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The Beach Plum: a History and Grower's Guide

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The Beach Plum: a History and Grower's Guide Cape Cod Cooperative Extension Deeds and Probate Building Railroad Avenue Barnstable, MA 02630 The Beach Plum A History and Grower’s Guide Cape Cod Cooperative Extension – Barnstable County, UMass Extension and USDA cooperating. The Beach Plum: A History and Grower’s Guide, was funded in part from a grant from the Massachusetts Department of Food and Agriculture Agro- Environmental Technology Grant Program. Contributions and Acknowledgements Contributing Authors Roberta Clark Extension Educator UMass Extension - Barnstable County Barnstable, MA 02630 David Simser, BCE Simser Pest Management Barnstable, MA 02630 Richard Uva College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Department of Horticulture Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853 Production Cover Photographs – David Simser Manuscript Preparation and Design – Amy Chadburn Special thanks to the following persons for their assistance in providing Information and technical review: William F. Clark Director Cape Cod Cooperative Extension Barnstable, MA Dr. Frank Caruso Extension Cranberry Pathologist Umass Cranberry Experiment Station East Wareham, MA Ron Smolowitz Owner-Operator Coonamessett Farm Hatchville, MA Cape Cod Cooperative Extension offers equal opportunity in programs and employment. Prunus maritima The Beach Plum A History and Grower's Guide Forward The beach plum, Prunus maritima, is native to the sandy North Atlantic coast, from Newfoundland to North Carolina . Most beach plums populations are found from northern Massachusetts to southern New Jersey. The beach plum is an excellent conservation and erosion-control plant that can grow in poor soil. It is also grown as an ornamental. Until recently, Cape Cod was famous for its beach plum jelly. Today, many so-called beach plum jellies and jams contain no beach plums. The recent interest in native plants, dune stabilization and sustainable crops has led to renewed interest in the beach plum. A number of studies of this plant are underway at Cornell University, Rutgers University, the University of Massachusetts Cooperative Extension, the Cape May (NJ) Plant Materials Center of the US Natural Resources Conservation Service, and private nurseries and farms. It is our hope that the beach plum can become an important new crop for growers in the Northeastern U.S. 1 Chapter 1 The Beach Plum History Beach plums were among the first of the New World plants the Colonists saw when they came ashore in the 1600s. According to an early account Henry Hudson reported seeing an abundance of blue plums in 1609 on the banks of the river, that today we know as the Hudson River. The beach plum was described and given the species name Prunus Maritima in 1785 by the plant taxonomist Humphrey Marshall. The beach plum is extremely variable, as the American Agriculturist observed in its November 1872 issue: “The fruit varies in different plants, not only in color and size, but in quality-some specimens being quite pleasant to the taste, and others harsh and acerb.” The publication went on to note that the beach plum was "highly prized by those who live near the shore for making preserves, and it is often seen offered for sale in the markets of seaport towns.” In the 1800’s, several attempts were made to produce beach plum cultivars with outstanding fruiting properties. J. Milton Batchelor, who worked for the Hill Culture Division of the Soil Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, scouted the east coast for high quality varieties to bring into production. Further selections were made after World War II by members of the Cape Cod Beach Plum Growers Association. This group selected and named several cultivars, including 'Eastham', 'Cotuit’, and 'Wheeler Sensation #6’ (7). As far as we know, these selections have been lost. In the 1940’s, there was a resurgence of interest in the economic development of the beach plum, according to horticulturist George Graves of Martha's vineyard, Mr. Graves, writing in National Horticultural Magazine in 1944, said enough was known about the plant to "warrant planting Prunus maritima on a considerable scale, and for itself alone, since its fruit flavor is unmatched by that of any other fruit known to the jellymaker or fruit preserver." At this time, the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University and the University of Massachusetts began work to develop the beach plum in the hope that this would lead to the development of a small fruit industry on Cape Cod. Cultivars were selected, diseases and pests of the plant were documented, and propagation and cultural methods were developed. On Cape Cod there was a great deal of interest in the beach plum - in growing it, improving its yield and harvesting its fruit. In 1841, 15,000 bushels of beach plums were harvested in Barnstable, Dukes and Nantucket counties (2). Bertram Tomlinson, the Barnstable (Cape Cod) County agricultural agent, reported in 1948 that the making and selling of beach plum jams and jellies was a sizable commercial activity based mostly on Cape Cod. "Much of the Beach Plum jelly is made by thrifty housewives, who discovered that a tidy sum could be realized by selling direct to consumers at modest road stands, “ he wrote, "but a few commercial concerns have also found jelly to be profitable, and their products are distributed throughout the country." In 1949 James R. Jewett, a professor emeritus of Arabic at Harvard University and a long-time summer resident of Cape Cod, gave the Arnold Arboretum $5000 to establish a fund to develop beach plums or other native fruit-bearing trees or shrubs. Because the beach plum was closest to Dr. Jewett's heart, the Arboretum established two prizes with the income from his grant. The prizes, one for $100 and the other for $50, would be awarded annually to the two individuals who had done the most to exploit the beach plum. The first awards, presented in 1941 went to Cape Cod residents, a Mrs. Wilfred C. White of Vineyard Haven, and a Mrs. Ina S. Snow of Truro. 2 That same year, Mrs. White, who had conducted experimental beach plum plantings, successfully petitioned the Massachusetts Legislature for funds for beach plum research to be conducted by the state Agricultural Experiment Station. The Legislature allocated $500, which was used to start several projects that involved studying the propagation, pest control and general culture of the beach plum. There was still much to learn. As Tomlinson pointed out, the beach plum was "still the wild, native fruit it was when first discovered over four centuries ago." One of the greatest frustrations of growing beach plums as a commercial plant was its unpredictable yield. "Heavy crops of plums may be three or more years apart, and up to the present time, no one has a satisfactory explanation for this situation," Tomlinson writes in a 1948 issue of Horticulture Magazine. Another challenge was to learn more about the plum gouger to better control this pest. Most of the test plots for the state-funded research project were located in East Sandwich at a farm owned by William Foster, who had already “done considerable work as a pioneer grower” according to Tomlinson. Tomlinson and Graves were founding member of the Cape Cod Beach Plum Growers' Association, a group that formed officially on November 17,1948. On that day, fifty beach-plum fans gathered at the Brewster Town Hall to adopt a constitution and elect officers. They voted on a life membership fee of $1, and the topics that most interested them: "pruning, spraying and otherwise caring for existing bushes; learning improved methods; studying modern methods of propagation and planting; and seeking the best methods of protection from inferior and adulterated beach plum jellies and jams”. The Cape Cod group held a contest for school children to design a logo for "Pure Beach Plum Products," The Association reports in its BuIIetin #10 of 1958.' "Outstanding designs were received, and prizes were awarded for the best ones which were incorporated into a design." The Massachusetts Department of Agriculture authorized the Association's seal of guaranteed quality to be used for identifying Fancy Grade Pure Beach Plum products. The Association started a Registry of Beach Plum Varieties to help continue with the development and propagation of the best-yielding plants. The group proposed, in its Bulletin #10, setting up test plots of the best varieties of beach plums. The members even included in this Bulletin a recipe for beach plum jelly. But for reasons that history does not record, Bulletin #10. is the last known written record of the Cape Cod Beach Plum Growers' Association. 3 Chapter 2 Plant Growth and Development The beach plum is still largely a wild unexploited plant. As with any wild plant grown from seed, its vigor, growth habit and size, and the size and quality of its fruit varies. The beach plum grows in a tree-like form or as a low, bushy spreading plant that can reach widths of 10 to 15 feet. As a bush, the beach plum can grow to a height of 10 feet. It can have recumbent branches and often sends up many vertical shoots from the roots. The tree types may grow singly or in thickets. The root system of the beach plum is mainly composed of several coarse lateral roots with few fibrous roots. The lateral roots may extend some distance from the main trunk. The plant usually has a large tap root that extends deeply into the soil (2). Leaves are alternate, simple, ovate to obovate, 1 inch to an inch and a half long, serrate, dull green above, and lightly pubescent or glabrous beneath. In mid May before the leaves sprout, white flowers about three-quarters of an inch in diameter appear in clusters of two to five. The edible fruit, which ripens from late August through September (8, 4), ranges in size from a half an inch to an inch in diameter.
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