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Memo and FGFR Pathway

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Memo and FGFR Pathway The role of Memo in premature aging and FGFR signaling Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Philosophie vorgelegt der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Basel von Barbara Hänzi aus Meinisberg (BE) Leiter der Arbeit: Prof. Dr. Nancy E. Hynes Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel Basel, 2012 Genehmigt von der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät auf Antrag von Prof. Dr. Nancy E. Hynes Prof. Dr. Lukas Sommer Prof. Dr. Denis Monard Basel, den 13. Dezember 2011 Prof. Dr. Martin Spiess Dekan Table of Content 1 Table of Content 1 Table of Content ............................................................................................................................. 1 2 Table of Figures .............................................................................................................................. 5 3 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 6 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 8 4.1 Memo (Mediator of ErbB2 driven cell motility) ........................................................................ 8 4.1.1 The ErbB family ............................................................................................................... 8 4.1.2 Memo (Mediator of ErbB driven cell motility) ................................................................ 9 4.1.3 The structure of Memo ..................................................................................................... 9 4.1.4 Memo and migration ...................................................................................................... 10 4.2 The Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) tyrosine kinase receptor family ..................................... 10 4.2.1 The FGF receptors .......................................................................................................... 11 4.2.2 The FGFR ligands .......................................................................................................... 13 4.2.3 The FGF coreceptors: Heparin/Heparan sulfate proteoglycans and the Klotho family... 18 4.2.4 Signaling of the FGFR pathway ..................................................................................... 19 4.2.5 FGFRs and cancer .......................................................................................................... 24 4.3 Aging and Premature aging ..................................................................................................... 30 4.3.1 Different Models of premature aging ............................................................................. 32 4.3.2 Aging and Metabolism ................................................................................................... 34 4.4 Phosphate homeostasis ............................................................................................................ 36 4.4.1 FGF23, a member of the endocrine FGF family ............................................................. 37 4.4.2 Klotho ............................................................................................................................. 42 4.4.3 FGF receptors ................................................................................................................. 48 4.4.4 Vitamin D ....................................................................................................................... 49 4.4.5 The sodium phosphate co-transporters Na-Pi2a and Na-Pi2c ......................................... 50 4.4.6 The parathyroid hormone (PTH) .................................................................................... 50 4.4.7 Players in phosphate homeostasis ................................................................................... 52 5 Material and Methods ................................................................................................................. 56 1 Table of Content 5.1 Reagents and antibodies ........................................................................................................... 56 5.2 Cell Culture.............................................................................................................................. 56 5.3 Lysates, western blot analyses and immunoprecipitations ....................................................... 58 5.4 Electron Microscopy ................................................................................................................ 59 5.5 Hypoxia ................................................................................................................................... 59 5.6 Proliferation assay ................................................................................................................... 59 5.7 Apoptosis assay ....................................................................................................................... 59 5.7.1 YoPro .............................................................................................................................. 59 TM 5.7.2 MitoProbe DilC1(5) Assay .......................................................................................... 60 5.8 Migration assay ........................................................................................................................ 60 5.9 RNA extraction, RT-PCR and real-time PCR ........................................................................... 61 5.10 Immunohistochemistry ........................................................................................................ 62 5.11 Generation of the mouse strains .......................................................................................... 62 5.11.1 Memo cKO and KO mice ............................................................................................... 62 5.11.2 Meox2Cre mice .............................................................................................................. 63 5.11.3 Memo cKO Actin Cre mice ............................................................................................ 63 5.11.4 Memo cKO rtTA LC-1 Cre mice .................................................................................... 64 5.12 Microarray of livers and kidneys (performed by the microarray facility inhouse) .............. 66 5.12.1 Sample preparation ......................................................................................................... 66 5.12.2 The array ........................................................................................................................ 66 5.13 Blood- and Urine analysis ................................................................................................... 67 5.13.1 Measurement of bilirubin, cholesterol, Creatine Kinase, insulin, iron, glucose, potassium, triglycerides, total protein ............................................................................................ 67 5.13.2 Blood analysis performed in Dallas ................................................................................ 67 5.13.3 Measurement of phosphate, calcium, sodium, potassium, BUN, creatinine and Albumin …………………………………………………………………………………………..67 5.14 Metabolic cages................................................................................................................... 68 5.15 Islolation of brush border membrane .................................................................................. 68 5.16 ELISA for VEGF, PTH and FGF23..................................................................................... 68 5.16.1 VEGF ELISA ................................................................................................................. 68 2 Table of Content 5.16.2 PTH ELISA .................................................................................................................... 69 5.16.3 FGF23 ELISA ................................................................................................................ 69 6 Rational of the work .................................................................................................................... 70 7 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 71 7.1 Submitted manuscript .............................................................................................................. 72 7.2 Analysis of Memo in development ........................................................................................ 105 7.2.1 Analysis of Memo conventional knock-out animals (Memo KO) (R. Masson and P. Kaeser) …………………………………………………………………………………………105 The main work of this analysis was done by Régis Masson. He did the planning of the experiment and he had the main responsibility. I helped in plugging the animals and isolating the embryos, taking pictures and genotyping them. .......................................................................................... 105 7.2.2 Analysis of Memo conditional knock-out (Memo cKO) mice crossed to Meox2Cre transgene mice (J. Zmajkovic) ..................................................................................................... 106 7.2.3 Analysis of the Memo conditional knock-out (Memo cKO) strain crossed to the pCX- CreERTM transgene mice .............................................................................................................
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