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Jodi Magness, Shua Kisilevitz, Matthew Grey, Dennis Mizzi, Karen Britt, and Ra‘Anan Boustan

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Jodi Magness, Shua Kisilevitz, Matthew Grey, Dennis Mizzi, Karen Britt, and Ra‘Anan Boustan Inside the Huqoq Synagogue Jodi Magness, Shua Kisilevitz, Matthew Grey, Dennis Mizzi, Karen Britt, and Ra‘anan Boustan Huqoq’s ancient synagogue has yielded magnificent mosaics—some of the most impressive in all of Israel. But it was not mosaics that initially brought me (Jodi Magness) to Huqoq in Israel’s Lower Eastern Galilee. I never expected to make the spectacu- lar discoveries described here. After spending most of my career working in the southern part of the country, I began the excavations at Huqoq, in 2011, in search of answers to questions about synagogue chronology. These questions mainly concern the so-called Galilean type of synagogue buildings. In my opinion, archaeological finds such as coins and pottery indicate that these synagogues (exemplified by the one at Capernaum) date to the later fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries C.E., whereas traditionally they have been dated to the second and third centuries, WILD WATERS. Bound for Tarshish, the boat carrying the prophet Jonah hits turbu- lent waters. After admitting he is to blame for the storm, Jonah instructs the sailors to throw him overboard to calm the waters. They do so hesitantly, and God sends a fish to swallow Jonah. This Biblical scene is captured on this mosaic from Huqoq’s synagogue. At Huqoq, the fish that swal- lows Jonah is swallowed by a larger fish, which is in turn swallowed by an even larger fish. Hybrid women-bird creatures (Harpies and Sirens) appear in the mosaic’s HABERMAN JIM upper left quadrant, and the right side of the mosaic shows men fishing in a boat and wringing out a net. 24 May/JUNE 2019 BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY REVIEW 25 HUQOQ MOSAICS HUQOQ MOSAICS GRIFFIN HIGHER PHOTOGRAPHY HIGHER GRIFFIN HUQOQ’S SYNAGOGUE. With the Sea of Galilee in the background, the site of Huqoq sits atop a hill, some 4 miles from the lake. Huqoq’s ancient synagogue appears in the center of this photo. primarily on the basis of stylistic considerations moderate hill surrounded by arable land. Joshua (such as the style of architecture and carved stone 19:34 mentions Huqoq as a village apportioned to decoration). The question of chronology has impor- the tribe of Naphtali after the Israelite conquest of tant historical consequences, as an earlier date would Canaan. References in rabbinic sources, as well as mean these synagogues were constructed when Jews several mikva’ot (ritual baths) at the site, indicate lived in a predominantly pagan Roman environment. that Huqoq was a Jewish village in the Roman and A later date, however, would mean they were built Byzantine periods. By the Middle Ages and in the under Byzantine Christian rule, which many scholars Ottoman period, it had become a Muslim village think was oppressive to Jews. I was called Yakuk, which was abandoned during Israel’s hoping that excavations at Huqoq War of Independence in 1948. 0 10 miles would clarify which dating is correct. N I decided on Huqoq because it SYNAGOGUE PLAN. Huqoq’s early fifth-century C.E. syna- was a largely untouched site with gogue consists of a rectangular basilica with a central promising signs of a Galilean-type nave surrounded by aisles, all of which were decorated Jordan River synagogue. Although other archae- with mosaics. It measures about 65 by 50 feet. Belong- Capernaum Huqoq ologists had documented scattered ing to the Galilean type of synagogue, it was oriented to architectural fragments on the the south (toward Jerusalem) with the main entry in the SEA of Wadi Hamam ground that seemed to belong to a center of its southern wall. A Torah shrine would have GALILEE occupied the nave’s south end. From north to south, the Galilean-type synagogue, before our mosaic panels uncovered in the nave depict: Noah’s ark, Sepphoris Hammath excavations no one knew if there Pharaoh’s soldiers in the Red Sea, a Helios-zodiac cycle, Tiberias really was a synagogue at Huqoq or Jonah and the fish, and the Tower of Babel. From north Yaphi‘a where it was located. to south, those in the east aisle comprise: the elephant Huqoq lies about 4 miles north- panel, the commemorative panel, Samson and the foxes, BASE MAP COURTESY OF NORDNORDWEST/CC-BY-SA-3.0 COURTESY MAP BASE west of the Sea of Galilee on a and Samson with the Gaza gate. PHOTOGRAPHY HIGHER GRIFFIN 26 May/JUNE 2019 BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY REVIEW 27 HUQOQ MOSAICS HUQOQ MOSAICS FIRE FOXES. To burn the Philistines’ fields, Samson ties torches to pairs of foxes’ tails and sets them loose. Found in the east aisle of Huqoq’s synagogue, this scene comes from Judges 15:4–5. Its surviving portions show part of Samson’s body and two pairs of foxes. Wearing a tunic with a circular medallion, belt, and red cloak, Samson appears as a giant dressed as a Roman soldier. At that time, layers of leveling fill were dumped over the mosaics and collapse, to support the new floor about 3 feet above. The nave and aisles of the synagogue are paved with mosaics decorated with figured scenes arranged in panels. In the following description, we begin with mosaics in the east aisle moving from south to north and then proceed from north to south in the nave. The mosaic panel at the south end of the east aisle portrays an episode from Judges 16:3, in which Samson escapes from Gaza carrying the city gate on his shoulders after spending the night with a pros- HABERMAN JIM titute. The surviving portions of this scene, which is oriented toward the nave (east), include Samson’s head, neck, hands, left shoulder, and torso, and the city gate, two horses, and two male figures. Samson is depicted with short, wavy, reddish-brown hair. JIM HABERMAN JIM Wearing a white tunic cinched by a thick belt and a red cloak, he holds the city gate on his shoulders with both hands. Horses and riders—perhaps Philis- tines—appear below and to the left of Samson. GATE CHECK. Depicted as a giant with wavy reddish- of the interior, creating a central space (nave) sur- Immediately to the north is another panel depict- brown hair (which is surprisingly short), Samson carries rounded by aisles. Two stone blocks laid end-to-end ing the Biblical hero’s exploits: the episode related the gate of Gaza on his shoulders. This Biblical scene create a step rising from west to east on top of the in Judges 15:4–5, in which Samson takes revenge comes from Judges 16:3. The image above shows Sam- mosaic floor (the Tower of Babel panel) at the south on the Philistines by taking 300 foxes, tying them son’s head and hands, as well as part of his left shoulder end of the nave. Perhaps these are the remains of together in pairs with lighted torches between their and arm. Another surviving portion of the same mosaic a bema (platform) for the Torah Shrine. Altogether tails, and setting them loose to burn down the Phi- shows Samson’s torso and two riders on horses—pre- sumably pursuing him. Samson wears a white tunic, red the building measures about 65 feet long and 50 listines’ agricultural fields. The surviving parts of cloak, and thick belt, which is similar to the attire of a feet wide. the mosaic show Samson’s torso, abdomen, and fifth-century C.E. Roman soldier. Archaeologists uncovered So far there is no evidence of an earlier synagogue thighs, as well as two pairs of foxes. As described this mosaic in the east aisle of Huqoq’s synagogue. or an earlier floor under the mosaics. However, we in Judges 15:4, the foxes are tied tail-to-tail with found part of an earlier (undated) wall of different lighted torches, running in opposite directions. Sam- construction and orientation under the synagogue’s son wears a cream-colored tunic decorated with a Although we have excavated other remains of north stylobate. Pottery and coins from the founda- circular medallion (an orbiculum) and a wide belt Huqoq—including the ancient village, the modern tion trench of the east wall and radiocarbon dating cinched at the waist. A red cloak falls in vertical Ottoman village, and a significant medieval reuse of of a charcoal sample from the bedding of the mosaic the synagogue—here we present only the synagogue floor indicate that the synagogue was constructed in COMMEMORATING CONSTRUCTION. Located in the east and its mosaics discovered through the summer the early fifth century (shortly after 400 C.E.). It is aisle of Huqoq’s synagogue, this mosaic contains a com- of 2017.1 unclear when or why it went out of use, as there are memorative inscription inside a wreath, held aloft by four giants. Each giant stands on a sphere with a human The synagogue is a typical example of the Gali- no signs of destruction by fire. At some point, the face (or mask), supported by two winged cupids. Human lean type: a basilica with the long walls on the east superstructure collapsed—perhaps due to an earth- heads appear in roundels arranged on the wreath around and west, the main entrance (or entrances) in the quake—but only after the building’s abandonment. It the Hebrew inscription, which commemorates the con- HABERMAN JIM south wall (oriented toward Jerusalem), and a sty- appears that at least some of the fallen architectural struction of the synagogue. Although its entirety is not lobate (raised foundation) for columns on pedestals pieces were later removed, most likely when the preserved, the inscription likely celebrated the project’s that wrapped around the east, north, and west sides building was rebuilt and reused in the Middle Ages.
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