since its beginnings, shows the complete bankruptcy of the capitalist economic system. Nothing so demonstrates that complete bankruptcy, the total breakdown of the capitalist economy, as the co-existence of poverty with excess that is met at every step. When the masses of the people in the capitalist economies are oppressed by unprecedented poverty, stores are packed with goods for which there are no buyers; when millions are starving, grain and coffee are sunk at sea or burnt; when millions cannot clothe themselves, spinning and weaving plants stand idle.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Appreciation of the Chinese Currency and Influences on China's Economy
    University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2014 An Analysis of the Appreciation of the Chinese Currency and Influences on China's Economy Lina Ma University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Economic Theory Commons, and the International Economics Commons Recommended Citation Ma, Lina, "An Analysis of the Appreciation of the Chinese Currency and Influences on China's Economy" (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 408. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/408 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. An Analysis of the Appreciation of the Chinese Currency and Influences on China’s Economy A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences University of Denver In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts By Lina Ma November 2014 Advisor: Tracy Mott Author: Lina Ma Title: An Analysis of the Appreciation of the Chinese Currency and Influences on China’s Economy Advisor: Tracy Mott Degree Date: November 2014 ABSTRACT In recent years, China’s economy development has had more and more impact on the global economy. The Chinese currency continued to appreciate since 2005, which has had both positive and negative results on Chinese’s economy. The Chinese government uses the monetary policy to control the inflation pressure, which could work counter to Chinese exchange rate policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Direct Investment in Europe : Economic Opportunities and Political Challenges
    Chapter prepared for Ka Zeng ed., Handbook of the International Political Economy of China, Edward Elgar, forthcoming 2018 Chinese Direct Investment in Europe : Economic Opportunities and Political Challenges Sophie Meunier Princeton University [email protected] Abstract: Over the past decade, China has become one of the largest senders of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the world, including in the European Union (EU). Why did this rapid surge happen and how did European countries react politically to this new phenomenon, which some have presented as unprecedented and even dangerous? After surveying the recent evolution of Chinese FDI in Europe, this chapter analyzes the match between Chinese demand for European assets and European supply of assets after the outbreak of the euro crisis. The last section considers the political challenges raised in Europe by the rapid and ubiquitous rise of Chinese FDI and some of the policy responses to these challenges. Keywords: China; euro crisis; EU; European Union; FDI; investment 1 Chinese outward investment into the European Union (EU) has increased very rapidly over the past decade. From a non-existent player fifteen years ago, China has now become one of the largest senders of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows in the world. In Europe, China has seemingly become an ubiquitous investor from airports to ports, hotels to automobiles, and English to Italian football clubs. This surge of Chinese investment has been particularly noticeable because it occurred in a context of decreasing investment worldwide in the wake of the United States (U.S.) financial crisis and it has been widely covered in the media, often through sensationalistic headlines.
    [Show full text]
  • Management of Technology in Centrally Planned Economy
    O o/ tec^"^ MM UBCA Viuimiii HD28 .M414 III 3 -1060 OObOlBEfi 9o WORKING PAPER ALFRED P. SLOAN SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT Management of Technology in Centrally Planned Economy Jong-Tsong Chiang February 1990 WP 3130-90-BPS MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 50 MEMORIAL DRIVE CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139 1990 lAPRlS. ) O ij c?'< Management of Technology in Centrally Planned Economy Jong-Tsong Chiang February 1990 WP 3130-90-BPS The author is grateful to the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), the Institute of Social Management of Bulgaria, the Prague University of Economics, the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and the USSR Academy of Sciences for their financial support and other assistance in doing the field research. He is also deeply indebted to many friends' invaluable information, advice, help, and interpretation. — " II fritiwi.^-"-^ Management of Technology in Centrally Planned Economy Abstract This paper studies the management of technology in centrally planned economies, namely, the USSR and East European countries. From a cross-technology perspective, technologies under investigation mainly cover military, nuclear power and computers with a view to contrasting their distinctions. To further support the arguments made, technologies like space, laser, automation, new biotechnology and new materials are also mentioned where appropriate. In addition to the cases in different national contexts, the international cooperation within the framework of the CMEA (or COMECON: the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) is discussed. To depict the patterns of management of technology in the East as opposed to that in the West, only systematically determined issues are the main foci in this paper. The preliminary conclusions reached are: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Levels of Structural Change: an Analysis of China's Development
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Levels of structural change: An analysis of China’s development push 1998-2014 Heinrich, Torsten and Yang, Jangho and Dai, Shuanping Oxford Martin Programme on Technological and Economic Change, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK;, Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UQ, UK;, Department for Business Studies and Economics, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany;, Department of Management Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada, School of Economics, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China, Centre for China Public Sector Economy Research Center, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China, IN-EAST Institute of East Asian Studies, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany; 4 May 2020 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/103224/ MPRA Paper No. 103224, posted 30 Sep 2020 13:34 UTC Levels of structural change: An analysis of China’s development push 1998-2014 Torsten Heinrich1,2,3,†, Jangho Yang4,1,2,‡, and Shuanping Dai5,6,7,¶ 1Oxford Martin Programme on Technological and Economic Change, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK 2Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UQ, UK 3Department for Business Studies and Economics, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany 4Department of Management Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada 5School of Economics, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China 6Centre for China Public Sector Economy Research, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China 7IN-EAST Institute of East Asian Studies, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany – †[email protected] ‡[email protected][email protected] – September 30, 2020 Abstract We investigate structural change in the PR China during a period of particularly rapid growth 1998-2014.
    [Show full text]