Chapter 3 We have seen situations situations seen have We stead of light. The visible basic research around the world. about 200 nm. It was an electron was 200 nm. It about ent is relatively high. This means that Japan’s Japan’s that This means high. is relatively ent market share for some offor share market measuring the latest forefront offorefront share for basic research, its global various challenges in basic research, and then the challenges in basic research, various through such limitations. through such limitations. t technologies that support research and how basic that t technologies es, it is important to create a system for sharing for a system it is important to create es, rch for truth” and many laws have been elucidated elucidated been have truth”rch for and many laws celeration voltage. In recent years, a new technique technique a new years, In recent voltage. celeration der to make full use of full der to make in order to them. Therefore, ir of a Creating science forward. wheels to move dramatic, nonlinear development, as soon as such nonlinear development, dramatic, ure. Moreover, many of Moreover, ure. are technologies the latest sts of In addition, there are many basic research. d it is aimed at discovering the laws behind various behind various the laws discovering at aimed it is d cope, it started with the optical microscope, whose microscope, started it optical the with cope, pe uses an electron beam in pe uses an electron beam to innovations in measurement and experimental to innovations e new technique ofnew e electron correction for aberration s gone through two stages of through two stages gone s nonlinear development, rther improve the resolution ofrther improve electron microscopes pport and Drive Basic Research Research Basic pport Drive and wall when it reaches the limit of the limit wall when it reaches and measurement and expand its global share for the latest measuring the latest and expand for share its global rough Basic Research: To Enhance Japan’s Research Capability Capability Research Japan’s Enhance To Research: Basic rough wavelength ofwavelength light, which is visible y contributed to the daily progress of to the daily y contributed

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27

Awarded the Nobel Prize 2017 in University of Tokyo Photomultiplier Tube Tube Photomultiplier Year 40.5 40.5 pm (2017) (Aberration-corrected STEM (-300k)) STEM (Aberration-corrected Spread of aberration correction technology (2013) technology correction aberration of Spread (Application to mass production microscopes) production mass to (Application Source: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), the Research Ray Cosmic Institute for Source: Physics (Photomultiplier Tube and and Tube (Photomultiplier Physics Aberration correction technology (-2010) technology correction Aberration Chapter 3 Technologies That Support and Drive Basic Research Basic Research Support Drive and That Technologies 3 Chapter the University of University the the Prize Nobel received Tokyo, unprecedented size took over two and a half size took over unprecedented years 2010 came possible to capture weak light, which led to to capture weak possible came n, the largest photomultiplier tubes available from the largest photomultiplier tubes available n, Henderson established a method for high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules. s that would outperform competitors. Therefore, a Therefore, would outperform competitors. s that h is water from which impurities were removed to the removed were which impurities from is water h tronomy, a science that explores the mystery a science that oftronomy, the Frank established 3D structure reconstruction method for biomolecules Spread of STEM technology microscopes) mass production to (Application Dubochet established an iceembedding method om-made photomultiplier tubes ofphotomultiplier om-made diameter. a 20-inch 2000 STEM technology (1970) technology STEM Ardenne invented the scanning electron microscope Ruska invented the transmission electron microscope (won the Nobel Prize in 1986) in Prize Nobel the (won microscope electron transmission the invented Ruska In addition, in order to achieve In addition, in order to achieve way. the along produced ideas ve electron microscopes Early daysof 1900 1950 neutrinos. Kamiokande, Kamiokande, neutrinos. Transmission Transmission electron microscope electron of light of Diffraction limit limit Diffraction Reached the atomicradius of hydrogen (2010) Acceleration voltage limit voltage Acceleration Optical microscope Optical ) ｍ -9 Historyof of improvement resolution microscope / (1nm=10 0.1nm 200nm 0.05nm Resolution Ultrapure Water) Ultrapure Water) Source: JAIMA (prepared based on a material provided by TANAKA Michiyoshi at Tohoku University) University) Tohoku at Michiyoshi TANAKA by provided (prepared based on a material JAIMA Source: Door to Opened a New Detector That At the time when the designing of Kamiokandebega In 2002, KOSHIBA Masatoshi, Professor Emeritus at Emeritus at Professor Masatoshi, In 2002, KOSHIBA Figure 1-3-1 Figure

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until completion, with various innovati until completion, with various ofkinds various develop manufacturersto needed accuracy, measurement good filters water and whic ultrapure water, equipment to create purification be it utmost extent. two technologies, Thanks to these universe from a new perspective. The existence The of perspective. from a new universe predicted theoretically been neutrinos had already difficult. extremely was detection their but 1930, in been tested and equipment have methods Various around the world to detect Kamioka the Mine in at in 1983 which was built of one was Gifu Prefecture, projects. such observing for built Kamiokandewas originally detecting for use into came also it but decay, proton capable were as its photomultiplier tubes neutrinos, of light (Cherenkov rare, capturing weak very ultrapureproduced when water is that radiation) stored undergroundinteracts in the mine with neutrons. ofThe development tubes ofphotomultiplier large this in Physics for opening up a new door to neutrino as door to a new up opening for in Physics turned it larger that out However, diameter. in inches 5 to 3 were manufacturers overseas and domestic result needed to achieve tubes were photomultiplier cust made to a manufacturer to develop request was

Chapter 3

objects for neutrino to objects for Overview ofOverview IceCube team was able to identify their to identify their team was able / y. This happened only about five five about This happened only y. history of neutrinos that humanity University of Tokyo underground is that ice in the Antarctic Source: Earthquake Research Institute, the Institute, Source: Research Earthquake Figure 1-3-3 Figure

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t. Since it has much larger oses other than neutrino detection, such as the such as oses other than neutrino detection, in January 1987. About a month later, on February on February later, About a month 1987. in January ur oxide concentrations, laser radar for automatic laser radar automatic for concentrations, ur oxide

more, the construction ofmore, upgraded the larger and moon surface. Thanks to Super-Kamiokande, it was was it Super-Kamiokande, to Thanks surface. moon pected to detect higherto detect energy pected neutrinos. , which brought the Director of , which the ICRR KAJITA rough Basic Research: To Enhance Japan’s Research Capability Capability Research Japan’s Enhance To Research: Basic rough even in only thirteen seconds, but the but thirteen seconds, in only even d in this explosion Kamiokande. The number of detected by were red. It was the first time in the red. It was the first time ergy, direction, and detection frequenc direction, and detection ergy, and X-ray diagnostic imaging. Photomultiplier tubes are expected are to tubes Photomultiplier imaging. diagnostic X-ray and 2

, a neutrino observatory using abundant neutrino observatory a , using abundant ), medical PET, medical ), 1 Overview ofOverview Super-Kamiokande / . The photomultiplier tubes have also been improved. Depending on the conditions, it can Depending the conditions, on improved. also been have tubes . The photomultiplier (Figure 1-3-3) (Figure

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continue to be important equipment in a wide range wide of a in important be to equipment continue fields. 28 1 1 2

operated under an international under operated experiment joint projec version of version planned. tubes Photomultiplier are also is Hyper-Kamiokande, used in Super-Kamiokande, IceCube Takaaki the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2015. Further 2015. in Physics in Nobel Prize the Takaaki neutrino detection. detection. neutrino 23, the explosion ofEarth, from the was unexpectedly away light years 160,000 1987A, the supernova observed, generate and the neutrinos was el in this event neutrinos detected mass neutrinos have that proven experimentally Part I Accumulation and Application of and Application I Accumulation Part Gained Th Knowledge even detect light from a flashlight irradiated from the irradiated a flashlight light from detect even (Figure 1-3-2) (Figure weeks before Professor Koshiba reti Professor Koshiba before weeks of frontier up the doors to a new detected, and it opened explosion a supernova were with associated astronomy. neutrino is, that physics, collide with than Super-Kamiokande, IceCube is exis IceCube Super-Kamiokande, than with collide ofmeasurement and sulf oxide nitrogen atmospheric (LIDAR operation source to be 1987A based on their en source to be 1987A 28 年）より転載 年）より転載 （2003 （2003 Chapter 3 29

29

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Chapter 3

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34 Part I Accumulation and Application of and Application I Accumulation Part Gained Th Knowledge 34