Peace Keeping Forces Today and Tomorrow

ALFRED C. LUGERT (Ed.)

2005 October Vienna,

Peace Keeping Forces

Today and Tomorrow

Proceedings of the Blue Helmet Forum Austria 2005

held in the Rothschild Castle in Reichenau, Lower

Austria from 30 May – 01 June 2005

2005 June 01 – May 30 from Austria

Lower Reichenau, in Castle Rothschild the in held

2005 Austria Forum Helmet Blue the of Proceedings

Tomorrow and Today

Forces Keeping Peace

Vienna, October 2005 ALFRED C. LUGERT (Ed.) (Ed.) LUGERT C. ALFRED

3 3

Peace Keeping Forces Today and Tomorrow

Content

Introduction by the Editor, 7

Colonel Alfred C. LUGERT, Austrian Armed

Forces Reserve Congo of Republic

Democratic MONUC, of Division Eastern

Welcome Address to the ‘Blue Helmet Forum 25 Commanding Officer General Marines, Dutch

Austria’ 2005, Royal CAMMAERT, C. Patrick General Major , ,

Austrian Federal Minister of Defense, Günther Peacekeeping in Ongoing UN Operations and New Challenges Challenges New and Operations UN Ongoing

PLATTER 49

Welcome Speech by the President of the Blue 27 Academy Defense Austrian

Helmet Forum, Researcher, Senior SCHMIDL, A. Erwin Prof. 31 , ,

General Günther G. GREINDL, Austrian Armed Presentation Opening

Forces, (Ret).

(Ret). Forces, EINDL, Austrian Armed Armed Austrian EINDL,

Opening Presentation, 31 GR G. Günther General , ,

Prof. Erwin A. SCHMIDL, Senior Researcher, Forum Helmet Welcome Speech by the President of the Blue Blue the of President the by Speech Welcome

Austrian Defense Academy 27

Ongoing UN Operations and New Challenges 49 PLATTER

in Peacekeeping, Günther Defense, of Minister Federal Austrian , ,

Major General Patrick C. CAMMAERT, Royal 2005 Austria’ Welcome Address to the ‘Blue Helmet Forum Forum Helmet ‘Blue the to Address Welcome

Dutch Marines, General Officer Commanding 25

Eastern Division of MONUC, Democratic

Republic of Congo Reserve Forces

Armed Austrian LUGERT, C. Alfred Colonel Introduction by the Editor, Editor, the by Introduction 7

Content Content

Today and Tomorrow Tomorrow and Today Forces Keeping Peace

4 4

The Changing Face of United Nations 61 Peacekeeping,

IGAD HQ DJIBUTI DJIBUTI HQ IGAD Colonel Colm DOYLE, Irish Armed Forces, UN

Colonel Peter MARWA, Kenyan Army (Ret.) (Ret.) Army Kenyan MARWA, Peter Colonel Department of Peace Keeping Operations , ,

Capacities Does it Require it Does Capacities Eastern Africa Standby Brigade, What What Brigade, Standby Africa Eastern

117 United Nations, Civil Society and Peace 73

Soldiering,

Division, European Union Military Staff Staff Military Union European Division, Ms. Nasra HASSAN, Director United Nations

Army, Assistant Chief of Staff Policy and Plans Plans and Policy Staff of Chief Assistant Army, Information Service, UN Vienna

Brigadier General Ian ABBOTT, OBE, British British OBE, ABBOTT, Ian General Brigadier , , Model Union

Regional Capacity Building - the European European the - Building Capacity Regional Future Military Peacekeepers: Warriors and 77

Peacekeeping Forces Today and Tomorrow, Tomorrow, and Today Forces Peacekeeping 95 Sheriffs, Fighters and Constables?, General Roland ERTL, Chief of General Staff,

Austrian Armed Forces

Forces, (Ret). (Ret). Forces, EINDL, Austrian Armed Armed Austrian EINDL, GR G. Günther General

Future Developments, Developments, Future The Multinational Stand-by High Readiness 83

Operations (SHIRBRIG). Concept and and Concept (SHIRBRIG). Operations Brigade for United Nations Peacekeeping

Brigade for United Nations Peacekeeping Peacekeeping Nations United for Brigade Operations (SHIRBRIG). Concept and

The Multinational Stand-by High Readiness Readiness High Stand-by Multinational The 83 Future Developments, General Günther G. GREINDL, Austrian Armed

Forces, (Ret).

Austrian Armed Forces Forces Armed Austrian General Roland ERTL, Chie ERTL, Roland General f of General Staff, Staff, General of f

Sheriffs, Fighters and Constables?, Constables?, and Fighters Sheriffs, Peacekeeping Forces Today and Tomorrow, 95

Future Military Peacekeepers: Warriors and and Warriors Peacekeepers: Military Future 77 Regional Capacity Building - the European Union Model,

Brigadier General Ian ABBOTT, OBE, British

Information Service, UN Vienna Vienna UN Service, Information Army, Assistant Chief of Staff Policy and Plans

Ms. Nasra HASSAN, Director United Nations Nations United Director HASSAN, Nasra Ms. Division, European Union Military Staff , ,

Soldiering United Nations, Civil Society and Peace Peace and Society Civil Nations, United

73 Eastern Africa Standby Brigade, What 117

Capacities Does it Require,

Department of Peace Keeping Operations Operations Keeping Peace of Department Colonel Peter MARWA, Kenyan Army (Ret.)

Colonel Colm DOYLE, Irish Armed Forces, UN UN Forces, Armed Irish DOYLE, Colm Colonel IGAD HQ DJIBUTI Peacekeeping , ,

The Changing Face Face Changing The of United Nations Nations United of 61

5 5

Transformation of Armed Forces to meet the 131

new challenges of Peace Support Operations. Case study Denmark,

Brigadier General Bjarne HESSELBERG,

Royal Danish Army, (Ret). Forces Armed Nigerian

ABDURRAHMAN, Suraj General Major Perspective from Nigeria, Nigeria, from Perspective

173 Principles of the Austrian Security and 155 A Africa. in Operations Support Peace Defense Policy and Current Results for the

Structure of the Armed Forces,

Captain Rudolf LOGOTHETTI, Austrian Policy Security for General Directorate puty Director of the the of Director puty

Armed Forces Reserve, Senior Researcher, De Forces, Armed Austrian

Directorate General for Security Policy, MOD GUSTENAU, Gustav General Brigadier , ,

Operations the Concept for Future International International Future for Concept the

Dinner Speech: Austria’s Security Policy and and Policy Security Austria’s Speech: Dinner Peacekeeping Forces Today and Tomorrow - 163 171 Troop Contribution, Ambitions and

Limitations,

Major General Günter HÖFLER, Austrian Command Operations International

Armed Forces, Commander Austrian Austrian Commander Forces, Armed

International Operations Command Austrian HÖFLER, Günter General Major , ,

Limitations Troop Contribution, Ambitions and and Ambitions Contribution, Troop

Peacekeeping Forces Today and Tomorrow - - Tomorrow and Today Forces Peacekeeping Dinner Speech: Austria’s Security Policy and 171 163 the Concept for Future International

Operations,

Brigadier General Gustav GUSTENAU, MOD Policy, Security for General Directorate

Austrian Armed Forces, Deputy Director of the Researcher, Senior Reserve, Forces Armed

Directorate General for Security Policy Austrian LOGOTHETTI, Rudolf Captain

Forces, Armed the of Structure Defense Policy and Current Results for the the for Results Current and Policy Defense

Principles of the Austrian Security and and Security Austrian the of Principles Peace Support Operations in Africa. A 173 155 Perspective from Nigeria,

Major General Suraj ABDURRAHMAN,

Nigerian Armed Forces (Ret). Army, Danish Royal

HESSELBERG, Bjarne General Brigadier

, ,

Denmark study Case

Operations. Support Peace of challenges new

Transformation of Armed Forces to meet the the meet to Forces Armed of Transformation 131

6 6

Mission experience, the Practical Aspects of 189 Peace Soldiering: The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), Brigadier General Karl-Alexander WOHLGEMUTH, Austrian Armed Forces, Military Advisor to the SRSG and Head of Military Component, United Nations Assistance Mission Afghanistan

Closing Remarks, 203 General Günther G. GREINDL, Austrian Armed Forces, Ret.

Acknowledgment 207

2005’ 2005’ Program of the ‘Blue Helmet Forum Austria 209

Program of the ‘Blue Helmet Forum Austria Austria Forum Helmet ‘Blue the of Program 209 2005’

Acknowledgment 207 Acknowledgment

Forces, Ret. Ret. Forces,

General Günther G. GR G. Günther General EINDL, Austrian Armed Armed Austrian EINDL,

203 , , Remarks Closing

Mission Afghanistan Afghanistan Mission

Military Component, United Nations Assistance Assistance Nations United Component, Military

Military Advisor to the SRSG and Head of of Head and SRSG the to Advisor Military

WOHLGEMUTH, Austrian Armed Forces, Forces, Armed Austrian WOHLGEMUTH,

Brigadier General Karl-Alexander Karl-Alexander General Brigadier

(UNAMA), (UNAMA),

Assistance Mission Mission Assistance in Afghanistan Afghanistan in

Peace Soldiering: The United Nations Nations United The Soldiering: Peace

Mission experience, the Practical Aspects of of Aspects Practical the experience, Mission 189

7 7

Introduction by the Editor

were operations’ support ‘peace or operations’ ‘peace

gates for ‚peace missions‘, missions‘, ‚peace for gates

Colonel Alfred C. LUGERT, Austrian Armed Forces new War‘ ‚Cold the of end

Reserve the after but accepted, widely been has Nations United

the of role paramount the general In modes. changing

in performed and interpreted been has but new, nothing

Under the general topic of ‚Peace Soldiering‘, the is intensity conflict and size various of regions crisis for

Austrian Blue Helmet Association in cooperation with solutions peaceful achieve to efforts political the in assist

the Directorate General for Security Policy of the to forces military mandated internationally of use The

Austrian Federal Ministry of Defense, with the Austrian

National Defense Academy, with the Austrian Soldiering‘.

International Operations Command and with the media ‚Peace future and present-day of aspects military the with

cooperation of the Austrian daily newspaper ‚Die dealing 2005, Austria Forum Helmet Blue the at held

Presse‘, has organized a Blue Helmet Forum Austria - planning and situation present the of knowledge hand

2005: ‚Peace Keeping Forces Today and Tomorrow‘, first with - experts civilian and military ranking high

presentations of selected selected of presentations held at the end of May 2005 at Schloss Rothschild in the contains publication This

Reichenau south of Vienna.

Vienna. of south Reichenau

This publication contains the presentations of selected in Rothschild Schloss at 2005 May of end the at held

high ranking military and civilian experts - with first Tomorrow‘, and Today Forces Keeping ‚Peace 2005:

Blue Helmet Forum Austria Austria Forum Helmet Blue hand knowledge of the present situation and planning - a organized has Presse‘,

held at the Blue Helmet Forum Austria 2005, dealing ‚Die newspaper daily Austrian the of cooperation

with the military aspects of present-day and future ‚Peace media the with and Command Operations International

Soldiering‘. Austrian the with Academy, Defense National

Defense, with the Austrian Austrian the with Defense,

of Ministry Federal Austrian

The use of internationally mandated military forces to the of Policy Security for General Directorate the

ation in cooperation with with cooperation in ation assist in the political efforts to achieve peaceful solutions Associ Helmet Blue Austrian

for crisis regions of various size and conflict intensity is the Soldiering‘, ‚Peace of topic general the Under

nothing new, but has been interpreted and performed in

changing modes. In general the paramount role of the

United Nations has been widely accepted, but after the Reserve

end of the ‚Cold War‘ new gates for ‚peace missions‘, Forces Armed Austrian LUGERT, C. Alfred Colonel

‘peace operations’ or ‘peace support operations’ were Introduction by the Editor Editor the by Introduction

8 8

opened for other organizations and individual countries keeping operations’ may be given a starting date already in in already date starting a given be may operations’ keeping

In more recent times – historically speaking - ‘peace ‘peace - speaking historically – times recent more In (esp. the United States) sometimes without the global -

the New Century, Lanham 1998, p. 2 ff. ff. 2 p. 1998, Lanham Century, New the and also without the regional/local - consent. The United DOYLE, Michael W., (Ed.) Peacemaking and Peacemaking for for Peacemaking and Peacemaking (Ed.) W., Michael DOYLE, Nations tried to encompass the various needs to achieve

Potential of Peacekeeping, in: OTUNNO, Olara A., and and A., Olara OTUNNO, in: Peacekeeping, of Potential and to keep peace1, but some nations found it to be easier see: DOYLE, Michael W., Discovering the Limits and and Limits the Discovering W., Michael DOYLE, see:

to operate under different auspices in order to achieve the

aspired results. Some missions are operating under a lead

: The military peace forces must meet standard standard meet must forces peace military The : in history in

2 nation without a UN mandate, many missions are ldiering‘ have not changed changed not have ldiering‘

The very basics for ‚Peace So ‚Peace for basics very The mandated by the UN but conducted under another

international organization like NATO, and a large

are manifold. manifold. are number of missions are direct UN operations. Recently,

world of conflict. The military instruments to achieve it it achieve to instruments military The conflict. of world an unprecedented surge in peacekeeping operations under

military operations is (or should be) to keep peace in a a in peace keep to be) should (or is operations military UN command can be seen, bringing the UN back as the

media. In general: The overall purpose of all these these all of purpose overall The general: In media. main organization in the ‘service of peace’ for the world.

called ‘peacekeepers’, especially in the international international the in especially ‘peacekeepers’, called

operations’ - even with mandates to enforce peace - are are - peace enforce to mandates with even - operations’ To encompass the whole range of international military

peace keeping (in general)’ are used. Soldiers in ‘peace ‘peace in Soldiers used. are general)’ (in keeping peace missions to maintain a peaceful world, the terms ‘peace rations’, but also ‘(wider) ‘(wider) also but rations’,

operations’, ‘peace support ope support ‘peace operations’, operations’, ‘peace support operations’, but also ‘(wider)

missions to maintain a peaceful world, the terms ‘peace ‘peace terms the world, peaceful a maintain to missions peace keeping (in general)’ are used. Soldiers in ‘peace

To encompass the whole range of international military military international of range whole the encompass To operations’ - even with mandates to enforce peace - are

called ‘peacekeepers’, especially in the international

main organization in the ‘service of peace’ for the world. world. the for peace’ of ‘service the in organization main media. In general: The overall purpose of all these

UN command can be seen, bringing the UN back as the the as back UN the bringing seen, be can command UN military operations is (or should be) to keep peace in a

an unprecedented surge in peacekeeping operations under under operations peacekeeping in surge unprecedented an world of conflict. The military instruments to achieve it

number of missions are direct UN operations. Recently, Recently, operations. UN direct are missions of number are manifold.

international organization like NATO, and a large large a and NATO, like organization international

mandated by the UN but conducted under another another under conducted but UN the by mandated The very basics for ‚Peace Soldiering‘ have not changed te, many missions are are missions many te,

nation without a UN manda UN a without nation in history2: The military peace forces must meet standard aspired results. Some missions are operating under a lead lead a under operating are missions Some results. aspired to operate under different auspices in order to achieve the the achieve to order in auspices different under operate to

1 see: DOYLE, Michael W., Discovering the Limits and , but some nations found it to be easier easier be to it found nations some but , and to keep peace keep to and

1 Potential of Peacekeeping, in: OTUNNO, Olara A., and

Nations tried to encompass the various needs to achieve achieve to needs various the encompass to tried Nations DOYLE, Michael W., (Ed.) Peacemaking and Peacemaking for and also without the regional/local - consent. The United United The consent. - regional/local the without also and the New Century, Lanham 1998, p. 2 ff.

2 (esp. the United States) sometimes without the global - - global the without sometimes States) United the (esp. In more recent times – historically speaking - ‘peace

keeping operations’ may be given a starting date already in opened for other organizations other for opened and individual countries countries individual and

9 9

military specifications which include of course the ability Publication 1990, p. 16-17 16-17 p. 1990, Publication

to fight, but at the same time the military peace forces UN Helmets” Blue “The Nations, United observers.” military

should be able to use all other military and civil-military the assist to Headquarters, at force security Secretariat’s

guards, recruited from the the from recruited guards, cooperation potentials, skills and activities within the 51 available made General

wide system of conflict prevention, mediation, Secretary- The operators. radio and pilots aircraft as such The United States supplied 10 auxiliary technical personnel personnel technical auxiliary 10 supplied States United The

confidence building measures, and post-conflict peace .... Sweden, .... from coming officers staff senior five further

a with States), United the and France (Belgium, Commission

the 19th century. Later, just after World War I, peace Truce the of members States the from each observers

keeping operations were used e.g. assisting in re-drawing of 21 ..... UNTSO become would what of basis the formed

s: “ ... Resolution 50 (1948) (1948) 50 Resolution ... “ s:

some European frontiers right after the war in 1919/1920, report 1990 UN Helmets” Blue

followed by a series of different types of peace missions until “The publication Nations United the that added, be should It

the foundation of the United Nations.

153 p. 1990, York New Studies,

The first United Nations Mission is dated with 29 May 1948. Strategic for Institute International Politics, International

In order to assist in a truce in the Arab-Israeli dispute over in Peacekeeping Alan, JAMES, 1956.” until peacekeepers

Palestine the United Nations Security Council called upon the UN by used being not beret blue distinctive the

parties to permit its supervision by the UN: “At the uniforms, national their on armbands UN wearing by status

insistence of the United States, and with a view to excluding temporary their identified They well. fairly work to truce

the Soviet Union from the scene, Military Observers were first the helped persuading, and investigating, observing, by

sought only from Belgium, France and herself...... About and, scene the to moved quickly were officers unarmed 100

100 unarmed officers were quickly moved to the scene and, About ..... herself. and France Belgium, from only sought

by observing, investigating, and persuading, helped the first were Observers Military scene, the from Union Soviet the

truce to work fairly well. They identified their temporary excluding to view a with and States, United the of insistence

status by wearing UN armbands on their national uniforms, the “At UN: the by supervision its permit to parties

the distinctive blue beret not being used by UN the upon called Council Security Nations United the Palestine

peacekeepers until 1956.” JAMES, Alan, Peacekeeping in over dispute Arab-Israeli the in truce a in assist to order In

International Politics, International Institute for Strategic 1948. May 29 with dated is Mission Nations United first The

Studies, New York 1990, p. 153

Nations. United the of foundation the

It should be added, that the United Nations publication “The until missions peace of types different of series a by followed

Blue Helmets” UN 1990 reports: “ ... Resolution 50 (1948) 1919/1920, in war the after right frontiers European some

formed the basis of what would become UNTSO ..... 21 of re-drawing in assisting e.g. used were operations keeping

century. Later, just after World War I, peace peace I, War World after just Later, century. 19 the observers each from the States members of the Truce th

Commission (Belgium, France and the United States), with a

es, and post-conflict peace peace post-conflict and es, further five senior staff officers coming from .... Sweden, .... measur building confidence

The United States supplied 10 auxiliary technical personnel

such as aircraft pilots and radio operators. The Secretary- mediation, prevention, conflict of system wide

and activities within the the within activities and

General made available 51 guards, recruited from the skills potentials, cooperation

other military and civil-military civil-military and military other

Secretariat’s security force at Headquarters, to assist the all use to able be should military observers.” United Nations, “The Blue Helmets” UN forces peace military the time same the at but fight, to

Publication 1990, p. 16-17 military specifications which include of course the ability ability the course of include which specifications military

building. To achieve and maintain peace is one of the ff. ff.

Dynamics of Conflict Resolution, San Francisco 2000, p. 222 222 p. 2000, Francisco San Resolution, Conflict of Dynamics foremost national and international tasks. A historic

social conflict resolution. See: MAYER, Bernard, The The Bernard, MAYER, See: resolution. conflict social sequence of peace operations in terms of ‘first, second applies to military conflict resolution as well as to general general to as well as resolution conflict military to applies and third generation‘ is not verified in reality. Each time,

local military and civilian leaders on all levels. This principle principle This levels. all on leaders civilian and military local and each peace mission has - and will have in the future – have to be applied in dealing with the various regional and and regional various the with dealing in applied be to have

missions, where an effective continuum of parallel tasks tasks parallel of continuum effective an where missions, to include different instruments to respond to various

The same goes for the day-to-day operation in peace peace in operation day-to-day the for goes same The

3 challenges in peacekeeping “where the borderline

between war and a peacekeeping operation is not always obvious” (as Major General Patrick C. Cammaert pointed out in his presentation), a parallel and not only a

and Limitations, and on ‚Mission Experience, the the Experience, ‚Mission on and Limitations, and sequential operation according to the UN Chapter VI and

‚Capacity Building‘, on ‚Troop Contribution, Ambitions Ambitions Contribution, ‚Troop on Building‘, ‚Capacity Chapter VII might well be necessary.3 Present-day UN

topics: ‚Force Requirements Today and Tomorrow, on on Tomorrow, and Today Requirements ‚Force topics: Peace Keeping Missions like the UN Mission in the

the Blue Helmet Forum Austria 2005 focused on the the on focused 2005 Austria Forum Helmet Blue the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) are an

Following an Opening Presentation, the four sessions of of sessions four the Presentation, Opening an Following example of the dual ‚use‘ of the two UN Chapters in real

‚peace soldiering‘.

The Four Sessions of the Forum Forum the of Sessions Four The

The Four Sessions of the Forum

‚peace soldiering‘. soldiering‘. ‚peace

example of the dual ‚use‘ of the two UN Chapters in real real in Chapters UN two the of ‚use‘ dual the of example Following an Opening Presentation, the four sessions of

Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) are an an are (MONUC) Congo of Republic Democratic the Blue Helmet Forum Austria 2005 focused on the

Peace Keeping Missions like the UN Mission in the the in Mission UN the like Missions Keeping Peace topics: ‚Force Requirements Today and Tomorrow, on

Present-day UN UN Present-day Chapter VII might well be necessary. be well might VII Chapter 3 ‚Capacity Building‘, on ‚Troop Contribution, Ambitions

sequential operation according to the UN Chapter VI and and VI Chapter UN the to according operation sequential and Limitations, and on ‚Mission Experience, the out in his presentation), a parallel and not only a a only not and parallel a presentation), his in out

obvious” (as Major General Pa General Major (as obvious” trick C. Cammaert pointed pointed Cammaert C. trick

between war and a peacekeeping operation is not always always not is operation peacekeeping a and war between

challenges in peacekeeping “where the borderline borderline the “where peacekeeping in challenges 3 The same goes for the day-to-day operation in peace to include different instruments to respond to various various to respond to instruments different include to missions, where an effective continuum of parallel tasks

have to be applied in dealing with the various regional and

and each peace mission has - and will have in the future – – future the in have will and - has mission peace each and local military and civilian leaders on all levels. This principle

and third generation‘ is not verified in reality. Each time, time, Each reality. in verified not is generation‘ third and applies to military conflict resolution as well as to general

sequence of peace operations operations peace of sequence in terms of ‘first, second second ‘first, of terms in social conflict resolution. See: MAYER, Bernard, The foremost national and international tasks. A historic historic A tasks. international and national foremost Dynamics of Conflict Resolution, San Francisco 2000, p. 222

ff. building. To achieve and maintain peace is one of the the of one is peace maintain and achieve To building.

Practical Aspects of Peace Soldiering‘. Three guest Service of Peace”, Vienna 2005 2005 Vienna Peace”, of Service

speakers gave additional special presentations. the In – International “Going book his of edition newest

the published recently very has history, military of field

Erwin A. SCHMIDL, author of various publications in the the in publications various of author SCHMIDL, A. Erwin

Opening Presentation: Peace Operations – A Dynamic Concept

Professor Erwin A. Schmidl4, Senior Researcher at the an is this But agreement). armistice an of monitoring separation of forces, or or forces, of separation

Austrian National Defense Academy points out in his as (such peacekeeping helmet’ , not to traditional ‘blue ‘blue traditional to not ,

opening presentation: “The United Nations Organization missions (‘enforcement’) robust

as well as United States parlance at this moment still more to only refer to misinterpreted sometimes are PSO

favors ‘peace operations’ as an ‘umbrella term’ for Switzerland, or Austria as such countries anglophone

international missions of the peacekeeping, peace non- In documents. NATO in used increasingly

enforcing, or humanitarian variety. Because the term is operations’ support ‘peace term the then, Since body.

‘peace operations’ is rather vague, the British (Interim) international another or Nations United the from mandate

Manual 5/2 (‘Operations other than War/Wider a under usually context, international an in peace of preservation or restoration restoration or preservation

Peacekeeping’) of 1994 introduced the term ‘Peace the support to missions: such better describe the aim of of aim the describe better

Support Operations’ (PSO) to better describe the aim of to (PSO) Operations’ Support

such missions: to support the preservation or restoration ‘Peace term the introduced 1994 of Peacekeeping’)

of peace in an international context, usually under a War/Wider than other (‘Operations 5/2 Manual

mandate from the United Nations or another international (Interim) British the vague, rather is operations’ ‘peace

body. Since then, the term ‘peace support operations’ is term the Because variety. humanitarian or enforcing,

increasingly used in NATO documents. In non- peace peacekeeping, the of missions international

anglophone countries such as Austria or Switzerland, for term’ ‘umbrella an as operations’ ‘peace favors

PSO are sometimes misinterpreted to refer only to more still moment this at parlance States United as well as

robust (‘enforcement’) missions, not to traditional ‘blue Organization Nations United “The presentation: opening Academy points out in his his in out points Academy

helmet’ peacekeeping (such as separation of forces, or Defense National Austrian

, Senior Researcher at the the at Researcher Senior , Professor Erwin A. Schmidl A. Erwin Professor

monitoring of an armistice agreement). But this is an 4

Dynamic Concept Concept Dynamic

A – Operations Peace Presentation: Opening

4 Erwin A. SCHMIDL, author of various publications in the

field of military history, has very recently published the

special presentations. presentations. special newest edition of his book “Going International – In the additional gave speakers

Service of Peace”, Vienna 2005 Practical Aspects of Peace Soldiering‘. Three guest guest Three Soldiering‘. Peace of Aspects Practical

incorrect interpretation, not consistent with relevant UN, U.S., or NATO documents.“

international concepts not to use military peacekeepers peacekeepers military use to not concepts international out, that – contrary to some some to contrary – that out,

special forces. It was pointed pointed was It forces. special

using military aircraft’s, attack helicopters and the use of of use the and helicopters attack aircraft’s, military using Force Requirements Today and Tomorrow r ‘High Tempo Operations’ Operations’ Tempo ‘High r

European Union, capacities fo capacities Union, European ttle Group’ initiative by the the by initiative Group’ ttle

complementary to the ‘Ba the to complementary Items of great interest presented by the speakers of the

elements of a mission, strategic reserves – – reserves strategic mission, a of elements first session of the Blue Helmet Forum Austria 2005 military and civilian civilian and military

respective cooperation with cooperation respective were the recent surge in UN peacekeeping and the

included: ‘Field Intelligence’, ‘Joint Mission Analysis’ in in Analysis’ Mission ‘Joint Intelligence’, ‘Field included: complexity of the mandates and the need for strategies

items of Major General Cammaert’s presentation presentation Cammaert’s General Major of items with a longer time-frame to consolidate peace. This

difficult task in challenging circumstances”. Further Further circumstances”. challenging in task difficult consolidation process, often referred to post-conflict upported, to do an extremely extremely an do to upported,

equipped and adequately s adequately and equipped peace building needs to be taken very seriously, also nt troops, prepared, trained, trained, prepared, troops, nt

Key is to generate sufficie generate to is Key because it goes counter the concept of rapid intervention

Commander points out in his presentation, that the “ ...... “ the that presentation, his in out points Commander with a very time limited, short duration. Presently we see ick C. Cammaert, Division Division Cammaert, C. ick

operations. Major General Patr General Major operations. 18 UN Missions with more than 65,000 uniformed rameters for planning and and planning for rameters

situations are demanding pa demanding are situations peacekeeper, about half of the missions operating in

Africa. A multitude of mandates and a multitude of crisis crisis of multitude a and mandates of multitude A Africa. Africa. A multitude of mandates and a multitude of crisis

peacekeeper, about half of the missions operating in in operating missions the of half about peacekeeper, situations are demanding parameters for planning and

18 UN Missions with more than 65,000 uniformed uniformed 65,000 than more with Missions UN 18 operations. Major General Patrick C. Cammaert, Division with a very time limited, short short limited, time very a with

duration. Presently we see see we Presently duration. Commander points out in his presentation, that the “ ...

because it goes counter the concept of rapid intervention intervention rapid of concept the counter goes it because Key is to generate sufficient troops, prepared, trained,

peace building needs to be taken very seriously, also also seriously, very taken be to needs building peace equipped and adequately supported, to do an extremely consolidation process, ofte process, consolidation

n referred to post-conflict post-conflict to referred n difficult task in challenging circumstances”. Further

with a longer time-frame to consolidate peace. This This peace. consolidate to time-frame longer a with items of Major General Cammaert’s presentation

complexity of the mandates and the need for strategies strategies for need the and mandates the of complexity included: ‘Field Intelligence’, ‘Joint Mission Analysis’ in

were the recent surge in UN peacekeeping and the the and peacekeeping UN in surge recent the were respective cooperation with military and civilian

first session of the Blue Helmet Forum Austria 2005 2005 Austria Forum Helmet Blue the of session first elements of a mission, strategic reserves –

Items of great interest presented by the speakers of the the of speakers the by presented interest great of Items complementary to the ‘Battle Group’ initiative by the

European Union, capacities for ‘High Tempo Operations’

Force Requirements Today and Tomorrow Tomorrow and Today Requirements Force using military aircraft’s, attack helicopters and the use of

special forces. It was pointed out, that – contrary to some

international concepts not to use military peacekeepers U.S., or NATO documents.“ documents.“ NATO or U.S.,

incorrect interpretation, not c not interpretation, incorrect onsistent with relevant UN, UN, relevant with onsistent

for humanitarian relief projects – e.g. ‘spare military engineer capacity (should be used) to the maximum effect to assist in encouraging the local economy,

rebuilding school infrastructure, road reconstruct etc. in

combination with keeping the peace.” (Cammaert)

In order to be able to perform all these difficult tasks the Commander.” Force the by refined

UN and its Department of Peace Keeping (DPKO) is be to Mission the to over handed be should it which source requirements after after requirements source

trying to improve the situation of the coordination of the re the and troops of number

military peace keeping forces to generate military the justify to plan, the of outline broad the provide to

capabilities through planning, preparation and training, to intended is DPKO by developed Operations’ of ‘Concept in his presentation: “The “The presentation: his in

provide resources and to regulate the deployment of the explained DPKO) of Division

missions to be established. He also pointed to the Military the of Staff of Chief Doyle, Colm Colonel

important issue of the reinforcement aspect to an existing

mission with a strategic reserve which might well be troops. component active to addition in components, resp. well trained reserve reserve trained well resp.

needed to achieve a long term success and to enable “ ... reservists, include should

a surge capability to cover peak activities for which a purpose, this for needed manpower the that discussed,

Mission does not posses the necessary resources.” It was was It resources.” necessary the posses not does Mission

discussed, that the manpower needed for this purpose, a which for activities peak cover to capability surge a

should include reservists, resp. well trained reserve ... “ enable to and success term long a achieve to needed

components, in addition to active component troops. be well might which reserve strategic a with mission

existing an to aspect reinforcement the of issue important

Colonel Colm Doyle, Chief of Staff of the Military the to pointed also He established. be to missions

Division of DPKO) explained in his presentation: “The the of deployment the regulate to and resources provide

‘Concept of Operations’ developed by DPKO is intended to training, and preparation planning, through capabilities

to provide the broad outline of the plan, to justify the military generate to forces keeping peace military

number of troops and the resource requirements after the of coordination the of situation the improve to trying

which it should be handed over to the Mission to be is (DPKO) Keeping Peace of Department its and UN

refined by the Force Commander.” the tasks difficult these all perform to able be to order In

(Cammaert) peace.” the keeping with combination

in etc. reconstruct road infrastructure, school rebuilding effect to assist in encouraging the local economy, economy, local the encouraging in assist to effect

engineer capacity (should be used) to the maximum maximum the to used) be (should capacity engineer for humanitarian relief projects – e.g. ‘spare military military ‘spare e.g. – projects relief humanitarian for

Capacity Building

of the Policy and Plans Division (European Union Union (European Division Plans and Policy the of The second session of the blue Helmet Forum Austria

Brigadier General Ian Abbott, the Assistant Chief of Staff Staff of Chief Assistant the Abbott, Ian General Brigadier 2005 dealt with the issue of capacity building for discussed subsequently. subsequently. discussed

building was presented and and presented was building international peace operations. The Austrian Blue Helmet

and Defense Policy, and the EU military capacity capacity military EU the and Policy, Defense and Association and Forum President General G. Greindl, ion, the European Security Security European the ion,

The role of the European Un European the of role The former Force Commander in three UN missions, gave an

in-depth presentation about the Stand-by High Readiness

and partnership vs. membership. membership. vs. partnership and Brigade (SHIRBRIG) for United Nations Peacekeeping

versus decision making, globalization vs. regionalization, regionalization, vs. globalization making, decision versus Operations. Capacity building, addressed by the concept ipation, decision shaping shaping decision ipation,

well as commitment vs. partic vs. commitment as well of SHIRBRIG, and future developments were the key

versus Chapter VI of the UN Charter were presented, as as presented, were Charter UN the of VI Chapter versus topics. The initiative for such a rapid deployment force

Regarding future challenges, the issues of Chapter VII VII Chapter of issues the challenges, future Regarding stemmed from the 1995 ‘Supplement to an Agenda for

concept development, and finance were discussed. discussed. were finance and development, concept Peace’ establishing units from a number of member

Element and the Brigade Pool of Forces. Training, Training, Forces. of Pool Brigade the and Element states, trained to the same standards, using the same

framework: The Steering Committee, the Planing Planing the Committee, Steering The framework: operating procedures and being inter-operable with

explained the three elements of the organizational organizational the of elements three the explained corresponding equipment, and also taking part in

combined exercises at regular interval. General Greindl Greindl General interval. regular at exercises combined combined exercises at regular interval. General Greindl

corresponding equipment, and also taking part in in part taking also and equipment, corresponding explained the three elements of the organizational

operating procedures and being inter-operable with with inter-operable being and procedures operating framework: The Steering Committee, the Planing

states, trained to the same standards, using the same same the using standards, same the to trained states, Element and the Brigade Pool of Forces. Training,

Peace’ establishing units from a number of member member of number a from units establishing Peace’ concept development, and finance were discussed.

stemmed from the 1995 ‘Supplement to an Agenda for for Agenda an to ‘Supplement 1995 the from stemmed Regarding future challenges, the issues of Chapter VII

topics. The initiative for such a rapid deployment force force deployment rapid a such for initiative The topics. versus Chapter VI of the UN Charter were presented, as

of SHIRBRIG, and future developments were the key key the were developments future and SHIRBRIG, of well as commitment vs. participation, decision shaping Operations. Capacity building, Capacity Operations.

addressed by the concept concept the by addressed versus decision making, globalization vs. regionalization,

Brigade (SHIRBRIG) for United Nations Peacekeeping Peacekeeping Nations United for (SHIRBRIG) Brigade and partnership vs. membership.

in-depth presentation about the Stand-by High Readiness Readiness High Stand-by the about presentation in-depth

former Force Commander in three UN missions, gave an an gave missions, UN three in Commander Force former The role of the European Union, the European Security Association and Forum Pres Forum and Association

ident General G. Greindl, Greindl, G. General ident and Defense Policy, and the EU military capacity

international peace operations. The Austrian Blue Helmet Helmet Blue Austrian The operations. peace international building was presented and discussed subsequently.

2005 dealt with the issue of capacity building for for building capacity of issue the with dealt 2005 Brigadier General Ian Abbott, the Assistant Chief of Staff

The second session of the blue Helmet Forum Austria Austria Forum Helmet blue the of session second The of the Policy and Plans Division (European Union

Capacity Building Building Capacity

Military Staff) gave a detailed overview about EU’s security strategy, ESDP – European security & defense

policy, the crisis management process, EU – military partners.” strategic

command and control structures, capabilities – headline its with co-operation its on depends impact an make to

goal 2010, battle group concept, civilian capabilities, capacity its respect, this in achievements and efforts EU’s d reaction. Regardless of the the of Regardless reaction. d

civilian headline goal 2008, CIMIC, international rapi of terms in particular

cooperation, and training and exercises. Regarding the in improved, - further be to need but - been have

ESDP reality, Brigadier General ABBOTT pointed out: domain civilian and military the in both capabilities EU’s

“On the basis of the political-conceptual framework the time, same the At stability. and security promote to

described thus far, within a few years of its creation role essential an play to continue development and trade

ESDP has now become reality...... It is true that the as Power’, ‘Civilian a of that remain extent large a to will

ESDP is in its infancy, but a lot has been achieved. ESDP profile EU’s the that recognized been has It dimension. EU has acquired a strategic strategic a acquired has EU

is in the field. Since 2001, the political-military The done. be to remains lot

structures, the Brussels based ESDP planning and a but achieved, been has lot a ESDP regarding up, sum

decision making “machinery” ..... is up and running. The To ...... years. five past the in launched successfully been

NATO-EU arrangements substantiating their strategic have missions military and civil seven total, In NATO. and without recourse to to recourse without and

partnership have passed their first tests. A number of with both operations EU-led

exercises were conducted simulating the preparation of of preparation the simulating conducted were exercises

EU-led operations both with and without recourse to of number A tests. first their passed have partnership

NATO. In total, seven civil and military missions have strategic their substantiating arrangements NATO-EU

been successfully launched in the past five years...... To The running. and up is ..... “machinery” making decision based ESDP planning and and planning ESDP based

sum up, regarding ESDP a lot has been achieved, but a Brussels the structures,

lot remains to be done. The EU has acquired a strategic political-military the 2001, Since field. the in is

dimension. It has been recognized that the EU’s profile ESDP achieved. been has lot a but infancy, its in is ESDP

will to a large extent remain that of a ‘Civilian Power’, as the that true is It ...... reality. become now has ESDP

trade and development continue to play an essential role creation its of years few a within far, thus described

to promote security and stability. At the same time, the framework political-conceptual the of basis the “On

EU’s capabilities both in the military and civilian domain out: pointed ABBOTT General Brigadier reality, ESDP

have been - but need to be further - improved, in the Regarding exercises. and training and cooperation,

particular in terms of rapid reaction. Regardless of the international CIMIC, 2008, goal headline civilian

EU’s efforts and achievements in this respect, its capacity capabilities, civilian concept, group battle 2010, goal

to make an impact depends on its co-operation with its headline – capabilities structures, control and command

strategic partners.” military – EU process, management crisis the policy, security strategy, ESDP – European security & defense defense & security European – ESDP strategy, security Military Staff) gave a detailed overview about EU’s EU’s about overview detailed a gave Staff) Military

Capacity building experiences from Africa were

capabilities as well as homeland security, including the the including security, homeland as well as capabilities presented by Colonel Peter Marwa, Chief of Conflict

organizations, internationally deployable military military deployable internationally organizations, Prevention with the Intergovernmental Authority on relevant international international relevant

Denmark’s cooperation with with cooperation Denmark’s Development (IGAD) with its HQ in Djibuti. Colonel

international organizations (US, UN, NATO, and EU), EU), and NATO, UN, (US, organizations international Marwa reported about the Eastern Africa Stand-by environment, the primary primary the environment,

development trends, the threat the trends, development Brigade, the necessary capacities for peace support

ambitions and limitations. Topics raised were: The global global The were: raised Topics limitations. and ambitions operations and the achievement of the desired bution and the resulting resulting the and bution

international troop contri troop international expectations. Colonel Marwa explains that there are

of the Danish armed forces to meet also the needs for for needs the also meet to forces armed Danish the of 50,000 peacekeeping troops presently operating in

took the opportunity to present the recent transformation transformation recent the present to opportunity the took Africa. This number will increase drastically when the

and Limitations’. Brigadier General Bjarne Hesselberg Hesselberg Bjarne General Brigadier Limitations’. and UN peace keeping operation in Sudan will reach full

dealt with the issue of ‘Troop Contribution – Ambitions Ambitions – Contribution ‘Troop of issue the with dealt capacity. The presentation and discussion focussed on

The third session of the Blue Helmet Forum Austria 2005 2005 Austria Forum Helmet Blue the of session third The EASBRIG’s concept, the overall peace and security

architecture in Africa, issues of humanitarian law,

Troop Contribution – Ambitions and Limitations Limitations and Ambitions – Contribution Troop funding, training, cooperation with SHIRBRIG, linkage

with the UN and with the African Union.

with the UN and with the African Union. Union. African the with and UN the with funding, training, cooperati training, funding,

on with SHIRBRIG, linkage linkage SHIRBRIG, with on Troop Contribution – Ambitions and Limitations

architecture in Africa, issues of humanitarian law, law, humanitarian of issues Africa, in architecture

EASBRIG’s concept, the overall peace and security security and peace overall the concept, EASBRIG’s The third session of the Blue Helmet Forum Austria 2005

capacity. The presentation and discussion focussed on on focussed discussion and presentation The capacity. dealt with the issue of ‘Troop Contribution – Ambitions

UN peace keeping operation in Sudan will reach full full reach will Sudan in operation keeping peace UN and Limitations’. Brigadier General Bjarne Hesselberg

Africa. This number will increase drastically when the the when drastically increase will number This Africa. took the opportunity to present the recent transformation

50,000 peacekeeping troops presently operating in in operating presently troops peacekeeping 50,000 of the Danish armed forces to meet also the needs for

expectations. Colonel Marwa explains that there are are there that explains Marwa Colonel expectations. international troop contribution and the resulting

operations and the achievement of the desired desired the of achievement the and operations ambitions and limitations. Topics raised were: The global

Brigade, the necessary capacities for peace support support peace for capacities necessary the Brigade, development trends, the threat environment, the primary

Marwa reported about the Eastern Africa Stand-by Stand-by Africa Eastern the about reported Marwa international organizations (US, UN, NATO, and EU),

Development (IGAD) with its HQ in Djibuti. Colonel Colonel Djibuti. in HQ its with (IGAD) Development Denmark’s cooperation with relevant international

Prevention with the Intergovernmental Authority on on Authority Intergovernmental the with Prevention organizations, internationally deployable military

presented by Colonel Peter Marwa, Chief of Conflict Conflict of Chief Marwa, Peter Colonel by presented capabilities as well as homeland security, including the Capacity building experiences from Africa were were Africa from experiences building Capacity

ability to counter terrorist acts and their effects, conscription of short duration with training for a reserve component in the homeland security (Total Defense

Force), a consideration to integrate the Voluntary Home the of presentation A System.” Security European the

Guard into the armed forces, and changing the structure to corresponds that and multilateralism to commitment

of the Danish armed forces. Furthermore the topic of clear a is which UN the of role central the and Law,

veterans was presented with an increased role of the International Public and Rights Human for commitment Defense Doctrine: "the "the Doctrine: Defense

‘Danish Blue Beret Association’ for activities related to Austrian the in contained

soldiers before, during and after their participation in items two mentioned Logothetti Captain perceptions.

peace operations. threat and security clear formerly replaced threats ift in Europe new risks and and risks new Europe in ift

sh paradigm a considerations,

The principles of the Austrian security and defense general with Dealing treaty. Maastricht the within

policy and the current plan to re-structure the Austrian participation ESDP full the with together identified a’s Defense Doctrine was was Doctrine Defense a’s

armed forces, presented by Captain Dr. Rudolf Austri Denmark. from respect

Logothetti, Senior Researcher with the Austrian MOD, this in differs Policy Defense and Security European

added some insight how another EU country tries to the in participation on focuses Cyprus) and Malta e Sweden, Finland, Ireland Ireland Finland, Sweden, e

transform her forces to meet new challenges. Austria (lik ‘club’ membership NATO

being one of six EU member states being outside the the outside being states member EU six of one being

NATO membership ‘club’ (like Sweden, Finland, Ireland Austria challenges. new meet to forces her transform her EU country tries to to tries country EU her

Malta and Cyprus) focuses on participation in the anot how insight some added

European Security and Defense Policy differs in this MOD, Austrian the with Researcher Senior Logothetti,

respect from Denmark. Austria’s Defense Doctrine was Rudolf Dr. Captain by presented forces, armed

identified together with the full ESDP participation Austrian the re-structure to plan current the and policy

within the Maastricht treaty. Dealing with general defense and security Austrian the of principles The

considerations, a paradigm shift in Europe new risks and

threats replaced formerly clear security and threat operations. peace

perceptions. Captain Logothetti mentioned two items in participation their after and during before, soldiers

contained in the Austrian Defense Doctrine: "the to related activities for Association’ Beret Blue ‘Danish

commitment for Human Rights and Public International the of role increased an with presented was veterans

Law, and the central role of the UN which is a clear of topic the Furthermore forces. armed Danish the of

commitment to multilateralism and that corresponds to structure the changing and forces, armed the into Guard

the European Security System.” A presentation of the Home Voluntary the integrate to consideration a Force), security (Total Defense Defense (Total security homeland the in component

conscription of short duration with training for a reserve reserve a for training with duration short of conscription ability to counter terrorist acts and their effects, effects, their and acts terrorist counter to ability

Austrian Armed Forces Organization concluded his presentation.

on earth.”, Major General Höfler adds. He concludes: concludes: He adds. Höfler General Major earth.”, on

needs reservists in order to be able to contribute to peace peace to contribute to able be to order in reservists needs Major General Günther Höfler, Commander of the

bring from their ‘civilian life’. .... So the Austrian Army Army Austrian the So .... life’. ‘civilian their from bring Austrian International Operations Command, presented

manning that counts but also the know-how reservists reservists know-how the also but counts that manning the core information about Austria’s participation in

to find the right person. To be honest, it is not only only not is it honest, be To person. right the find to peace keeping and peace support missions. It was h gives us a bigger selection selection bigger a us gives h

soldiers and reservists, whic reservists, and soldiers mentioned that Austria showed her commitment to

Austrian Armed Forces consist of both active duty duty active both of consist Forces Armed Austrian support peace keeping missions already in 1960, five

“However, Austria is very lucky in this matter as the the as matter this in lucky very is Austria “However, years after Austria had joined the United Nations.

best trained soldiers willing to go abroad is difficult. difficult. is abroad go to willing soldiers trained best “Currently, Austria has deployed more than 1,200 troops

personnel as well as for reservists. The task to find the the find to task The reservists. for as well as personnel and individual soldiers abroad in a total of 14 missions,

the principle of voluntariness, which goes for active duty duty active for goes which voluntariness, of principle the reaching from the Balkans over the Western Sahara and

explains that the Austrian armed forces have to deal with with deal to have forces armed Austrian the that explains the Near East as far as to Ethiopia and Eritrea.”, Major

Regarding the personnel needed, Major General Höfler Höfler General Major needed, personnel the Regarding General Höfler explained. His presentation gave insight

challenges when deploying soldiers to foreign countries. countries. foreign to soldiers deploying when challenges into the attempts to maintain and to improve the quality

on topics and needs is important. Logistics are always big big always are Logistics important. is needs and topics on of the Austrian peacekeeping troops by using a special

evaluation and progress reporting system. A clear view view clear A system. reporting progress and evaluation evaluation and progress reporting system. A clear view troops by using a special special a using by troops

of the Austrian peacekeeping Austrian the of on topics and needs is important. Logistics are always big

into the attempts to maintain and to improve the quality quality the improve to and maintain to attempts the into challenges when deploying soldiers to foreign countries.

General Höfler explained. His presentation gave insight insight gave presentation His explained. Höfler General Regarding the personnel needed, Major General Höfler

the Near East as far as to Ethiopia and Eritrea.”, Major Major Eritrea.”, and Ethiopia to as far as East Near the explains that the Austrian armed forces have to deal with

reaching from the Balkans over the Western Sahara and and Sahara Western the over Balkans the from reaching the principle of voluntariness, which goes for active duty

and individual soldiers abroad in a total of 14 missions, missions, 14 of total a in abroad soldiers individual and personnel as well as for reservists. The task to find the

“Currently, Austria has deployed more than 1,200 troops troops 1,200 than more deployed has Austria “Currently, best trained soldiers willing to go abroad is difficult.

years after Austria had joined the United Nations. Nations. United the joined had Austria after years “However, Austria is very lucky in this matter as the

support peace keeping missions already in 1960, five five 1960, in already missions keeping peace support Austrian Armed Forces consist of both active duty

mentioned that Austria showed her commitment to to commitment her showed Austria that mentioned soldiers and reservists, which gives us a bigger selection

peace keeping and peace support missions. It was was It missions. support peace and keeping peace to find the right person. To be honest, it is not only

the core information about Austria’s participation in in participation Austria’s about information core the manning that counts but also the know-how reservists Austrian International Op International Austrian

erations Command, presented presented Command, erations bring from their ‘civilian life’. .... So the Austrian Army

Major General Günther Höfler, Commander of the the of Commander Höfler, Günther General Major needs reservists in order to be able to contribute to peace

on earth.”, Major General Höfler adds. He concludes: presentation. presentation. Austrian Armed Forces Organization concluded his his concluded Organization Forces Armed Austrian

“As you can see, in Austria peacekeeping and peace support operations have become a core task for the armed

forces, and it is situated at the same level as the need for operations peace Starting Sacrifices, and Commitment on topics like: Nigeria’s Nigeria’s like: topics on

home defense.” focused Abdurrahman General

Major experiences, and commitments Nigeria’s explain

To operations.” peace for available resources other

Mission Experience, the Practical Aspect of Peace and military inadequate be also may There process. peace

Soldiering the undermine may trust mutual of lack and interests

Conflicting agenda. own their have may and issues

In session four, Major General Suraj Alao Abdurrahman, the to close too be may region the in states sometimes siders. On the other hand, hand, other the On siders.

Director of Policy at the Defense HQ in Lagos, Nigeria, out than attitudes and cultures

elaborated the Nigerian perspective regarding peace regional with familiar more be will they Moreover

operations in Africa. As discussed earlier, he also spoke homeland. their to closer are that operations peace in

about the UN as being the “pre-eminent international part take to willing be to likely more are and environment

authority with the most resources at multinational level local their of stability the in interests national the region concerned have have concerned region the

for dealing with global security ...” Furthermore he in States disadvantages. and can have both, advantages advantages both, have can

pointed to the role of regional organizations – established action “Regional management.

under the UN Charter – to deal with conflict conflict with deal to – Charter UN the under l organizations – established established – organizations l

management. “Regional action can have both, advantages regiona of role the to pointed

and disadvantages. States in the region concerned have he Furthermore ...” security global with dealing for

national interests in the stability of their local level multinational at resources most the with authority

environment and are more likely to be willing to take part international “pre-eminent the being as UN the about ussed earlier, he also spoke spoke also he earlier, ussed

in peace operations that are closer to their homeland. disc As Africa. in operations

Moreover they will be more familiar with regional peace regarding perspective Nigerian the elaborated fense HQ in Lagos, Nigeria, Nigeria, Lagos, in HQ fense

cultures and attitudes than outsiders. On the other hand, De the at Policy of Director l Suraj Alao Abdurrahman, Abdurrahman, Alao Suraj l

sometimes states in the region may be too close to the Genera Major four, session In

issues and may have their own agenda. Conflicting

interests and lack of mutual trust may undermine the Soldiering

peace process. There may also be inadequate military and Peace of Aspect Practical the Experience, Mission

other resources available for peace operations.” To

explain Nigeria’s commitments and experiences, Major

General Abdurrahman focused on topics like: Nigeria’s defense.” home

Commitment and Sacrifices, Starting peace operations for need the as level same the at situated is it and forces, a core task for the armed armed the for task core a become have operations support “As you can see, in Austria peacekeeping and peace peace and peacekeeping Austria in see, can you “As

with ONUC 1960 and having deployed since then over

100.000 personnel in peace operations, the impact of the cations which should include include should which cations

functions pointed to qualifi to pointed functions fall of the ‘Iron Curtain’ and globalization for Africa,

needed in military advisor and/or military liaison liaison military and/or advisor military in needed capacity building, international coordination, logistics,

needed peacekeepers. His focus on a new style of officer officer of style new a on focus His peacekeepers. needed Nigeria’s continuing efforts with unit training activities,

specific approach to evaluate and define a new type of of type new a define and evaluate to approach specific operation ‘Focus Relief’, capacity building initiative, pre- , and continued with a a with continued and ,

governmental developments governmental induction training, middle cadre and the ‘train-the-

General Wohlgemuth explained the security situation, situation, security the explained Wohlgemuth General trainer’ courses, as ell as strategic level training. The

international peace efforts on the ground. Brigadier Brigadier ground. the on efforts peace international General concluded with a report on the ASF – the

joint command showed the structural difficulty of of difficulty structural the showed command joint African Standby Force.

described of the various peace missions and the lack of a a of lack the and missions peace various the of described

chaired by the Afghan government. The situation situation The government. Afghan the by chaired The last presentation within session four was given by

and development effort, initially led by the UN, now now UN, the by led initially effort, development and Brigadier General Karl-Alexander Wohlgemuth, Military

Assistance Force (ISAF), and recovery, reconstruction reconstruction recovery, and (ISAF), Force Assistance Advisor to the Special Representative of the UN

Agreement’ led by UNAMA, the international Security Security international the UNAMA, by led Agreement’ Secretary General and Head of the Military Component

US led coalition forces, the Implementation of the ‘Bonn ‘Bonn the of Implementation the forces, coalition led US of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan

environment regarding the various peace missions, the the missions, peace various the regarding environment (UNAMA). After explaining the overall situation in

Afghanistan, he pointed out to the international international the to out pointed he Afghanistan, Afghanistan, he pointed out to the international

(UNAMA). After explaining the overall situation in in situation overall the explaining After (UNAMA). environment regarding the various peace missions, the

of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan Afghanistan in Mission Assistance Nations United the of US led coalition forces, the Implementation of the ‘Bonn Secretary General and Head Head and General Secretary

of the Military Component Component Military the of Agreement’ led by UNAMA, the international Security

Advisor to the Special Representative of the UN UN the of Representative Special the to Advisor Assistance Force (ISAF), and recovery, reconstruction

Brigadier General Karl-Alexander Wohlgemuth, Military Military Wohlgemuth, Karl-Alexander General Brigadier and development effort, initially led by the UN, now The last presentation within presentation last The

session four was given by by given was four session chaired by the Afghan government. The situation

described of the various peace missions and the lack of a

African Standby Force. Force. Standby African joint command showed the structural difficulty of General concluded with with concluded General

a report on the ASF – the the – ASF the on report a international peace efforts on the ground. Brigadier

trainer’ courses, as ell as strategic level training. The The training. level strategic as ell as courses, trainer’ General Wohlgemuth explained the security situation, induction training, middle cad middle training, induction

re and the ‘train-the- the and re governmental developments, and continued with a

operation ‘Focus Relief’, capacity building initiative, pre- initiative, building capacity Relief’, ‘Focus operation specific approach to evaluate and define a new type of

Nigeria’s continuing efforts with unit training activities, activities, training unit with efforts continuing Nigeria’s needed peacekeepers. His focus on a new style of officer capacity building, internati building, capacity

onal coordination, logistics, logistics, coordination, onal needed in military advisor and/or military liaison

fall of the ‘Iron Curtain’ and globalization for Africa, Africa, for globalization and Curtain’ ‘Iron the of fall functions pointed to qualifications which should include 100.000 personnel in peace operations, the impact of the the of impact the operations, peace in personnel 100.000 with ONUC 1960 and having deployed since then over over then since deployed having and 1960 ONUC with

a high level of initiative, interpersonal skills, English language competence, analytical ability, staff work and

especially a strong and positive oriented character. He has this countries; war-torn in peace for hopes raising s for ending conflicts and and conflicts ending for s

concluded with specific recommendations for training. prospect widening operations,

peacekeeping UN in surge unprecedented an saw years

Recent war.” of scourge the from generations succeeding

Special Presentations save ‘to Charter Nations United the of words the to

meaning practical give to day every work peacekeepers

Following the first session, two guest speakers, Ms. “UN said: He suit. follow would peacekeeping,

Nasra Hassan, Director of the UN Information Service in of needs specific the of some meet to capacities unique

Vienna, and General Roland Ertl, Chief of General Staff had which countries, other that hope the expressed l to UN peacekeeping and and peacekeeping UN to l

of the Austrian Armed Forces, paid tribute to the UN personne uniformed contribute

peacekeepers in particular and to the ‘peace soldiers’ in who States Member 103 the thanked General Secretary

general. Ms. Hassan referred to the International Day of UN The before. ever than deployed missions more with

Peacekeepers on 29 May, held for the third time just one and been ever had it as high as was peacekeeping UN

day before the start of the Blue Helmet Forum Austria for demand the that stated who and nations, many from

2005. Ms. Hassan mentioned the message given by the peacekeepers UN of sacrifices the honored who day,

UN Secretary General on the third observance of this this of observance third the on General Secretary UN e message given by the the by given message e

day, who honored the sacrifices of UN peacekeepers th mentioned Hassan Ms. 2005.

from many nations, and who stated that the demand for Austria Forum Helmet Blue the of start the before day

UN peacekeeping was as high as it had ever been and one just time third the for held May, 29 on Peacekeepers

with more missions deployed than ever before. The UN of Day International the to referred Hassan Ms. general.

Secretary General thanked the 103 Member States who in soldiers’ ‘peace the to and particular in peacekeepers

contribute uniformed personnel to UN peacekeeping and UN the to tribute paid Forces, Armed Austrian the of tl, Chief of General Staff Staff General of Chief tl,

expressed the hope that other countries, which had Er Roland General and Vienna,

unique capacities to meet some of the specific needs of in Service Information UN the of Director Hassan, Nasra

peacekeeping, would follow suit. He said: “UN Ms. speakers, guest two session, first the Following

peacekeepers work every day to give practical meaning

to the words of the United Nations Charter ‘to save Presentations Special

succeeding generations from the scourge of war.” Recent

years saw an unprecedented surge in UN peacekeeping

operations, widening prospects for ending conflicts and training. for recommendations specific with concluded

raising hopes for peace in war-torn countries; this has He character. oriented positive and strong a especially language competence, analytical ability, staff work and and work staff ability, analytical competence, language a high level of initiative, interpersonal skills, English English skills, interpersonal initiative, of level high a

forced the UN Secretariat to develop new and innovative

strategies. a’s involvement in peace peace in involvement a’s

further increase of Austri of increase further of professionals. With the the With professionals. of

larger than the percentage percentage the than larger The wider scope of peacekeeping was the main topic of

now the percentage of ...... reserve forces .... is by far far by is .... forces reserve ...... of percentage the now General Ertl’s dinner speech on the first day of the Blue

need of reserve forces for peacekeping operations. Until Until operations. peacekeping for forces reserve of need Helmet Forum. He also mentioned Austria’s important

ask us here in Austria. This is the question of the future future the of question the is This Austria. in here us ask participation in various missions. In line with Professor e main questions we have to to have we questions main e

“ .... I want to stress one of th of one stress to want I .... “ Erwin A. Schmidl's analysis of the wide range of often er of Defense. He added: added: He Defense. of er

Security Council for the Minist the for Council Security parallel forms of ‘peace operations’, General Ertl tried to

contributing to the work of the Austrian National National Austrian the of work the to contributing anticipate the spectrum peacekeepers could face in the

body in all matters of Austrian security policy also also policy security Austrian of matters all in body future. He pointed out that “Military experts have

key role of the Directorate General as a direct advisory advisory direct a as General Directorate the of role key compared today’s complex and chaotic operational

of Defense. Brigadier General Gustenau explained the the explained Gustenau General Brigadier Defense. of environment to a ‘three-block war’. This term speaks of e Directorate at the Ministry Ministry the at Directorate e

Prof. Erich Reiter, Head of th of Head Reiter, Erich Prof. the increasing overlap in the missions armed forces are

Blue Helmet Forum, was a welcome speech on behalf of of behalf on speech welcome a was Forum, Helmet Blue being asked to carry out at any time, and the resulting

Policy, after the third session on the second day of the the of day second the on session third the after Policy, need for integrated operations.”

Deputy Director of the Directorate General for Security Security for General Directorate the of Director Deputy

The speech given by Brigadier General Gustav Gustenau, Gustenau, Gustav General Brigadier by given speech The The speech given by Brigadier General Gustav Gustenau,

Deputy Director of the Directorate General for Security

need for integrated operations.” operations.” integrated for need Policy, after the third session on the second day of the

being asked to carry out at any time, and the resulting resulting the and time, any at out carry to asked being Blue Helmet Forum, was a welcome speech on behalf of

the increasing overlap in the missions armed forces are are forces armed missions the in overlap increasing the Prof. Erich Reiter, Head of the Directorate at the Ministry

environment to a ‘three-block war’. This term speaks of of speaks term This war’. ‘three-block a to environment of Defense. Brigadier General Gustenau explained the

compared today’s complex and chaotic operational operational chaotic and complex today’s compared key role of the Directorate General as a direct advisory

future. He pointed out that “Military experts have have experts “Military that out pointed He future. body in all matters of Austrian security policy also

anticipate the spectrum peacekeepers could face in the the in face could peacekeepers spectrum the anticipate contributing to the work of the Austrian National

parallel forms of ‘peace operations’, General Ertl tried to to tried Ertl General operations’, ‘peace of forms parallel Security Council for the Minister of Defense. He added:

Erwin A. Schmidl's analysis of the wide range of often often of range wide the of analysis Schmidl's A. Erwin “ .... I want to stress one of the main questions we have to

participation in various missions. In line with Professor Professor with line In missions. various in participation ask us here in Austria. This is the question of the future

Helmet Forum. He also mentioned Austria’s important important Austria’s mentioned also He Forum. Helmet need of reserve forces for peacekeping operations. Until

General Ertl’s dinner speech on the first day of the Blue Blue the of day first the on speech dinner Ertl’s General now the percentage of ...... reserve forces .... is by far

The wider scope of peacekeeping was the main topic of of topic main the was peacekeeping of scope wider The larger than the percentage of professionals. With the

further increase of Austria’s involvement in peace strategies. strategies. forced the UN Secretariat to develop new and innovative innovative and new develop to Secretariat UN the forced

operations there will be larger need for troops. Due to the overall downsizing of the Austrian Armed Forces in the future, the necessary troops for international missions will substantially remain to be drawn from the reserves. Therefore a strong reserve component will not mean a weakening of the professional forces but a necessary addition to them.”

addition to them.” them.” to addition

weakening of the professional forces but a necessary necessary a but forces professional the of weakening

component will not mean a a mean not will component reserve strong a Therefore

will substantially remain to be drawn from the reserves. reserves. the from drawn be to remain substantially will

future, the necessary troops for international missions missions international for troops necessary the future,

overall downsizing of the Austrian Armed Forces in the the in Forces Armed Austrian the of downsizing overall operations there will be larger need for troops. Due to the the to Due troops. for need larger be will there operations

207

Acknowledgement

Reserve.

A great support was given to the BLUE HELMET Forces Armed Austrian LUGERT, C. Alfred Colonel

FORUM AUSTRIA 2005 by the cooperation partner: the was consultant scientific and President Vice Ret.,

Directorate General for Security Policy of the Austrian Forces, Armed Austrian GREINDL, G. Günther General

Ministry of Defense, under the leadership of Prof. Dr. was FORUM the of President Association. Helmet Blue

Erich REITER, by the Austrian National Defense Austrian the by provided was 2005 AUSTRIA FORUM

Academy, General Raimund SCHITTENHELM, by the HELMET BLUE the of Committee Organizing The

Austrian International Defense Command, General

Günter HÖFLER, and the media cooperation partner, the LOHBERGER. Rudolf

prestigious daily newspaper ‘Die Presse’, with CEO Dr. CEO Group, Industry Defense Austrian – Commerce

Reinhold GMEINBAUER and the Foreign Desk Editor of Chamber Austrian the as well as Director, FRIESL,

Wieland SCHNEIDER. Christian Professor and Director LÖWY, Michael

Industry, Austrian of Federation the LIEBSCHER, Klaus

Furthermore the BHFA 2005 was sponsored by the CEO Bank, National Austrian the by Reserve), Ready

Austrian Armed Forces Forces Armed Austrian

Raiffeisen-Holding Niederösterreich-Wien, CEO Dr. (Colonel HAMESEDER Erwin

Erwin HAMESEDER (Colonel Austrian Armed Forces Dr. CEO Niederösterreich-Wien, Raiffeisen-Holding

Ready Reserve), by the Austrian National Bank, CEO the by sponsored was 2005 BHFA the Furthermore

Klaus LIEBSCHER, the Federation of Austrian Industry,

Michael LÖWY, Director and Professor Christian SCHNEIDER. Wieland

FRIESL, Director, as well as the Austrian Chamber of Editor Desk Foreign the and GMEINBAUER Reinhold

Commerce – Austrian Defense Industry Group, CEO Dr. CEO with Presse’, ‘Die newspaper daily prestigious

a cooperation partner, the the partner, cooperation a

Rudolf LOHBERGER. medi the and HÖFLER, Günter

Defense Command, General General Command, Defense

International Austrian

The Organizing Committee of the BLUE HELMET the by SCHITTENHELM, Raimund General Academy,

FORUM AUSTRIA 2005 was provided by the Austrian Defense National Austrian the by REITER, Erich

Blue Helmet Association. President of the FORUM was Dr. Prof. of leadership the under Defense, of Ministry

General Günther G. GREINDL, Austrian Armed Forces, Austrian the of Policy Security for General Directorate

Ret., Vice President and scientific consultant was the partner: cooperation the by 2005 AUSTRIA FORUM

Colonel Alfred C. LUGERT, Austrian Armed Forces HELMET BLUE the to given was support great A

Reserve.

Acknowledgement Acknowledgement

207

208

This years prominent speakers and moderating chairpersons were - in the sequence of presentation: General Günther GREINDL (Austria), Professor Erwin A. SCHMIDL (Austria), Major General Patrick C. CAMMAERT (Netherlands, UN), Colonel Colm DOYLE (Ireland, UN), Mrs. Nasra HASSAN (Pakistan, UN), General Roland ERTL (Austria), Brigadier General

Walter FEICHTINGER (Chair, Austria), Brigadier

Reichenau. Reichenau. General Ian ABBOTT (United Kingdom, EU), Colonel

Operations Command and from the Castle Rothschild in in Rothschild Castle the from and Command Operations Peter MARWA (Kenya), Colonel Alfred C. LUGERT

structures operating from the Austrian International International Austrian the from operating structures (Chair, Austria), Brigadier General Bjarne

Ministry of Defense and subordinate organizational organizational subordinate and Defense of Ministry HESSELBERG (Denmark), Captain Rudolf

Association, and to our colleagues from the Austrian Austrian the from colleagues our to and Association, LOGOTHETTI (Austria), Major General Günter

organizing staff from the Austrian Blue Helmet Helmet Blue Austrian the from staff organizing HÖFLER (Austria), Brigadier General Gustav Helmet Association, to our our to Association, Helmet

members of the Austrian Blue Austrian the of members GUSTENAU (Austria), Major General Suraj A.

from foreign countries and from Austria, including including Austria, from and countries foreign from ABDURRAHMAN (Nigeria), and Brigadier General

Our special thanks goes to our high level participants participants level high our to goes thanks special Our Karl-Alexander WOHLGEMUTH, (Austria, UN).

Karl-Alexander WOHLGEMUTH, (Austria, UN). UN). (Austria, WOHLGEMUTH, Karl-Alexander Our special thanks goes to our high level participants

ABDURRAHMAN (Nigeria), and Brigadier General General Brigadier and (Nigeria), ABDURRAHMAN from foreign countries and from Austria, including

GUSTENAU (Austria), Major General Suraj A. A. Suraj General Major (Austria), GUSTENAU members of the Austrian Blue Helmet Association, to our

HÖFLER (Austria), Brigadier General Gustav Gustav General Brigadier (Austria), HÖFLER organizing staff from the Austrian Blue Helmet

LOGOTHETTI (Austria), Major General Günter Günter General Major (Austria), LOGOTHETTI Association, and to our colleagues from the Austrian

HESSELBERG (Denmark), Captain Rudolf Rudolf Captain (Denmark), HESSELBERG Ministry of Defense and subordinate organizational

(Chair, Austria), Brigadier General Bjarne Bjarne General Brigadier Austria), (Chair, structures operating from the Austrian International

Peter MARWA (Kenya), Colonel Alfred C. LUGERT LUGERT C. Alfred Colonel (Kenya), MARWA Peter Operations Command and from the Castle Rothschild in

General Ian ABBOTT (United Kingdom, EU), Colonel Colonel EU), Kingdom, (United ABBOTT Ian General Reichenau.

Walter FEICHTINGER (Chair, Austria), Brigadier Brigadier Austria), (Chair, FEICHTINGER Walter UN), General Roland ERTL (Austria), Brigadier General General Brigadier (Austria), ERTL Roland General UN),

DOYLE (Ireland, UN), Mrs. Nasra HASSAN (Pakistan, (Pakistan, HASSAN Nasra Mrs. UN), (Ireland, DOYLE

CAMMAERT (Netherlands, UN), Colonel Colm Colm Colonel UN), (Netherlands, CAMMAERT

A. SCHMIDL (Austria), Major General Patrick C. C. Patrick General Major (Austria), SCHMIDL A.

General Günther GREINDL (Austria), Professor Erwin Erwin Professor (Austria), GREINDL Günther General

chairpersons were - in the sequence of presentation: presentation: of sequence the in - were chairpersons This years prominent speakers and moderating moderating and speakers prominent years This

208

209

Blue Helmet Forum Austria 2005

Schloss Rothschild, REICHENAU 2005 1800 - 1830 - 1800 coffee break break coffee

Monday 30 May – Wednesday 1 June 2005

Operations Peacekeeping

‚Peacekeeping Forces Today and Tomorrow’ for Department UN Division, Military

, Chief of Staff of the the of Staff of Chief , DOYLE

Colm Colonel

Program Operations Peacekeeping for Department

UN Adviser, Military fmr. MONUC, Com Div

, NL, NL, , CAMMAERT

Date Time Event C. Patrick General Major

by: Presentations

, (Ret.) (Ret.) , GREINDL

Günther General Chair:

Tomorrow

1630 - 1800 Session 1: Force Requirements Today and and Today Requirements Force 1: Session 1800 - 1630

Monday Arrival at Schloss Rothschild,

1100 - 1500

30 05 2005 Registration and Buffet Lunch

1600 - 1630 - 1600

break Coffee

Opening Session

Dynamic Concept’ Concept’ Dynamic

1515 Welcome by the President of the FORUM, A Operations: ‘Peace

General Günther G. GREINDL, (Ret.) Academy Defense Austrian Researcher, Senior

SCHMIDL,

Opening Presentation by Prof. Erwin A. A. Erwin Prof. by Presentation Opening

SCHMIDL,

(Ret.) (Ret.) GREINDL,

Senior Researcher, Austrian Defense Academy G. Günther General

Welcome by the President of the FORUM, FORUM, the of President the by Welcome

‘Peace Operations: A Dynamic Concept’ 1515

Opening Session Session Opening

1600 - 1630 Coffee break

Registration and Buffet Lunch Lunch Buffet and Registration 30 05 2005 2005 05 30

1500 - 1100

Arrival at Schloss Rothschild, Rothschild, Schloss at Arrival

1630 - 1800 Session 1: Force Requirements Today and Monday

Tomorrow

Chair: General Günther GREINDL, (Ret.)

Presentations by:

Date Date

Major General Patrick C. CAMMAERT, NL, Event Time

Div Com MONUC, fmr. Military Adviser, UN

Department for Peacekeeping Operations Program

Colonel Colm DOYLE, Chief of Staff of the

Military Division, UN Department for Tomorrow’ and Today Forces ‚Peacekeeping Peacekeeping Operations

1800 - 1830 coffee break 2005 June 1 Wednesday – May 30 Monday

2005 REICHENAU Rothschild, Schloss Blue Helmet Forum Austria 2005 2005 Austria Forum Helmet Blue

209

210

1830 -1900 Special Presentation: Guest Speaker,

Security Policy, MOD MOD Policy, Security Ms. Nasra HASSAN, Director, UNIS – United

Senior Advisor, Directorate General for for General Directorate Advisor, Senior Nations Information Service and Spokesperson

AAFR AAFR LOGOTHETTI,

Captain Rudolf Rudolf Captain for UNODC, Vienna

President of the Danish Blue Berets Blue Danish the of President ‘UN and Civil Society and Peace Soldiering’

(Ret), (Ret),

, , HESSELBERG

Brigadier General Bjarne Bjarne General Brigadier 1930 Dinner hosted by the Austrian Blue Helmet

Presentations by: by: Presentations Association

Vice President Blue Helmet Forum Austria Austria Forum Helmet Blue President Vice Dinner Speech:

AAFR , LUGERT

Chair: Colonel Alfred C. C. Alfred Colonel Chair: General Roland ERTL, Chief of General Staff,

and Limitations Limitations and Austria

1100 - 1230 Session 3: Troop Contribution – Ambitions Ambitions – Contribution Troop 3: Session 1230 - 1100

1030 - 1100 - 1030

Coffee Break Break Coffee Tuesday

31 05 2005 0730 - 0900 Breakfast

DJIBUTI DJIBUTI

Chief of Conflict Prevention, IGAD HQs, HQs, IGAD Prevention, Conflict of Chief 0900 - 1030 Session 2: Regional Capacity Building

, (Ret.) (Ret.) , MARWA

Colonel Peter B. B. Peter Colonel Chair: Brigadier General FEICHTINGER,

Division of the EU Military Staff Staff Military EU the of Division Presentations by:

Assistant Chief of Staff, Policy and Plans, Plans, and Policy Staff, of Chief Assistant General Günther G. GREINDL, (Ret.)

GB, GB, ABBOTT,

Brigadier General Ian Ian General Brigadier Brigadier General Ian ABBOTT, GB,

, (Ret.) (Ret.) , GREINDL

General Günther G. G. Günther General Assistant Chief of Staff, Policy and Plans,

Presentations by: by: Presentations Division of the EU Military Staff

FEICHTINGER, FEICHTINGER,

Chair: Brigadier General General Brigadier Chair: Colonel Peter B. MARWA, (Ret.)

0900 - 1030 Session 2: Regional Capacity Building Building Capacity Regional 2: Session 1030 - 0900

Chief of Conflict Prevention, IGAD HQs,

DJIBUTI

31 05 2005 0730 - 0900 - 0730 2005 05 31

Breakfast Breakfast

Tuesday Tuesday

1030 - 1100 Coffee Break

1100 - 1230 Session 3: Troop Contribution – Ambitions

Austria Austria and Limitations

, Chief of General Staff, Staff, General of Chief , ERTL

General Roland Roland General Chair: Colonel Alfred C. LUGERT, AAFR

Dinner Speech: Speech: Dinner Vice President Blue Helmet Forum Austria

Association Association

Presentations by:

Dinner hosted by the Austrian Blue Helmet Helmet Blue Austrian the by hosted Dinner

1930 1930 Brigadier General Bjarne HESSELBERG,

(Ret),

‘UN and Civil Society and Peace Soldiering’ Soldiering’ Peace and Society Civil and ‘UN President of the Danish Blue Berets

for UNODC, Vienna Vienna UNODC, for Captain Rudolf LOGOTHETTI, AAFR

Nations Information Service and Spokesperson Spokesperson and Service Information Nations Senior Advisor, Directorate General for

Ms. Nasra Nasra Ms. HASSAN

, Director, UNIS – United United – UNIS Director, , Security Policy, MOD

1830 -1900 -1900 1830

Special Presentation: Presentation: Special Guest Speaker, Speaker, Guest

210

211

Major General Günter HÖFLER, Commander Austrian International Operations Command 1230 - 1400 Lunch hosted by the Directorate of Security Policy, MOD Guest Speaker: Brigadier General Gustav GUSTENAU, Deputy Director, Directorate General for Security Policy, MOD 1400 - 1530 Session 4: Mission Experience, the Practical

Aspects of Peace Soldiering

Chair: Major General Günter HÖFLER,

Commander Austrian International Operations

01 06 2005 2005 06 01

Command VIENNA in 0930 - 1600 - 0930

Wednesday Wednesday and optional Sight Seeing Program Program Seeing Sight optional and

Presentations by: Departure

Major General Suraj Alao ABDURRAHMAN,

Director of Policy, Defense HQ, Lagos,

1900 1900

NIGERIA Evening Social Dinner, Buffet

Brigadier General Karl Alexander

(Ret.) GREINDL,

WOHLGEMUTH, Senior Military Advisor, G. Günther General Chair: 1600 - 1700 - 1600

Closing Session Session Closing

UNAMA

1530 - 1600 - 1530

1530 - 1600 Coffee Break Break Coffee

Closing Session UNAMA

1600 - 1700 , Senior Military Advisor, Advisor, Military Senior ,

Chair: General Günther G. GREINDL, (Ret.) WOHLGEMUTH

Alexander Karl General Brigadier

1900 Buffet Dinner, Social Evening NIGERIA

Lagos, HQ, Defense Policy, of Director

, , ABDURRAHMAN

Alao Suraj General Major Wednesday Departure and optional Sight Seeing Program by: Presentations

0930 - 1600

01 06 2005 in VIENNA Command

Operations International Austrian Commander

HÖFLER, HÖFLER,

Günter General Major Chair:

Aspects of Peace Soldiering Soldiering Peace of Aspects

1400 - 1530 Session 4: Mission Experience, the Practical Practical the Experience, Mission 4: Session 1530 - 1400

General for Security Policy, MOD MOD Policy, Security for General

Deputy Director, Directorate Directorate Director, Deputy , GUSTENAU

Guest Speaker: Brigadier General Gustav Gustav General Brigadier Speaker: Guest

Policy, MOD MOD Policy,

1230 - 1400 Lunch hosted by the Directorate of Security Security of Directorate the by hosted Lunch 1400 - 1230

Austrian International Operations Command Command Operations International Austrian

Commander Commander HÖFLER, Günter General Major

211