December 2011 Susquehanna Publication 279 River Basin Anthracite Region Commission Mine Drainage Remediation Strategy About this Report he largest source of Anthracite Coal in light of current funding limitations. Twithin the United States is found However, opportunities exist in the This technical report, Anthracite in the four distinct Anthracite Coal Anthracite Coal Region that could Region Mine Drainage Fields of northeastern Pennsylvania. encourage and assist in the restoration The four fields – Northern, Eastern- of its lands and waters. Remediation Strategy, includes: Middle, Western-Middle, and Southern – lie mostly in the Susquehanna River For example, the numerous underground introduction to the region’s Basin; the remaining portions are in the mine pools of the Anthracite Region hold geology & mining history; Delaware River Basin. The Susquehanna vast quantities of water that could be mining techniques and watershed portion covers nearly 517 utilized by industry or for augmenting square miles (Figure 1). streamflows during times of drought. impacts; In addition, the large flow discharges strategy methodology; The sheer size of these four Anthracite indicative of the Anthracite Region also discussion of data findings; Coal Fields made this portion of hold hydroelectric development potential Pennsylvania one of the most important that can offset energy needs and, at the basin-scale restoration plan; resource extraction regions in the United same time, assist in the treatment of the and States and helped spur the nation’s utilized AMD discharge. recommendations. Industrial Revolution. Anthracite Coal became the premier fuel source of To help address the environmental nineteenth and early twentieth century impacts while promoting the resource America and heated most homes and development potential of the Anthracite businesses. Coal Region, the Susquehanna River Basin Commission (SRBC) determined The Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania, there would be significant benefits to however, bears the legacy of past developing a remediation strategy for this unregulated mining. With almost AMD-impaired region. SRBC initiated 534 miles of waterways impaired by a review and analysis of water quality abandoned mine drainage (AMD), it is impacts and prepared the remediation the second most AMD-impaired region strategy to be used as a guide to help of the Susquehanna River Basin. Only resource agencies and organizations the Bituminous Coal Region in the West achieve comprehensive, region-wide Branch Susquehanna River Subbasin environmental results over the long term. contains more AMD-impaired stream miles. From the outset of this project, SRBC stated its intention not to duplicate the These mining impacts degrade the efforts of other agencies and organizations environment and limit the use of the where problem-identification and SRBC Contact: Tom Clark waters of the Susquehanna River Basin problem-prioritization initiatives Mine Drainage Program Coordinator as a resource. These losses are not just were already underway or completed. E-mail: [email protected] limited to biology, habitat, and recreation, Instead, the purpose of this strategy is Susquehanna River Basin Commission but affect human health, quality of life, to help identify overlapping goals and 1721 N. Front St. and the region’s socioeconomic status opportunities, and to offer alternatives for Harrisburg, PA 17102 as well. remediation efforts through conceptual Phone: (717) 238-0423 treatment plant suggestions. Fax: (717) 238-2436 The long-term goal of fully restoring Website: www.srbc.net the Anthracite Coal Region of the Sterling Slope Pump Discharge in the Susquehanna basin is an extremely Shamokin Creek Watershed. challenging and ambitious one, especially Detailed mine maps of the abandoned underground mines and cross-sections through vertical shafts and nearly horizontal tunnels have added to the understanding of the structure and stratigraphy of the Anthracite Coal Fields; however, most stratigraphic efforts have been directed toward coal seam delineation (Hornberger et al., 2004). A current mine pool mapping initiative by the Eastern Pennsylvania Coalition for Abandoned Mine Reclamation (EPCAMR) may better characterize Anthracite Coal Region stratigraphy. Details of the mapping effort are described later in this strategy Pennsylvanian-age rocks, formed around 300 million years ago, contain all the coal seams of the Anthracite Coal Region of Pennsylvania. They are divided into two major formations: the Pottsville and the Llewellyn. The Pottsville Formation ranges in thickness from a maximum of about 1,600 feet (490 meters) in the Southern Coal Field to less than 100 feet (30 meters) in the Northern Coal Field (Hornberger et al., 2004). The Pottsville Formation contains up to 14 coal beds in some areas, but most are relatively discontinuous and only a few persist outside of the Southern Coal Field (Edmunds et al., 1999). The base of the Buck Mountain Coal Seam Figure 1. Anthracite Coal Region is considered the top of the Pottsville Formation in the Anthracite Coal Fields of eastern Pennsylvania. Geology Pennsylvania’s Anthracite Region – in some areas of the Anthracite Coal The Llewellyn Formation, overlying comprised of four distinct coal fields – is Fields have impeded the acquisition of the Pottsville Formation, is as much located in the Valley and Ridge Province stratigraphic data from routine exploration as 3,500 feet thick (Hornberger et al., of the Appalachian Mountains in eastern drilling. According to Wood et al. (1986), 2004). The maximum known thickness Pennsylvania. The four Anthracite “Each coal field of the Anthracite Coal of the Pennsylvanian in Pennsylvania Coal Fields are preserved in synclinal Region is a complexly folded and faulted is approximately 4,400 feet near the basins that are essentially surrounded synclinorium, with structural trends town of Llewellyn in Schuylkill County by sandstone ridges (Hornberger et al., between N55°E and N85°E. The Southern (Edmunds et al., 1999). The Llewellyn 2004). Coal Field is the most highly deformed, Formation contains up to 40 mineable with several highly faulted, closely coals (Edmunds et al., 1999). The thickest Given the complexity of its geologic spaced synclinal basins. Deformation and most persistent coals occur in the structure, the stratigraphy of the is most complex toward the southeast, lower part of the Llewellyn Formation, Anthracite Coal Region has not been where it is characterized by hundreds of particularly the Mammoth Coal Zone. studied as extensively as Pennsylvania’s thrust, reverse, tear and bedding plane The Mammoth Coal Zone typically Bituminous Coal Region. The nearly faults and tightly compressed, commonly contains 20 feet of coal, and thicknesses vertical beds of coal and other rocks overturned folds.” of 40 feet to 60 feet are not unusual. A 2 local thickness of greater than 125 feet was completed in 1842, the Anthracite MINING TECHNIQUES & IMPACTS has been reported in the Western-Middle Coal industry became one of the giant Field. This was attributed to structural economic industries in the United States, Anthracite coal mining involves deep thickening in the trough of the syncline with most of the major coal companies mining, surface mining, and mining of (Hornberger et al., 2004). Interestingly, being formed between 1825 and 1875 surface coal refuse or culm banks. the nomenclature and stratigraphy of (Sanders and Thomas, Inc., 1975). the coal bearing rocks of the Llewellyn Anthracite surface mining is normally Formation in the Northern Coal Field Mining reached a peak in 1917 when conducted on hillsides. A trough or box- are different than in the Southern and 100.4 million tons were processed by like cut is made to expose the coal seam. Middle Coal Fields. For example, the nearly 181,000 miners. A general strike Parallel cuts are made and the spoil from lowest extent of coal in the Llewellyn by anthracite workers in 1926 crippled each cut is deposited on the cut previously Formation is called the Buck Mountain the industry through loss of markets completed. The final cut leaves an open in the Southern and Middle Coal Fields, resulting in a gradual decline of coal trench bounded on one side by deposited while that same seam is called the Red production, including the abandonment spoil material and on the other by an Ash in the Northern Coal Field (Edmonds, of many collieries (Berger Associates, undisturbed highwall (Berger Associates, 2002). 1972). 1972). Mining History Anthracite production saw another For deep mining, each mine has its As far back as 1755, Anthracite Coal was growth period, which peaked during own system of shafts, slopes, and rock being used to a limited extent as a fuel in World War II when about 60 million tunnels connecting the veins being homes (Sanders and Thomas, Inc., 1975). tons per year were mined (Growitz mined (Gannett Fleming Corddry and It was not until 1808 that the real potential et al., 1985). After World War II, Carpenter, Inc., 1972). Surface water of Anthracite Coal was demonstrated production declined significantly due and groundwater flowing into the levels when Judge Jesse Fell of Wilkes-Barre to: (1) competition from cheaper and being worked had to be pumped in stages discovered that Anthracite Coal could be cleaner fuels; (2) labor disputes that from the deepest levels. The costs of burned with a forced draught on a grate disrupted supplies at critical times; (3) mining and mine dewatering increased of his own invention (Berger Associates, labor-intensive mining methods (cost of as mining progressed to yet deeper 1972). Limited commercial production water pumping); (4) depletion of more levels. Eventually, some mine operators began in the 1700s, but it was not until the accessible coal beds; and (5) liability decided to discontinue for a number of period from 1825 to 1835 that Anthracite for water treatment and environmental reasons, including increased costs and Coal mining became an economically concerns. In 1976, only six million tons the depressed market for coal. This important industry. By 1828, railroad were removed from Anthracite Coal eventually led to most of the underground construction began and quickly spread mines.