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Experimental Comparison of Chemical Migration From Exper imental Comparison of Chemical Migration from Petrochemical Plastic and Bioplastic Bottles into Drinking Water California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery December 2013 Contractor's Report Produced Under Contract By: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and The University of California, Berkeley Randy Maddalena1, Megan Schwarzman2, Toni Carrick1,3, Akos Kokai2, Marion Russell1, Christine Papagni4, Wen-Yee Lee1,3 Author Affiliations: 1 Indoor Environment Group, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 2 Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, UC Berkeley School of Public Health 3 University of Texas at El Paso 4 State of California, Department of Toxic Substances Control, Office of Pollution Prevention and Green Technology S T A T E O F C ALIFORNIA Edmund G. Brown Jr. Governor Matt Rodriquez Secretary, California Environmental Protection Agency DEPARTMENT OF RESOURCES RECYCLING AND RECOVERY Caroll Mortensen Director Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery Public Affairs Office 1001 I Street (MS 22-B) P.O. Box 4025 Sacramento, CA 95812-4025 www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Publications/ 1-800-RECYCLE (California only) or (916) 341-6300 Publication # DRRR-2013-1486 To conserve resources and reduce waste, CalRecycle reports are produced in electronic format only. If printing copies of this document, please consider use of recycled paper containing 100 percent postconsumer fiber and, where possible, please print images on both sides of the paper. Copyright © 2014 by the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle). All rights reserved. This publication, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission. Prepared as part of contract number DRR 10064, Agreement # 09-T9125, for $103,296 The California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle) does not discriminate on the basis of disability in access to its programs. CalRecycle publications are available in accessible formats upon request by calling the Public Affairs Office at (916) 341-6300. Persons with hearing impairments can reach CalRecycle through the California Relay Service, 1-800-735-2929. Disclaimer: This report was produced under contract by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The statements and conclusions contained in this report are those of the contractor and not necessarily those of the Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle), its employees, or the State of California and should not be cited or quoted as official Department policy or direction. The state makes no warranty, expressed or implied, and assumes no liability for the information contained in the succeeding text. Any mention of commercial products or processes shall not be construed as an endorsement of such products or processes. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................... ii Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Project Background ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Methods ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 Literature review ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Experimental Design ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Identification and Acquisition of Bottles for Testing ................................................................................. 11 Identification of Chemicals ......................................................................................................................... 12 Materials ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 Sample collection and preparation .............................................................................................................. 13 Instrumentation ........................................................................................................................................... 13 Results ......................................................................................................................................................... 14 Direct thermal desorption screening experiment ........................................................................................ 14 Chemical Identification ............................................................................................................................... 15 Quantification of Chemical Migration during Storage Experiment ............................................................ 17 Chemical Prioritization for Screening Hazard Assessment ........................................................................ 27 Review of Concentration and Trends for Prioritized compounds ............................................................... 28 Exposure assessment ................................................................................................................................... 29 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 34 Chemical Migration Study and Preliminary Hazard Assessment ............................................................... 34 Study Limitation ......................................................................................................................................... 34 Future Work ................................................................................................................................................ 35 Abbreviations and Acronyms ..................................................................................................................... 37 Appendix A Literature Review: Leaching of Migrants into Beverages Bottled in Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Beverage Container ................................................................................................... 39 Appendix B Literature Review: Tentative Target Compound List ............................................................. 49 Appendix C Measured Concentration of Organic Compounds in Water from Storage Experiment for each Bottle Type and Manufacturer .................................................................................................................... 78 Appendix D Measured Concentration (ppb) of Elements in Water During Storage Experiment for Each Bottle Type and Manufacturer .................................................................................................................... 93 Appendix E Graphical assessment concentration trends related to storage time and temperature for target compounds included in exposure assessment ........................................................................................... 107 Appendix F Health hazard data review ..................................................................................................... 124 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 127 Contractor’s Report to CalRecycle i Acknowledgments This report was prepared as a result of work sponsored by the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery under CalRecycle Agreement number 09-T9125, LBNL Award number WF007356A1 and by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The work was conducted in part with support from the Faculty and Student Teams (FaST) internship program—a collaboration of the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Science Foundation (NSF), managed by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Center for Science and Engineering Education. The authors thank Fernando De Leon for his contribution to this project as a FaST intern. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the U.S. Government nor any agency thereof, nor The Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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