039 Genus Sarangesa Moore

AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES 17th edition (2018). MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb

Genus Sarangesa Moore, [1881]

In Moore, [1880-2]. The lepidoptera of Ceylon 1: 176 (190 pp.) London. Type-species: Sarangesa albicilia Moore, by monotypy. [extralimital – Sri Lanka].

= Hyda Mabille, 1890. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France (6) 9: 183 (149-150, 155-156, 167-169, 183-184). Type-species: Hyda micacea Mabille, by monotypy. [Invalid; junior homonym of Hyda Walker, 1854.]

= Sape Mabille, 1891. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 35: 67 (59-88, 106-121, 168-187). Type-species: Sape lucidella Mabille, by subsequent designation (Watson, 1893. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1893: 48 (3-132).

= Tabraca Holland, 1896. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1896: 10 (2-107). Type-species: Sarangesa aurimargo Holland, by monotypy.

= Ulva Lindsey, 1925. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 18: 105 (75-106). [Replacement name for Hyda Mabille.]

Small Elfin (Sarangesa phidyle), dry season form. Photo courtesy Jeremy Dobson.

The genus Sarangesa belongs to the Family Hesperiidae Latreille, 1809; Subfamily Pyrginae Burmeister, 1878; Tribe Celaenorrhinini Swinhoe, 1912. Other genera of the Tribe Celaenorrhini in the Afrotropical Region are Ortholexis, Katreus, Celaenorrhinus, Scopulifera, Bettonula, Apallaga, Eretis, Alenia and Triskelionia.

Sarangesa (Elfins) is a predominantly Afrotropical genus with 21 Afrotropical and two Oriental species.

*Sarangesa astrigera Butler, 1894 White-speckled Elfin 1

Sarangesa astrigera Butler, 1894. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1893: 669 (643-684). Sarangesa astrigera Butler, 1893. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. [date of authorship erroneous] Sarangesa astrigera Butler, 1893. Pringle et al., 1994: 314. [date of authorship erroneous]

Sarangesa astrigera. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nansai Farm, Choma, Zambia. 30 January 1994. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Sarangesa astrigera. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Musonda Hill, Zambia. 15 September 2001. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Malawi]: “Zomba”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe (north). Specific localities: Tanzania – Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Ngara District (Kielland, 1990d); Mount Mangalisa, Rubeho Mountains, 2000-2300 m (Kielland, 1990d); Madaba in Songea Region (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Zomba (TL). Zambia – Yiafusa River, Lukanga Valley (Riley, 1921); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Kitwe (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Luanshya (Heath et al., 2002); Kalomo (Heath et al., 2002); Luongo River (Heath et al., 2002); Kasama (Heath et al., 2002); Luangwa Valley (Heath et al., 2002); Chipata (Heath et al., 2002). Zimbabwe – near Trelawney (Pringle et al., 1994); Lomagundi (Pringle et al., 1994); Chinhoyi (Pringle et al., 1994); a few km from Banket (Hart; male illustrated above). Habitat: Brachystegia woodland and montane grassland (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania at altitudes from 900 to 2 300 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A common species (Kielland, 1990d). Flies weakly, often on the banks of streams, settling frequently on grass stems or on the ground (Kielland, 1990d; Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year, with distinct seasonal forms (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

neavei Riley, 1921 (as sp. of Sarangesa). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921:

2 252 (234-259). [Zambia]: “Yiafusa R., Lukanga Valley, N.W. Rhodesia”.

*Sarangesa bouvieri (Mabille, 1877) Bouvier’s Elfin

Pterygospidea bouvieri Mabille, 1877. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 2: 239 (214-240).

Sarangesa bouvieri. Male (Wingspan 31 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakum Forest, Ghana. 20 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Gabon: “Congo”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Tchibozo et al., 2008), Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Larsen (2005a) gives Zimbabwe but this is improbable. Specific localities: Ghana – Aburi (Plötz, 1879); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Lokoli (Tchibozo et al., 2008). Gabon – Ndougou (Vande weghe, 2010). Angola – Kwanza Norte Province; Kwanza Sul Province (Mendes et al., 2013). Kenya – Kaimosi (= Kakamega) (Larsen, 1991c; single specimen). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (not uncommon) (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Dry forest and successional habitats (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A somewhat localized skipper but usually common where found (Larsen, 2005a). Usually found flying along forest paths and on the borders of villages (Congdon & Collins, 1998; Larsen, 2005a). It flies close to the ground, often coming to flowers; males also defend territories from perches less than a metre above the ground (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Acanthaceae [Larsen, 2005a].

philotimus Plötz, 1879 (as sp. of Antigonus). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 40: 361 (353-364). Ghana: “Aburi”.

*Sarangesa brigida (Plötz, 1879) Brigid’s Elfin

Antigonus brigida Plötz, 1879. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 40: 361 (353-364).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Victoria und Bonjonga (Cameroons-Geb.)”. Distribution: Guinea-Bissau (Larsen, 2005a), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia. 3 Habitat: Forest edges and clearings (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A rather scarce species with localized populations (Larsen, 2005a). In Kenya (subspecies atra) it is a very rare butterfly (Larsen, 1991c). Males are usually encountered on the edges of forests, where they perch on leaves (Larsen, 1991c). The flight is very rapid and, if disturbed, they disappear into the forest, not returning (Larsen, 1991c). It may spend time in the forest canopy (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Sarangesa brigida brigida (Plötz, 1879)

Antigonus brigida Plötz, 1879. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 40: 361 (353-364).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Victoria und Bonjonga (Cameroons-Geb.)”. Distribution: Guinea-Bissau (Larsem, 2005a), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon (west). Specific localities: Sierra Leone – Freetown (Belcastro, 1986); Bumbuna (Belcastro, 1986). Liberia – Zhletown (H. Warren-Gash, vide Larsen, 2005a); Sapo (H. Warren-Gash, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast – Abidjan (Larsen, 2005a); Tiassale (Larsen, 2005a); Yeale (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Kakum (Larsen, 2005a); Bia (Larsen, 2005a); Aburi (Larsen, 2005a); Wli Falls (Larsen, 2005a); Likpe (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Nigeria – Lagos (Larsen, 2005a); Olokomeji (Larsen, 2005a); Ilaro (Larsen, 2005a); Abakaliki (Larsen, 2005a); Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Victoria (TL); Bonjonga (Plötz, 1879).

Sarangesa brigida atra Evans, 1937

Sarangesa brigida atra Evans, 1937. A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum: 48 (212 pp.).

Type locality: Uganda: “Mpanga Forest, Toro, 4,800 ft”. Diagnosis: Unlike the other subspecies, atra has no yellow markings (Larsen, 1991c). Distribution: Uganda (east), Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west) (Evans, 1937). Specific localities: Uganda – Mpanga Forest (TL). Kenya – Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Yala River (Evans, vide Larsen, 1991c).

Note: Larsen (1991, 2005a) believes that atra may be a distinct species.

Sarangesa brigida sanaga Miller, 1964

Sarangesa brigida sanaga Miller, 1964. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 26: 642 (640-647).

Sarangesa brigida sanaga. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 30mm. Zambezi Bridge, Ikelenge, Zambia. 24 March, 1982. M.W. Gardiner. (Gardiner Collection).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Sakbayeme, Sanaga River”. Distribution: Cameroon (except west), Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda (west), Zambia (north-west), Angola. Specific localities: Cameroon – Sakbayeme, Sanaga River (TL). Gabon – Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Malibe (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Njam Wjam (Plötz, 1886). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Zambezi Bridge, Ikelenge (male illustrated above). Angola – Malanje Province (Mendes et al., 2013).

brigidella Plötz, 1886 (as sp. of Antigonus). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 47:111 (83-117). [Central African Republic]: “Njam Wjam”.

aurimargo Holland, 1896 (as sp. of Sarangesa). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1896: 10 (2-107). Gabon: “Gaboon”; Sierra Leone.

*Sarangesa gaerdesi Evans, 1949 Namibian Elfin

Sarangesa gaerdesi Evans, 1949. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12) 2: 55 (54-56). Sarangesa gaerdesi Evans, 1949. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Sarangesa gaerdesi Evans, 1949. Pringle et al., 1994: 314.

Type locality: [Namibia]: “Abenab, northern South-West Africa”. Distribution: Namibia. Habitat: Dry savanna. Subspecies smithae was found in the dry river bed of the Swakop River in the Namib desert (Pringle et al., 1994). Habits: Specimens are always found in the close vicinity of their larval host-plants. The wing coloration of each of the two subspecies is a remarkable match for the colour of the leaves of their respective host-plants. They fly rapidly and erratically around stands of the host-plant, usually settling on the leaves with opened wings. Both sexes feed from the small flowers of the host-plant (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: Possibly all year for the nominate subspecies but commonest in the midsummer months following rains (Pringle et al., 1994). Subspecies smithae has been recorded from August to October (Pringle et al., 1994) and in late February (Swart, 2004). Early stages:

Dickson & Kroon, 1978: 185 [as Sarangesa gaerdesi smithae; Swakop River, Namibia].

Pringle et al., 1994: 314 [both subspecies]. The larva attaches several leaves together with silk to form a shelter. These shelters are normally found on the outer edge of the bush. The larva is brownish grey and pupates within the shelter.

Larval food: Petalidium englerianum (Schinz) C.B.Clarke (Acanthaceae) [Dickson & Kroon, 1978: 185; as Petalidium latifolium (Schinz.) C.B. Cl.; for the nominate subspecies]. Petalidium variabile (Engl.) C.B.Clarke (Acanthaceae) [Dickson & Kroon, 1978: 185; for subspecies smithae].

Sarangesa gaerdesi gaerdesi Evans, 1949

Sarangesa gaerdesi Evans, 1949. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12) 2: 55 (54-56). Sarangesa gaerdesi gaerdesi Evans, 1949. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Sarangesa gaerdesi gaerdesi Evans, 1949. Pringle et al., 1994: 314.

Type locality: [Namibia]: “Abenab, northern South-West Africa”. Distribution: Namibia (north and central). Specific localities: Namibia – between Abenab and Grootfontein (TL; Gaerdes); Otavi (Gaerdes); Ghaub Valley (Kroon); near Tsumeb (G. Henning); Halali in the Etosha National Park (Ficq).

Sarangesa gaerdesi smithae Vári, 1976

Sarangesa gaerdesi smithae Vári, 1976. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 30: 122 (121-144). Sarangesa gaerdesi smithae Vári, 1976. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Sarangesa gaerdesi smithae Vári, 1976. Pringle et al., 1994: 314.

Type locality: [Namibia]: “South West Africa: Bloedkoppie, [about] 40 km east of Swakopmund, Namib Desert National Park”. Diagnosis: Differs from the nominate subspecies in its ochreous coloration and the presence of a central hyaline spot on the hindwing (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Namibia (south-central). Specific localities: Namibia – Bloedkoppie, 40 km east of Swakopmund (TL; Bampton and Smith). Known only from the type locality.

*Sarangesa haplopa Swinhoe, 1907

Sarangesa haplopa Swinhoe, 1907. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 20: 431 (430-436).

Type locality: [Uganda]: “E. Ruwenzori, 7,000'”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west), Malawi. Specific localities: Uganda – East Ruwenzori, 7000 feet (TL). Kenya – Visoi Gap (Larsen, 1991c); Chepalungu (Larsen, 1991c); Tembach (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega (Larsen, 1991c); Elgon (Larsen, 1991c); Nandi (Larsen, 1991c); Lake Nakuru (Cock & Congdon, 2011b). Tanzania – Ruvuvu River, Ngara District (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Forest (Larsen, 1991c). Habits: A relatively common species (Larsen, 1991c). Adults visit flowers such as those of Justicia flava and Vernonia sp. (Cock & Congdon, 2011b). 6 Early stages:

Cock & Congdon, 2011b: 56 [ovum, larva & pupa]

Larval food: Hypoestes triflora (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult. (Acanthaceae) [Cock & Congdon, 2011b; Kenya]. Justicia species (Acanthaceae) [M.J.W. Cock, vide Larsen, 1991c: 399]. Justicia flava (Vahl) Vahl (Acanthaceae) [Cock & Congdon, 2011b; Kenya].

*Sarangesa loelius (Mabille, 1877) Grey Elfin

Pterygospidea loelius Mabille, 1877. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 2: 240 (214-240). Sarangesa laelius (Mabille, 1877). Kielland, 1990d. [Misspelling of species name]

Sarangesa loelius. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ziika Forest, Uganda. 28 June 2015. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Sarangesa loelius. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mosa Hill, East Lumwana, Zambia. 7 June 2007. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: Gabon. Distribution: Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Guinea-Bissau (Mendes et al., 2007),Guinea, Ivory Coast (north), Ghana (north, central), Togo, Nigeria (north), Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia (north), Zimbabwe. Recorded, in error, from Botswana by Van Son, 1936 (Larsen, 1991l). Specific localities: Guinea – Dinguiraye (Fleury, 1926). Ghana – Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Togo – Bismarckburg (Karsch, 1893). Angola – Bie Province; Huambo Province (Mendes et al., 2013). Kenya – Kakamega Forest (single specimen; Larsen, 1991c); Kadera God Forest, near Kisii (Cock & Congdon, 2011b). 7 Tanzania – Bukoba, Usambara (Rebel, 1914); Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Zambia – Solwezi (Riley, 1921); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); mid- Lunga River (Heath et al., 2002); Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Luangwa Valley (Heath et al., 2002); Chambeshi Valley (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002); Lunzua River (male specimen illustrated above). Habitat: Woodland. In West Africa it occurs in dry Guinea savanna (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania at altitudes from 1 200 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Flies low down, with a skipping flight, often resting on the ground with the wings expanded. Both sexes are fond of flowers (Larsen, 2005a). On hot days they rest under cliff overhangs and bridges, or even on shaded walls (Gillies, 1962; Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

synestalmenus Karsch, 1893 (as sp. of ?). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 263 (1-266). Togo: “Bismarckburg”.

tristis Rebel, 1914 (as sp. of Sarangesa). Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 269 (219-294). [Tanzania]: “Bukoba-Usumbura”.

laelioides Riley, 1921 (as sp. of Sarangesa). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 253 (234-259). [Zambia]: “Solwezi”.

coelius Fleury, 1926 (as sp. of Sarangesa). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 95: 155 (131-155). Guinea: “Dinguiraye”. [Nomen nudum]

*Sarangesa lucidella (Mabille, 1891) Marbled Elfin

Sape lucidella Mabille, 1891. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 35: 67 (59-88, 106-121, 168-187). Sarangesa lucidella (Mabille, 1891). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Sarangesa lucidella (Mabille, 1891). Pringle et al., 1994: 313.

Sarangesa lucidella lucidella. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. 17 June 200614. J. Dobson. Images M.C.Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Sarangesa lucidella lucidella. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nansai Farm, Choma, Zambia. 30 January 1994. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Zanzibar”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique (Congdon et al., 2010), Zimbabwe, Botswana. Habitat: Dry woodland (savanna) (Dickson & Kroon, 1978). In Tanzania at altitudes between 300 and 2 100 m (Kielland, 1990d). Light disturbed forest (Cock & Congdon, 2011b). Habits: A very common species (Kielland, 1990d). Prefers the shady banks of dongas (culverts). It is easily disturbed but quickly settles again, in heavy shade (Pringle et al., 1994). Frequently settles on the ground, with expanded wings (Kielland, 1990d). Flight period: July to October and January to May. There are distinct seasonal forms (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Sarangesa lucidella lucidella (Mabille, 1891)

Sarangesa lucidella lucidella. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. 17 June 200614. J. Dobson. Images M.C.Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Sarangesa lucidella lucidella. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nansai Farm, Choma, Zambia. 30 January 1994. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Zanzibar”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi,

9 Zambia (central; east), Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana. Specific localities: Angola – Kwanza Sul Province (Mendes et al., 2013). Uganda – Patigo, Acholi country (Bethune-Baker, 1906); Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya – Kacheliba (Larsen, 1991c); Nandi (Larsen, 1991c); Kitale (Larsen, 1991c); Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c); Mrima Hill (Larsen, 1991c); South Nyanza (Cock & Congdon, 2011b0. Tanzania – Widespread (Kielland, 1990d); Zanzibar (TL). Malawi – Mount Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Lower Luangwa Valley (Evans, 1937); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Mpongwe (Heath et al., 2002); Mumbwa (Heath et al., 2002); Chisamba (Heath et al., 2002); Chalimbana (Heath et al., 2002); Mazabuka (Heath et al., 2002); Livingstone (Heath et al., 2002); Victoria Falls (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Mount Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mecula [-12.0772 37.6297] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Zimbabwe – Hot Springs (Pringle et al., 1994); Butler South (Pringle et al., 1994); Vumba Mountains (Pringle et al., 1994); Harare (Pringle et al., 1994); Lomagundi (Pringle et al., 1994); Victoria Falls (A. Kroon); Bomponi, Vumba. Botswana – Kabulabula (Pinhey, 1968-74).

ganyi Bethune-Baker, 1906 (as sp. of Sarangesa). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 17: 109 (104-110). [Uganda]: “Patigo, in the Ganyi or Acholi country”.

marmora Evans, 1937 (as f. of Sarangesa lucidella). A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum : 43 (212 pp.). [Zambia]: “N.E. Rhodesia (Lower Luangwa River, 1,600 ft)”.

Sarangesa lucidella helena Evans, 1947

Sarangesa lucidella helena Evans, 1947. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (11) 13: 644 (641-648).

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Harar, Abyssinia”. Distribution: Ethiopia. Specific localities: Ethiopia – Harar (TL).

*Sarangesa lunula Druce, 1910

Sarangesa lunula Druce, 1910. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910: 375 (356-378).

Sarangesa lunula. Male. Kasai, Democratic Republic of Congo. Left – upperside. Right – underside. Images courtesy Torben Larsen.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Upper Kasai district, Congo Free State”.

10 Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Upper Kasai district (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Sarangesa maculata (Mabille, 1891)

Mpanga Forest, Uganda. 9 June 2017. Image courtesy Jeremy Dobson.

Sape maculata Mabille, 1891. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 35: 68 (59-88, 106-121, 168-187). Sarangesa maculata (Mabille, 1891). Pringle et al., 1994: 314.

Sarangesa maculata. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Lisombo, Mwinilunga district, Zambia. 2 May 2001. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Sarangesa maculata. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mount Namuli, Mozambique. 20 April 2008. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: Mozambique. 11 Distribution: Cameroon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe. Recorded, in error, from Sierra Leone by Belcastro (1986) and from Nigeria by Evans (1937) (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Cameroon – Tibati (female illustrated above). Angola – Malanje Province (Mendes et al., 2013). Kenya – Kisumu district (Bethune-Baker, 1906). Tanzania – In forests in the east, south-west and western parts (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Mount Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Luongo River (Heath et al., 2002); Kawambwa (Heath et al., 2002); Lumangwe Falls (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Mount Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mecula [-12.0772 37.6297] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013); Mt Yao [-12.4432 36.5114] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Zimbabwe – Sinoia (Pennington and Hart). Habitat: Wooded savanna (Larsen, 1991c). Forest (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania at altitudes from near sea-level to 1 700 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Settles on vegetation with the wings expanded (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages:

Cock & Congdon, 2011b: 59 [larva & pupa]

Larval food: Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anderson (Acanthaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 5].

Note: Specimens from western Tanzania differ considerably from, and are paler than, the eastern population (Kielland, 1990d).

subalbicans Bethune-Baker, 1906 (as sp. of Sarangesa). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 18: 342 (339-346). [Kenya]: “Kisumu district”.

*Sarangesa majorella (Mabille, 1891) Lesser Blue-dusted Elfin

Hyda majorella Mabille, 1891. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 35: 107 (59-88, 106-121, 168-187).

Type locality: Sierra Leone: “Loko”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic. Specific localities: Guinea – Nimbas (Larsen, 2005a). Sierra Leone – Loko (TL). Ghana – Accra (Holland, 1893); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Habitat: Forest, including small fragments (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Not as common as Sarangesa tertullianus (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

exprompta Holland, 1893 (as sp. of Sarangesa). Entomological News 5: 26 (26-31). Ghana: “Accra, West Africa”.

*Sarangesa maxima Neave, 1910

Sarangesa maxima Neave, 1910. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910: 70 (2-86). 12

Sarangesa maxima. Male (wet season form). Left – upperside; right – underside. 95 km east of Solwezi, Zambia. 25 November 2003. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Sarangesa maxima. Male (dry season form). Left – upperside; right – underside. Luakera bridge, Mwinilunga district, Zambia. 10 April 2002. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Sarangesa maxima. Female (dry season form). Left – upperside; right – underside. 100 kmwest of Solwezi, Zambia. 2 April 2003. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Lualaba river”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Katanga), Zambia. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Lualaba River (TL). Zambia – Solwezi (Riley, 1921); Chililabombwe (Heath et al., 2002); Chisamba (Heath et al., 2002); Mansa District (Heath et al., 2002); upper Kalungwishi River (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Brachystegia woodland. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

flava Riley, 1921 (as f. of Sarangesa maxima). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 255 (234-259). [Zambia]: “Solwezi”.

*Sarangesa motozi (Wallengren, 1857)# Forest Elfin

Males of the Forest Elfin (Sarangesa motozi) Images courtesy Steve Woodhall

Pterygospidea motozi Wallengren, 1857. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm annis 1838- 1845. Collecta (n.s.) 2 (4): 53 (55 pp.). Nisoniades motozi Wallengren. Trimen, 1866a. Pterygospidea motozi Wallengren, 1857. Trimen & Bowker, 1889. Sarangesa motozi Wallengren. Swanepoel, 1953a. Sarangesa motozi (Wallengren, 1857). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Sarangesa motozi (Wallengren, 1857). Pringle et al., 1994: 313.

Sarangesa motozi. Male (Wingspan 37 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse N.R., Limpopo Province, South Africa. 10 April 2006. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Sarangesa motozi. Female (Wingspan 39 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse N.R., Limpopo Province, South Africa. 6 December 2012. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Type locality: [South Africa]: “Caffraria”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/m). Diagnosis: The hyaline spot in the middle of the hindwing is diagnostic (Pringle et al., 1994), even 14 though this spot may be very small in dry-season individuals (Larsen, 1991c). Distribution: Ethiopia, Uganda (Davenport, 1996), Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia (central; east), Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland. Recorded, in error, from Togo by Karsch (1893), who mislabelled an illustration of Sarangesa majorella (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Kenya – Meru (Larsen, 1991c); Kibwezi (Larsen, 1991c); Rabai (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Kitui (Larsen, 1991c); southern Turkana (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – In most wooded areas (Kielland, 1990d); Mkatta (Strand, 1912); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Zambia – Livingstone (Heath et al., 2002); Mazabuka (Heath et al., 2002); Chalimbana (Heath et al., 2002); Chisamba (Heath et al., 2002); Kitwe (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Luongo River (Heath et al., 2002); Chibembe (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002). Angola – Bengo Province; Kwanza Norte Province; Luanda Province; Malanje Province; Moxico Province; Namibe Province (Mendes et al., 2013). Mozambique – Delagoa Bay (Mabille, 1891). Botswana – Tlokweng near Gaborone (Larsen, 1991l); Serowe (Larsen, 1991l); Tswapong Hills (Larsen, 1991l); Shashe (Larsen, 1991l); Mpandama-Tenga (Larsen, 1991l); Kasane (Larsen, 1991l); Moremi (Larsen, 1991l); Maun (Larsen, 1991l); Shakawe (Larsen, 1991l). Limpopo Province – Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Warmbaths (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Vivo (Swanepoel, 1953). Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Lydenburg district (Swanepoel, 1953); Buffelspoort Nature Reserve (Williams). North West Province – Utopia Resort (C. Dobson, 2006); Borakalalo Nature Reserve (J. Dobson, unpublished, 2009). Gauteng – Pretoria (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Isipingo (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Tugela River (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); Greytown (Swanepoel, 1953); Mooi River (Swanepoel, 1953); Estcourt (Swanepoel, 1953); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Umkomaas (male illustrated above). Eastern Cape Province – Pluto’s Vale, Fish River Bush (Trimen, 1862); Albany District (Trimen); Uitenhage (Swanepoel, 1953); Alicedale (Swanepoel, 1953); Port Alfred (Swanepoel, 1953); Fort Beaufort (Swanepoel, 1953); East London (Swanepoel, 1953); Kei River (Swanepoel, 1953); Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); Tsomo River (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953). Swaziland – Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Habitat: Dense woodland and open forest. In Tanzania at altitudes from 300 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: This is a common species (Larsen, 1991c). Adults prefer shady places under trees but often venture into the sunlight. They are frequently encountered along forest roads and paths (Pringle et al., 1994). Individuals form assemblies in dark places such as animal burrows. Wood (vide Gifford, 1965) reported hundreds sheltering in a warthog burrow. Both sexes mud-puddle and males feed on bird droppings (Cock & Congdon, 2011b). Males establish territories in the shade of trees on the edge of forests and along paths or roads (Pringle et al., 1994). The flight is low down, fast and erratic, and specimens perch on the ground, or stones, with expanded wings (Pringle et al., 1994). Specimens may also rest on the underside of leaves (Pringle et al., 1994). They may be active until late in the afternoon (Larsen, 1991c). Flight period: All year but less common in the cooler months. Early stages:

Clark, in Dickson & Kroon, 1978: 220; plate 8 [as Sarangesa motozi; Port St Johns, Eastern Cape Provnice and Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, both in South Africa]. “Egg: Laid singly on a leaf. Pure white, changing to red; 0,8 mm diameter by 0,6 mm high, with 12 to 14 white longitudinal ribs, only 7 to 8 of which reach the micropyle. The egg hatches after 11 days. The discarded shell is not eaten. Larva: 1st instar 2 to 4 mm in 11 days; 2nd instar 4 to 6 mm in 8 days; 3rd instar 6 to

15 8,5 mm in 6 days; 4th instar 8,5 to 13 mm in 6 days; 5th instar 13 to 21 mm in 10 days. The duration of instars is very irregular. Larva bites round a small portion of a leaf, without completing the circle, bends this part over and then secures it with silk to form a ‘purse’ in which it spends its early instars, later joining leaves together. When lying dormant it turns its head sideways, to the fifth segment. Moulting and pupation take place within the caches produced by the larva. Pupa: 17 mm. Emergence after some 26 days. The species is multi-brooded.”

Cock & Congdon, 2011b: 51 [ovum, larva & pupa]

Final instar larva and pupa of Sarangesa motozi. Images courtesy Allison Sharp.

Larval food: Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson (Acanthaceae) [Cock & Congdon, 2011b; Mulanje, Malawi]. Barleria species (Acanthaceae) [(Larsen, 1991c)]. Dicliptera hensii Lindau (Acanthaceae) [Murray, 1959; as Peristrophe hensii (Lindau) C.B. Clarke]. Justicia flava (Vahl) Vahl (Acanthaceae) [Sevastopulo, 1974; Nyali, Kenya]. Justicia scandens Vahl (Acanthaceae) [Cock & Congdon, 2011b; Kibwezi, Kenya].

pato Trimen, 1862 (as sp. of Nisoniades). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London (3) 1: 404 (398-406). [South Africa]: “Pluto’s Vale, Fish River Bush”.

ophthalmica Mabille, 1891 (as sp. of Sape). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 35: 68 (59-88, 106-121, 168-187). [Mozambique]: “Baie Delagoa”.

pertusa Mabille, 1891 (as sp. of Sape). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 35: 68 (59-88, 106-121, 168-187). [South Africa]: “Transvaal”. [This is the dry-season form of S. motozi.]

helmi Karsch, 1896 (as sp. of Sarangesa). Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 22: 373 (372-378). [Tanzania.]

ophthalmicodes Strand, 1912 (as "ad. int." of Sarangesa ophthalmica). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 78 (A.1.): 80 (67-92). [Tanzania]: “Mkatta”.

*Sarangesa motozioides Holland, 1892

Sarangesa motozioides Holland, 1892. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 10: 288 (284-294).

Type locality: Gabon: “Valley of the Ogové”. Distribution: Gabon. Specific localities: Gabon – Ogove Valley (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Sarangesa pandaensis Joicey & Talbot, 1921

Sarangesa pandaensis Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 101 (40-166).

Sarangesa pandaensis deningi. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mundwiji Plains, Mwinilunga district, Zambia. 14 December 1983. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Sarangesa pandaensis deningi. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. 60 km south of Mwini, Mwinilunga district, Zambia. 22 September 2003. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Panda River, Lufira Valley”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia. Habitat: Brachystegia woodland. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Sarangesa pandaensis pandaensis Joicey & Talbot, 1921

Sarangesa pandaensis Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 101 (40-166).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Panda River, Lufira Valley”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (south). Specific localities: Angola – Caconda (Evans, 1937); Huambo Province; Huila Province (Mendes et al., 2013). Democratic Republic of Congo – Panda River, Lufira Valley (TL).

lucia Evans, 1937 (as f. of Srangesa pandaensis). A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum : 45 (212 pp.). Angola: “Caconda”.

Sarangesa pandaensis deningi Evans, 1956

Sarangesa pandaensis deningi Evans, 1956. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12) 8: 882 (881-885).

Sarangesa pandaensis deningi. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mundwiji Plains, Mwinilunga district, Zambia. 14 December 1983. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Sarangesa pandaensis deningi. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. 60 km south of Mwini, Mwinilunga district, Zambia. 22 September 2003. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Zambia]: “Manibonga District, N.W. Rhodesia”. Distribution: Zambia (north). Specific localities: Zambia – Manibonga District (TL); Mwinilunga district (Heath et al., 2002); 40 km east of Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Chililabombwe (Heath et al., 2002); Lumangwe Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Mundwiji Plains (male illustrated above).

*Sarangesa penningtoni Evans, 1951

Sarangesa penningtoni Evans, 1951. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12) 4: 1269 (1268-1272).

Sarangesa penningtoni. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 29mm. Kundalila Falls, 4500', Zambia. 16.7.75. I. Bampton. (Henning collection – H15).

Type locality: [Zambia]: “Kanna, N. Rhodesia (200 miles N. of Broken Hill [now Kabwe] on the Great North Road)”. Distribution: Zambia (north). Specific localities: Zambia – Kanna (TL); 48 km south of Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Changwena Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Kanona (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002); Kundalila Falls (Bampton; male illustrated above). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Sarangesa phidyle (Walker, 1870)# Small Elfin

Males of the Small Elfin (Sarangesa phidyle) Images courtesy Steve Woodhall

Cyclopides phidyle Walker, 1870. Entomologist 5: 56 (48-57). Sarangesa phidyle Walker. Swanepoel, 1953a. Sarangesa phidyle (Walker, 1870). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Sarangesa phidyle (Walker, 1870). Pringle et al., 1994: 313.

Sarangesa phidyle. Male (wet season form) (Wingspan 30 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mphaphuli Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 22 March 2004. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Sarangesa phidyle. Female (dry season form) (Wingspan 34 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Thabazimbi, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 27 May 2006. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Sudan: “Hor Tamanib”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Bivar-de-Sousa et al., 2016), Guinea (north), Ghana (Larsen et al., 2007), Nigeria (north), Niger, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Saudi Arabia (south-west), Yemen, Oman, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana (north and east), Namibia (north), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland. Specific localities: Sudan – Hor Tamanib (TL); Agageh Wells (Evans, 1937). Yemen – Ras Fartak (Rebel, 1907). Kenya – Chyulu Hills (van Someren, 1939); Tsavo (Cock & Congdon, 2011b). Tanzania – Northern area (Kielland, 1990d); central area (Kielland, 1990d); Rukwa basin of southern Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Nguu Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Kanga Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Rubeho Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Njoge Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Kiboriani Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Ukaguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Mount Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Victoria Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Zambezi Valley (Heath et al., 2002); Luangwa Valley (Heath et al., 2002). Angola – Bengo Province; Bie Province; Cunene Province; Kwanza Norte Province; Kwanza Sul Province; Luanda Province; Namibe Province (Mendes et al., 2013). Botswana – Nxai Pan (Larsen, 1991l); Lake Ngami (Larsen, 1991l); Lobatse (Larsen, 1991l); Francistown (Larsen, 1991l); Chobe (Larsen, 1991l); Okavango (Larsen, 1991l); Mahalapye (Pennington; male illustrated above). Limpopo Province – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist). Mpumalanga – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953). North West Province – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Borakalalo Nature Reserve (J. Dobson, unpublished, 2009). Gauteng – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Buffelsdrif Conservancy (Williams). KwaZulu-Natal – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Eastern Cape Province – Addo (Swanepoel, 1953); Coega (Swanepoel, 1953); Alicedale (Swanepoel, 1953); Grahamstown (Swanepoel, 1953); East London (Swanepoel, 1953); Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); Umtata (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953); Port Elizabeth (Pringle et al., 1994). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Habitat: Dry savanna (bushveld). In West Africa it is a skipper of the Sudan savanna and the Sahel (Larsen, 2005a). It is sometimes found in very arid areas (Larsen, 1991c). In Tanzania at altitudes from 400 to 1 600 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: This is a common little skipper in dry habitats throughout the Afrotropical Region (Larsen, 2005a). Prefers wooded areas, especially along river courses. Settles with opened wings on the ground or on the surface of rocks. Adults have a rapid, darting flight, usually in the shade of trees (Pringle et al., 1994). They always fly close to the ground (Larsen, 1991c). Specimens often roost together in animal burrows (such as those of warthogs and aardvarks) or in the shade of rock overhangs or river- banks; up to twenty individuals are sometimes found together in such places. They also congregate in the chimneys of termite mounds (Cock & Congdon, 2011b). Adults feed avidly from flowers (e.g. Tridax (Larsen, 2005a)) and sometimes are found mud-puddling. Males establish territories in the shade of large trees, often resting on the ground in sunny patches. Flight period: All year but scarcer in winter. Early stages:

Clark, in Dickson & Kroon, 1978: 218; plate 7 [as Sarangesa phidyle; Alicedale, Eastern Cape 20 Province, South Africa]. “Egg: Laid singly on underside of a leaf. When laid it is pinkish-white, changing later to red; 0,8 mm diameter by 0,5 mm high, it has 16 longitudinal ribs, only 7 of which reach the micropyle. Five cross-ribs extend part of the way down the side, then become incomplete. The egg hatches after 13 days. The discarded shell is not eaten. Larva: 1st instar 1,5 to 3 mm in 8 days; 2nd instar 3 to 4,5 mm in 9 days; 3rd instar 4,5 to 7,75 mm in 13 days; 4th instar 7,75 to 11,5 mm in 15 days; 5th instar 11,5 to 20 mm in 30 days. The periods of the instars are variable, according to the climate. Larva cuts a rough circle in a leaf and bends the cut portion over and secures it with silk to form a purse-like cache, in which it lives, feeding on the surface of the leaf within the cache. Later, it binds leaves together, and tends to approach the ground more closely with each change of its abode. Pupa: 16 mm. Emergence after 15 to 23 days. Pupa is covered with a white powder, and is contained in a cache made of leaves bound together. It is secured by its cremastral hooks, entangled in silk. Parasites: Diptera, Pales coerulea and Ctenophorocera species, ex pupa. The species is multi-brooded.”

Cock & Congdon, 2011b: 48 [larva & pupa]

Larval food: Barleria species (Acanthaceae) [Larsen, 1991c]. Dicliptera hensii Lindau (Acanthaceae) [Clark, in Dickson & Kroon, 1978: 184; as Peristrophe hensii (Lindau) C.B. Clarke]. Justicia debilis (Forssk.) Vahl (= Monechma debile (Forssk.) Nees) (Acanthaceae) [Cock & Congdon, 2011b; Kibwezi Forest, Kenya].

besa Mabille, 1891 (as sp. of Achlyodes). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 35: 66 (59- 88, 106-121, 168-187). No locality given.

eliminata Holland, 1896 (as sp. of Sape). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1896: 9 (2- 107). [Ethiopia]: “Abyssinie”; Somalia: “Somaliland”.

deserticola Rebel, 1907 (as ssp. of Sarangesa eliminata). Denkschrift der Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien. 71 (2): 37, 75 (31-130) [1931 republication]. Yemen: “Râs Fartak”.

varia Evans, 1937 (as f. of Sarangesa phidyle). A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum : 43 (212 pp.). [Sudan]: “W. Kordofan (Agageh Wells)”.

*Sarangesa princei Karsch, 1896

Sarangesa princei Karsch, 1896. Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 22: 373 (372-378).

Sarangesa princei. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kasana, Zambia. 7 July 1956. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Janke Janka”. Distribution: Kenya (east), Tanzania (north), Zambia. Specific localities: Kenya – Tsavo River (Bethune-Baker, 1906); Mtito Andei (Larsen, 1991c); Bushwacker’s Camp

21 (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Janke Janka (TL). Zambia – Kasana (A. Gardiner, unpublished). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: This appears to be a very scarce butterfly (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

tsava Bethune-Baker, 1906 (as sp. of Sarangesa). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 18: 341 (339-346). [Kenya]: “Tsavo River”.

*Sarangesa ruona Evans, 1937# Ruona Elfin

Sarangesa ruona Evans, 1937. A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum: 45 (212 pp.). Sarangesa ruona Evans, 1937. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Sarangesa ruona Evans, 1937. Pringle et al., 1994: 313.

Sarangesa ruona. Male (Wingspan 36 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Birchnough Bridge, Zimbabwe. 1 April 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Sarangesa ruona. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Birchnough Bridge, Zimbabwe. 7 April 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: [Malawi]: “Ruo Valley, Nyasaland”. Holotype male in the Natural History Museum, London. Diagnosis: Similar to Sarangesa motozi but lacks hyaline cell-spot in middle of hindwing (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Tanzania (west), Malawi, Zambia (Kielland, 1990d), Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa (Limpopo Province, KwaZulu-Natal – a single record). Specific localities: Tanzania – Gombe Stream National Park (Kielland, 1990d); Ukerewe Island (Kielland, 1990d); Mpanda District (Kielland, 1990d); Image Mountain (Kielland, 1990d). 22 Malawi – Ruo Valley (TL); Mount Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zimbabwe – Nyanyadzi River, between Mutare and Chipinga (Pennington); Mount Selinda (Pennington); Lesanth Ranch, 50 km north of Beit Bridge (Pringle et al., 1994); Mutema Forest in the Save Valley (Gallagher and Chitty); Dichwe Forest (Paré). KwaZulu-Natal – Some kilometres north of Mhlosinga (E. Pringle). Habitat: Submontane and riverine forest. Also in savanna (Pringle et al., 1994). In Tanzania at altitudes from 800 to 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: An uncommon species (Kielland, 1990d). Specimens tend to keep to the heavy shade of trees in dense bush (Pringle et al., 1994). Males defend territories in the shade of trees, perching with expanded wings on low vegetation. They also often settle on the trunks of trees a metre or two above the ground, with the wings held flat (Pringle et al., 1994). Aggregations of individuals can also be found in dark places such as holes in sand banks. Flight period: All year but commonest from September to May (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Sarangesa seineri Strand, 1909# Northern Dark Elfin

Males of the Dark Elfin (Sarangesa seineri) Images courtesy Steve Woodhall (left) and Raimund Schutte (right)

Sarangesa seineri Strand, 1909. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 75 (1.3.): 383 (367-386). Sarangesa seineri Strand. Swanepoel, 1953a. Sarangesa seineri Strand, 1909. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Sarangesa seineri Strand, 1909. Pringle et al., 1994: 313.

Sarangesa seineri seineri. Male (Wingspan 37 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse N.R., Limpopo Province, South Africa. 4 September 2002. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Sarangesa seineri seineri. Female (Wingspan 39 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Hartbeespoort Dam, North West Province, South Africa. 12 January 2002. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Type locality: [Zambia]: “Old-Livingstone, Galleriewald des Sambesi”. Holotype female in Berlin Museum. Diagnosis: The white blaze on the antennae, below the club, is diagnostic (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland. Habitat: Wooded savanna (deciduous woodland), often on rocky hills (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania at altitudes from 800 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A fairly common species (Kielland, 1990d). Often found in dry river beds or on the slopes of hills (Pringle et al., 1994). Individuals often rest in the shade of rocks or in animal burrows. Both flowers and damp spots are visited (Pringle et al., 1994). Males establish territories in the shade of large trees. The flight of territorial males is fast and close to the ground (Pringle et al., 1994). They perch, with expanded wings, on the ground or on the underside of a leaf. Specimens also rest, with flattened wings, on the bark of tree trunks, when they are exceptionally well camouflaged (Williams, unpublished). Little groups are often found together (Larsen, 1991c). Flight period: All year but less common in winter (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Henning, Henning, Joannou & Woodhall, 1997: 78 [as Sarangesa seineri durbana; Makatini Flats, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa]. Egg white when laid, changing to pink; 0,8 mm diameter x 0,6 mm high; domed. First instar larva creamy white, becoming pale yellow; head black; growing from 1,5 mm to 5 mm in five days. Second instar pale yellow; changing to pale orange; head black; growing to 8 mm in six days. Third instar similar; growing to 12 mm in seven days. Fourth instar translucent green with darker dorsal line and thin white dorso-lateral and lateral lines; head shiny black with minute black papillae; growing to 18 mm in seven days. Fifth instar similar to fourth; growing to 25 mm in 12 days. Pupa 18 mm long; translucent whitish blue-green. Eggs are laid singly on a leaf of the foodplant, about one third of the way from the tip. Eclosion occurs in about 11 days. First to third instar larvae cut a long oval piece, about twice the length of the larva, from the edge of a leaf and fold it over on the underside of the leaf, securing it with silk strands. This is used as a shelter. Later instars fold the entire leaf over, securing the edges with short silk strands. Moults and pupation occur in the shelter. The larval stage lasts about 37 days. The pupa is unattached and the pupal period is about 14 days.

Henning, Henning, Joannou & Woodhall, 1997: 78 (photograph of final instar larva and pupa).

Larval food: Dicliptera hensii Lindau (Acanthaceae) [Henning, Henning, Joannou & Woodhall, 1997: 78; as Peristrophe hensii (Lindau) C.B. Clarke; for ssp. durbana].

Sarangesa seineri seineri Strand, 1909# Northern Dark Elfin

Type locality: [Zambia]: “Old-Livingstone, Galleriewald des Sambesi”. Holotype female in Berlin Museum. Diagnosis: In subspecies durbana the underside of the hindwing is much browner than in the nominate subspecies (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia (north), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng). Specific localities: Angola – Bengo Province; Kwanza Sul Province; Luanda Province; Namibe Province (Mendes et al., 2013). Democratic Republic of Congo – Mpala (Evans, 1937). Kenya – Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c); Tana Bridge (Larsen, 1991c); Muthi (Larsen, 1991c); Makueni (Larsen, 1991c); Namanga (Larsen, 1991c); Kitui (Larsen, 1991c); Kijabe (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Widespread (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Zambia – Livingstone (TL); Choma (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Mpongwe (Heath et al., 2002); Miengwe (Heath et al., 2002); Luongo River (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002). Zimbabwe – Que Que. Botswana – Maun (D. and R. Plowes); Xaro (Pinhey); Four Rivers Camp (Pinhey); Kasane (Pinhey); Shashe (Larsen, 1991l); Tswapong Hills (Larsen, 1991l); Serowe (Larsen, 1991l); Mpandama- Tenga (Larsen, 1991l); Moremi (Larsen, 1991l); Shakawe (Larsen, 1991l); Kubu Lodge, Kazungula (Larsen, 1991l). Namibia – Etosha (Pringle et al., 1994). Limpopo Province – Warmbaths (Swanepoel, 1953); Nylstroom (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Vivo (Swanepoel, 1953); Saltpan (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Tubex (Swanepoel, 1953) Soetdoring Farm [-24.561 28.233] (A. Mayer, pers comm. 2015). North West Province – Utopia Resort (C. Dobson, 2006). 25

tanga Evans, 1937 (as ssp. of Sarangesa seineri). A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum : 44 (212 pp.). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “West shore of Lake Tanganyika (Mpala)”. Treated as a valid subspecies of seineri by Dickson & Kroon, 1978: 184.

Sarangesa seineri durbana Evans, 1937# Southern Dark Elfin

Sarangesa seineri durbana Evans, 1937. A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum: 44 (212 pp.). Sarangesa seineri durbana Evans. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Sarangesa seineri durbana Evans, 1937. Pringle et al., 1994: 313.

Sarangesa seineri durbana. Male (Wingspan 36 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Manguzi Forest, KwaZulu-Natal. 25 February 2010. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Sarangesa seineri durbana. Female (Wingspan 40 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Ingwavuma, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 15 April 2006. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: South Africa: “Natal (Kaffraria)”. Holotype male in Natural History Museum, London. Diagnosis: In subspecies durbana the underside of the hindwing is much browner than in the nominate subspecies (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: South Africa (Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal), Swaziland. Specific localities: KwaZulu-Natal – Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Makatini Flats (Henning et al., 1997).

*Sarangesa tertullianus (Fabricius, 1793) Blue-dusted Elfin

26 Hesperia tertullianus Fabricius, 1793. Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta 3 (1): 341 (488pp.).

Type locality: [West Africa]: “In Indiis”. [False locality.]. According to Zimsen (1964) the type is lost. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Uganda (west – Bwamba). Specific localities: Liberia – Monrovia (Mabille, 1890). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Cameroon – Alen (Strand, 1913); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Kangwe (Lambarene) (Vande weghe, 2010); Keri (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope National Park (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka, Loango National Park (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Forest edges and secondary growth near forests (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A somewhat scarce butterfly that is usually encountered basking on a leaf (Larsen, 2005a). Males come to flowers and bird-droppings and also mud-puddle. Females are rarely seen (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

grisea Hewitson, 1878 (as sp. of Pterygospidea). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 1: 344 (340-348). Gabon: “Gaboon”.

micacea Mabille, 1890 (as sp. of Hyda). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France (6) 9: 184 (149-150, 155-156, 167-169, 183-184). Liberia: “Marovia”.

unipuncta Strand, 1913 (as ab. of Sarangesa (Hyda) micacea). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 78 (A.12.): 44 (30-84). Cameroon: “Alen”.

*Sarangesa thecla (Plötz, 1879) Common Elfin

Antigonus thecla Plötz, 1879. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 40: 361 (353-364).

Sarangesa thecla thecla. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Yekepah, Nimba Mountains, Liberia. 8 January 2014. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Ghana]: “Aburi”. Diagnosis: Similar to Sarangesa maculata but has a narrow (not quadrate) hyaline spot in space 2 (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, ?Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique. Habitat: Dry semi-deciduous forest, including degraded habitat and forest fragments (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is probably the commonest member of the genus (Larsen, 2005a). Males perch on leaves

27 on the edge of forests, in forest clearings, or on forest paths (Larsen, 2005a). Male contests are conducted at furious speeds (Larsen, 2005a). Both sexes come readily to flowers and males are partial to bird-droppings (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Sarangesa thecla thecla (Plötz, 1879)

Antigonus thecla Plötz, 1879. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 40: 361 (353-364).

Sarangesa thecla thecla. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Yekepah, Nimba Mountains, Liberia. 8 January 2014. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Ghana]: “Aburi”. Distribution: Guinea (west), Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (except east). Specific localities: Guinea – Fouta Djalon (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Aburi (TL); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Nigeria – Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Malibe (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Kangwe (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010).

semialba Mabille, 1891 (as sp. of Sape). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 35: 67 (59- 88, 106-121, 168-187). “Afrique occidentale”.

Sarangesa thecla mabira Evans, 1956

Sarangesa thecla mabira Evans, 1956. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12) 8: 882 (881-885).

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Mabira forest”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, ?Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west), Mozambique. Specific localities: Uganda – Mabira Forest (TL). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (locally common) (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Mozambique – Mount Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010).