Encyclopedia of Mobile Phone Behavior

Zheng Yan University at Albany, State University of New York, USA Managing Director: Lindsay Johnston Managing Editor: Austin DeMarco Director of Intellectual Property & Contracts: Jan Travers Acquisitions Editor: Kayla Wolfe Production Editor: Christina Henning Development Editor: Erin O’Dea Multi-Volume Book Production Specialist: Denna Jo Zombro Typesetters: Lisandro Gonzalez, Kaitlyn Kulp, Cody Page, Amanda Smith Cover Design: Jason Mull

Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA, USA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.igi-global.com

Copyright © 2015 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of mobile phone behavior / Zheng Yan, editor. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4666-8239-9 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-4666-8240-5 (ebook) 1. Cell phones--Social aspects. 2. Mobile communication systems--Social aspects. 3. Interpersonal communication--Technological innovations--Social aspects. I. Yan, Zheng, 1958- HE9713.E63 2015 303.48’33--dc23 2015003299

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All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.

For electronic access to this publication, please contact: [email protected]. Category: Healthcare and Medicine 807

Internet and Mobile Phone Addiction H

Vanessa Renau Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain

Frederic Gil Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain

Ursula Oberst Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain

Xavier Carbonell Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain

INTRODUCTION among others (Kuss, Griffiths, & Binder, 2013). As a consequence, particular kinds of behavior The Internet is a largely social, interactive and may arise in relation with overuse (Puerta-Cortés, information-driven medium that makes it easy Carbonell, & Chamarro, 2014). for us to engage in social and academic activities, In general the problematic use of the Internet including business and entertainment. Over the last and mobile phones can be defined as an inability decade, mobile phones have actually turned into to regulate one’s use which eventually involves so-called “smartphones,” and they now support negative consequences in daily life (Billieux, 2012) a wide variety of services related to the Internet, including on health and on social and financial multimedia, business, gaming, photography, etc. aspects of life. These networks have had a great impact on young people. On the one hand, the Internet has provided many benefits to users (Echeburúa & OVERVIEW de Corral, 2010). On the other, some people have become obsessed with it and are unable to control The field of knowledge related to Internet and their use. In some cases, people have lost control Mobile Phone addiction began to emerge when of their Internet and Mobile Phone usage to the in 1995 Goldberg criticized the Diagnostic and degree that their behavior has jeopardized their Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) jobs and relationships. with reference to Internet addiction. One year This problematic Internet and Mobile Phone later, Young (1996) expressed her worries about use (PIU) can affect users’ physical, mental and the emergence of a new disorder related to the psychological health (Bener & Bhugra, 2013). maladaptive usage of information and commu- Some researchers have confirmed that excessive nication technologies. Internet use, which is considered a behavioral ad- Over the following years interest in this topic diction, can generate symptoms associated with has grown and gained the attention of many re- dependence in a similar way as substance abuse. searchers worldwide. Despite the fact that Internet According to Beranuy, Carbonell, and Griffiths and Mobile Phone addiction is a concern in all (2013), problematic Internet and Mobile phone countries, the issue has been a more major consid- users can suffer mood modification, loss of control, eration in certain places. This is true in some Asian relapse, craving, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, countries, especially China, Korea, Taiwan and

DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-8239-9.ch066

Japan, which seem to have a significantly higher world’s leading scholars on gaming addiction and proportion of sufferers from this maladaptive In- gambling and become a reference all over the world ternet and Mobile Phone use. This large number for those who study Internet related issues, having of people with problems arising from what is now published numerous books and articles. In Spain, considered a behavioral disorder has prompted Echeburúa was one of the earliest scholars to be these countries to seek out treatments and create concerned with the psychological aspects related to specific rehabilitation programs. Internet use. Now, several research groups focused What we do know is that the appearance of new on maladaptive behaviors exist in Spain with the technologies that allow the user to be connected aim of understanding the psychological dimen- at all times has made one of the most significant sion of addictions. For instance, Carbonell and his impacts on modern society in recent years, affect- group have carried out several important studies ing the daily life of many people around the world. on addictions to substances and new technologies The regular use of these tools can lead to a lack of like the Internet and Massive Multiplayer Online control in users, or in other words to abuse, and Role Playing Games (MMORPGs). ultimately to addictive behavior. Although not all In America, Young (e.g. Young, 1998) is one of studies have focused on the problems related to the most influential global experts on Internet ad- new technologies, and have also dealt with their diction disorder and online behavior. The founder benefits, the major scientific interest, especially of the Center for Internet Addiction in 1995, she in the psychological field, is concerned with their is considered a pioneer on this subject. possible negative effects. Leo Sang-Min Whang and Geunyoung Chang As we have stated, modern technology allows (see Whang, Lee, & Chang, 2003), represent some users to have access to the Internet through the of the most important researchers in the prolific Mobile Phone. The blend of the two technolo- Asian sector. Their interests remain in human gies suggests that we cannot conceive Internet behavior changes through socio-cultural circum- addiction as a separate entity from that of mobile stances. With the arrival of these new technologies, phone addiction, but rather should study them these Korean researchers started studying cyber together. Another issue to be considered is that psychology and youth culture. many researchers claim that the cause of maladaptive behavior and addiction is not the technology Relationship between Internet itself, but the content and applications than can and Mobile Phone Addiction be accessed via the Internet. Information and communication technologies (ICT) have become an essential part of our lives. CURRENT SCIENTIFIC The increase in new technologies and virtual KNOWLEDGE IN INTERNET AND communication involving personal computers, MOBILE PHONE ADDICTION tablets and mobile phones is causing changes in individuals’ daily habits and behavior (King et Nowadays, Internet and Mobile Phone addiction al., 2013). Consequently, profound changes have is an issue with increasing significance for the sci- been and continue to be produced in our society. entific community. In this section we will present The most recent revolutionary change in the an overview of current research on Internet and field of information and communication technol- mobile phone addiction. The number of studies ogy has been the advent of multipurpose mobile concerning this topic has grown significantly. phones (Chóliz, 2010), so-called smartphones, In Europe, Griffiths and his International Gam- which allow users to access the Internet, Internet ing Research Unit have taken a place among the applications and social networking sites (SNSs)

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whenever and wherever they want. Therefore, we this sense, researchers have identified a number affirm that behaviors related to the Internet and to of activities, personality traits, and disorders as- H the mobile phone cannot be considered separately sociated with Internet addiction (Kuss, Griffiths, because they represent a single technology that is & Binder, 2013). employed together. The list of motivations for the use of the In- Although addictions always result from the ternet and Mobile Phones is a long one. As we interaction and interplay of many factors, it could mentioned above, there are a great deal of varying be argued that technology and technological ad- factors that make online activities like Internet vances can themselves be an important contrib- gambling potentially seductive and/or addictive uting factor. It can be assumed that availability due to the properties of the technology itself. and accessibility may increase the individual’s Among these factors, anonymity, convenience, es- vulnerability to an addiction (Wu, Cheung, Ku, & cape, dissociation/immersion, accessibility, even Hung, 2013). Thus, technology itself facilitates and frequency, interactivity, disinhibition, simulation increases the risks of problematic usage, provid- and associability seem to be the most important. ing different and varied new ways to participate Virtual environments also provide short-term in potentially addictive online activities such as comfort, excitement and/or distraction (Bonnaire, gambling via the Internet or smartphones and 2012). In the case of MMORPGs, the principal interactive television (Bonnaire, 2012; Phillips, motivations for participation are the search for Ogeil, & Blaszczynski, 2012). entertainment, virtual friendship and escapism, Following Billieux (2012), we can consider some of them leading to psychological dependence dysfunctional uses of both technologies as a part and serious life conflicts (Beranuy, Carbonell, & of a broader spectrum of “cyber-addictions” that Griffiths, 2013). includes a variety of dysfunctional behaviors and As mentioned above, the use of the two tech- involves specific online activities. nologies is more problematic during adolescence and as the individual becomes more mature tends Risk Factors and Vulnerability to to normalize and move from a more playful or Internet and Mobile Phone Addiction leisure time use toward a more professional use with fewer negative consequences (Beranuy, Although the Internet and the mobile phone are Chamarro, Graner, & Carbonell, 2009). used by all age groups, teenagers and young Gender has also been one the most studied adults have been the most extensively studied variables. It seems that females have less risk to group because they are considered to be the most develop Internet and gambling addiction. Males vulnerable (Kuss, Griffiths, & Binder, 2013), this score significantly higher for IAD (Internet Ad- risk factor owing to the stage of their emotional diction Disorder) than females (Samarein et al., development. As Samarein et al. (2013) pointed 2013). Being female seems to be a protective out, for those belonging to this group, the line factor from problematic Internet use (Puerta- between online and real-world interaction can Cortés, Carbonell, & Chamarro, 2014) but not practically be perceived as non-existent. for the problematic use of cell phones (Carbonell Several empirical studies have been con- et al., 2012). ducted in order to identify the characteristics that Frequency of use is generally related with ad- make the Internet and mobile phone technolo- dictive tendencies, and the passage time reveals gies addictive. The personal variables present in users’ degree of involvement with these technolo- individuals that may reinforce such pathological gies, setting the individuals with a pathological use use have been also taken into consideration. In apart from those who show more healthy usage.

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The more time an individual spends on the activ- tínez, 2011; Wu et al., 2013), especially when ity, the higher the risk he or she has of developing accompanied by poorer self-control (Yau, Potenza, problematic behavior related to the Internet and & White, 2013). However, in users diagnosed Mobile Phones (Wang et al., 2013). For example, with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Wu, Cheung, Ku, & Hung. (2013) observed that (ADHD), inattention was the symptom most those who spent more time on SNSs also reported associated with Internet addiction, followed by greater addictive tendencies. Ozdamli & Beyatli impulsivity (Yen, J.Y., Yen, C.F., Chen, Tang, (2013) reported that as students’ Internet usage & Ko, 2009). Hostility was also associated with hours increase, the risk of addiction also increases. Internet addiction, but only in males (Yen, Ko, Empirical evidence of the relationship between Yen, Wu, & Yang, 2007). personality and problematic Internet use has been Other associated individual variables are shown in multiple studies, with neuroticism the greater intolerance of frustration of entitlement factor most often cited as related to Internet ad- and emotional discomfort (Ko, Yen, J.Y., Yen, diction (Samarein et al., 2013; Andreassen et al., C.F., Chen, & Wang, 2008) or of psychological 2013), while extraversion, openness, agreeable- distress in general (Beranuy, Oberst, Carbonell, ness and conscientiousness are not (Puerta-Cortés, & Chamarro, 2009). Carbonell, & Chamarro, 2014), although the re- Finally, environmental and family conditions sults on these latter factors are not conclusive. For and relationships must be taken into consider- instance, Andreassen et al. (2013) found a positive ation. Family status like parental divorce and the relation between extroversion and Facebook and relationship among family members, as well as mobile phone addiction, while in Kuss, Griffiths, parental rejection or over-protection have been and Binder (2013), extraversion and conscien- identified as risk factors (Peng & Zhou, 2009). tiousness appeared as protective factors for high However, the perception of social support and frequency online gamers. High neuroticism and parents’ emotional warmth seem to be protective low agreeableness significantly increased the factors. It has been concluded that a poor family chances of being addicted to the Internet. atmosphere and lack of love from parents are In addition to personality, psychological predictors of PIU among college students (Huang problems and disorders have also been the focus et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2013). of many studies. Thus, individuals with social phobia or social anxiety can develop a dependency on commu- AN OVERVIEW OF EMERGING nication through virtual environments and use PROBLEMATIC INTERNET a personal computer as a form of relating to the AND MOBILE PHONE USE outside world to reduce stress and a way to avoid IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES direct social relations (King et al., 2013; Yen et al., 2012). Mood disorders such as depression Historically, beginning in the mid-‘90s of the have been identified as risk factors for problem- last century, the focus of scientific interest was atic Internet use, as to a lesser degree have low on “Internet addiction” in general. Later, stud- self-esteem and decreased satisfaction with life ies on addiction to new technologies began to (Koronczai et al., 2013; Widyanto & Griffiths, focus more and more on specific applications or 2011). Surprisingly, anxiety seems to be less as- online-supported uses. One of the reasons for this sociated to PIU than is depression (Lu et al., 2011). is that mobile devices (smartphones, tablets) now Impulsivity is another variable that showed a offer access to functions traditionally supported positive relationship with an addictive tendency by the computer (games, social media, music, (Liberatore, Rosario, Colón-de Martí, & Mar- movies, etc.).

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Another aspect to be considered it that studies more precise understanding of the way the Internet on problematic Internet and Mobile Phone use and Mobile Phone addiction works. Meanwhile, H are not evolving in the same way in Eastern as in in western countries there is no special focus on Western countries. any dimension of this issue. Researchers show When considering how Western countries are interest in several aspects of Internet and Mobile experiencing this issue, the first thing we should Phone addiction. bear in mind is that for the time being, Internet On the topic of Eastern countries, there has and Mobile Phone addiction is not officially been much controversial news coming to light considered a mental disorder. The fifth edition of lately about Internet addiction in Asian countries the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental such as China, Taiwan and Korea. The People’s Disorders (DSM-V) does not consider addiction Republic of China became the first country to without substance or behavioral addictions a label the compulsive use of the Internet a mental disorder. Nevertheless, it is considered a very disorder. Internet and Cell Phone usage has made addictive behavior because it offers a wide range such a strong impact on Chinese society that of reinforcements. On the other hand, some look experts refer to them as “electronic heroin” (as at the good side of the Internet and Mobile Phone we can see in the documentary film China’s Web usage (Cassidy, 2006). Junkies: Internet Addiction). In Western countries there’s also an interest in Another controversial issue relates to the mea- several dimensions of Internet and Mobile Phone sures the Chinese government has taken to tackle addiction such as: cyberbullying, sensory isolation the problem. In order to fight Internet addiction while using mobile phones, etc. Despite the fact and reduce dependency on these technologies, the that it has not been deemed a mental disorder in Beijing government has developed shock therapies itself, researchers are aware that it is a problematic that are being applied in prison-like centers. China we must keep an eye on. In 2004 the USA started blames parents for teenagers’ maladaptive use and to take this problematic Internet and Mobile Phone disorder, and, in several cases, has forced them to usage more seriously. Nowadays there are treat- undergo this treatment. The Chinese authorities ment programs for Internet and Mobile Phone also believe that environmental and family condi- addiction all over the world that use methodolo- tions and relationships can make a difference as gies based on alcohol and drug addiction therapy. to whether one develops this kind of problematic We can also see that investigation in USA and (Peng & Zhou, 2009). Family support can to a Europe does not only focus on maladaptive behav- very significant degree contribute to the success ior. There are also studies on cyber-dependence, of a therapy program. cyberbullying, MMORPG addiction and Fear of The apparent reason that Asian countries have Missing Out (FOMO), a phenomenon character- moved forward much faster is the great preva- ized by the desire to stay continually connected lence Internet and Mobile Phone addiction has with what others are doing and a pervasive ap- in this cultures. At first sight it may seem that prehension that others might be having rewarding Eastern countries have more people developing experiences from which one is absent (Przybylski, problematic Internet and Mobile Phone use, but a Murayama, DeHaan, & Gladwell, 2013). major advance might also mean a higher number According to our research, Asian countries of studies or more importance given to the issue focus their studies on the diagnosis of the problem in the media. The disorder is less prevalent in and the correct treatment. This makes sense if we Western countries such as the United States and consider the large amount of people suffering from Europe, but the number of Internet and Mobile these problems. In Eastern countries researchers Phone users is rising each day. are more concerned with gaining a deeper and

811 Internet and Mobile Phone Addiction

Diagnosis and Detection daily life and on evaluating the emotional and of Problematic Internet cognitive consequences deriving from overuse. and Mobile Phone Use In general there are several factors that are predictive of problematic Internet use. As men- As we stated earlier, individuals with problematic tioned previously, similar symptomatology to that internet and mobile phone use have significantly associated with drug abuse can be experienced by higher scores for neuroticism, psychoticism, emo- people with internet addiction, as they may suffer tional symptoms, conduct problems and hyperac- from tolerance, craving and other issues. Personal- tivity. Those categorized as “internet addicts” also ity traits, parenting and familial factors and social have lower scores on sense of control over time, anxiety (Weinstein & Lejoyeux, 2010) can increase sense of the value of time, sense of time efficacy the vulnerability to suffer from the addiction. and prosocial behaviors than people without the More depressive symptoms, higher Internet usage disorder. It has also been found (Cao & Su, 2007) time, higher impulsivity, lower satisfaction with that people with problematic Internet use have a academic performance, being male, and insecure greater tendency to lie. A fully-fledged Internet attachment style were positively correlated with and Mobile Phone addiction is frequently related to Internet addiction. Low self-esteem, low family depression and suicidal ideation, with adolescents function, and online game playing predicted the being especially sensitive to this disorder (Ryu, emergence of Internet addiction (Ko, Yen, J.Y., Choi, Seo, & Nam, 2004). Yen, C. F., Chen, &Wang, 2008). One of the most popular psychometric tests These characteristics compose the clinical used to assess problems with the Internet is the In- symptomatology and are the ones that are taken ternet Addiction Test, created by Kimberly Young most into consideration when researchers try to (Young, 1998) and later translated, validated and diagnose the compulsive use of the Internet and improved upon by many researchers (Widyanto Mobile Phones. & McMurran, 2004) in several languages. This High comorbidity of Internet addiction with self-report questionnaire has good psychometric psychiatric disorders, especially affective disor- proprieties and can also be used to measure Mobile ders (including depression), anxiety disorders Phone Addiction. Other interesting tools for the (generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety dis- measurement of maladaptive Internet use include order), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) devel- (ADHD) is reported. oped by Meerkerk, Van Den Eijnden, Vermulst and Garretsen (2009), useful because it is short, easily administered and valid in just 14 items FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS and is ratable on a 5-point Likert scale, as well as the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire Following the statements of the leading research- (PIUQ), proposed by Demetrovics, Szeredi and ers, future studies may focus on the diagnostic Rózsa (2008). Furthermore, other researchers have features in order to provide a response to the created their own instruments rather than simply social needs derived from this issue. This type using versions of the classical ones such as the of investigations might significantly enhance the Spanish CERI or CERM questionnaires (Beranuy, way we confront and treat this problematic. For Chamarro, Graner, & Carbonell, 2009), instru- example, the functional consequences of Internet ments that measure experiences related with the and Mobile Phone disorders, risk factors, comor- Internet and Mobile Phones. These instruments bidity and differential diagnosis could be studied. are generally focused on measuring the degree of Research concerning the subtypes of Internet obsession, loss of control and interference with and Mobile Phone addiction has not as yet reached

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an advanced stage in its development. Thus, it may Beranuy, M., Oberst, U., Carbonell, X., & be necessary to conduct some specific research Chamarro, A. (2009). Problematic Internet and H on Internet gaming, FOMO and Social Networks, mobile phone use and clinical symptoms in col- among other topics. lege students: The role of emotional intelligence. There are many therapies focused on the treat- Computers in Human Behavior, 25(5), 1182–1187. ment of the Internet and Mobile Phone addiction, doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.03.001 and it would also be of interest to determine their Billieux, J. (2012). Problematic use of the mobile efficiency. Specific therapy programs must be phone: A literature review and pathways model. developed in order to apply a suitable solution Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8(4), 299–307. to this problematic. This would allow therapists doi:10.2174/157340012803520522 all over the world to know how to treat patients suffering from this type of addiction. Bonnaire, C. (2012). Jeux de hasard et d’argent If research is carried out with the objective sur internet: Quels risques? L’Encéphale, of promoting the understanding, diagnosis and 38(1), 42–49. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2011.01.014 treatment of this problem, it might help us to PMID:22381723 significantly improve both our approach Internet Cao, F. L., & Su, L. Y. (2007). Internet addiction and Mobile Phone addiction and its prognosis. among Chinese adolescents: Prevalence and psychological features. Child: Care, Health and De- velopment 33 REFERENCES , (3), 275–281. doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2214.2006.00715.x PMID:17439441 Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Gjertsen, S. Carbonell, X., Chamarro, A., Griffiths, M., Oberst, R., Krossbakken, E., Kvam, S., & Pallesen, S. U., Cladellas, R., & Talarn, A. (2012). Problematic (2013). The relationships between behavioral ad- Internet and cell phone use in Spanish teenagers dictions and the five-factor model of personality. and young students. Anales de Psicología, 28(3), Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(2), 90–99. 789–796. doi:10.1556/JBA.2.2013.003 Cassidy, S. (2006). Using social identity to Bener, A., & Bhugra, D. (2013). Lifestyle and explore the link between a decline in adoles- depressive risk factors associated with problematic cent smoking and an increase in mobile phone internet use in adolescents in an Arabian Gulf use. Health Education, 106(3), 238–250. culture. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 7(4), doi:10.1108/09654280610658578 236–242. doi:10.1097/ADM.0b013e3182926b1f PMID:23666321 Chóliz, M. (2010). Mobile phone addiction: A point of issue. Addiction, 105(2), 373–374. doi:10.1111/ Beranuy, M., Carbonell, X., & Griffiths, M. j.1360-0443.2009.02854.x PMID:20078493 (2013). A qualitative analysis of online gaming addicts in treatment. International Journal of Demetrovics, Z., Szeredi, B., & Rózsa, S. (2008). Mental Health and Addiction, 11(2), 141–161. The three-factor model of internet addiction: doi:10.1007/s11469-012-9405-2 The development of the problematic internet use questionnaire. Behavior Research Methods, Beranuy, M., Chamarro, A., Graner, C., & Car- 40(2), 563–574. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.2.563 bonell, X. (2009). Validación de dos escalas PMID:18522068 breves para evaluar la adicción a Internet y el abuso de móvil. Psicothema, 21(3), 480–485. PMID:19622333

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Samarein, Z. A., Far, N. S., Yekleh, M., Tah- Yen, J. Y., Ko, C. H., Yen, C. F., Wu, H. Y., & masebi, S., Ramezani, F. Y. V. A., & Sandi, L. Yang, M. J. (2007). The comorbid psychiatric H (2013). Relationship between personality traits symptoms of Internet addiction: Attention deficit and internet addiction of students at Kharazmi and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depres- University. International Journal of Psychology sion, social phobia, and hostility. The Journal of and Behavior Research, 2(1), 10–17. Adolescent Health, 41(1), 93–98. doi:10.1016/j. jadohealth.2007.02.002 PMID:17577539 Wang, L., Luo, J., Bai, Y., Kong, J., Luo, J., Gao, W., & Sun, X. (2013). Internet addiction of Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S., Tang, T. C., adolescents in China: Prevalence, predictors, and & Ko, C. H. (2009). The association between association with well-being. Addiction Research adult ADHD symptoms and internet addiction and Theory, 21(1), 62–69. doi:10.3109/1606635 among college students: The gender difference. 9.2012.690053 Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12(2), 187–191. doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0113 PMID:19072077 Weinstein, A., & Lejoyeux, M. (2010). Internet addiction or excessive Internet use. The Ameri- Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S., Wang, P. W., can Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 5(5), Chang, Y. H., & Ko, C. H. (2012). Social anxiety 277–283. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.491880 in online and real-life interaction and their asso- PMID:20545603 ciated factors. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(1), 7–12. doi:10.1089/ Whang, L. S. M., Lee, S., & Chang, G. (2003). cyber.2011.0015 PMID:22175853 Internet over-users’ psychological profiles: A behavior sampling analysis on internet ad- Young, K. S. (1996). Internet addiction: The emer- diction. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 6(2), gence of a new clinical disorder. Paper presented 143–150. doi:10.1089/109493103321640338 at the 104th annual meeting of the American PMID:12804026 Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada Widyanto, L., & Griffiths, M. (2011). An empirical Young, K. S. (1998). Caught in the net: How to study of problematic Internet use and self-esteem. recognize the signs of internet addiction – and a Intern1ational Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psy- winning strategy. New York: John Wiley & Sons. chology, and Learning, 1(1), 13–24. Widyanto, L., & McMurran, M. (2004). The psychometric properties of the internet addiction ADDITIONAL READING test. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 7(4), 443–450. doi:10.1089/cpb.2004.7.443 PMID:15331031 Bianchi, A., & Phillips, J. G. (2005). Psychological Predictors of Problem Mobile Phone Use. Cyber- Wu, A. M., Cheung, V. I., Ku, L., & Hung, E. P. psychology & Behavior, 8(1), 39–51. doi:10.1089/ (2013). Psychological risk factors of addiction cpb.2005.8.39 PMID:15738692 to social networking sites among Chinese smart- phone users. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, Billieux, J., van der Linden, M., D’Acremont, 2(3), 160–166. doi:10.1556/JBA.2.2013.006 M., Ceschi, G., & Zermatten, A. (2007). Does PMID:25215198 impulsivity relate to perceived dependence on and actual use of the mobile phone? Applied Cogni- Yau, Y. H., Potenza, M. N., & White, M. A. tive Psychology, 21(4), 527–537. doi:10.1002/ (2013). Problematic Internet use, mental health acp.1289 and impulse control in an online survey of adults. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(2), 72–81. doi:10.1556/JBA.1.2012.015 PMID:24294501

815 Internet and Mobile Phone Addiction

Carbonell, X., Fuster, H., Chamarro, A., & Oberst, Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Online U. (2012). Adicción a Internet y a móvil: Una social networking and addiction–a review of the revisión de estudios empíricos españoles. Papeles psychological literature. International Journal del psicólogo 33 (2), 82-89. of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(9), 3528–3552. doi:10.3390/ijerph8093528 Carbonell, X., Guardiola, E., Beranuy, M., PMID:22016701 & Belles, A. (2009). A bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature on Internet, video Kuss, D. J., Shorter, G. W., van Rooij, A. J., games, and cell phone addiction. Journal of Griffiths, M. D., & Schoenmakers, T. M. (2013). the Medical Library Association: JMLA, 97(2), Assessing internet addiction using the parsimo- 102–107. doi:10.3163/1536-5050.97.2.006 nious internet addiction components model: A PMID:19404500 preliminary study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–16. Carbonell, X., Oberst, U., & Beranuy, M. (2013). The cell phone in the twenty-first century: a risk Kuss, D. J., van Rooij, A. J., Shorter, G. W., for addiction or a necessary tool? (901 -909). In Griffiths, M. D., & van de Mheen, D. (2013). Comprehensive Addictive Behaviors and Disor- Internet addiction in adolescents: Prevalence ders. San Diego: Elsevier. and risk factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(5), 1987–1996. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.002 Carli, V., Dirkee, T., Wasserman, D., Hadlaczky, G., Despalins, R., Kramarz, E., & Kaess, M. et al. Takao, M., Takahashi, S., & Kitamura, M. (2012). The association between pathological (2009). Addictive personality and problematic Internet use and comorbid psychopathology: A mobile phone use. Cyberpsychology & Behav- systematic review. Psychopatology, 46(1), 1–13. ior, 5(5), 501–507. doi:10.1089/cpb.2009.0022 doi:10.1159/000337971 PMID:22854219 PMID:19817562 Czincz, J., & Hechanova, R. (2009). Internet Young, K. S., & Rodgers, R. C. (1998). Internet addiction: Debating the diagnosis. Journal of addiction: Personality traits associated with its Technology in Human Services, 27(4), 257–272. development. Poster presented at 69th annual doi:10.1080/15228830903329815 meeting of the Eastern Psychological Associa- tion. Boston, MA. Greydanus, D. E., & Greydanus, M. M. (2012). Internet use, misuse, and addiction in adolescents: Current issues and challenges. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 24(4), 283–289. doi:10.1515/ijamh.2012.041 PMID:23183727 Addictive Disorders: Group of addictions which includes substance and behavioral addic- Hong, F.-Y., Chiu, S.-I., & Huang, D.-H. (2012). A tions. model of the relationships between psychological Behavioral Addiction: Addiction related with characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use and specific act or behavior characterized by the of mobile phones by Taiwanese university female loose of control, psychological dependence, de- Computers in Human Behavior 28 students. , (6), creasing interest or loose of motivation for other 2152–2159. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.020 pleasurable activities and severe interferences on the addicts life.

816 Category: Healthcare and Medicine

Information and Communication Technolo- Maladaptive Usage: Non normal use that gies: Group of technologies that allow access to causes negative social, familiar and professional H the information through telecommunications. interferences on the individual’s everyday life. Those include Internet, Cell Phones and other Mobile Phone Addiction: Behavioral addic- communication mediums. tion related to the Mobile Phone usage. Internet Addiction: behavioral addiction Overuse: Excessive and uncontrolled use. related to the Internet usage.

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