DOCSLIB.ORG

"Botanical Confusion" and the Strangeness of Language in Two

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
10.3726/85617_67 “Botanical Confusion” and the Strangeness of Language in Two Works by Olga Grushin Julie Hansen 7KHQHZPLOOHQQLXPKDVVHHQWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRISRHWU\DQGSURVHÀFWLRQ by a new generation of Russian émigrés. These writers left the Soviet Union as children with their parents in the 1970s and 1980s, or as young adults around the time of the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. 1 A number of cir- cumstances distinguish this generation of Russian émigré writers from SUHYLRXVRQHV/LNHWKHÀUVWJHQHUDWLRQZKLFKHPLJUDWHGLQWKHZDNHRI the 1917 Revolution and witnessed the demise of tsarist Russia, the fourth generation comes from a country that has ceased to exist. Unlike the situa- tion during the Soviet period, however, emigration from Russia no longer FDUULHVWKHÀQDOLW\RIDRQHZD\WLFNHW,QDGGLWLRQKDYLQJHPLJUDWHGDWD young age, many of these contemporary writers received at least part of their education in a new language, and a considerable number of them write QRWLQWKHLUQDWLYH5XVVLDQEXWLQDQDFTXLUHGODQJXDJH8QOLNHPDQ\ZULW- ers from previous waves, who switched literary languages mid-career, this generation has been translingual from the outset. ,GHVFULEHWKHVHDXWKRUVDVWUDQVOLQJXDOй³йUDWKHUWKDQELOLQJXDOPXO- WLOLQJXDORUSRO\OLQJXDOй³йEHFDXVHLQP\YLHZWKLVWHUPFRLQHGE\6WHYHQ G. Kellman 2 , best conveys what these authors do with language. Their writ- ing exhibits a high degree of language play and punning, language mix- LQJ DQG FRGHVZLWFKLQJ 7KHLU WH[WV IUHTXHQWO\ FURVV OLQJXLVWLF ERUGHUV shuttling back and forth between languages like transnational commuters. Remarkable here is not only the impressive feat of writing literature in an 1 6FKRODUVKDYHGHOLQHDWHGWKUHHRUIRXUZDYHVRI5XVVLDQpPLJUpZULWHUV7KHÀUVWZDYH left Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution, the second left the Soviet Union in the wake of World War II, the third consisted primarily of Jewish and dissident émigrés in the 1970s, while the fourth wave took place after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. See, in particu- lar, Elizabeth Klosty Beaujour, Alien Tongues. Bilingual Russian Writers of the “First” Emigra- tion, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989, and Adrian Wanner, Out of Russia. Fictions of a New Translingual Diaspora, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2011. 2 6WHYHQ*.HOOPDQGHÀQHVOLWHUDU\WUDQVOLQJXDOLVPEURDGO\DV´WKHSKHQRPHQRQRIDX- thors who write in more than one language or at least in a language other than their prima- ry one.” Steven G. Kellman, The Translingual Imagination, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000, ix. He also uses the subcategories of “ambilinguals”, who have written literary works in more than one language, and “monolingual translinguals”, who write in one, non- native language. Kellman, The Translingual Imagination, 12. Variations 22 / 2014 DFTXLUHGODQJXDJHEXWWKHYDULRXVZD\VLQZKLFKWKHVHDXWKRUVSXVKWKH limits of language, often bringing multiple tongues, both native and adopt- ed, into play simultaneously. Their novels, short stories and poems exude a consciousness of the contingency of language, but also a belief in the po- WHQWLDORIODQJXDJHWRGHSLFWWKHZRUOGLQVWULNLQJO\QHZZD\V)UHTXHQWO\ WKHHͿHFWLVZKDWWKH5XVVLDQ)RUPDOLVW9LNWRU6KNORYVN\WHUPHGostranenie, usually translated into English as “defamiliarization” or “estrangement”. 3 In his seminal essay “Art as Device”, Shklovsky explains, “By ‘estranging’ objects and complicating form, the device of art makes perception long and ‘laborious.’ The perceptual process in art has a purpose all its own and ought to be extended to the fullest”, 4 so that the reader can experience “the making of a thing.” 5 The presence of more than one language in a literary text undoubtedly complicates form, slowing down the reading process (or “perceptual process”, in Shklovsky’s words). As Kellman argues, “the work RIWUDQVOLQJXDOV>«@IRUHJURXQGVDQGFKDOOHQJHVLWVRZQPHGLXPй³йFUHDWHV WKHLPSHGLPHQWWRÁXHQF\WKDWLVWKHKDOOPDUNRIWKHDHVWKHWLFDFFRUGLQJWR 6KNORYVN\%RULV(LFKHQEDXPDQG-DQ0XNDʼnRYVNìµ 6 Language is intimately and intricately connected with culture, and WKXVWUDQVOLQJXDOLVPRIWHQHQWDLOVWUDQVFXOWXUDOLW\й³йWKHWHUPFRLQHGE\WKH philosopher Wolfgang Welsch to describe the ways in which the interaction RIGLͿHUHQWFXOWXUHVFDQOHDGWRWKHIRUPDWLRQRIQHZLGHQWLWLHV:HOVFKVHHV the concept of transculturality as more apt than traditional monological con- ceptions to describe the interactions of cultures in the contemporary world, which he argues are “largely characterized by mixes and permeations”. 7 As Adrian Wanner has shown in his study Out of Russia: Fictions of a New Translingual Diaspora, many contemporary Russian translingual writers have cultivated public personae that emphasize their Russian, and in some cases also Jewish, cultural backgrounds. Their depictions of immigrants’ reactions, adaptation and/or assimilation to North American culture con- tain autobiographical elements. “Part of the success of the various trans- lingual Russian writers”, Wanner argues, “can be attributed to the fact that WKHLUSURMHFWHG5XVVLDQLGHQWLWLHVKDYHEHHQWDLORUHGWRPHHWWKHVSHFLÀFGH- 3 As Alexandra Berlina has pointed out, Shklovsky’s ostranenie is a “meta-estranging neo- ORJLVPµZKLFKGLͿHUVIURP%HUWROW%UHFKW·VVerfremdung DQGKDVQRWEHHQDGHTXDWHO\WUDQV- lated into English. Alexandra Berlina, “Ostranenie and the Surreal in Translation”, paper presented at the conference “Translation in Russian Contexts: Transcultural, Translingual and Transdisciplinary Points of Departure”, Uppsala University, Sweden, 06. 06. 2014. 4 Viktor Shklovsky, “Art as Device”, in: Theory of Prose, translated from Russian by %HQMDPLQ6KHU1RUPDO'DONH\$UFKLYH3UHVVй²й 5 Viktor Shklovskii, “Iskusstvo, kak priem”, in: Idem, O teorii prozy, Moskva: Federatsiia, й²й My translation. 6 Kellman, The Translingual Imagination, 29. 7 Wolfgang Welsch´7UDQVFXOWXUDOLW\йй²йй7KH3X]]OLQJ)RUPRI&XOWXUHV7RGD\µLQ Mike Featherstone and Scott Lash (eds.), Spaces of Culture. City, Nation, World, London: Sage, й²й 68 Julie Hansen mands of their respective host nations.” 8 The émigré status of these authors is foregrounded in publishers’ marketing of their books, leading some crit- LFVй³йHVSHFLDOO\5XVVLDQRQHVй³йWRVXJJHVWWKDWWKHLUZRUNVSHGGOHFXOWXUDO stereotypes, “a constructed ‘Russianness’ for foreign consumption.” 9 The Russian-American novelist Olga Grushin stands out from her peers in this respect, for although she writes in English, most of her works FRQWDLQVSHFLÀFDOO\5XVVLDQVHWWLQJVDQGFKDUDFWHUV*UXVKLQZDVERUQLQ 1971 in Moscow, where as a teenager she attended School No. 45, which was known for its English-language concentration and exposed her to works of anglophone literature that were not typically part of the Soviet school cur- riculum. After one year in Moscow State University’s journalism program, VKHDFFHSWHGDVFKRODUVKLSIURP(PRU\8QLYHUVLW\EHFRPLQJWKHÀUVW6R- viet citizen to receive a bachelor’s degree in the United States. She is now a naturalized American citizen (while retaining her Russian citizenship) and currently resides near Washington, D. C. Having aspired to become a writer since childhood, she made a decision in her early twenties to begin writing ÀFWLRQLQ(QJOLVKLQRUGHUWRLQFUHDVHKHUFKDQFHVRIJHWWLQJSXEOLVKHGLQ her adopted country. 10 In this article, I will consider translingual and transcultural aspects of two texts by Grushin: her autobiographical essay “In the Shade of a Cran- berry Tree” (2004), and her second novel The Line (2010). 11 I will exemplify some of the ways in which Grushin’s writing moves between linguistic, cultural and literary contexts, mixing and ultimately transcending them in original ways. Translingualism and transculturality in Grushin’s texts en- rich the reading process with ambiguity and complexity, ultimately serving to highlight language as a creative medium, to deconstruct cultural stereo- types and to integrate literary traditions. ,QDQLQWHUYLHZ*UXVKLQVWDWHVWKDWLQZULWLQJKHUÀUVWERRNVKHZDQW- ed to produce a “Russian novel in English words”. 12 Indeed, an awareness of her anglophone audience is apparent in passages where the author ap- pears to meet the reader halfway by incorporating contextual background or explanations of Russian cultural phenomena. The unlikelihood that such explanations would have been included had Grushin been writing IRUD5XVVLDQUHDGHUVKLSVHHPVWREHFRQÀUPHGE\WKHLURPLVVLRQIURPWKH 8 Wanner, Out of Russia, 190. 9 Wanner, Out of Russia, 3. 10 “Olga Grushin: National Book Festival 2010 Webcast”, Library of Congress Webcasts, http://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/feature_wdesc.php?rec=5020 (07. 09. 2011). 11 Grushin’s novel The Line was published in the United Kingdom under the title The Concert Ticket (2010). 12 Sergei Moskalev (30. 12. 2006), “Ol’ga Grushina. ‘Ia schitaiu sebia russkoi pisatel’nitsei’”, Voice of America, http://www.VoaNews.com (04. 12. 2009). “Botanical Confusion” 69 Russian translation of The Dream Life of Sukhanov. 13 This raises interesting TXHVWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJERWKWKHUHDGHU·VFXOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFHDQGWKHUROHRI FXOWXUDOVWHUHRW\SHVLQWUDQVOLQJXDOÀFWLRQ “In the Shade of a Cranberry Tree” Cultural stereotypes are the focus of Grushin’s autobiographical essay “In WKH6KDGHRID&UDQEHUU\7UHHµZKLFKUHFRXQWVDÀYHGD\ERDWWRXUVKHWRRN with her father from Moscow to St. Petersburg. The other passengers are PRVWO\ YDFDWLRQLQJ UHWLUHHV IURP )UDQFH DQG 6SDLQй³йD FLUFXPVWDQFH WKDW arouses Grushin’s interest: “I was intensely curious to watch Russia un- IROGEHIRUHLWVÀUVWWLPHYLVLWRUVWRQRWHWKHLULPSUHVVLRQVWRVHHLWUHÁHFWHG in their eyes.” 14 The author’s curiosity, it is suggested, is heightened by her perspective as a visiting expatriate, having lived in the United States
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Co-Operatives Unleashed from the Grassroots
    Co-operatives Unleashed from the grassroots July 2020 About CCIN and the Policy Labs The Co-operative Councils’ Innovation Network (CCIN) is a non-party political active hub, founded in 2012 to achieve co-operative policy development, innovation and advocacy which is: Action-focused: a vehicle for helping councils translate co-operative policy and principles into practice. Membership-based: funded by modest membership subscriptions from its member councils. Open to all UK councils: members share the belief that working co-operatively with communities holds the key to tackling today’s challenges. Part of the local government family: the network is a Special Interest Group registered with the Local Government Association (LGA) where we work to promote innovation in local government. Established in 2016, the Policy Lab programme is an opportunity for any CCIN Member to present an idea and receive funding for collaboration with other CCIN members to fund co-operative solutions to the challenges facing local government. To find out more about joining the CCIN contact: [email protected] CCIN Accountable Body: Oldham Council, Oldham Civic Centre, West Street, Oldham OL1 1UL T: 0161 770 5691 Acknowledgements As Author, I am indebted to the following people and organisations whose contributions have proved invaluable in compiling this report: Co-operatives UK Congress fringe event participants and Plymouth City Council colleagues across multiple departments who, provided the foundation for our understanding of the relationship between co-operatives and councils. CCIN members, including representatives of 15 member councils at the LGA conference stand and also colleagues from Oldham Council, Preston City Council, Rochdale Borough Council, Sunderland City Council and Glasgow City Council, who contributed case studies and gave their time for many detailed discussions.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Cartoons to Make Connections and Enrich Mathematics Janet St
    Proceedings of the Interdisciplinary STEM Teaching and Learning Conference Volume 2 Article 12 2018 Using Cartoons to Make Connections and Enrich Mathematics Janet St. Clair Alabama State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/ stem_proceedings Part of the Special Education and Teaching Commons Recommended Citation St. Clair, Janet (2018) "Using Cartoons to Make Connections and Enrich Mathematics," Proceedings of the Interdisciplinary STEM Teaching and Learning Conference: Vol. 2 , Article 12. DOI: 10.20429/stem.2018.020112 Available at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/stem_proceedings/vol2/iss1/12 This article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Interdisciplinary STEM Teaching and Learning Conference by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Using Cartoons to Make Connections and Enrich Mathematics Abstract The article discusses the integration of cartoons into a finite mathematics college course. However, cartoon integration is appropriate for any educational level STEM course. Students and the author used an online comic strip creator, MakeBeliefsComix.com, to create cartoons that connected concepts to the real world and history. Following Cho, Osborne, and Sanders (2015), students wrote a paragraph about their cartoon and its mathematics. In addition to connecting mathematics to art and writing and unearthing students’ creative side, cartoons helped show the humanistic side of mathematics and promote communication and excitement about mathematics. The author developed a rubric to evaluate students’ cartoons. There was evidence that students who did cartoons were better able to explain a concept and give examples of its real-world connection than those who did not.
    [Show full text]
  • Alphabetical List Updated 11/15/2013
    Alphabetical List Updated 11/15/2013 Movie Name Movie ID Movie Name Movie ID 255 Avengers, The 493 1408 1 Baby Mama 337 15 Minutes 240 Back to the Future 614 2 Fast 2 Furious 2 Bad Boys II 387 2001: A Space Odyssey 598 Bad Education 471 21 Jump Street 487 Bad Teacher 386 24: Season 1 680 Bandits 15 24: Season 2 681 Barbershop 16 24: Season 3 682 Basic 17 27 Dresses 509 Batman Begins 543 28 Days Later 677 Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker 18 3 Idiots 570 Battlestar Galactica: Season 1 649 3:10 to Yuma 3 Battlestar Galactica: Season 2.0 650 300 4 Battlestar Galactica: Season 2.5 651 40-Year Old Virgin, The 590 Battlestar Galactica: The Miniseries 640 50/50 406 Be Cool 20 A View to a Kill 561 Beasts of the Southern Wild 544 A-Team, The 243 Beautiful Thing 403 Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter 514 Beauty Shop 19 Adjustment Bureau, The 494 Bee Movie 21 Aguirre, Wrath of God 524 Before Midnight 690 Air Force One 685 Before Sunrise 22 Albert Nobbs 470 Beowulf 23 Alice in Wonderland 6 Best in Show 24 All Good Things 504 Best Man, The 348 Almost Famous 7 Bicentennial Man, The 601 Amazing Spiderman, The 525 Big Fish 701 American Beauty 241 Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure 25 American Gangster 8 Black Dynamite 415 American History X 242 Black Hawk Down 26 American Violet 464 Black Snake Moan 27 Amores Perros 9 Black Swan 325 Amour 695 Blades of Glory 28 An American in Paris 388 Blair Witch Project, The 29 Anastasia 592 Blind Side, The 244 Anger Management 10 Blood Diamond 30 Animal House 239 Bourne Identity, The 31 Animatrix 390 Bourne Legacy, The
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Criminology Unleashed
    CULTURAL CRIMINOLOGY UNLEASHED Edited by Jeff Ferrell, Keith Hayward, Wayne Morrison and Mike Presdee First published in Great Britain 2004 by The GlassHouse Press, The Glass House, Wharton Street, London WC1X 9PX, United Kingdom Telephone: + 44 (0)20 7278 8000 Facsimile: + 44 (0)20 7278 8080 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cavendishpublishing.com Published in the United States by Cavendish Publishing c/o International Specialized Book Services, 5824 NE Hassalo Street, Portland, Oregon 97213-3644, USA Published in Australia by The GlassHouse Press, 45 Beach Street, Coogee, NSW 2034, Australia Telephone: + 61 (2)9664 0909 Facsimile: +61 (2)9664 5420 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cavendishpublishing.com.au © Cavendish Publishing Limited 2004 Chapter 2 © Tony Jefferson 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of Cavendish Publishing Limited, or as expressly permitted by law, or under the terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organisation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Cavendish Publishing Limited, at the address above. You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A record is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available ISBN 1-90438-537-0 ISBN 978-1-904-38537-0 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Printed and bound in Great Britain Cover image supplied by Cécile Van de Voorde “pourin’ off of every page” Acknowledgments The seeds of Cultural Criminology Unleashed were first sown at a small conference held at the University of London’s Chancellor’s Hall in the late Spring of 2003.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Paradigm of African Trade with the World by John I. Akhile, Sr
    Unleashed: A New Paradigm of African Trade with the World by John I. Akhile, Sr. Media Kit 2015 Now available: $24.95 USD + shipping CONTENTS Media Kit Letter from the Author ............................... 3 Online Presence and Outreach ................ 4 Audience ........................................................... 5 Goals of Unleashed ....................................... 6 Why Buy or Read Unleashed? ................... 7 About the Author ........................................ 10 Contact Information ................................... 11 Reviews and Quotes for Unleashed ............ 13 List of Reviewers and Endorsers .................. 15 Interview with IRIS Executive Magazine ....19 Letter from the Author — A seminal opportunity to effect change for hundreds of millions of people I am very excited about the change that will take place in African countries if the ideas suggested in Unleashed get to see the light of day. I hope that after reading the information presented here, you will become excited as well and want to contribute to the process. An opportunity to engage in an endeavor which has the potential of impacting millions of human beings is rare. I believe the message of the narrative of Unleashed, if properly disseminated, will transform how many African governments do business, and that transformation will unleash the potential of hundreds of millions of people in the countries of Africa. Unleashed is a treatise on the challenge of economic development in African countries which proffers specific initiatives for reversing the widely held negative prognosis for the countries of these nations. If the genie of ideas releases a formula that will begin transformational change in the economic prospects of the countries of Africa, it is safe to say that the accretive value will be felt not only by African nations but will in fact, reverberate throughout the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Path to the Next Normal
    The path to the next normal Leading with resolve through the coronavirus pandemic May 2020 Cover image: © Cultura RF/Getty Images Copyright © 2020 McKinsey & Company. All rights reserved. This publication is not intended to be used as the basis for trading in the shares of any company or for undertaking any other complex or significant financial transaction without consulting appropriate professional advisers. No part of this publication may be copied or redistributed in any form without the prior written consent of McKinsey & Company. The path to the next normal Leading with resolve through the coronavirus pandemic May 2020 Introduction On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization formally declared COVID-19 a pandemic, underscoring the precipitous global uncertainty that had plunged lives and livelihoods into a still-unfolding crisis. Just two months later, daily reports of outbreaks—and of waxing and waning infection and mortality rates— continue to heighten anxiety, stir grief, and cast into question the contours of our collective social and economic future. Never in modern history have countries had to ask citizens around the world to stay home, curb travel, and maintain physical distance to preserve the health of families, colleagues, neighbors, and friends. And never have we seen job loss spike so fast, nor the threat of economic distress loom so large. In this unprecedented reality, we are also witnessing the beginnings of a dramatic restructuring of the social and economic order—the emergence of a new era that we view as the “next normal.” Dialogue and debate have only just begun on the shape this next normal will take.
    [Show full text]
  • How Scandals Act As Catalysts of Fringe Stakeholders' Contentious Actions Against Multinational Corporations
    How Scandals Act as Catalysts of Fringe Stakeholders’ Contentious Actions against Multinational Corporations Thibault Daudigeos, Thomas Roulet, Bertrand Valiorgue To cite this version: Thibault Daudigeos, Thomas Roulet, Bertrand Valiorgue. How Scandals Act as Catalysts of Fringe Stakeholders’ Contentious Actions against Multinational Corporations. Business and Society, SAGE Publications, 2020, 59 (3), pp.387-418. 10.1177/0007650318756982. hal-03041023 HAL Id: hal-03041023 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03041023 Submitted on 11 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. How Scandals Act as Catalysts of Fringe Stakeholders’ Contentious Actions against Multinational Corporations Thibault Daudigeos, Thomas Roulet, Bertrand Valiorgue Abstract In this article, we build on the stakeholder-politics literature to investigate how corporate scandals transform political contexts and give impetus to the contentious movements of fringe stakeholders against multinational corporations (MNCs). Based on Adut’s scandal theory (2005), we flesh out
    [Show full text]
  • Statement for the Record of Cristina Jiménez Moreta Executive Director
    Statement for the Record of Cristina Jiménez Moreta Executive Director United We Dream For a Hearing of the House Committee on the Judiciary Protecng Dreamers and TPS Recipients Wednesday, March 6, 2019 2141 Rayburn House Office Building I. INTRODUCTION United We Dream is the largest immigrant youth-led network in the United States. We create welcoming spaces for young people—regardless of immigraon status—to support, engage, and empower them to make their voice heard and win. We have an online reach of five million and are made of a powerful membership of 500,000 members and 112 local groups across 28 states. Over 60 percent of our members are women and 20 percent idenfy as LGBTQ. United We Dream’s vision is of a mul-racial democracy where immigrants and communies of color live safe, with dignity, while thriving. We pursue this vision by building a mul-racial, mul-ethnic movement of young people who organize and advocate for the dignity and jusce of immigrants and communies of color at the local and naonal levels. Led by and accountable to youth leadership, United We Dream uses diverse and innovave strategies to effecvely change and improve the material condions for all immigrants and communies of color in the United States. Combining grassroots and digital organizing, advocacy, transformave leadership development, story-telling, and culture change, we build momentum together with allies for long lasng change. As part of this work, United We Dream advocates for the connued and expanded protecon of individuals with Deferred Acon for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) and Temporary Protected Status (TPS), represenng a combined one million individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Expression Unleashed V050221.Pages
    Expression unleashed The evolutionary & cognitive foundations of human communication VERSION September 2021 Christophe Heintz & Thom Scott-Phillips Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary page 1 of 51 Abstract Human expression is open-ended, versatile and diverse, ranging from ordinary language use to painting, from exaggerated displays of affection to micro-movements that aid coordina- tion. Here we present and defend the claim that this expressive diversity is united by an in- terrelated suite of cognitive capacities, the evolved functions of which are the expression and recognition of informative intentions. We describe how evolutionary dynamics leash com- munication to narrow domains of statistical mutual benefit, and how they are unleashed in humans. The relevant cognitive capacities are adaptations to living in a partner choice social ecology; and they are, correspondingly, part of the ordinarily developing human cognitive phenotype, emerging early and reliably in ontogeny. In other words, we identify distinctive features of humans’ social ecology to explain how and why humans evolved the capacities that, in turn, lead to massive diversity and open-endedness in means and modes of expres- sion. We make cross-species comparisons, describe how the relevant capacities can evolve in a gradual manner, and survey how unleashed expression facilitates not only language use but novel behaviour in many other domains too, focusing on the examples of joint action, teach- ing, punishment and art, all of which are ubiquitous in human societies but relatively rare in other species. We aim to help reorient cognitive pragmatics, as a phenomenon that is not a supplement to linguistic communication and on the periphery of language science, but rather the foundation of the many of the most distinctive features of human behaviour, soci- ety and culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Th Congre Ha ̈̀ Av Th Ower.. . Egulat Co Erc
    Lori Wallach Updated and Expanded Edition U.S. Constitio Articl I Sectio 8 “Th Congre ha ̈̀ av th ower.. egulat co erc it oreig ations.” The Rise and Fall of Fast Track Trade Authority Updated and Expanded Edition Lori Wallach Public Citizen’s Global Trade Watch © 2013 by Public Citizen’s Global Trade Watch. All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-1-58231-052-7 No part of this document may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photography, re- cording, or by information exchange and retrieval systems, without written permission from the authors. Permission will be granted for educational use upon request at [email protected]. Public Citizen is a nonprofi t membership organization in Washing- ton, D.C., dedicated to advancing the public interest through research, publications, information services, litigation and lobbying. Public Citizen advocates for corporate and government accountability, con- sumer rights in the marketplace, safe and secure health care, fair trade, and clean and safe energy sources. Visit our web page at http://www.citizen.org. Acknowledgments: Chapters 1 through 4 of this book were authored by Todd Tucker for the 2008-09 edition, and remain mostly unchanged. Tucker was research director of Public Citizen’s Global Trade Watch until 2012. He is author of dozens of reports on the World Trade Organization, the North American Free Trade Agreement, and other trade, investment, consumer and economic issues. A graduate of George Washington University, he received his masters from Cambridge University where he is currently pursuing his Ph.D. Tucker conducted much of the primary research for the book’s earlier edition, with assistance from Lauren Forbes.
    [Show full text]
  • WNY Church Unleashed Eighth Sunday After Pentecost
    Eighth Sunday after Pentecost WNY Church Unleashed July 18, 2021 Welcome to WNY Church Unleashed hosted by: St. Paul’s Lutheran Church, Rev. Steve Biegner Parkside Lutheran Church, Rev. Jeremiah Smith Zion Lutheran Church, Rev. Julius Carroll Eighth Sunday After Pentecost July 18, 2021 Future services will be recorded and aired on YouTube, Facebook, and MeTV. MeTV will broadcast Sunday Services at 10:00 a.m. on the following channels: For DirecTV: Ch. 67; For Cable, Fios, and Dish: Ch. 5; For “Rabbit Ears”: Ch. 67-1 Brief order for Confession and Forgiveness P In this season, we worship the Holy Trinity, ☩ one God, who forgives all our sins, whose fire burns in our hearts and lives still today. C Amen P Seeking reconciliation with God and neighbor, let us remember the gift of baptism and confess our sin together. God of mercy, C we confess that we have sinned against you, against one another; we forgot to love as we have been loved. We are worried and distracted by many things, and we fail to love you above all else. Many times, we store up treasures for ourselves and turn away from our neighbors in need. Forgive us, for all that we’ve messed up, that we may live in the freedom of your Son, Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. P When we were laid low by sin and guilt, God made us alive together with Christ, forgiving us all our trespasses by taking our sins to the cross. So rejoice in this good news: you are brought back to the Father who created you, forgiven by the Savior who died for you, and poured out over again by the Holy Spirit who walks with you in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit and all God’s people said: C Amen Opening Hymn: ELW 323 Children’s Time Psalm 23 The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not be in want.
    [Show full text]
  • Goddard Space Flight Center Enables Tragedy of September
    1 2001 GoddardGoddard Space Space Flight Flight CenterCenter Annual Report 2001 GSFC Annual Report 1 Message from the Director Vision September 11, 2001, changed us forever. How profound the impact of that day. It has affected us and has filtered our view of our We revolutionize knowledge of the achievements. Before that day, it would have been easy for me to Earth and the universe through name the many accomplishments, discoveries, milestones and com- scientific discovery from space to pletion of major projects as the capstone of so many dreams. enhance life on Earth. However, because of that day and since that day, our thinking is directed constantly at our people in a more immediate way. We’ve become closer than ever before. This year’s Annual Report is not only our accounting to you, but also this year it is a celebration of our people. Our staff members, a highly diverse group in Mission demographics and skills, represent our strength. We recognized that before the Goddard Space Flight Center enables tragedy of September. But now we actively behave everyday according to that discovery through leadership in Earth philosophy…from choosing team members for tasks to inclusion at all levels of and space science. management. Our people provide our achievements and accomplishments. We serve the scientific community, They come from all backgrounds, interests, ages, skills. And together, our peo- inspire the Nation, foster education, ple stand for the hope of tomorrow. Our employees not only create our achieve- and stimulate economic growth. ments, but also give this Nation their commitment to progress in our under- We partner with others to achieve standing of the universe and the Earth.
    [Show full text]