. The Hospital, Oct. 17, 1896. Extra Supplement. f&osiittal" Hursinn Being the Extra Nursing Supplement of "The Hospital" Newspaper.

[Contributions for this Supplement should be addressed to the The Hospital, 28 & 29, Southampton Street, " " Editor, Strand, London, W.O., and should have the word Nursing plainly written in left-hand top corner of the envelope.]

IRews from tbe IRursmg Worlfc. THE EARL OF MEATH ON IRISH WORKHOUSE homes for their own profit. Homes so conducted must NURSING. necessarily pay the nurses much less than they earn, At a recent of the Rathdrum Board of meeting and are consequently undesirable from the point of view Guardians a to a nurse proposal appoint qualified night of the public, as well as from that of the nurse. The was seconded the Earl of who took the by Meath, oppor- recent split in a northern town, which is creating a good to condemn the barbarous custom, which tunity strongly deal of animosity on both sides at the present time, in Irish workhouse sick wards of largely prevails shows that these drawbacks, great as they are, do not the unfortunate without locking patients up any exhaust the evils attaching to the private venture home. nurse from five in the to six the next evening The citizens of our towns would do a " leading great He out that the few morning. pointed during considerable service to the nursing profession if they hours of the in the had a nurse, day patients infirmary were to form a committee and organise a nurses' co- while for the number of hours and at a time when larger operation for the supply of private nurses to the public the of the was lowest and death temperature patients on the lines adopted by the Nurses' Co-operation, 8, New most were without attendance. In frequent they any Cavendish Street, London, "W. They must, however, his it was We to see opinion simply cruelty." rejoice take care to see that no one is permitted to obtain a seat that it was unanimously decided to appoint a finally on the committee who does not possess sufficient capacity trained nurse at a of ?25 properly night salary per rind intelligence to take a clear and businesslike view of annum. the matters which may come before them for settlement. AT THE WOMEN'S CONGRESS. A PAY HOSPITAL IN PARIS. The ladies?literary, scientific, medical, and socialistic The patients at Maison Dubois, a paying hospital ??who have been taking part in the International Con- under the control of the Paris Municipality, managed gress of Women at Berlin have dispersed to their the Assistance seem to be in an unenviable various parts of the world well satisfied with the success by Publique, position. The head surgeon, Dr. Picque, has been of their meeting. Several took part in Englishwomen for months of the of the the discussions; amongst others, Miss Georgiana Hill complaining past insufficiency " and matters reached a crisis when, after readji good paper on Women as Poor Law Guardians." nursing, lately " the of two serious there was 110 The'paper on Nursing" contributed by Fraiilein Anna performance operations, nurse available to attend to the Dr. Picque Stosch, herself the proud possessor of two Crosses of patients. now declines to further at the Honour awarded for her work during the Franco- perform any operations until some reform has been effected, and German war, dealt particularly with the Victoria Home hospital points out that the administration undertakes contract to for Nurses, established fourteen years ago in Berlin by by place a nurse at the of each the Empress Frederick. At the present time the home disposal patient admitted, for whom the patient pays, and, to carry out this contains some two hundred and fifty sisters, nurses, and failing engagement, the hospital should be closed. The nurses probationers. After hearing this account of the home sent the Assistance in response to the doctor's the visitors went to see it for themselves, and were by Publique representations are declared by him to be "ignorant, favourably impressed by the conditions under which dirtyj or even worse." these German nurses carry on their work. INFIRMARY NURSES AND THE NEW SUPER- INVALID COOKERY CLASSES. ANNUATION ACT. Demonstrations on the of sick-room preparation Our advice has been asked by several nurses who at food are to be given this winter at the offices of the present belong to the poor law service, 01* who Royal British Nurses' Association Old Cavendish (17, contemplate entering that service, as to what they Street), beginning next month on afternoons at Tuesday should do in view of the passing of this Act. Under half-past two. Many nurses who aie not fortunate this Act every infirmary nurse who is at present in the enough to have bad instruction in included in cookery service, unless she contracts herself out of the Act, will their hospital will be to avail themselves training glad to this fund unless she of this forfeit all her contributions opportunity. The tickets for the full course remains in the service until she is sixty or sixty-five (which are for members 7s. 6d., for non-members of nurse not at present in the service 12s. will be transferable for the convenience of years age. Any 6d.), the Act as a who may now join it will have to accept those who may like to share the with a friend. expense condition of her election, and must therefore submit to Each demonstration will last for two hours. The names the forfeiture of the whola of her compulsory contribu- of those for tickets should be sent in to the wishing tions under it should she voluntarily resign. But if she before October 24th. " Secretary is dismissed for any offence of a fraudulent character, VENTURES. NURSING HOMES AS PRIVATE or for grave misconduct," the Guardians n ay, if they We have always set our face against the sweating of see fit, return to her all her contributions under the nurses. It is notorious that large sums of money have Act. We have always had a very poor opinion of poor been made in the past, and no doubt are being made in law administration under Guardians, but Parliament the present, by those Who conduct private nursing has quite outstepped any such moderate estimate by the 22 THE HOSPITAL NURSING SUPPLEMENT. Oct. 17, 1896.

" irony contained in Clause 4, entitled Forfeiture for BAZAAR AT ST. HELENS. Fraud." In the face of an Act drawn without any regard Lady Gerard, who interested herself greatly in a " whatever to the claims and rights of nurses, passed, as bazaar lately held in aid of St. Helens' Providence'* we an understand, despite undertaking previously given or Free Hospital, gave a reception at the hospital the to the nurses' representatives that those rights should other day to all those who had worked with her to make be protected, we feel it a duty to warn all nurses at it successful, and nearly three hundred guests accepted present outside the poor law service to remain outside her invitation. Their efforts were quite phenomenally until justice is done to the nurses in this matter. Our satisfactory, for the bazaar resulted in a sum of nearly advice to the nurses who are at present engaged in the ?1,300 towards the ?1,500 required to clear off debts and law service is to contract themselves out of the poor carry out improvements. The nursing at this hospital is Act without a moment's delay, so as to protect them- in the hands of Roman Catholic sisters. selves from a pecuniary loss which is so unjust as to DISTRICT NURSING ASSOCIATION FOR mate it abominable. If and when those for responsible BRIGHTON. the in move Parliament successfully " injustices question In consequence of the old Sick Poor Nursing Asso- to secure the of nurses, then, but not till then, " rights ciation at Brighton having ceased to exist an entirely women who are trained nurses he intelligent may justi- new association has been started, which includes Hove fied in the law service. joining poor and Preston in its area. The headquarters of the new " THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY AT organisation, called the Brighton, Hove, and Preston ST. PATRICK'S HOME, DUBLIN. Association for Nursing the Sick Poor," and affiliated The sorrow caused throughout the country by the to the Queen Yictoria Jubilee Institute, are at 5, news of the sudden death of the tragically Archbishop Marlborough Place. The home was ready for occupa- of Canterbury at Harwarden has been deep and genuine. tion on October 1st, when the staff were duly installed, Archbishop Benson had but just returned from Ireland, and the nurses have already begun their work. A " from a visit of which he is said to have spoken with public opening and meeting on behalf of the society will great delight," though it was by no means a mere holiday. take place next month. The Bishop of Chichester has An account of a visit of the Primate to St. Patrick's accepted the presidentship, the Duke and Duchess Home, Dublin, the headquarters of the Queen's Jubilee of Fife and the Earl and Countess of Chichester are Institute for Nurses in Ireland, has come to us from an patrons, and the Yicar of Brighton, the Rev. Pre- English nurse working there, written before the sad bendary Hannah, is chairman of the Executive Com- news was known. The Archbishop had expressed a mittee. Miss Buckle has been appointed lady superin- wish to see the nursing institutions attached to each tendent. cathedral, so, after preaching at the choral evensong at THE ZENANA MISSION. St. Patrick's Cathedral on the afternoon of Sunday, The usual farewell meeting to missionaries departing September 20th, he accompanied Lord Plunket, Arch- for India under the auspices of this society took on October 16th. Three of the nine ladies bishop of Dublin, who is chairman of the St. Patrick's place going out this autumn are returning after leave of absence. Home Committee, to the Home, where a number of Of these, Miss Townsend goes to the Lady Kmnaird had been invited to meet guests him, amongst others, Memorial Hospital, Lucknow; and, of those taking up the Bishop of Glasgow. The Archbishop talked plea- work among the women of India for the first time, Miss " santly to the nurses, who one and all thought it Riley, who is a trained nurse, goes with Miss Owston to the Duchess of Teck at Patna. Sixteen extremely kind of him to come and see them," and he was Hospital the results of shown over the Home Miss the large packing-cases, many working parties by Howell, superinten- at the " among friends home, accompany missionaries. when he went tendent, leaving, away, very pleasant the society has received the sum of ?10 for the Lately " recollections in the minds of the nurses." support of the County Wexford Cot" in the Lucknow while a similar amount has come through a QUEEN VICTORIA'S JUBILEE INSTITUTE. Hospital, friend in Liverpool for a bed at the Benares Hospital. The of Queen Victoria's Jubilee Institute gold badge A "REPRESENTATIVE ORGAN" AND ITS NURSING has, with the approval of Her Majesty the Queen, been NEWS. the Council to Miss Pauline given by Peter, inspector It is to note how a which interesting " contemporary of the Institute, and to Miss Mary Dunn, superin- describes itself as the of the " representative organ tendent of its branch in Ireland. The silver badge has nursing profession obtains its news. In the Daily been given by the Council to Miss Agnes Wells, super- Telegraph for October 5th appeared, without acknow- intendent of the Haggerston and Hoxton District ledgment, a statement taken from The Hospital of October as to the of a home Nursing Association; Miss Elizabeth A. "Walker, 3rd, organization nursing in Shanghai. In that statement was a material error, of the Bolton Miss Sara " superintendent D.N.A.; Nurse Gladwell's name being given as King." Last of the Shaw Street " " Wilson, superintendent Division, week the representative organ took this paragraph Liverpool, D.N.A.; Miss Jessie Blower, superintendent from the Daily Telegraph, without acknowledgment, and of the Ardwick Green Division, Manchester, D.N.A.; carefully included this mistake, which we now have and Miss Jane Brown, superintendent of the Leeds much pleasure in correcting. D.NA. On the recommendation of the Council of NEW NURSES' HOME AT THE ROYAL HOSPITAL ^iie Scottish Branch, the following superintendents FOR SICK CHILDREN, GLASGOW. i-i Scotland have also received the silver badge from the Extensions are in contemplation at the Royal Hos- Council of the Institute: Miss Isabella for Sick The nurses' Armstrong, pital Children, Glasgow. ^ present of the Aberdeen superintendent D.N.A.; Miss Isa quarters are to be given up for the enlargement Watson, superintendent of the D.N.A.; Miss of the dispensary, while a new building is to be Mary Berwick, district superintendent of the Glasgow erected to the west of the hospital for the accommoda- S.P. and P.N.A.; and Miss Haddon, assistant superin- tion of the nursing staff. TI13 estimated cost of these tendent of the District Training Home, Edinburgh. improvements is about ?1,700. Oct. 17, 1896. THE HOSPITAL NURSING SUPPLEMENT. 23

Ibggiene: for IRurses. By John Glaister, M.D., F.F.P.S.G., D.P.H.Camb., Professor of Forensic Medicine and Public Health, St. Mungo'a College, Glasgow, &c. XXVIII.?CLOTHING IN RELATION TO HEALTH.? of exactly similar fciZ3, when subjected to the same test, MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN MANUFACTURE.? exhibit differences in the respective amounts of air which THEIR AND VALUES. USES may b3 passed through them in a given time. Suppose The primary function of clothing, of whatever kind, is to , , , and leather to be taken for the test. The conserve the animal heat of the body, and it combines with result will show that 100 parts of air will pass through the this duty the subsidiary purposes of serving for decency, for flannel for 60 of the linen, 40 of the silk, and about 30 of the the adornment of the person, and for protection against leather. The porosity or permeability of these substances injury. Conservation of the body-heat is especially necessary will, therefore, be in the order named. in temperate and arctic climates. In warm or equatorial Water-Absorptive Capacity.?If pieces of new silk, linen, climates, on the other hand, it fulfils the purposes of personal , and flannel of exactly similar size bs taken and placed and do adornment bodily protection chiefly. The study of flat-ways and lightly upon the surface of cold water, they clothing has received of late years closer attention than not float for equal periods of time. Silk sinks almost at ever it did b3fore, especially from the hygienic standpoint. once, linen in about one minute, cotton in about four and a The human body is capable of resisting heat and cold through quarter hours, and flannel does not sink at all. This experi- a very considerable range of temperature, but it is more able ment shows, approximately, the rate at which garments made to withstand extremes of heat than of cold. This might be of these respective stuffs will become saturated with damp. predicated from the fact that the animal body is a great heat If worn materials b3 used in the experiment, and warm producer in relation to its size, food being the fuel, and the instead of cold water, absorption is relatively more rapid. bodily organs the furnace in which the fuel is burned by Tiiermig Properties.?The heat-conducting capacity of chemical action; but the total amount of heat generated different fabrics is by no means the same. Cotton and within a given period is, however, limited at the best. The linen, especially the latter, feel colder to the touch than object of clothing, therefore, is to prevent this body-heat silken or woollen articles. They are, therefore, better heat bsing dissipated too rapidly from the body. The materials conductors than the latter ; that is to say, in the same time of which the different fabrics are composed are obtained they rob the body of more heat. This conductivity does not, almost equally from the animal and vegetable worlds. however, depend so much upon the materials themselves as From the former are obtained (1) , mainly from the upon the closeness or openness of the woven texture. The " " sheep species, but partly from the goat species, and from the flufflier the material the more air is held within the inter- camel, alpaca, and vicuna; (2) silk from the cocoon of stices of the fabrics. the silk-motli, and from other silk-yielding moths; (3) skins, The roughness of the fibre of wool as compared with which are used after preparation, with or without adherent those of linen, or cotton, or silk, by setting up some fur; (4) hair; and (5) feathers of birds; from the latter (1) degree of irritation! of the skin, and, therefore, a greater cotton, from cotton-shrub3; (2) linen, from the flax plant; supply of blood to that part than usual, doubtless contributes (3) and , used for subsidiary clothing purposes; in some measure to the greater sense of warmth of a woollen ^4r) guttapercha, or caoutchouc, from the indiarubbar plant; garment, and, for a like reason, is ill-borne by hyper-sensitivo and (5) straw, from wheat stalks and grasses, cut when green, persons. and afterwards bleached. Behaviour to Sensible Perspiration.?This is a matter These different stuffs are used either pure or mixed, and of considerable practical importance. Cotton, linen, and compose, in the main, the different fabrics of which body- wool behave differently. Experience amply demonstrates coverings are made. A rapid review of these coverings will that, when garments worn next the body, and oomposed show how these materials are utilised for body protection and of these materials respectively, become wet with sweat, a heat conservation. For example, in the head-gear of both feeling of chilliness is more quickly perceived in the case of sexes, straw, silk, , feathers, fur, wire, linen as cotton and linen than of wool. Heat, therefore, is more artificial flowers, cotton, wool, , and like materials, find rapidly abstracted from the body in the case of the two a place. Linen composes the collar and collarette, and it former than of the last. Hence chills are more liable to also, like cotton, wool, and silk, enters largely into the com- happen when cotton or linen is so worn. It may safely be position of underclothing. The outer person is clad in reckoned that, in the same time, damp cotton or linen garments of wool, silk, or cotton. Leather is found in boots, abstracts not less than 30 per cent, more heat from the body shoes, vests, and other articles of attire, while guttapercha than does damp wool. They also act differently in regard to enters into the composition of foot-gear and overalls, for pro- the solid and liquid portions of sweat. Cotton and linen tection against damp. Furs serve the double purpose of retain more of the solids than flannel or wool, and, therefore, adornment and heat conservation, chiefly for the former in more quickly become apparently soiled than wool, whereas temperate climates, and solely for the latter purpose in arctic wool permits the "solids" to pass through, to soil the gar- climates. The materials of which textile fabrics are made ment worn next above, while it itself remains apparently differ both as to their physical and microscopic appearances. longer clean. A good hand magnifying glass will reveal these differences. Colour and irs Relation to Heat.?The colour of a ^ ool fibres appear as continuous stems, with circular mark- garment has an important bearing on the amounts of radiant ings, which give the edges of the fibre a notched character, heat absorbed and reflected. White and the lighter coloured owing to which they more readily lend themselves to the fabrics (absorb les3 heat than dark coloured or black, and operations of twisting, , and matting. Silk-fibres reflect more ; and the differences in amounts are graded by look like clear threads, without any pith ; cotton-fibres have the tones of colour between white and black. l oughened edges, and show twistings in their length ; linen- The dust-carrying capacity of clothing, and, therefore,, l-bres exhib.t nodular points in their length; and it is facility for conveyance of infective material, depends in difficult to a on distinguish between jute and hemp. Their large degree the roughness or smoothness, and the different or behaviour when treated with certain chemicals and openness closeness, of texture of the fabric. The dye stuffs further them. helps to distinguish between rougher and more porous the garment the greater the 1 erme.veility int Respect of Air.?Different cloth for or stuffs, capacity carriage of dust contagia ; and the converse 24 THE HOSPITAL NURSING SUPPLEMENT. Oct. 17, 1896.

is equally true. Therefore, the dre&ses of nurses, while clothing is entirely different. The air being dry and greedy tending the sick," ought to consist of close-textured material, of watery vapour, sensible perspiration is usually absent. capable of being frequently washed and ironed, so that a Comfort, therefore, will more likely ensue from the wearing glazed smooth surface may be formed, and thus a less suit- of white, grey, or other light-coloured garments composed of able resting-place for microbes be offered. cotton, linen, or wool, made loose-fitting ; light-coloured the The colour of a garment has no relation to the odour- better to reflect the sun's radiant heat, and lined, preferably absorbing capacity of the fabric, as has been asserted. This with a dark-coloured lining, to prevent the scorching effect of has probably arisen from the fact that the average colour of the solar heat rays, and loose-fitting, to enable free inter- the dress in cities is of a dark shade, and is usually associated change of air. Sunstroke is avoided by the pith hat, with woollen fabrics, which, because of their porosity, absorb puggaree, or sombrero, or Panama straw hat. Where the more odour than close-textured stuffs. climate is hot, but moist?the third type?where the air is What should be worn to preserve health ? is a most commonly saturated with watery vapour, and where sensible important consideration, as no one dress standard is equally perspiration is almost never absent from the body, except suitable for all points of the globe. The discussion of the when in absolute repose, woollen garments are absolutely in- question will be simplified if we deal with it in reference to dispensable both for night and day wear. Loose-fitting they typical climatic conditions. There are four such typical may be, but wool they must be. In the fourth type?the so- kinds, the intervening grades being but modifications of one called temperate climate?more difficulty is experienced in or other ,type,'viz. : (1) the cold or arctic climate ; (2) the hot, regulating the proper clothing than in any of the previous, dry climate ; (3) the hot, moist climate; and (4) the so-called solely due to the unexpected fluctuations of temperature. temperate climate. These are but arbitrary divisions, and Thus, we may have summer temperatures in winter and must not be confounded with the meteorological definitions winter temperatures in summer. In these islands there of climate. In the first-named, the greatest struggle to also the additional fact that the atmosphere is largely charged with and on the west coast. maintain the body-heat is experienced. This is not difficult watery vapour, particularly These however, are for our to understand when it is remembered that such as disadvantages, compensated by temperatures proximity to the Gulf Stream, which alone prevents our 09 deg. Fahr. and 81 deg. Fahr. below freezing point have been winters from being of arctic severity. There is no season of x-ecorded, and where, even in July, the thermometer hardly our average year in which woollen underclothing can be dis- rises above freezing-point. Experience has shown that the pensed with. It may be thicker or thinner in make, close or in as the weather but it must be con- cold can only ba overcome by wearing woollen garments next open texture, permits, stantly worn, consistent with the safety of the person. the body, and over these the skins of animals with the furry Indeed, nothing can be said too in this upon side inwards. No other forms of will strong urging clothing adequately our populations, as attention to it would considerably conser/e the body-heat. In the second the nature of the minimise illness and temper its severity.

ttrainefc IRursee' Clinic.

XIII.?THE NURSING OF CHILDREN [continued). unlimited faith, and exhibit it to a remarkable extent after The wise personal influence of a skilled nurse must not bo their confidence is once gained. confounded for a moment with that power which is some- The nurse who gives confidence in return, letting her times acquired over children l>y unprincipled people through patients see that she .trusts them, and appreciates their little the medium of fear. The first is exercised exclusively for efforts to be brave and obedient, is well repaid by an the sick person's own benefit; the second is improperly increased display of both qualities. acquired and improperly used. It is a source of such harm Frequently sick children are considered by their relatives as can scarcely be over-estimated, for the fears of childhood to be quite too ill to do what they are told, and their inter- are easily raised but hardly controlled. Anybody who mittent obedience to the doctor is only secured by continuous obtains even temporary ascendancy over a sick person by bribery or by even more foolish prognostications as to the means of fear may ba unhesitatingly condemned as unfit to evil results of neglecting his orders. Such as these add to the difficulties ba entrusted with the charge of either healthy or sick experiences materially of the trained nurse, whose introduction to the child children. The exercise of her influence can do nothing but perhaps takes place when he is sufficiently ill to need constant harm both and and there should be no mentally morally, attention, which he may resent at the hands of a stranger and delay in removing such a woman from the sick-room or refuse from his own relations. nursery. Infinite tact, gentleness, and sympathy are demanded of are the an Children often unsuspected victims of amount the nurse who is suddenly imported at this critical time.. In of their natural remain com- of tyranny which guardians a ward the traditions of discipline, the influence of example, Few ever placently ignorant. young children dream of and the frequent visits of the medical officers tend to uphold harsh treatment which comes from what appealing against and to strengthen her authority. Even a young patient is believe to be an authorised source. Even the boldest they fully alive to the fact that the doctor can be fetched at any children feel weak and feeble when find themselves very they moment of the day or night; his appearance follows so to the will and of an adult. The opposed strength helpless- promptly on the summons as to amaze the new patients. ness which forms their claim on the tenderness of their elders All the influence in a hospital lies on the side of law and renders them victims to the harshness of such easy persons order, and the children are instinctively docile. Of course, as lack or knowledge sympathy. there are exceptional cases, but the average boy or girl may But the of the wise "children's can bo influence nurse" be depended on to behave much better within the hospital exercised to the advantage of all with whom she comes in than at home. contact. It originates in her comprehension of the natures It is, therefore, in private households that the nurse finds of children, allied to accumulated knowledge of the most difficulty in enforcing the requisite amount of obedience. treatment they require, this knowledge being the outcome Mothers and fathers, aunts and uncles do not hesitate to of long practical experience. Such a nurse does not regard ?call the .sick child troublesome, disobedient, unruly, &c., children as miniature men and women a- simply from whom ?amongst themselves ; but they all unite in representing him measure of and can large reasonableness patience be rightfully to the nurse as the incarnation of good. They resent any demandod. She asks but little from her young charges, but ?criticism not uttered by themselves, and in their fear lest she gives lavishly of her best powers and care, and is nurse should be too strict, they often do their best to cripple the unstinted confidence which is generally repaid by her power, to undermine her and to make her to her. authority, yielded Children accept the decisions of those in feel an the child's natural whom outsider, and, therefore, enemy. they believe with wonderful alacrity. They have> {To be continued.) Oct. 17,1896. THE HOSPITAL NURSING_ SUPPLEMENT. 25

IRurses tn 1896?XTbetr (Quarters, Ibours, anfc jfoob. [These articles exhibit the actaal condition of affairs in the spring of the present year.]

ST. MARY'S HOSPITAL. their days off, and sisters the same with the addition I.?Terms of Training. of the Saturday leave from two o'clock. Aho on. three in the week nurses are on front Probationers are admitted to St. Mary's Hospital for a days day duty seven aim. to nine p.m., which, three half-hours term of three years' training, candidates being required!to subtracting for meals, means twelve and a half consecutive hours. be between the ages of 25 and 35 years, of average height working two hard in the a Sisters have, week, on and physique, and to enter on month's probation. The similarly days being from a.m. to ten save for meal times. The certificate of the hospital is given at the conclusion of the duty eight p.m., nurses get a fairly long night's rest if they go to bed three years during which they are engaged to serve in its on their about seven wards, and during this time they are expected to attend promptly supper, apparently and a half hours on an for nurses and rather less regular courses of lectures, given by various members of the average day for those on medical staff, on medical, surgical, and obstetric nursing, and night duty. to pass examinations on the instruction given. A limited III.?Meals. number of are received at St. Mary's, paying probationers Day nurses breakfast at half-past six, they have a light for one year's instruction in nursing, at the end of which lunch at half-past nine, dinner at half-past twelve, tea from time they are entitled to a written statement to the effect four to five p.m., and supper from to that have had a certain amount of such a state- half-past eight half-past they training, nine. nurses at " " Night "breakfast" half-past eight p.m., ment not to be confounded with the hospital certificate and dine at nine a.m., having also another light meal, or accorded to those who have followed the three years' course " lunch," before going to bed. Sisters'meals are served in of The fee for this one is or if a training. year ?30, separate own their sitting-rooms, with the exception of the mid-day bedroom is desired (a nurse's necessity still, unfortunately, dinner, which is served in the nurses' dining-room at half-past force of circumstance deemed a luxury at St. Mary's) by one p.m. The only "stores" given out are to the night ?50. The fees are in quarterly instalments in payable nurses, and these are sent to the special keeping-place advance. The duties of probationers are the same in paying reserved for them in the ward. The dietary consists of tea, all as those of or in their respects ordinary paid probationers'' or coffee, cocoa, bacon, eggs, &c., for breakfast; cocoa and first year. bread and butter for lunch; dinner of two kinds of joints, Nurses are not promoted to bo sisters of wards until they vegetables, and puddings ; and cold meat, soups, hashes, and have passed through the full term of three years' training. cheese for supper. The night nurses have two meals in the Paying probationers who wish to complete their training and ward during the night, for which cold meat, eggs, and bacon qualify for the certificate may, if there be a vacancy and they are provided. are approved by the matron, be transferred to the regular staff. IV.?Salaries and Uniform. as II.?Hours op Work and Times off Ditty. "Probationers, Class I.," or "regular" probationers, are sometimes receive in for on paid probationers called, salary Day nurses and probationers go duty at seven a.m., the their first year ?12, for the second ?15, and for the third former leaving the wards at night at nine p.m., the latter ?18. Staff nurses ai'e ?20 to ?25 per annum, and sisters half-an-hour earlier. During these hours probationers are off paid ?30 to ?40. Class I. are with indoor or probationers supplied duty daily from ten a.m. to twelve, from half-past two to uniform, consisting of three print dresses, three caps, and half-past four, and on alternate Sundays from half-past nine eight aprons in the year, and they and the staff nurses, to a.m. to a quarter-past one p.m., and fronnthree p.m. to ten p.m. whom a similar allowance is made, are entitled to what is Off-duty times for nurses are differently arranged. They are specified in the regulations as a reasonable amount of not off duty every day, but twice a week from five p.m. to washing at the hospital's expense. The paying pro- ten p.m., once a week from seven p.m. to ten p.m., and on bationers are required to provide their own uniform and Sundays their hours off are the same as the probationers?from to bear the cost of their washing. Outdoor uniform is not half-past nine a.m. to a quarter-past one p.m., and from three compulsory. p.m. to ten p.m. alternate weeks. Sisters' daily hours on St. Mai'y's Hospital is affiliated to the Royal National duty are from eight a.m. to ten p.m., with leave twice a week from Pension Fund for Nurses, the committee paying half the five p.m. to half-past ten p.m., once a week from seven nurses' premiums entitling them to pensions at the age of p.m. to half-past ten p.m., on Saturdays from two p.m. to four 55 years. p.m., and on alternate Sundays from half-past nine a.m. to V.?Nurses' Quarters. twelve noon, and from a quarter-past one p.m. to three p.m. Besides these hours, one whole day each month is allowed If the people iwho are interested in St. Mary's Hospital alike to sisters, nurses, and probationers. Night nurses' hours Would take the trouble to visit the quarters at present are from nine p.m. to half-past eight a.m. They are off duty allotted to the nursing staff on the top floor of the building, at once daily from ten a.m. to twelve noon, and they have also ono they would surely be impelled to energetic attempts of the new whole night and day each month. Yearly holidays are : For to raise the money needed for the completion the sisters, one calendar month in the summer; day and night buildings, which are to include a proper home for the nurses. nurses, three weeks in the summer; and for probationers, ten This is very much needed, for the present accommodation is days every six months and three weeks at the end of two inadequate and out of date. There are some single rooms, years. but for the most part the nurses are placed two in a room, a the share a room Nurses are allowed to sleep away from the hospital on the divided by screen; while probationers monthly holidays, a concession which, no doubt, adds much among three, divided by curtains. There is a pleasant little to the advantage of the day off, where, as so often happens sitting-room, with a balcony, comfortably furnished, though With London nurses, they have friends within easy reach. space is limited. The nurses' dining-room is in the base It will be seen on examination of the hours quoted ment, a good-sized room and fairly comfortable, but more above that nurses practically cannot get out-of-doors space is urgently required for the comfort of the staff. efore five in the afternoon except on Sundays and on Sisters have bed and sitting rooms off their wards. 26 THE HOSPITAL NURSING SUPPLEMENT. Oct. if, 1896.

0 Booh anb its Store. THE DREAM CHARLOTTE * so. But behind the law, backing up man's sins against his Miss Betham-Edwards us a well-drawn of gives picture brethren, were agencies she coultl not explain, mysteries un- at the time of the French Revolution. Her Normandy readable as the tragedy of Nature." romance a little centres round quiet homestead, historically These were stirring times in France, and whilst something interesting as being the scene of Charlotte Corday's earliest stronger than the law was making itself felt throughout the years. Here she was nurtured; by the good farmer's wife, length and breadth of the land, this sketch of the paralysing and whose daughter, Airelle, is the heroine of the volume, effect of the down-treading of the lower classes is cleverly whose enthusiastic admiration for her foster sister forms the given by Miss Edwards. This universal injustice appears to theme the principal throughout pages. have engendered a dogged acceptance of all social evils by the With Charlotte, Airelle passed her youth at a Norman French peasantry at that period. The kindling voices which and we are on the of convent, first introduced to her occasion pressed on the nation for a new state of things did not come to her leaving the seclusion of the convent and returning in any one case from the peasant, but from the outsider and home life at the farm. onlooker. This little volume clearly shows us how the daily " The their convent-bred eighteen-year-old girl, daughter, round, the common task engrossed in an all-sufficient manner seemed a portrait of both her parents, Isaye Aubery and his the thoughts and aspirations of the agricultural classes, crush- wife Gillette. Here was the same largeness, the same ampti- ing out for the time being all spirit of resistance. Their tude, yet toned down by spells more potent than youth or world was principally confined to their tillage grounds: and Gillette had their heir an benignity. Isage given there was no real public press, and no outside postal com- admirable and fine of physique, glorious beauty, qualities munication to facilitate a larger view. heart and mind. Another had outside imparted soul, Among the many who, at this tragic juncture in the influence and subdued flesh to Child of these agencies spirit. history of France, rose up to redress her country's wrongs she " simple folks, belonged to herself and her ideals." was Charlotte Corday?Airelle's Dream Charlotte," as she And this "other" to Miss was no whom Edwards refers terms her. Her story, an old familiar one to us, is too less a than Charlotte even in august personage Corday, who, scantily dwelt on in Miss Betham-Edwards' book ; it is her convent showed of marked days, signs personality. mainly through the words and thoughts of her foster sister The advanced had her own young Revolutionary political that we are brought in contact with her; only once or twice views at an early age, with which views Airelle became through the book she speaks for herself. and she is over with somewhat ad- indoctrinated, brimming The last time the two girls meet, both filled with a vanced [ideas on her return to the bosom of her family. patriotic enthusiasm, Charlotte Corday informs her friend Airelle's whose domestic soul had not been stirred mother, by she is about to undertake a daring experiment. She herself the rumoured the such " rising throughout country, regarded will confront Marat, The Tyrant," as she terms him, and as almost criminal when her broached aspersions daughter speak to him in the name of the "people." Airelle, ever the subject to her. ready to see the heroic in Charlotte's conduct, feels the " But Charlotte understood them, the'subjects I'speak of," strength of the young girl's purpose, and regards it in the Airelle would "We used to news in the " argue. get convent, light of an inspiration. Not as yourself, my own foster of course ; we heard of what was on outside?the in- going sister, a simple girl of Normandy, will you appear before the of the surrection, razing Bastille, the clamour for juster him, but as an advocate of France, our crushed, bleeding, laws. And Charlotte wild with grew joy. She said that gasping country. Your youth, innocence, and daring, will France was herself from her that the of freeing fetters, reign appal him ; as in the presence of an avenging angel his was and own tyranny over, fanaticism doomed. Ask your black soul will take fright." mother can it be that one heart, ; right Frenchman helps to The two part, never to meet again. Charlotte Corday's fill the the be liable to King's treasury, fights King's wars, mission was, as we know, something other than a mere torture and death without whilst the trial; another, noble, message. the his his the inviola- privileged, possesses purse, freedom, Some three days later, as Airelle drove up to the post- of his ? Can it be that our old Judith's bility person right house near Lieon, she saw that the diligence had just kith and kin were imprisoned, ruined, exiled simply for the latest news-letter from the " arrived, bringing Capital. refusing to hear mass ? tc Some unusual excitement had " emptied every farmhouse, It was God's will," the mother not to argued, wishing cabin, and cabaret?every workshop of master and appren- enter into wherein the of her any argument validity religion tice." A thought flashed across Airelle's mind?was there was questioned. news of Charlotte, of her sublime mission, the era of pro- "Look at yourself," the daughter continued. "You, scription and bloodshed brought to a close?France saved by you it, condemned although, perhaps, hardly recognise a woman's pleading? fanaticism a so-called heretic into your service. by taking Hats were thrown up, handkerchiefs waved, frantic Father of Judith at the Patrix~disapproved having begin- huzzas filled the air; far and near folks shouted, "The ning." Tyrant has fallen ! the Tyrant has fallen ! The Virgin and The of servant Judith's character is a " drawing strong Saints be praised ! Franca has her Jaels, her Judiths ! feature in Mis3 Edwards' book. The woman is serving Then it was forced upon the girl's bewildered senses? before us with much and forms a " brought vividness, pic- Marat was dead. For a moment Airelle stood stone still, and of an old woman. turesque pathetic study Huguenot not a cry, not a feature betraying the passion of despair. It never occurred to Judith to arraign human injustice. No angelic messenger, then, had been her Charlotte; no Her poverty, her isolation, her Sorrows she attributed to law, lieaven-sent Prophetess of just retribution. No softening of " had that in Inr mind a power akin to merciless hidden forces. the tyrant's heart prompted strange journey." Her dream Charlotte had vanished ; in the room of a That her husband had died for his faith, that her child had memory must remain horror and ; been her kinsfolk fondly-cherished shrinking kidnapped by Royal command, outlawed, the Charlotte of proudest memories was replaced by a figure a3 and home wrccked, were misfortunes ordained of Heaven, beauteous to look at, but hemmed round with awful circum- inevitable outcome of social order. Protestants were tor- stances ; she thought to save France, and to avert further tured, to because the law would have it bloodshed. But Airelle's was unshaken. The banished, put death, " loyalty girl declared that Her crime was love of *1 I^rcam Charlotte." M. Betham-Edwards, (London : Adam stoutly prompted by and Charles Black. 18t6.) country and fellow countrymen." Oct. 17, 1896. THE HOSPITAL NURSING SUPPLEMENT. 27

(Zity of Xonfcon TTlnton 3rif!rman>? Burbett's ?fftctal IFlnrslng Director GOVERNMENT CENSURE ON THE MEDICAL IMPORTANT TO NURSES. OFFICER AND MATRON. In reply to inquiries, we have to state that the schedules of nurses who have not At a meeting of the Guardians of the City of London Union yet returned them will be in on the 13th inst. a communication was read from Mr. time for the first issue of "Burdett's Official Nursing Knollys, the Assistant-Secretary of the Local Government Directory" if sent in at once to the offices (28 & 29, in to the Board, embodying its decision regard report of their Southampton Street, Strand, W.C.). At the same of the official held him inspector (Dr. Downes) inquiry by time, we would point out that a nurse who has taken into the administration of the of the Infirmary City the trouble to revise the schedule sent her, and to bring of London Union, so far as relates to the differ- the particulars up to date, will naturally appear as a ences which have arisen between the medical officer more experienced woman than one who, despite every and the matron, together with the depositions of effort on the of the Editorial Committee, has made the witnesses examined at the inquiry. >The Board part it to the information her have considered the and the impossible bring concerning carefully report evi- " " to date. The is now in a forward state dence, and express their grave dissatisfaction at the dis- up Directory of and and it will be organisation, for which they regard the medical officer as preparation progress, published who are and primarily responsible by reason of his general want of sys- shortly. All nurses, therefore, wise, who tematic procedure in regard to the administration of the realise the importance to themselves of supplying the establishment, and particularly in regard to the lack of dis- medical profession and the public with accurate and cretion, deliberation, and judgment evinced by him in his full particulars concerning their qualifications, wil matron's intervention in the routine duties of the depart- without delay, we are confident, either call at tbe office ment. The Board further their of express disapproval and see the sab-editor or look up and return the and inaccurate manner in which of the the hasty many schedules sent them. statements and charges had been framed by the medica officer. As regards the conduct of the matron, the Board have, as also in the case of the medical officer, made full )?ver\>bofc\>'s ?pinion. allowance for the difficulties occasioned by the exceptional [Correspondence on all subjects is invited, but wo cannot in any way be responsible for the opinions expressed by our correspondents. No circumstances of the infirmary, viz., the transitional state of communication can bo ontertained if tho name and address of the the further of correspondent is not given, or unless 0110 sido of tlxo paper only be nursing arrangements, pending development writton on.] the scheme for their reorganisation. They have also taken into consideration the fact that these difficulties were THREE HUNDRED ORPHANS IN CAGES. augmented by the injudicious conduct of the medical officer,on Mr. Thomas F. Raven, medical officer to St. Mary's which the Board have commented. But in some im- already Orphanage, Broadstaus, writes : Under the amiable heading portant instances the Board fail to find sufficient " " any justifica- of Orphans Caged you insert in your issue of October 3rd tion of the matron's conduct. This is so in the case " especially a communication from a Medical Your of Nurse who was on a Correspondent." Finder, kept continuous for " duty Medical as a period of 24^ hours, and the Board consider the matron's Correspondent" takes upon himself, good many conduct deserving of severe censure. It is obvious that the other people do, the office of censor of the Kilburn Sisterhood. " " administration of the cannot as infirmary be permitted to He poses the protector of the poor infants from tho as it must have done in the suffer, past, in consequence of are to cruelties that practised upon them, and the dangers the relations existing between the medical officer and the which they are exposed the of the Sisters matron, and the Board have had considerable doubt as to .by mismanagement of the Church. His whether, under the circumstances, they would be justified in lofty tone would be deeply impressive if he did not permitting either the medical officer or the matron distort facts, and if his animus had not led him to to continue in office. They have, however, determined wilfully misrepresent the state of things at St. Mary's not to adopt the extreme course of requiring their Orphanage at Broadstairs. His quarrel is with the wire but to allow them both to continue resignations, cubicles, that are in use at St. Mary's. He states that all in office for a limited provided that period, these structures must be unfastened, singly, to allow of the they a distinct that they will in give undertaking of the in the event of fire. This is not the future work in the interest of the institu- escape children amicably together fact a number of them at once a tion, and on the clear that if the friction con- ; large open by very simple understanding mechanical contrivance. Those that do not in this tinues one or both of them must cease to hold office. The open way can be of the Your cor- Board will address a further communication to the Guardians rapidly unfastened by any Sisters. is at to his own on the in regard to the future administration of the infirmary. respondent liberty hold opinion of from fire on the other the Sisters The Board decided to hold a special meeting for the con- question danger ; hand, sideration of the letter next Tuesday, at which the medical of the Church, even he may allow, are entitled to hold theirs. officer and matron will be present. They have, perhaps, given the matter a little more attention than he has, and their opinion is that, in the event of fire, the control that they would be able to exercise overithe. children 2)eatb in ?ur IRanfts, by restraining the effect of panic?such as a confused stampede?would be of much greater importance than the We regret to announce the sudden and death possible loss of a few minutes of time. That is their opinion. unexpected hold it of Miss Ada C. Swiney, the third daughter of the Rev. A. Possibly your correspondent may concede that they Swiney, Bradfield St. Clare Suffolk, from heart honestly, and that they may have given the matter some con- Rectory, what he failure after an attack of at the Leeds Union sideration. I say that lie wilfully misrepresents saw, pneumonia, When Infirmary, on October 9th. Miss Swiney had entered or what he says he saw, at St. Mary's Orphanage. seen wild beasts' which for the three years' course of training as a probationer, and he has in travelling menageries cages contain excellent and comfortable beds and completed her first year in May of this year. bedding, together with necessary utensils and conveniences for the toilet, and when he has seen such cages decorated with Wants anfc Workers. cards, pictures, and ornaments, then and not till then will he be justified in stating that the cubicles at St. Mary's bear " or A use the sick a indeed resemblance at to . serviceable Bath chair is greatly needed for the of and strong resemblence," any all, infirm in a very poor parish. Anybody who has a secondhand one in the cages of a "travelling menagerie." He says that they good St. " condition to give away is asked to write to the Rectory, are euphemistically called cubicles." Where is the or to H. F. 52, St, John's Benedict's, Ardwick, Manchester: Gethen, are Wood Road, London, euphemism? They perfectly airy, wholesome, comfoit- 28 THE HOSPITAL NURSING SUPPLEMENT. Oct. 17, 1896.

able partitions for sleep and rest. Let him consult a shilling dictionary. He indulges in some moral reflections at the Hppcrintment0, " MATRONS. close of his letter at the expense of the good Sisters," as he benevolently calls them. "Is," he asks, "the substitution Tiverton Infirmary and Dispensary.?Miss Mary D. of mechanical restraint for loving personal care worthy of a Stephenson has been appointed Matron at this hospital. community of Christian workers at the end of the nineteenth Miss Stephenson received her training at Charing Cross century?" To which I reply, loving personal care of poor Hospital, where she has since held the position of Sister-in- children is the main objcct and work of the Sisters of the Charge. Church, and it is no more interfered with by the mechanical Bridgend Hospital, Glamorganshire.?Miss Mary has been Matron of this new restraints upon the children which so greatly shock your Barwick appointed hospital. correspondent than it would be by their being tucked up in She received her training at the General Infirmary, Leeds, bed. He asks this question. I will ask another. Is the worked as sister at the Salop Infirmary, and as night super- garbling of facts and the anonymous misrepresentation of a intendent at the Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, and has held of women who devote their lives to the welfare of poor the post of matron at the Kincarrathie Asylum, Perth. Miss body " " and destitute children worthy of a Medical Correspondent Barwick takes many good wishes with her to her new work. at the end or the beginning of the nineteenth or any other Kettering Isolation Hospital.?Miss Mildred Lanyon century ? has been appointed Matron to this institution by the Ketter "Nurse A. B." writes: As a hospital nurse who has ing Urban Council. Miss Lanyon was trained at the London and has worked on the staff of the worked for over a year in the spinal ward of St. Mary's Homoeopathic Hospital, Hanover Institute for I read at first with curiosity and then Nurses. For the last few months she Home, Broadstairs, has been as matron of " acting the a letter headed in The High Wycombe Small-pox indignation Orphans Caged" now closed. " Hospital, of the 3rd inst. In this article Medical Corre- HosriTAL Children's Convalescent Mid- " Home, Gilmerton, spondent sets forth the disadvantages of the cubicles used lothian.?Miss Shortrede has been appointed Matron of as sleeping compartments by the children at St. Mary's this home. She was trained at the Royal Hospital for Sick Home. I should like to mention some of their advantages. Children, Edinburgh, and afterwards gained a three years' certificate from the Victoria Miss To the elder girls they afford a separate bed-room, so that Infirmary, Glasgow. " Shortrede also held the post of Sister at the Victoria they can rise, wash, and dress in privacy. Medical " " for months, and for the two years states : At Broadstairs each cubicle must Infirmary eighteen past Correspondent has acted as Assistant Matron to the New bs opened This is incorrect; of the 300 cubicles in Royal Hospital singly." for Sick Children, Edinburgh. the Home about 30 open as he describes (being the cubicles in the infirmary and some in the babies' dormitory) to enable the Sisters to give individual attention without opening an IRotea anb (SUtertes. unnecessary number of doors, but in the larger dormitories Madeira. the simultaneous opening of the different rows of cubicles (21) Is there any hospital or nursing institute in Madeira where nurses could get employment in the winter season ? Or at any Swiss resort ? is and a Sister at hand in every case. The adopted, sleeps Can you tell me anything of the Hollond Institute at Paris and Nice? orphans' fire brigade is a practical one, the girls answering J.M.L. an call with a that satisfied unexpected promptitude quite There is the Seamen's Hospital at Madeira with eight beds and one the fire In case of fire in a brigade superintendent. large nurse besides the matron, Miss Bulens. We do not know of a nursing institution the of often worse than danger panic is the institute in Madeira, neither have we knowledge of any in Switzerland. actual fire. Thanks to the cubicles, a rush would be im- Such institutions, where they do exist abroad, have no difficulty in finding and the staff of Sisters could release the children nurses when they want them, and the chances of foreign appointments possible, are small in proportion to the numbers of nurses who wish to at their is a "go discretion. Fire possibility, pneumonia would be abroad." The managers of the Hollond Institute are now in " advertising a certainty if the little ones between the ages of three and our columns for nurses. See last week's Nursing Mirror." five were able to out of bed as soon as it is Training. " get daylight. If Medical Correspondent" were an inmate of St. Mary's (22) Can you tell me of any children's hospitals or convalescent homes where are at the of 18 No Home for a he would see that child has a probationers taken age years? premium.? week, every Miss M. H. mother's care and would not that more " suggest "loving You will find a list of hospitals and homes, with the ages at which care was needed. If the are personal orphans "caged" probationers are received, in "How to Become a Nurse" (Scientific at to a night, they suggest fair, impartial spectator, happy Press, 28 & 29, Southampton Street, Strand, London, W.C.) Write to birds rather than animals in a menagerie. Miss Lobb, Uplands, Loughton, Essex, who trains young probationers at " her children's home. [We are afraid the opinion of our and of " correspondent Nursing Abroad. the Sisters of the Church can matter but little to the poor (23) I wish to obtain a post abroad. What steps should I take ?? children in case of who, fire, might be roasted alive in these Nil Desperandum. shameful The cages. defenders of the Sisters of the Church Why do you not read the replies we constantly give to tho question who so love restraint?for one others?have evidently but you ask ? Watch the advertisements in our columns or advertise your- scribe if we the of the self. You will find the names of foreign and institutions given amongst them, may judge by wording " hospitals letters which reach us. It is matter for that in Burdett's Hospitals and Charities," and we can only suggest your regret any to tho matrons for information as to medical man can be found to defend this writing possible openings. systematic caging Colonial Nursing Association. of children when and medical are public opinion unanimously Can tell me about the Colonial against of this kind which have since (24) you anything Nursing Association? practices long disap- I should be glad to know the to make as I from proper quarters application, peared every well-administered institution.?Ed. T. //.] have not seen any news about it in the nursing papers.?M. M. H. We are afraid you do not read your Hospital. If you will refer to the "Nursing Mirror" for July 18th last you will find an account of the fllMnor appointments. Colonial Nursing Association. Mrs. Piggott is the hon. secretary, and the address is Imperial Institute, S.W., but we have been asked by Mrs. Piggott to say that she is overwhelmed with from Sheffield Union Infirmary.?Miss Edith M. Holt has applications nurses, receiving many more than it is possible to answer at present. been of the appointed Nurse-in-Charge maternity ward at Nursing in Shanghai. this infirmary. Miss Holt was trained at the Dei by Royal (25) Are any more nurses wanted for Shanghai? If so, to whom should I ??Trained Nurse. Infirmary, and has also worked at the Bristol Royal Infir- apply Many nurses are asking this question. See reply to similar query in as assistant mary nurse, and at the East End Mothers' Home, this column last week. Stepney. Fever Hospitals in France. me Fever in Royal Albert Edwaed Wigan.?Miss (26) Can you tell the addresses of any Hospitals France, Infirmary, Normandy if possible ? Would English nurses be able to obtain employ- Frances Bruce Butchard and Miss Agnes McCaw have been ment at them??S. D. and C. B. A. You had better write to the Central Administration Offices of appointed Sisters at this hospital. Miss Butchard was the Assistance Publique, the French Hospital Authority, 3, Avenue Victoria, trained at the Royal Infirmary, Dundee, and has since been working in connection with the Torquay Nurses' Institute. Professor Michael Foster's Address. lecture Miss McCaw was trained at the Adelaide Hospital, Dublin, (27) Can you tell me whether the given by Professor Michael Foster at Charing Cross will appear in any medical papers ??Aidyl. and has held the of at the appointment charge-nurse North- You will find an abstract in the British Medical Journal and Lancet of Eastern Fever Hospital, London. last week.