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Legislative Chambers: Unicameral Or Bicameral?
Legislative Chambers: Unicameral or Bicameral? Legislative Chambers: Unicameral or Bicameral? How many chambers a parliament should have is a controversial question in constitutional law. Having two legislative chambers grew out of the monarchy system in the UK and other European countries, where there was a need to represent both the aristocracy and the common man, and out of the federal system in the US. where individual states required representation. In recent years, unicameral systems, or those with one legislative chamber, were associated with authoritarian states. Although that perception does not currently hold true, there appears to be a general trend toward two chambers in emerging democracies, particularly in larger countries. Given historical, cultural and political factors, governments must decide whether one-chamber or two chambers better serve the needs of the country. Bicameral Chambers A bicameral legislature is composed of two-chambers, usually termed the lower house and upper house. The lower house is usually based proportionally on population with each member representing the same number of citizens in each district or region. The upper house varies more broadly in the way in which members are selected, including inheritance, appointment by various bodies and direct and indirect elections. Representation in the upper house can reflect political subdivisions, as is the case for the US Senate, German Bundesrat and Indian Rajya Sabha. Bicameral systems tend to occur in federal states, because of that system’s two-tiered power structure. Where subdivisions are drawn to coincide with other important societal units, the upper house can serve to represent ethnic, religious or tribal groupings, as in India or Ethiopia. -
Country of Origin Information Report Sri Lanka May 2007
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT SRI LANKA 11 MAY 2007 Border & Immigration Agency COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE 11 MAY 2007 SRI LANKA Contents PREFACE Latest News EVENTS IN SRI LANKA, FROM 1 APRIL 2007 TO 30 APRIL 2007 REPORTS ON SRI LANKA PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED BETWEEN 1 AND 30 APRIL 2007 Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY........................................................................................ 1.01 Map ................................................................................................ 1.06 2. ECONOMY............................................................................................ 2.01 3. HISTORY.............................................................................................. 3.01 The Internal conflict and the peace process.............................. 3.13 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS...................................................................... 4.01 Useful sources.............................................................................. 4.21 5. CONSTITUTION..................................................................................... 5.01 6. POLITICAL SYSTEM .............................................................................. 6.01 Human Rights 7. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................... 7.01 8. SECURITY FORCES............................................................................... 8.01 Police............................................................................................ -
Report of the OHCHR Investigation on Sri Lanka (OISL)* **
A/HRC/30/CRP.2 Advance Version Distr.: Restricted 16 September 2015 English only Human Rights Council Thirtieth session Agenda item 2 Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General Report of the OHCHR Investigation on Sri Lanka (OISL)* ** * Reproduced as received ** The information contained in this document should be read in conjunction with the report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights- Promoting reconciliation, accountability and human rights in Sri Lanka (A/HRC/30/61). A/HRC/30/CRP.2 Contents Paragraphs Page Part 1 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1–13 5 II. Establishment of the OHCHR Investigation on Sri Lanka (OISL), mandate and methodology ............................................................................................................. 14–46 7 III. Contextual background ........................................................................................... 47–103 12 IV. Overview of Government, LTTE and other armed groups...................................... 104–170 22 V. Legal framework ..................................................................................................... 171–208 36 Part 2– Thematic Chapters VI. Unlawful killings ..................................................................................................... 209–325 47 VII. Violations related to the -
Factors Influencing Circumcision of Young Males in Harare, Zimbabwe. Candidate: Kudzaishe Mangombe Student Number: 24903345 Thes
FACTORS INFLUENCING CIRCUMCISION OF YOUNG MALES IN HARARE, ZIMBABWE. CANDIDATE: KUDZAISHE MANGOMBE STUDENT NUMBER: 24903345 THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN DEMOGRAPHY AND POPULATION STUDIES IN THE FACULTY OF HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, NORTH-WEST UNIVERSITY (MAFIKENG CAMPUS), SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER: PROFESSOR ISHMAEL KALULE-SABITI CO-PROMOTER: PROFESSOR ACHEAMPONG YAW AMOATENG DATE: APRIL 2017 DECLARATION I hereby declare that, except for references to other research works which have been duly acknowledged, this thesis is the results of my own research and it has not been submitted elsewhere either in part or wholly for another degree. Signature ………………………………………………. Kudzaishe Mangombe (Candidate) Date…………………………………………………….. i DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my family and friends ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I thank the Almighty God for granting me abundant grace, wisdom and strength to withstand and overcome all challenges throughout this difficult journey. I would like to thank my principal Supervisor Professor Ishmael Kalule-Sabiti for his encouragement, wisdom, his moral support, and his constructive criticism from the smallest piece of my work. I am also indebted to my co-supervisor Acheampong Yaw Amoateng, whose passion for rigorous and meaningful research always encouraged me towards excellence. I am thankful for those who supported me for my fieldwork. I received financial support from North-West University -Mafikeng Campus, South Africa. I thank my research participants for sparing their precious time. Most importantly, I extend my sincere thanks to my research assistants, Tapiwa Chirenje, Washington Dune, Kudzai Ndemera, Josphat Jekera and Tapiwa Mangombe. I also extend my deep gratitude to my friend Kamil Fuseini, for his dedicated work, mentoring me through the quantitative part of this dissertation. -
The Parliamentary Mandate
THE PARLIAMENTARY MANDATE A GLOBAL COMPARATIVE STUDY THE PARLIAMENTARY MANDATE A GLOBAL COMPARATIVE STUDY Marc Van der Hulst Inter-Parliamentary Union Geneva 2000 @ Inter-Parliamentary Union 2000 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Inter-Parliamentary Union. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not be a way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold hired or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form or binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent publisher. ISBN 92-9142-056-5 Published by INTER-PARLIAMETARY UNION Headquarters Liaison Office with the United Nations Place du Petit-Saconnex 821 United Nations Plaza C.P. 438 9th Floor 1211 Geneva 19 New York, N.Y. 10017 Switzerland United States of America Layout, printing and binding by Atar, Geneva Cover design by Aloys Robellaz, Les Studios Lolos, Carouge, Switzerland (Translated from the French by Jennifer Lorenzi and Patricia Deane) t Table of Contents FOREWORD ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi INTRODUCTION l PART ONE: NATURE AND DURATION OF THE PARLIAMENTARY MANDATE I. NATURE OF THE PARLIAMENTARY MANDATE 6 1. The traditional opposition between national sovereignty and popular sovereignty 6 2. The free representational mandate 8 3. The imperative mandate 9 4. A choice motivated by pragmatic rather than ideological considerations? 10 II. DURATION OF THE PARLIAMENTARY MANDATE.. -
Report of the Secretary-General's Panel Of
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL’S PANEL OF EXPERTS ON ACCOUNTABILITY IN SRI LANKA 31 March 2011 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL’S PANEL OF EXPERTS ON ACCOUNTABILITY IN SRI LANKA Executive Summary On 22 June 2010, the Secretary-General announced the appointment of a Panel of Experts to advise him on the implementation of the joint commitment included in the statement issued by the President of Sri Lanka and the Secretary-General at the conclusion of the Secretary-General’s visit to Sri Lanka on 23 March 2009. In the Joint Statement, the Secretary-General “underlined the importance of an accountability process”, and the Government of Sri Lanka agreed that it “will take measures to address those grievances”. The Panel’s mandate is to advise the Secretary- General regarding the modalities, applicable international standards and comparative experience relevant to an accountability process, having regard to the nature and scope of alleged violations of international humanitarian and human rights law during the final stages of the armed conflict in Sri Lanka. The Secretary-General appointed as members of the Panel Marzuki Darusman (Indonesia), Chair; Steven Ratner (United States); and Yasmin Sooka (South Africa). The Panel formally commenced its work on 16 September 2010 and was assisted throughout by a secretariat. Framework for the Panel’s work In order to understand the accountability obligations arising from the last stages of the war, the Panel undertook an assessment of the “nature and scope of alleged violations” as required by its Terms of Reference. The Panel’s mandate however does not extend to fact- finding or investigation. -
Foro Crans Montana
Centro de Estudios Internacionales Gilberto Bosques Foro Crans Montana Bruselas, Bélgica 19-22 de marzo, 2014 Serie Foros Internacionales 15 Foro Crans Montana Bruselas, Bélgica. 19 al 22 de marzo de 2014 “(…) para que África se desarrolle económicamente, primero debe conseguir una verdadera justicia social que pasa necesariamente por la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres”. Amany Asfour, Presidenta de la Alianza Africana para el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres (AFRAWE). 2 Contenido Información general 4 Resumen Ejecutivo 5 Delegación mexicana 6 Objetivos para la Delegación Mexicana que asiste a la reunión 7 El Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2013-2018: El Tema de Género 8 Foro Crans Montana 10 Programa 11 La Cooperación Sur-Sur en África 26 La situación y el papel de la Mujer en África 36 El papel de la mujer en la prevención y resolución de los conflictos en 39 África ANEXOS Senado de la República. Trabajo legislativo: Mujeres 42 Presidentes (as) de Parlamento en África. 59 3 Información General Embajada de México ante el Reino de Bélgica, El Gran Ducado de Luxemburgo, Misión ante la Unión Europea . Embajador Juan José Gómez Camacho . Domicilio : Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 94. 1050 Bruselas, Bélgica. Teléfono : (322) 629-0777 Conmutador (322) 6440819 Fax : (322) 6290418 Pág. Web : http://embamex.sre.gob.mx/belgica/ Diferencia de Horario : +7 Horas. Horario de Oficina : de 09:00-13:00 y de 15:00-18:00 horas. Clima . Temperatura máxima 10 C; mínima 24º C (precipitaciones). 1 Tipo de cambio al 11 de marzo, 2014 23. 1.00 USD = 13.2486 MXN Dólar estadounidense ↔ Peso mexicano 1 USD = 13.2486 MXN 1 MXN = 0.0754798 USD 1.00 EUR = 1.38720 USD Euro ↔ Dólar estadounidense 1 EUR = 1.38720 USD 1 USD = 0.720874 EUR 1 http://espanol.weather.com/weather/monthly-BEXX0005 Consultado 11 de marzo de 2014. -
Women Political Leaders Taking Actions to Advance Society Through SDG's" Tokyo, Japan
DE NikHONALLE A`.;SEMBI.É.F. Juni 2019 Verslag "Women Political Leaders Taking Actions to Advance Society through SDG's" Tokyo, Japan ,„• De Nationale Assemblée Opgemaalct voor: drs. Jennifer Simons mw. Krishnakoemarie Mathoera MPA mw. Aida Nading INHOUDSOPGAVE "Women Political Leaders Summit" - "Taking Actions to Advance Society Through SDG's" 1. Inleiding 2. Onderdeel A verslag exteme activiteiten DNA 3. Onderdeel B verslag exteme activiteiten DNA 4. Session 1: Women and the Role of Asia in the World 5. Session 2: Advancing Society with Women as Political Leaders 6. Session 3: Advancing the world with Sustainable Development Goals 7. Policy-Focus Sessions 1.3 - SDG 14: Environment & Economy - Tackling the issue of Marine Plastic 8. Q & 44: Advancing Tommorow's Leaders A conversation: Health and Women 9. Plenaty Session 1: Addressing Climate Change and Establishing a Recycling Society 10.Statements by National Delegation Leaders 11. Outcome Declaration 12.WPL Summit Programme Verslag WPL Summit, Tokyo Japan 25-27 juni 2019" DE NATIONALF 12019 ASSEMBLEE DE eimi , NATIONALE 1:41,11 / ASSEMBLEE Onderdeel A Verslag externe activiteiten DNA Administratieve, technische en logistieke informatie Reden voor de missie Reguliere vergadering internationale organisatie Anders nl. Type Activiteit A.u.b. Kiezen wat van toepassing is Indien Anders, geef hier dan toelichting Indien anders, graag toelichting Naam van de Activiteit WPL summit 2019 "taking actions to advance society through SDGS" Organisatie A.u.b. Aonkruizen wat van toepassing is Anders nl of invullen indien anders. Women Political Leaders (WPL) Lokatie (Land, Stad) Tokyo, Japan Periode van de activitelt Van: 6/25/2019 ( Het gaat hierbil om de conferentiedagen) Tot: 6/27/2019 Hotel / Verblijf (Naam, Adres, Akasaka Excel Hotel Tokyu Telefoonnummer, Email) Tel.+ 81-3-3580-2311 Email:[email protected] Delegatie afvaardiging Delegatie Voorzitter: SIMONS JENNIFER Leden: MATHOERA KRISHNAKOEMARIE Nading Aida Ambtelijke assistentie De Griffier El 1 DE NATIONM F 2019 ASSEMBLÉE Ambtelijke assistentie O mw. -
List of Participants
COVID-19 pandemic recovery through a human rights lens: What contribution from parliaments? Virtual global workshop for parliamentarians organized by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Two half-days spread over two days, Tuesday, 29 and Wednesday 30 June 2021 2 - 5 p.m. (CEST - Geneva Time) List of participants Inaugural ceremony CHUNGONG, Martin (Mr.) Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union BACHELET, Michelle (Ms) United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights SHAMEEM KHAN, Nazhat, Ambassador (Ms.) President of the United Nations Human Rights Council Panelists and Moderators HICKS, Peggy (Ms.) Director of the Thematic Engagement, Special Procedures and Right to Development Division (OHCHR) BA, Dieh Mandiaye (Ms.) Member of the National Assembly Chair of the Committee on laws, decentralization, labour and human rights (Senegal) DHLOMO, Sibongiseni (Dr.) Member of the National Assembly (South Africa) MASSEY, Chitralekha (Ms.) Team Leader Advocacy and Outreach ESCR, SDGs and COVID-19 SPENGEMANN, Sven (Mr.) Member of the House of Commons (Canada) ODHIAMBO, Millie (Ms.) Member of the National Assembly (Kenya) TAIANA, Jorge (Mr.) Member of the Senate (Argentina) - 2 - HUIZENGA, Rogier (Mr.) Manager, Human Rights Programme, IPU MAGAZZENI, Gianni (Mr.) Chief, UPR Branch, OHCHR Participants Country Participants Afghanistan MOHAMMADI, Bibi Gulalai (Mr.) Member of Wolesi Jirga Algeria BENBADIS, Fawzia (Ms.) Membre du Conseil de la Nation BENZIADA, Mounia -
Tamil Eelam Struggle and Its Lessons
Tamil Eelam Struggle and its Lessons [From the Indian revolutionary magazine, People‟s Truth, #7, Sept. 2009, pp. 20-30 & p. 12.] By Ravindran ON 18th May 2009, the President of Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapakshe declared that the three decades of war against the LTTE has come to an end. He declared that the Sri Lankan army won a final victory against the Tigers. The Sri Lankan army and the government also claimed that the LTTE leader, Prabhakaran, and many of his lieutenants were killed in the battle and showed the photographs of the dead body of Prabhakaran in the electronic and print media. On 20th, the Sri Lankan government declared a national holiday to „celebrate‟ this „victory‟. The timing of this declaration created suspicion amongst the people who are closely watching the developments in Sri Lanka, in India and all over the world. It appears that the Sri Lankan government deliberately spread this news after the announcement of parliament election results in India. While the Sri Lankan government and the UPA government led by the Congress party celebrated this, millions of sympathizers/supporters of Tigers and Eelam struggle all over the world were shocked in disbelief that the struggle for a separate Tamil Eelam would come to such an end. Within 24 hours, the Tigers rubbished the Srilankan government‟s claim and published that the Tiger‟s chief and many leaders of the LTTE are safe and the struggle for Tamil Eelam would continue until realizing its goal of achieving a separate homeland for the Eelam people. Tamils, all over the world held protest demonstrations and in Tamil Nadu (TN), some violent incidents also took place. -
C 294 E Official Journal
ISSN 1725-2423 Official Journal C 294 E of the European Union Volume 52 English edition Information and Notices 3 December 2009 Notice No Contents Page European Parliament 2008-2009 SESSION Sittings of 8 to 10 July 2008 TEXTS ADOPTED The Minutes of this session have been published in OJ C 256 E, 9.10.2008. I Resolutions, recommendations and opinions RESOLUTIONS European Parliament Tuesday 8 July 2008 (2009/C 294 E/01) Defence of the prerogatives of the European Parliament before the national courts European Parliament resolution of 8 July 2008 on the defence of the prerogatives of the European Parliament before the national courts (2007/2205(INI)) . 1 (2009/C 294 E/02) Environmental impact of the planned gas pipeline in the Baltic Sea European Parliament resolution of 8 July 2008 on the environmental impact of the planned gas pipeline in the Baltic Sea to link up Russia and Germany (Petitions 0614/2007 and 0952/2006) (2007/2118(INI)) . 3 (2009/C 294 E/03) Stabilisation of Afghanistan: challenges for the EU and the international community European Parliament resolution of 8 July 2008 on stabilisation of Afghanistan: challenges for the EU and the international community (2007/2208(INI)) . 11 EN Notice No Contents (continued) Page Wednesday 9 July 2008 (2009/C 294 E/04) Annual Action Programmes for Brazil for 2008 and for Argentina for 2008 European Parliament resolution of 9 July 2008 on the draft Commission decisions establishing Annual Action Programmes for Brazil for 2008 and for Argentina for 2008 . 19 (2009/C 294 E/05) EU priorities for the 63rd Session of the UN General Assembly European Parliament recommendation of 9 July 2008 to the Council on the EU priorities for the 63rd Session of the UN General Assembly (2008/2111(INI)) . -
Communique of the 3Rd Council Meeting and 2Nd Conference of ASSSECAA,7-9 May 2007, Sanaa, Yemen
ASSOCIATION OF SENATES, SHOORA AND رابطة مجالس الشيوخ والشورى والمجالس EQUIVALENT COUNCILS المماثلة في أفريقيا والعالم العـربـي IN AFRICA AND THE ARAB WORLD ASSOCIATION DES SENATS, SHOORA ET CONSEILS EQUIVALENTS D’AFRIQUE ET DU MONDE ARABE Communique of the 3rd council Meeting and 2nd Conference of ASSSECAA,7-9 May 2007, Sanaa, Yemen. Under the patronage of his Excellency, Ali Abdullah Saleh, the President of the Republic of Yemen and upon the invitation of his Excellency, Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani, the Speaker of the Shoora Council of Yemen and Chairman of the Association of Senates, Shoora and Equivalent Councils in Africa and the Arab world; and according to the provisions of the Association's Statute; the second Conference of the Association as well as the third meeting of the Council were held in Sana'a Yemen from the 7th to the 9th of May 2007, with the participation of the Presidents, Vice Presidents and members of the following member Councils /Senates:- 1-Council of the Nation-The Democratic Republic of Algeria 2-Shoora Council-The Kingdom of Bahrain 3-Senate-The Republic of Burundi 4-Shoora Council-The Arab Republic of Egypt 5-House of the Federation-The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 6-Senate-The Republic of Gabon ASSOCIATION OF SENATES, SHOORA AND رابطة مجالس الشيوخ والشورى والمجالس EQUIVALENT COUNCILS المماثلة في أفريقيا والعالم العـربـي IN AFRICA AND THE ARAB WORLD ASSOCIATION DES SENATS, SHOORA ET CONSEILS EQUIVALENTS D’AFRIQUE ET DU MONDE ARABE 7-House of Dignitaries-The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 8-Senate-The Islamic