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I EXECUTIVESUMMARY The proiect brief was to I a) collateall relevantresearch material on Aboriginalheritage/culture in WalyungaNational Park WNP), b) summarisethe materialfor usein developingvisitor information, I c) preparea reportto include: i) the potentialfor Aboriginalinterpretation and ecotourism activities in WNP ii) a sitedescription map showing location of potentialthemes to be developed I iii)summarised information in everydaylanguage iii)an annotatedbibliography of all researchmaterial accessed.

I In the preparationof thisreport no contacthas been made with Aboriginal communities. It is basedon documentedmaterial. A vital componentof the overallstrategy is thento I inviteinvolvement by Aboriginalpeople in the earliestpossible stage of the development.

I The reportcontains the namesof someAboriginal people now deceased.

In Summary T WNP lies 40 kilometresnorth east of Perth,Western Australia, and covers1800 hectaresof woodedslopes and rivervalleys. The naturalmajesty and integrityof I Walyungacurrently attracts 90 000 visitorsper annumand it is an areawith strong SouthWest Aboriginal (Noongar) connections.

I Certaintrends are obviousregarding Australian Aboriginal culture:

1) Thereis a determinationamongst Aboriginal people that their culture is notto die. T Groupssuch as the NoongarLanguage and Culture Centre in Bunburyhave formed, and now producelanguage dictionaries, courses and educationpackages for peopleto I rediscoverthe heritageand culture; 2) There is a rapidlyincreasing number of non-Aboriginalswho want to learnabout I Aboriginalculture - possiblythe oldestsurviving culture on earth. t Thesepeople want a safe placeto do this, bothculturally and physically. 3) Overseastourists want to learnof Aboriginalways. Internationalbands such as Yothu t Yindi and variousactors have arousedgreat interestin this culture. I Currentlyno quality,regular activities allow this contact and experiential opportunity. Fiftypercent of internationaltourists indicate the wish to learnabout Aboriginalarts and culture(Bureau of TourismResearch, 1990) and manyhave stated their disappointment I in not havingcontact and experiencingAustralian Aboriginal ways. I I t I

Forthe followingreasons Walyunga National Park is a site uniqueto providesome of I theseneeds: its name,lack of majorcompeting developments, closeness to Perth,ease of access,long term preservation by legislation,quality of vegetationand fauna, long I term useby Aboriginalpeople and proximityto a largepopulation of Aboriginalpeople.

In this,the InternationalYear of lndigenousPeople, a greatopportunity exists, if local I Aboriginalpeople wish, to developWalyunga National Park into a majorcultural area, uniquewithin Australia, and offer an excitingspectrum of programmes,activities and facilitiesto helpthe Noongarculture be betterunderstood. t

Thereis a vastamount of literatureon Aboriginalsites and culture in thisarea (eg 400 metresbeyond park boundaries). Curiously there is onlyone very well documented I archaeologicalsite which is up to I 000years old in the park.There is oneother site and somescattered artefacts which have been considerablyless documented.No other T surveysare knownto havebeen conducted there.

Internationaland localstudies indicate the rapidlygrowing interest in Aboriginalculture I andcontact, as wellas in ecotourism.

As muchas onestudy may highlight the potentialand necessityfor culturaltourism in I Australia,several more, through evaluation of existingenterprises, urge caution. Suggestionsare madein the bodyof the report abouthow to reducethe risk of pitfalls I in suchventures, should any proceed.

Generalsuggestions are presentedbelow. I Suggestions Part 1 1 To fosterthe growinginterest in localAboriginal lifestyles a regionalcultural centre I couldbe establishedin WNP for Aboriginalpeople of the southwest of Western Australia(Noongars). I 2 Appropriateexisting organisations would be of great importancein further developmentof the Noongarculture project in the studyarea. These could be I identifiedand includedfor futureplanning.

3 A combinationof culturaland eco tourism could be developedby drawingupon T the principlesand elements of traditionalAboriginal culture that have been identifiedin the survey.This may be oneway of conveyingtraditional values and philosophiesto the westernworld.These principles honour the earth,and this is I the majorcomponent of ecotourism. T I 4 A thoroughinvestigation into Aboriginal significance and occupationof Walyunga NationalPark should be conductedprior to anyfurther development. Not only wouldthis shed extra light on the informationbut alsoensure further protection of I any sites. T

t1 I I t

I A parkmanagement plan should be developedand implementedin 1993/ 94. as proposedby the Departmentof CALM.Management would thus include strategies I respondingto findingsin the detailedsurvey work intoAboriginal significance in the oark.

I The informationsigns about Aboriginal culture currently in the parkcould be upgradedwith regard to appropriatecontent that is availablefrom the findingsof I this report. Althoughnot in thejurisdiction of the Departmentof CALM,further protection and informationcould be implementedand providedregarding nearby Aboriginal sites. I Thiscould include community and inter-departmentalinput. I I t I I I I I I I I T I I I f I Thefollowing first short story is writtenin everydaylanguage about someknown I Noongaraspects of thePark, and the second describes the journey of thewakarl (waugal)through Walyunga to thesea. The Mud Map of thePark accompanies them. T The WalyungaStory Walyungahas been a meetingplace for large groups of Aboriginalpeolple from a wide I areaover thousands of yearsaa,91. lt's notcertain if Walyungawas in theWadjuk or Balladongtribal boundary. The name may have come from Waylo'+s, Noongar for the 'northtribe', and 'yong-a' or'youngar' which means 'people'. Another name meaning mightbe 'walluk yong-a' meaning to ' to share,to divide'se.

Peoplewent to Walyungaespecially when they had something to sharewith one another.They took things to giveas presentsmore than to trade14.

Thecampsite was quite large, with thousands of implementsor piecesof themfound on a slopenear a streamin thelate 1970's. Thearea was bountiful, which may well have been the reason for large groups of peoplethere at anyone time. There was a permanentpool or 'livingwater' in theriver thatthey could live by for thewhole year. But the Noongarswere aware not to useup all the resourcesat onceand so movedto andaway from it (Bindon, pers comm).

It wasa retreatto thecool hinterland from the hotplain. The Noongars moved about purposefullyfrom season to seasonto getthe bestof the resourcesavailable sla.

Therewere yangets or reedroots in a lagoonand around a spring,plenty of bayoor zamiagrowing among nearby broken rock, and warran or yamvines growing bet\,veen rocksand climbing the zamia 44. Other tubers and red onions grew there too.

Theyangets or bullrushthat grew in freshwater had roots that were pounded, made into littlecakes and cooked in thefire. The bayo or zamiafruit was also enjoyed.

Theyams were ready to dig outof theground before winter when the ground was gettingsofter. But still it tooka longtime and lots of workto digthem up. Thiswas done by the women with their digging sticks, and children. Some say that it wasa dangerfor whitefellas horses to stumbleor peopleto fallinto the holes afterwards.The holes were half a metreacross and up to twometres deep. The yams werefrom as thick as your finger to asbig as yourarm. lt wasquite a tightfit for the peopledigging them out. But they were important enough for lotsof peopleto cometo shareat theright time s6. Each year there was an increaseceremony to makesure more yamswould be aroundin the ne)idseason.

Notonly was the plant food good at Walyunga,but the bushwas home for many animals,and the water had fish, tortoises, frogs, gilgies and lotsof visitingwaterfowl whoprovided eggs.

iv Frogswere caught by diggingfor themor stalkingthem and were then threaded on a longreed for easiercarrying. Some frogs, were never eaten. Gilgies were dug out from the banksof the riverand streams 54. An emu huntwas consideredexciting and when one wascaught calls of happinessfrom the Noongarswould relay across the hiilsand downthrough the valleyss6. Big eagleswere not caughtbecause it was believedthat you wouldlose your aim in spearthrowing zz.

Peoplemostly camped on the highground where they hadgood views across the coastalplain. lt waswell drained there too for winter.Another good thing was the open tracksacross to the DarlingScarp because down in the valleysthe bush was sometimestoo thickto walkthrough at.

In summerwhen a lotof the waterhad dried up, the Noongarsaround places like Walyungawould find an old,hollowed out wandoobranch where water was stored. Theycould tell by a slightmark or changeof colouron the surface.There they'd tap the tree for a jet of waterto drink.When finished the Noongarswould hammer the bark over the holeto keepthe restof the waterfor later58.

Earlyexplorers saw trees carved with toe holdsand shieldshapes in the areas8.

Walyungawas like a meetingplace for lots of maintracks. lt lead southalong the Avon gorgeto the UpperSwan and it lead northto the wide swampyvalley of the Brockman River.lt also lead west acrossa dip in the DarlingScarp to the coastalplain and east alonga widegrassy valley of WooroolooBrook 44. This is shownon the MudMap, pagevi.

The stonetools were agedfrom 8 000 yearsago 7s to the timeswhen the whitefellas came3. Things like the grindingstones and poundingrocks were essential women's equipment.After a lot of use they were givento their menfolkto breakup and make into othertools (Bindon, opot).

Diariesfrom early explorerstalk aboutthe deliciouswater from springsin the Walyunga area, and the manyAboriginal camp fires and hutsthat they saw throughthe hills and valleys58.

Walyungais a specialplace. You can still sensethe strengthfrom the earththere today, but you haveto know,as the Noongarsdid, howto use il properly.There is still so much to learn,and as the nameWalyunga might suggest, 'to share'. r--r

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1 The Wakarl (Waugal)passed through Walyunga Two snakesmet inland from York and came west until they got intothe valley. One got sickfor an unknownreason and threw up in the valley.On top of the big bouldersthere is someicing of conglomeratewhich is the snake'svomit. This stone is reallygood for flakingand so thistook place at theWalyunga site where the toolswere made.

Downstreamfrom the poolthe snake'seggs are big roundboulders which block up the riverbed.

The snakesturned andwent through the DarlingRange on the plain.When they got out on the plainand away from the tall trees they got sunburnt. The scalespeeled off at Ascotwhere there are shell beds of shale(Bindon pers comm ).

Thenthey went down to Perthwhere the pregnantfemale snake laid her egg by the side of the spring,near Mt Eliza(Armstrong 1833, Bates .1905, in Vinnicombe1989). The two snakeshad an argumentand where they fought out theirbattle, a big basinwhich is now PerthWaters, was flattened.

The femalesnake then travelled up the CanningRiver where she disappearedinto the ground.The shellbeds there are herscales. She emergedat BibraLake, looked all aroundand then went down again and came up, andwent down again and cameup, forminga wholechain of wetlandsby doingthis.

Shecame back to thetrack of the malesnake who hadcome down to the deeppart of BlackwallReach. He knewthat the femalewas comingand so went northand madethe lakesaround Yanchep.

The femalewent out to the sea. He cameback south down underthe groundand emergedat the bar on the riverat Fremantlebefore C. Y. O'Gonnorblew it out.with explosives.The snakethen wentout to the northof Rottnestlsland when it was still part of the coast(Bindon, opo?),

v1l I

I CONTENTS

EXECUTIVESUMMARY t 1.0 INTRODUCTION 't 1.1 Proiect Brief 1 I 1.2 Study Area 1 1.3 Background 2 2.0 METHODOLOGY 4 The Concept 4 2.1 Part 1 Aboriginal Culture and HeritageMaterial 4 2.2 Part 2 Potentialfor Cultural,Heritage and Eco Tourism in WNP5 2.2.1 Definitions 3 3.0 RESU LTS 6 3.1 Part 1Aboriginal Culture and Heritage Research 6 3.1.a) Aboriginal sites and other locations 6 3.1.a.i In WalyungaNational Park 7 3.1.a.ii In the proximity of Walyunga 7 3.1.a.iii Links with WNP and other places in the south west of WA 10 3.1.a.iv Links with WNP and other places in WA 10 3.1.a.v Links with WNP and other places in Australia 10 3.1.a.vi Links with WNP and countriesother than Australia 10 3.1 a vii Aboriginalplace names in and around walyunga 10 3.1.b) lnformation types 12 3.1.b.i The name 'Walyunga' 16 3.1.b.ii Someplaces 16 3.1.b.iii Tribes and tribal boundaries 17 3.1.b.iv Demography 17 3.1.b.v Changes in population and culture 18 3.1.b.vi People 19 3.1.b.vii Quotes trom early settlers in the proximity ol the study area about people, places and incidents 19 3.1.b.viii Sites 20 3.1.b.ix Movement and links 21 3.'l.b.x lmplements and links 21 3.1.b.xi Geology 22 3.1.3 Discussion 23 3.1.4 Suggestions 26 3.2 Part 2 Potentialfor AboriginalCultural and Eco Tourism at WNP 27 3-2.1 Literature review 27 3.2.1a Trends in cultural tourism 27 3.2.1b Some dilemmasof culturaltourism 29 3.2.1.c Some issueson souvenirsand shopping 33 3.2.1.d Case studies ol cultural tourism 31 3.2.1.e Some identiliedproblems in the processesof Aboriginal-non-Aboriginalprojects 35 3.2.1.f Some suggestedstrategies to facilitate Aboriginal-non-Aboriginalproiects 37 3.2.2 Potentialfor Aboriginalcultural and eco lourism in WNP 40 a Walyunga and Aboriginal attributes 40 b A word of .caution 41 c Broad goals 41 3.2.3 Suggestions 42 a General 42 b Activ ities 42 4.O CONCLUSION 44 5.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 45 6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 46 6.1 Part 'l Aboriginalcultural material a) Data sheets 46 b Additionalworks consulted 46 6.2 Pafi 2 a) Cultural tourism potential 47 b) Additionalwork consultedor cited from the above 48 7.0 APPENDICES 49 et seq 1 Data sheets with bibliographyand annotatedinformation 2 Summaryof data with content,theme, links and places 3a Noongar language-somegeneral vocabulary 3b Noongar language-somevegetation of WNP 3c Noongar language-sornebirds and oiher animals of WNP 4 PatternThinking and Triangie Thinking FIGURES,TABLES and PLATES

MAPS Executive Summary: Walyunga Mud Map Figure 1 Study Area 1 Figure 2 Documentedsites and locations in WNP 7 Figure 3 Sites and locations near WNP and in the researchfindings I Figure4 Some Aboriginalplace namesin and near Walyunga 11

TABLES Table 1 Six areas and their trequenciesmentioned in the literature 6 Table 2 Twenty-onetopics of informationand their frequenciesas they emergedfrom the literature 1 3 Table 3 Matrix of topics and places from the literature 1 4 Table 3a Relationshipof taboos with other topics 1 5 Table 4 A comparisonof principlesand elementsin traditional Aboriginal and current western lifestyles. 2 5 Table 5 Pathwayoptions for developingAboriginal and eco tourism in WNP 3 9

PLATES Plates 1 and 2 Two ol the informationboards at WNP 1.O INTRODUCTION 1.1.Proiectbrief Theproject involved two elements: 1 thecollation of all relevantresearch material on Aboriginalheritage and culture in WalyungaNational Park (WNP), 2 thepotential for Aboriginal cultural and eco tourism activities in WNP.

Basicreport requirements were a) an executivesummary describing the potential for Aboriginal cultural and ecotourism activities in WNP; b) a sitedescription map showing location of potentialthemes to be developed; c) an annotatedbibliography of all researchmaterial accessed.

Projectteam Co-ordinatorGraham Ellis-Smith, Department of CALM Advisers PeterBindon, WA Museum stevslavin, Department of CALM RossMcGill, Department of CALM GeorgeDuxbury, Department of CALM

1.2 The study area

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Figure 1 Location and study area WalyungaNational Park covers 1800 hectares and is situated40 kilometresnorth east of Perthalong the GreatNorthern Highway (see Figure 1). lt sitswithin the folds of the DarlingScarp and features creeks feeding from the hillsand through the valleysinto the SwanRiver. The mainvegetation communities include stands of dryandraand grass tree,outcrops of cassuarinaover granite, woodlands of wandooand marri,outcrops of jarrahon the gravelridges, and scatteredzamia. The waterwaysare linedwith flooded gum and paperbarks.Supported by the healthyvegetation are substantialpopulations anda diversityof birdsand other fauna.

1.3 Background In 1893the areawas ve$ed as a publicutility (Reserve 2065) in the SwanDistrict. In 1965it was gazettedfor the purposeof Parkand Recreationunder the Shireof Swan-Guildforduntil 1970 when it wasvested in the NationalParks Board (now NationalParks and NatureConservation Reserves Committee) for the purposeof a NationalPark. The east-weststandard guage railway line cuts throughthe Parkalong the river.Currently the parkis surroundedby mixedland use includingagriculture and urbandevelopment. ln 1978an areawithin the parkwas recordedto have nearly3 000 flakedartefacts and fragmentsconsisting of toolsthat were datedto showAboriginal contact with the area between6000 years ago and seftlement6s.

Visitorsto the parkare estimatedat 90 000 per annum(Mc Gill,perscomm). The park is heavilyfrequented between April and Novemberwith the busiestinflux around winter and spring,particularly at the time of the annualAvon Descentwhen organisers, competitors,support crew, media and spectatorsbustle through.

The parkfeatures a full time ranger,entrance fee, car parks,camping ground, informationleaflet and board(see Plates1 and 2 page3), sign postedwalk trails, barbecues,and publictoilets. lt has beensuggested that the informationsigns be upgradedto show moreappropriate content. A managementplan for WNP is proposedto be developedin 1993/ 94. :--t _I _l _t _l _I _l _l _l

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z puPI saleld 2.0 METHODOLOGY The Concept Beforeapproaching Aboriginal people to askif theywish to be involved(and if so,at whatlevel) it is considerednecessary to assesswhat Aboriginal cultural and heritage informationrelevant to WNPwas available in academicand scientific institutions. lt wouldbe irresponsibleto present the possibility of developingWalyunga as the focal pointfor Aboriginal cultural education/tourism in the metro/outer metro area without first ascertainingwhat support information is available for Aboriginal people wishing to be involved.This may well raiseAboriginal expectations far beyondCALM's capacity to deliver,very likely resulting in 'badfeelings'.

2.1 Part 1 Aboriginalcultural and heritagematerial A datasheet was drawn up to recordrelevanl documented information from libraries andgovernment agencies. Data considered necessary was bibliographic detail, content,theme, links (in time, place, cuhure), taboos (for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people)and potential. The numbers of thedata sheets are given throughout the text in Part1 as references.The sheets are in Appendix1.

Whenthis informationwas gathered, categorisation of topicsand placesoccurred. For the purposesof thisstudy'nearby WNP' included New Norcia, Yanchep, Rottnest lsland,Barragup, Gwambygine and Bolgart and places within that range.

Foreasier reference a malrixof the analysesresults was constructed to seeat a glance thequantities of informationwith topics and places. The materialwas collated to presentcontent with links, theme and places collectively andthe sheetsare in Appendix2. Tabooswere inadvertently omitted from the first analysis,however, a separate analysis appearsin theresults section.

A summaryof someof the extractsof literatureis presentedin theirmain groups in the Resultssection.

Fromthe literaturefindings some threads were woven together into everyday language andthis informationis presentedas the WalyungaStory', 'Mud Map' and The Wakarl (Waugal)Passed Through Walyunga' in the ExecutiveSummary.

Mapswere compiled to expressthe linkswith places within and beyond WNP and namesof someAboriginal places.

Listsof relevantNoongar language were conslructed using George Fletcher Moore's 'DescriptiveAustralian Vocabulary' ot 18F'2and can be seenin Appendix3. lt shouldbe notedhowever that in 1992 the Noongarpeople met witha viewto standardisingthe spellingand pronunciation of Noongar words (see Bibliography 6.1.b). 2.2 Part 2 Potentialfor Aboriginalcultural, heritage and eco tourismin WNP Researchinto case studies and surveys of Aboriginalcultural/heritage tourism was conductedthrough literature and discussion with some relevant persons from both governmentand non-government organisations. This was to derivedeeper understandingof the reality of anypotential for the Park. On examining the literature, the task of movingdirectly to identityingthe potentialof WNPseemed fraught with assumptions.Hence other facets were raised in thisreport in orderto developa more realisticview of potentiality. Thereis a comprehensivebibliography for further reference.

Informationwas grouped into sections that were considered relevant to Walyunga.

Becauseof the conciseaspects of theirreview and summaries, ex'tracts have frequently beentaken from the literature and their sources duly acknowledged.

Thefindings were blended with observations and considerations for WNPand these arepresented in the'potential' section.

2.2.1 Definitions As mentionedthe bilef requestsrelevant research material on Aboriginal heritage/culturein WNP and potential for Aboriginalcultural and ecotourism activities. Forthe purposes of thisreport the following definitions apply.

Cultural tourism-generally speaking involves a rangeof activitiesincluding opera, tolk,iazz, festival attractions, art galleries, museums, zoos and public parks and gardensand contact with indigenous people and their lifestyles. For this purpose culturaltourism will refer to Aboriginalculture including traditional through to contemporaryaspects.

Heritage tourismrefers here to visitation of sites(eg rock art), that are material evidenceof Aboriginaluse of the naturalenvironment.

Eco tourismcan be defined as that kind of tourismwhich is basedon naturalfeatures in whichevery effort is madeto protectthem from human impact or excessive development.A certain wilderness or naluralquality is theimportant ingredient.

It is alsoknown as nalurebased lourism. lt canbe regardedas a formof cultural tourism.

'Cross-cultural'describes the act of communicatingbetween one culture and another.

'Co-cultural' refersto theincorporation and validation of thevalues and philosophies of bothcultures in action(MacFarlane pers comm). 3.0 RESULTS 3.1 Parl 'l AboriginalCultural and HeritageResearch 81 itemsof literaturewere recorded on thedata sheets where the bibliographicmaterial andthe contenl of thisis annotated.They are presented in Appendix1. Someother referenceswere consulted and these are listed in the bibliography6.1.b.

Resultsare presented under two broad headings: a) Aboriginalsites and other locations;and b) informationtypes.

Thissection should be seenas a workingcopy providing background information and datapertinent to WNP.Due to limitationswithin the study the materialcannot be consideredcomplete. The findings suggest many correlations and permutations, some of whichare shown below.

3.1.a Aboriginalsites and other locations Thebreakdown of sitesand locations mentioned in the literaturewith direct and possiblereferences to Walyungacan be seenin in Table1.

TABLE 1

70o/o I walvuruen

65o/o 6Oo/o 550/o ffi Neffiev 50o/o 450/o m sourHwEsr orHER 40o/o 35o/o 30o/o ffi wesr nusrnluAorHER 250/o 200k 15o/o I-I AUSTRALIAOTHER 100/o 5o/o 0o/o ffi oLoeAL

6 3.1.a.i In WalyungaNational Park 41o/ool lhe materialis directlyrelated to Aboriginalculture in WNP.Most of thisrelates to the archaeologicalfindings over the campsiteof 0.8hectares 16'17 and the large undisturbedquarry at DickeyJones Gully. t0'11y"1trnga was a veryimportant meeting placefor largenumbers of people1481. lt was also a favouritemeeting place (kalleep) for the extendedfamily (gurr) of Coondebung14. Mention was made of the yam (warran) groundsby the permanentWalyunga Pool le'aa. These canbe seenin Figure2.

Figure 2 Sites in WNP

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3.1.a.ii ln the proximity of Walyunga The areas nearWalyunga are relativelyrich in recordedmaterial and constitute67.9o/o ol the sourcesof information.Their locations are shown in Figure3, page9.

Whilethese places lie beyondthe parkboundaries they are in manyways considered linkedwith the Walyunga area. For exampleupstream the Toodyayarea is well documentedwith informationabout rock art, ochreand artefactsat severalsites 4'4s. Bolgart,55 kilometresnorth east of Walyungais associatedwith the creator27. Ochrewas at RedHill to the south63, and manyimplements were recordedat Bullsbrookto the north1'70. Movementof traditionalAboriginal people between the SwanCoastal Plain and the hillsis muchmentioned 5,1a,ao as are the groundsof yamdiggings on alluvialsites both in WNPand beYon6 rs'+r. Bailup(20 kilometressouth east of WNP)was a meetingplace or nationalparliament for hundredsof Aboriginalpeople 47'80. Wakarl(also known as waugal)sites are documented400 metresdownstream of the park boundary.Mythological sites are alongthe banksof the river also immediately downstreamof the boundary,as are significantartefact findings over 23 sitesat Millendonr02s.58. 03.64. 78. One of Australiasoldest sites of 38 000 years is several kilometresdownstream of WNP at UpperSwan a3' aa, m and Yagan'sburial site is also nearby. Storiesof the Wakarlcontinue further downstream 63.

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,l f,__, 3.1.a.iii Links with WNP and other places in the south west of WA 46.90loof the literaturecited other olaces in the southwest of WesternAustralia which addto the understandingof the Walyungaarea. Wagin and Barragupwere also traditionalmeeting places 45. Some similarities in Noongarlanguage appear within the 14 differentBibbulmun tribes of the southwest of WA 14. Differencesin the customof burialsbetween some tribes have been reported 32' s7.

Someartefacts found at bothWNP and Devil'sLair contained bryozoan chert. Devil's Lair has been datedto 28 000-33000 yearsbefore present (bp) 73.

3.1.a.iv Links wilh WNP and other places in WA Relevantliterature mentioning places in otherparts of WA amountedto 210loof the sources Possibilitiesof Aboriginalcultural connections with the Walyunga area are from places as far awayas SharkBay, the Kimberleysss and the southeast of Australia71. Such comparisonsare drawnbetween trade, exchange of ideasand technology, and similaritiesand differences in languageand some customs s5'7s , The rainbowserpent was linkedwith the Porongorups,Walyunga, Fremantle and Rottnestand evenfrom as far away as AliceSprings zs,e+.

3.1.a.v Links with WNP and other places in Australia 17.3o/oef the literaturelinked Walyunga with other parts of Australia.Similarities in radio carbondates of stoneimplements found at Walyungaand the UpperSwan site, Devil's Lair and in the southeast of Australiasuggest that the countrywas inhabitedin the southeast of Australialonger than it wasin the north.Previously the northof Australia was presumedthe earliestland bridge with south east Asia and hencethe oldest locationof humanoccupation 73..

3.1.a.vi Links with countries other than Australia 3.7o/ool lhe literaturementioned other placeson the globewith regardto somecultural practicesaround Walyunga (and otherparts of the southwest). For examplethe methodsof detoxifyingcertbin otherwise edible plants were also in partsof lndia and Atdca 77,and the southernlimits of diggingfor yams beingabout 32 degreessouth, werealso in SouthPacific and Victoria 44.

3.1.a.vii Aboriginal place names in and near Walyunga Aboriginalplace names in and aroundWalyunga were listed by the Nomenclature Section,Department of LandsAdministration. These are locatedin Figure4, page11.

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1,. {7 i-: 3.1.b lnformationtypes Mostof the accessedliterature includes information about implements (4eolo), movement (390/0),lifestyle (380/o)and customs (960/0).lt should be noted that some of the findings conflictwith one another and that some are reoetitive.

Thiscan be seen in Table2, page13.

Someof thetopics overlap but for the purposesof thisstudy is consideredacceptable. Someare mergedbelow where appropriate. To reducerisk of lossof accuracythrough translation,the text is liftedfrom the data sheets to relevantheadings below. Not all of the informationcould be processedor transferredhere because of bulkand time factors. The rnatrixin Table3, page14 illustratesthe conelationsin the literature.

Tabooswere raised in'l7o/o of thedata entries. A breakdown of theirrelationshio with theother categories is shownin Table 3a, page 15.

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15 3.1.b.i The name 'Walyunga' Thereare severalpossibilities as to whythe placebecame known as 'Walyunga.' In 1836When G.F. Moore came to the areawith Aboriginal guides, he recordedthat theywere met by otherAboriginal people who calledout 'Waoryoungar'u". In 1841explorer George Grey recorded the areaas beingthe centrefor Waylo,the northpeople 44. As 'Youngar'is the Noongarword for peoplesn it couldbe that Walyungareferred to the peopleof the north(of the Swan River). In 1843Surveyor Chauncy, when travelling with Aboriginal guides recorded Walyunga Pool',as it was knownthen, in hisfield book 1s. The area was also knownas 'Weerunga8o and it has been said that Walyungameans 'longpool'6. 'Wallukyonga' is to shareor divide,perhaps to shareamongst the people5s, the area beingan importantmeeting place for travellinggroups 44. 'Yong-a'or 'Yong-a'is to give58.

3.1.b.ii Some places Bailup (20 kilometressouth east of WNP)was a meetingplace or parliamentfor'the wholenation'. 300 menwould meet over three days. There is a naturalamphitheatre o.75 miles(srd across with the open end facingnorth west and a permanentlake on the highereast slope eo. NearWalyunga on the way to thevalley of GabbiaYandirt is Mambup(a hill)where deliciouswater was in two smallwells in the valley,Kyetmunga Moyolainup There was a smallstream running to the southeasl of the valley GabbiaYandirt. Nearlry was a district,lader, where the wholeof the valleyran north-southand where manynatives joined. The standingstone'boyay gogomat' was attributedwith remarkablepowers. lt was a man who had died and so otherswould die who, if in passing,neglected to make a bed for it 58.

NearMillendon around 1840, the Noongarssaid to Moore*the fires of Dyandalaand Millendonwould soon be removedto Coonarup,that you shouldhave plentyof wheat and that we shouldhave plentyof bread"referring to the baio or processedpulp of the xamianuts. Nearly100 men, women and children assembled to greetthe newcomers44. There are numerousNoongar place nameslisted for the Swan CoastalPlain and into the hills and north 27'3'5. Other place names around Toodyay for exampleare mentioned, such as a springsat a nativecamp called Nyindiup zo.

t6 3.1.b.iii Tribes and tribal boundaries The Bibbulmunpeople were in the southwest of WesternAustralia from Jurien in the northto Esperancein the south.They were a majorgroup that was separated from the inlandgroup by the circumcisionboundary 10'rs .Generally the tribalboundaries coincidedwith the floristic,faunistic and physiographic zones 7s. Some studies state that thereare 14 groupswithin the Bibbulmunarea 10 and anotherstates that there were six tribesin the southwestr3. More than 70 groupsin the Bibbulmunarea were linked by one languagewith localvariations 10. "Beeloo,the districtof Monday/Munday,a tribal leader, is boundedby the Canning Riveron the south,by MelvilleWater on the west,by SwanRiver and Ellen's Brook on north....the easternboundary I cannotaccurately define. Several of the mountainsare numberedin Munday'sterritories and his headquartersare in Wurerup52.'

The walyunga area is associatedwith the wadjuk Tribe32'37'84 which has also been called DyerringTribe 58.lt has been consideredof the SwanRiver area ls. Another sourceindicates that the Wadjugarea extendedto WonganHills and southto Pinjarra7. Some refer to WNP as withinthe Balladong/Ballardockingtribal boundaries, which is also said to be northeast of the wheatbelt and intothe goldfieldsts. York is said to includeboth tribes 32'50.Other tribal names have appearedas FirstNorth Tribe, Djee-ralkal la 48,Goodyak (Upper Swan group) 34. Mandoon(now Guildford) was consideredno man'sland or neutralground where easterntribes had accessto the coastalplain 00.

3.1.b.iv Demography A varietyof data was raised,based on differentassumptions. They include:

Bibbulmunmeans "many breasts'from perhaps the fecundityof the region,or fromthe unusuallygreat proportion of womenand childrenamong them 10. 750 peoplewere knownto havevisited Perth from the districtsurrounding and the populationdensity was one per two squaremiles 85. The York-Whajooktribal numbers were between40 to 80 s2.ln 1840there were 102 Aboriginalpeople listed in the Toodyayarea The populationof the Swan Riverdistrict from the DarlingRafige to the sea and from the UpperSwan to Woodman'sPoint was lessthan 120 natives(srd amongstthree tribes 27. An Aboriginalcouple and two childrenrequired more than 40 squaremiles from which to derivetheir daily food 80.

There were440 people,or 23 personsto 100 squaremiles; or 555 Aboriginesfor 2 800 squaremiles just to the northgives 20 peopleto 100 squaremiles; with 60:40male to femaleratio 41. The First NorthTribe (UpperSwan) had a muchhigher number of wives per husband,and childrenper fathersthan in laterNew Norciagroups and even more thanat Curo,Bibino and Ginginze. Perhaps the name'Bibbulmun' also referred to the fecundityof the region,or fromthe unusuallygreat proportion of womenand children amongthem 10. By 1865half of the York districtBallardong, Balladocking natives had died from measlesor consumption(tuberculosis) 37. Morerecent figures are availablein a populationtable between 1919 and 193638.

t7 3.1.b.v Changesin populationand culture Therate of artefactaccumulation was very slow. Six items/year indicates use of siteby a verysmall group of people,or fora shortperiod in anyone year. Occupation centres mayhave followed the coastline westwards where rainfall patterns probably maintained satisfactorywater and food resources. ln WNPthe early culture was either drastically modifiedwith time by indigenousinventions or displacedby an externaltechnology favouringproduction of severalspecialised regular tool types. Earlyculture lasted at various places with little modification until mid Holocene, suggestingthat the main change involved rapid displacement. The most likely mechanismis the introduction of radical techniques,.carried (with the dingo) from an externalsource, by migrants,displaced by risingsea levels 6000 years ago. Their key to survivaland expansion in Australiawould be useof theirmore efficient tools 68. Bythe time the Europeans had arrived a breakhad been put on the steep population riseof theprevious few centuries. Population differences through time (to 150 000 years ago)and place in the southwest occurred according to conditions (seeGeology, 3.'l .b.xi ). Hencethey adjusted their lifestyles accordingly, including socialand reproductive behaviour). Changes in tooltechnology and the times and implicationsrelated to increasingpopulation pressures, decrease in territorialrange of eachgroup's activities and source of stoneoutside the terrain 41 (see lmplementvlinks, 3.1.b.x).

WNPis enormousin extent,quantity and density of artefactmaterial, suggesting constantfrequenting by largeagglomerations of people. A minimumusage for the excavatedpart of the sitebetween 6 000and 3 200years ago may relate to an arid Phase+t.

BishopSalvado began a Catholicinstitution at NewNorcia in 1846,80 kilometresnorth of Walyunga.For this he withdrew the Aboriginal people in surroundingareas from their traditionallifestyles to Christianiseand separate them from their identity, families, practicesand beliefs. He hasrecorded much detail on the Aboriginal names and the demographyas he observedit beforethe massivechanges 22. Certain parts of his documentationcould well relate to theWalyunga people and area.

Recordsof 'offences'by Aboriginalpeople seen in the eyesof Europeanseulers in the 1800'sprovide names and regions of Aboriginalpeople along with their punishments 28. To helpclear the way for further European settlement many Aboriginal people, includingthose from the area near Walyunga, were sentenced to gaolat Rottnest lsland.

As whitesettlement progressed along the Swan/AvonValley, fewer Aboriginal people wereable to retaintheir traditional lifestyles and were forced to adoptEuropean ways. Duringthe 1840'spastoralists in theVictoria Plains (north east of Walyunga)frequently availedthemselves of localAboriginal women. As the country became more establishedand as morenon Aboriginal women became available during the later nineteenthcentury, such practices became less frequented and more covert- many whitesseeking to hideprevious and now embarrassing relations with Aboriginal People27.

18 3.1.b.vi People Thereis frequentmention of the namesof Noongarswhom early settlers met 35,58. Othersmore well known are alsoavailable 3. People who wentto NewNorcia with BishopSalvado 22 and Moore Riverss are recorded. Detail of thosearrested from areas includingToodyay also exist 28.

3.1.b.vii Quotes from early settlersin the proximity of the study area about people, places and incidents. "The beliefthat white peopleare the soulsof departedblacks, is by no meansan uncommonsuperstition amongst them; they themselves never having an ideaof acquiringtheir own land,cannot imagine others doing it- andthus when they see white peoplesuddenly appear in theircountry, and settling themselves down in particular spots,they imagine they must have formed an attachmentto this landin someother state of existenceand henceconclude the settlersat one periodblack men,and their own relations'35. "Theyhave namesfor all conspicuousstars, for everynatural feature of the ground, everyhill, swamp and bend of a river'43.

Mrs Millett'sperception of the land uponarrival from Englandto Toodyayin the 1840's "..theland produced neither corn nor roots fit for man'sfood, nor any fibrous plants that could be woveninto dress" 57.

"lndeedthe merefact of theirhaving been able to find a livingin so peculiara country as that in whichthey found themselves, placed by Nature,presupposes no small degreeof intelligencs" sz.

"..thenatives of WA arevery fond of singingand dancing..is he angry,he sings-,is he glad,he sings,-is he hungry,he sings..andit is the peculiarcharacter of the songs whichrenders them under all circumstancesso solacingto them....Aboriginal people are seen as beingmost resourcefuland knowledgable,with a strongspiritual and culturalfoundation.... is a nativeafraid, he singshimself full of courage;in factunder all circumstances,he finds aid and comfortfrom a song.Their songsare naturallyvaried in theirform; but they are all conciseand convey in the simplestmanner the mostmoving ideas...... Anative, Warrup, burst into tears upon hearing 'God save the queenB6.

"...... thestrange natives doing their utmost to renderthemselves useful. They had never beforeseen white people, and the quicknesswith which they underslood our wants, and hastenedto gratifythem, was very satisfactory."ss

'Natives are employedin mindingthe sheepand lambs,an officefor whichthey are no less fittedby their extraordinaryhabits of observationthan by their quiet gentlemanners and theirinborn kindness to animals*s6.

19 "...... yetwhen we hadseen none of themfor anylength of timewe missedtheir fun and frolic,and felt somewhat as peopledo whosechildren are goneto school.Especially we regrettedthe loss of theirwilling feet, since they were alwaysready to act as messengersand carried the lettersor'paper talk,' as suchmissives are styled by the natives,in the safe conveyanceof whichthey showgreat fidelity. I neverheard of letters beinglost by any nativeto whomthey had beenentrusted, and if it shouldoccur that a nativewith letters in hischarge is preventedfrom continuing his journey, he invariably passesthem on to anotherof his tribe,who transmitsthem safelyto the handsof a personfor whomthey are intended.The valueof such trustworthinesscan be easily understoodin a countrythinly peopled, where the nearestpost officeis oftenvery far away"56.

'Partiesof nativeswould frequently call at our encampment.One tall savageused to run 6 milesto our friendsthe Lukinswho hadthe neareststation. to fetcha bottleof milk.He wouldget overhis 12 milesin about2 hoursand was well contented with a pannikinof tea and anotherof flourto makea damper,by way of paymentt' 20.

3.1.b.viii Sites WNP:stone axe campingground (2 874 flakedartefacts) 6e ; mylonitequarry along Dickey Jones Gully. lt was importantbecause it was relativelyundisturbed, and quite large 16; warrang(yam) holes on the alluviumat WalyungaPool ts; Walyungawas a meetingplace for largenumbers of people; is part of the wakarltrack where flaked rocks appear for stonetool making; and wherethe snakeeggs block the river(Bindon, pelrs cunn) . Toodyay:where 2 implementsentirely different in modeof manufactureand function are combinedin a thirdmultipurpose stone implement +, FriezeCave-paintings, ritual implements,Dales Cave Gwambygine 43.

Bolgart:art pecked on rockface(Haydock and Roddaos). PlunkettMill, Brockman River, Wooroolooo Brook, Moondyne Spring. Brigadoon:complex mythological and archaeologicalsites, 8 sites on ridges,5 sites aroundbases of low hillsand slopes78. UpperSwan: 38 000years old. This is similarto, or olderthan, the oldestsite known from southeast of Australia(Lake Mungo 32000 bp) ?s. Yagan'sGrave: near junction of GreatNorthern Highway and West SwanRoad. Millendon:23 sites,63 isolatedfinds similar to othersin UpperSwan. SouthBullsbrook: 63 pieces,including surgical implements 1.

20 3.1.b.ix Movementand Links TheWakarl is said,by differentsources,to have travelled from Borongerups 25, through Bolgart27, WNP 2s, Brigadoon, Success Hill, gennett Brook, Mussell Pool 63to Wadjemup (Rottnestlsland; zs. There is alsoa linkwith an AliceSprings dreaming track 64. Bailup,Barragup and Wagin were meeting places of varioustribes 45. Mandoon(now Guildford) was a no man'sland; a neutralground where eastern tribes had accessto the coastalplain 80. Movementmust be seenwithin the boundsof certainconstraints 42. Two adultsand three children required more than 40 squaremiles for dailyfood; 20 peopleto 100square miles 41. Includes'several of the mountains'within the boundsof Monday'sarea of dominance. This suggestsa group basedon the plainmay have extendedits rangeof movement beyondthe escarpment.

The coastalplain to the jarrahforest facilitatedregular movement by familygroups and individualsbetween Lower Canning, to areasalong Darkin and DaleRivers and tributariesas far afieldas the upperreaches of the Avon River 42. Therewas a generalpattern of movement,opening up andoccupation, in two main zones:the one alongthe coastalplain; the otheron the inlandmargin of the intervening, comparativelyempty jarrah forest . Higherratio of earlyto late sites in the Avon area eastwardfrom York and Northamsuggests that rise of populationreached a ceiling here beforethe intensifyingusage of west coastalestuarine, swamp and piedmont resourcesapproached its limit40. Southwest articleswere exchangedwith the Gascoyne,eg gum, stone,feathers 45's5.

3.1.b.x lmplemenis and Links Avon Riverhas a higherartefact density than South Canning, North Dandalup and Collie,and a muchlower density than the SwanCoastal Plain s.

At WNP backedtools and flat adzeswere absent from the lowerlevels (of the trench) but presentmore than 3 200years ago in the upperlevels. Various changes 4 600 years ago conformwith similarchanges over otherparts of Australiaabout 6 000 years ago 6e.

Backedblades were found in WNP 6s, Bullsbrook 70, Gwambygine 43, Brockman River, MongersLake, Millstream, Wiluna, Blackstone Ranges, Kalgoorlie and Puntutiarpa 71.

Rockflakes in the PerthBasin consist of Bryozoanchert. Bryozoan fossils in chertare at manyblown-out prehistoric sites in the PerthBasin but noneare found at the present landsurface on theSwan Coastal Plain 30.

Chertfrom pre cambrian terrains (WNP) would have come from a source40 milesfrom thesite. Myloniticflakes are found in the Perth Basin from Eneabba to Mandurah.Other sources for mylonitefor southof the riverare sparse or absentnearer the west coast. North of theSwan River there is an increasein frequencytoward Gingin and Walyunga 31.

2l Bullsbrookwas rich in artefactsand may have been occupied over several millenia 6s. 80 kilometresupstream from WNP at FriezeCave 3 000 yearold ochreand human presencewere recorded. Some similarities were found with inland places such as Murchison,Zanthus, WNP, Chittering, Lake Mungo and LakeNeerabup 4s.

In WNPthere was minimalusage for implementsfound in the excavatedpart of thesite between6 000and 3 200bp whichmay relate to an endof aridphase ot.

Axesfound in WNPare larger than those found at Narrogin75.

3.1.b.xiGeology UpperSwan artefacts are in riverinesedimentary deposits and may perhapsbe related to a periodof relativelyhigh sea levelbetween 46 000 and 40 000 bp. zs 40 000 yearsago the riverbed was 10 metresabove the presentlevel. The riverbed rosefurther until approximately 30 000 yearsbefore present, depositing a layerof sedimentapproximately one metrethick above the artefacts(at UpperSwan). The river later begandowncutting as the sea levelfell, and the presentdeep valley was formed, nowpartly filled by Holocenealluvial deposits. The sitewas possiblyon the edgeof the floodplainapproximately 100 metresfrom the riverbed.After about33 000 yearsbefore present(bp) the site was no longerused by humans.68 The sea levelwas muchlower, and the bryozoanchert probably came from an off-shore sourcein thewest (for WNP artefacts).6e 6 000 yearsago Rottnestlsland was cut off fromthe mainland. 5 000 yearsago the presentsea levelwas reached68. Bryozoanfossils in chertartefacts (during the mid Eoceneage) were at manyprehistoric siteson the SwanCoastal Plain, yet noneare outcropping at the presentland surface. Variouschanges about 4 600years ago in the westconform with similar changes in otherparts of Australiaabout 6 000bp.6,

22 3.1.3 DISCUSSIONPart 1 Theresults presented in thissection are quite brief because of thevoluminous amounts of informationthat have been raised. However they are in three other formats in this report,namely in (inpart) 'The Walyunga Story'which is of theless formal language, on thedata sheets in Appendix1 andin thesummary sheets in Appendix2. Where informationwas too bulky, further detail lies in the literature itself.

Themajority of findingshave been focussed on the area in proximityto Walyungarather thanthe park itself. The types of informationmost readily available, in quantityat least, areabout implements, movement, lifestyle and custom. Much of thiscould be extrapolatedto the Walyunga area.

As it standssubstantiated information for a mapregarding Aboriginal culture is limitedto thequarry, campsite and its immediate surrounds (see Figure 2). The remaining 1795 hectaresare not discussed or pinpointedin literatureaccessed during the course of this report.

Thefact that Walyunga has been reserved as a parkfor onehundred years is verylikely thereason that information other than the campsite and its sunounds is currently not researchedor documented.Apart from the areaexcised for the east-wests,tandard guagerailway line there have been only minor changes that have not demanded surveywork by law.

Nearthe park there have been various non-Aboriginal developments in areas such as Brigadoon(housing), Upper Swan (clay extraction) and so onthat have resulted in surveywork and research into on siteAboriginal significance. Researchimmediately adjacent to WNPhas identified characteristics of the landscape thatsuggest and support human occupation. lt is very likely that the same would apply to WNPand serve as guidelines for further survey work.

It shouldbe notedthat research immediately downstream of WNPexcluded eight squarekilometres that were reserved for watercatchment and hence not in the direct pathof urbandevelopment. lt is possiblethat signs of humanoccupation could exist withrocks exposed in the riverbed during the drier parts of theyear. Regardless of vesting,representative sites of likelyhuman use and association could be researched concerningWalyunga.

Thepark is or wasabundant in resourcessuch as stone, water, views, shelter, bush food,fibres,medicine and wood for implements. Thereis alsoenormous mythological association that is documentedfor placesin and verynear Walyunga. Usingthe information raised in the course of thisproject it wouldbe usefulto draw furthercorrelations between, for instance,artefacts and other sites; and also theories on technologychanges. lt wouldalso be helpfulto interpretfurther the earlier exploration diariesand pinpoint the features, eg springs, rocks and places that are mentioned. Tribalboundaries are still not clear. Walyunga appears to be locatedvery near the boundariesof twoor eventhree main tribes. Other names have also been raised. BothWalyunga and Bailuphave been identified as importantmeeting places for hundredsof people.Further research could be pursued here at a laterstage.

Aspectsfrom the literatureand relevant to ourcurrent lifestyle could be featuredin any possibleeducational activities in the Park.They apply to bothcultural and eco tourism andlink the pasttraditional life with the present. Examples are presented in Table4, page25.

aA TABLE 4

A comparisonof principles and elementsof traditionalAboriginal and current western lifestyles.

Traditional Aboriginal Current western lifestyle cultu re (generally)

1 lntegratedworking knowledge of 1 Far removedfrom nature. ecosy$ems. 2 Senseof extendedfamily and 2 lnsularliving, institutionalised. community. 3 Communicationis multisensory, 3 Massand monopolised direct,personalised. communication.

4 Developmentof song,story, 4 Cultureis indirect,2nd hand, dance,art, adventure, spirit. throughthe media.

5 Skill,pride and personal 5 Massproduction; import-export; associationin manufactureof throwaway mentality. implements. 6 Knowledgeof originsof resources, 6 Manystages of processing includingtoxins. disguiseingredients and pollution.

7 lmplements/resourcesoften had 7 Features'built in' obsolescence, morethan one function or use. attitudesdetermine one use.

8 All itemswere 1000/o 8 ltemsoften toxic in production+/ or biodegradable. breakdown,and over longperiods.

9 Peopletook what was needed, 9 Livein excess,confusing needs henceno waste. withwants.

10 Low numbersof people 10 Medicalintervention and acknowledgethe carryingcapacity technology,high consumerism per of the earth" capita.

Elementssuch as these are often overlookedand can providea bridgeto our current lifestyles.They represent principles that are applicableor relevant.Examples and activitiesmay be possiblein educationalfields. This may be one way of conveyingtraditional values and philosophiesto the western world.These principles honour the earth,and this is the majorcomponent of eco tourism.

As mentionedearlier, the nextstep is to sharethe findingsof this reportwith appropriate Noongars.

25 TheNoongar Language and Cultural Centre in Bunburymay be of relevanceto WNP. Oneof theaims of theorganisation isto providea resourcecentre for people wanting informationabout Noongar language and culture 7e. TheAboriginal College, Marr Moodij (spelling check required) in Clontarfis researching andteaching cultural aspects and may also welcome connections with the Walyunga project.No doubt there are other appropriate Noongar organisations.

Byfar the most documentation raised tor this report has been written by non-Aboriginal

Someaccessed information of particular interest are the quotations from early settlers whohave noted aspects about the Noongarsthat areoften overlooked in white mainstreamliterature. Descriptions of Noongars relevant to Walyungahave included 'extremelyhelpful, caring, knowledgeable, quick to learn,sensitive, reliable natures and a strongsense of humour."

3.1.4SUGGESTIONS Part 1 1 To tosterthe growing interest in localAboriginal lifestyles a regional cultural centre couldbe established inWNP for Aboriginal people of thesouth west of Western Australia(Noongars).

2 Appropriateexisting organisations would be of great importanceinfurther developmentof the Noongarculture proiect in the studyarea. These could be identifiedand included for future planning.

3 A combinationof cultural and eco tourism could be developed by drawingupon theprinciples and elements of traditionalAboriginal culture that have been identifiedin the survey.This may be oneway of conveyingtraditional values and philosophiesto the western world. These principles honour the earth, and this is themajor component of ecotourism.

4 A thoroughinvestigation into Aboriginal significance and occupation of Walyunga NationalPark should be conductedprior to anyfurther development . Not only wouldthis shed extra light on the information but also ensure further protection of anysites.

5 A Parkmanagement plan should be developedand implemented in 1993 / 94 as proposedby theDepartment of CALM. Management would thus include strategies respondingto findingsin thedetailed survey work into Aboriginal significance in thePark.

6 Theinformation signs about Aboriginal culture currently in thepark could be upgradedwith regard to appropriatecontent that is availablefrom the findings of thisreoort.

7 Althoughnot in thejurisdiction of the Department of CALM,further protection and informationcould be implementedand provided regarding nearby Aboriginal sites. Thiscould include community and inter-departmental input.

26 3.2 RESULTSPart 2 Potentialfor rdboriginaland Eco Tourism at WNP 3.2.1 Literature review 3.2.1.aTrends in cultural tourism 'A majorfinding in the study'Cultural Tourism in Australia'is that"a significantand growingproportion of internationaland domestic tourists are seeking what can be describedas alternativeor culturaltourism, as a majorcomponent of theirholiday" t.

*Fiftypercent of internationaltourists indicate the wishto learnabout Aboriginalarts and culture(Bureau of TourismResearch, 1990) and many have stated their disappointmentin not havingcontact and experiencingAustralian Aboriginal ways.

*The authorsrecord difterent terms used such as eco tourism,alternative tourism, sofi or greentourism, environmental, experiential and anti-tourism and say thatthey represent the sameunderlying values 1.

"Worldwide tourismis one of the fastestgrowing industries at a rate of 8 per cent per annumand nature-based tourism is growingeven faster at 25 per centper annum2.

"ln its reviewof a majorstudy by AustralianTourist Commission on the characteristics and preferencesof potentialtravellers from the UnitedStates it was estimatedthat Australiacould realistically aim at a 100/oshare of the US internationaltravel market. They wentfurther to say that about40olo of this potentialmarket for Australiaconsisted of peoplewho sawtheir main travel benefit as'cultural immersion'. Almost everybody was interestedin beautifulscenery and friendlypeople, whatever type of travellerthey might be 1.

*Thereis no clear divisionbetween those who are attractedto indigenousculture and the environment.They are the sametype of personand can be clusteredtogether for the purposesof marketingand productdevelopment 1.

*lt hasbeen claimed that if specificcultural products are combined into one tour or package,the appealis limitedwhile if the culturalelements are partof a broadertotal experiencethe appealis very high1.

-The 1980'swas regardedas the eraof materialistichedonism while the 1990'sare predictedto be one of environmentaltourism. Evenof the hedonistictype of traveller,one in threestated that they would like to go on a one day Aboriginalheritage tour 1'3.

*ln the northwest of WesternAustralia Aboriginal people are meetingthe needsof naturetourists who are seekingcultural as wellas ecologicalinformation and experiencesz.

*Touristsare impressedby Aboriginalknowledge of a landscapewhich may initially appearhostile 4.

27 *Morelocally a surveywas conducted at anAboriginal rock art site four hours' drive eastof Perth,in 1988.lt documentedvisitors' attitudes, behaviour, needs and feelings aboutAboriginal culture and the site 5.

On levelsof knowledgeabout Aboriginal culture most of therespondents had learned littleor nothingabout Aboriginal culture at school,some had learned a littlefrom the mediaand less had learned something in theirtravels. Many expressed the desire to visitmore Aboriginal sites,

Somefeelings expressed about their visit included "l whisperedbecause it's like a holy place(like the same as when I goto church).This is absolutelynew to me.lt's a nice quietplace and that's good'. 'We passedthrough Dumbleyung and didn't know Mulka (Aboriginal man in thestory) wasburied there. lf we hadknown we would have stopped to lookand get a feelingfor it..

Manywanted the siteto be keptlooking natural stating that peace and quiet was rare, andthat naturalbeauty was appreciated.

Whiletheir preference for learning about the indigenous culture was via contact with Aboriginalpeople other choices were through organised visits, books and brochures.

.Resultsfrom other studies also indicate the desire to meetwith Aboriginal people, to speakwith them, to askquestions about their lMes and to learnfrom them 1,2.4.

*Thereis currentinterest by the wider community in Aboriginalplace names, traditions, landmanagement, artistic expression of variousforms, music and so on 4. Areas of interestexpressed by visitorsin thesouth west of WesternAustralia study included rock art age,meaning and technique, Aboriginal survival in the bush,lifestyles, history both blackand white, dreaming and legends, wildlife, local Aboriginal people, tribal names, languageand sacred sites Manyrespondents volunteered the fact that they did notwant any commercialisation amidstthe beautyof thenatural site 5.

"Breakdownof agegroups of NorthernTenitory tourists in theages and their levels of participationin Aboriginal culture are presented in Finlayson4but not considered essertialfor thisreport.

*Commentsabout the Mossman Gorge Kuku-Yalanji rain{orest walk (Queensland) include"Americans especially enjoyed the experience and appreciated the opportunity to talkwith Aboriginal people. Thebus tour manager commented that she was sure the Gorge enterprise otfered somethingspecial to touristsand when the enterprise was well organised tourists 'ravedabout it'. Aboriginal people at theGorge refer to theirVisitors Book as evidence of success"4.

28 Conclusions Thereis rapidlyincreasing interest, both overseas and locally,in naturebased tourism and indigenousculture. Changes are beingmade away from masstourism and toward culturalimmersion.

Naturalsites are generallysought after in preferenceto thosethat are commercialised and 'developed'.

Manyvisitors are keento meetwith Aboriginal people and to learnabout their culture. lf currenttourism demands are to be met thereis the needfor the developmentand implementationof site protectionplans for selectedplaces of visitation.

Trendsalso suggest the needto carefullydevelop appropriate venues. The opportunity existsin the southwest of WesternAustralia where interest is growing,but sites are not well knownamongst the widerpublic.

3.2.1.bSome Dilemmas of Cultural Tourism .Culturaltourism involves sensitivities which have been identified in tourismresearch overseasand morerecently in Australia4.

"Sitescould be underconstant pressure from increasing numbers of visitorswhen the naturalprotection of isolationcan no longerbe reliedupon 1.

"Currentlymany people are attractedto areasaway from largecrow63 t s.

-With the exceptionof the arts and craftsindustry, the benefitsaccruing to Aboriginal peoplefrom tourism have been minimal and there are critical problems, particularly lack of Aboriginalemployment in the mainstreamtourist industry 1.

*Aboriginalart and craftwhich is actuallyfine art, failsto interestthe averagetourist, who looksfor'a 'bargain'in theirsouvenir hunt 4.

*One potentialproblem in the productionof artefactsis that the touristindustry invariably makesdemands that artefactsare modified to suitthe needsof the tourist(Altmanl987, in1).

-A shopcan be seenas a safeforum in whichcultural art can be seenfree of anyonus to becomepersonally involved in anyway +.

"lnvolvementin tourismrequires daily and relentlessinteraction with total strangers 4.

*Dangerof Aboriginalpeople becoming a showpiece+.

"Commentsfrom tourists have been recorded as ..."contrivedand lessthan authentic" 4.

29 *ln someforms of culturaltourism Aboriginal people are portrayed only as artists (sd or simplefolk re-enacting corroborees for tourists 1.

*ManagementatJabiru is wellaware that 'while tourists enjoy a littlecultural content, toomuch of it canlose an audience' 4.

'Currentlythere is littlenotion of Aboriginesas touri$s. Neither is thereany response in tourismto caterfor them in accommodationor in seryices4.

"Thereare educationaldisadvantages and cultural difficulties that need to be takeninto accountwhen developing Aboriginal tourism enterprises and training the Aboriginal peopleto runthem 1.

*Whilesome bus companies or touroperators encourage Aboriginal enterprise others criticisethem as unreliable.Some are reported to haveterminated their involvement 4.

*Australiansare appalling marketers of thecharacteristics of our nationwhich we shouldbe proudabout. Perhaps this is becauseof someculture based inhibition e.

Conclusions Theseand no doubtother issues are sometimes considered as barriers,or on the other handare passed by unaddressedin projects.They are importantand warrant debate and honestconsideration. lt may take trials and evaluation to findthe mostsuitable waysaround them.

30 Case studies of cultural tourism (in brief) Ratherthan merely hail one venture a successand dismiss another as a totalfailure, some positiveand negativeaspects have been extracted.

"Experienceat the Kuku-YalanjiCultural Centre at the Gorgehas stimulateda resurgenceand revivalof interestin the traditionalculture. The proiectentails a half hourwalk with Aboriginal guides through the rain-forest.This is followedby morningor afternoontea, when the didgeridoois played,damper and tea are cookedover an open fire,and the Aboriginalguide talks informally about cultural lifestyle or simplyanswers questionsraised by the tourists.There are eightAboriginal people trained as guides andthere is a poolfrom which to drawworkers. The relaxedatmosphere and the small numbershelp overcome any inhibitionsAboriginal people have over social interaction withtourists. Anothergroup of eightmen and children perform dances for largeparties. The successof thisenterprise is thatthe Aboriginalpeople are allowedto be themselves.Their ability to continueoperating as theyare dependson tourists continuingto perceivetheir 'product' as authentic4.

*NewSouth Wales has a substantialnumber of culturaltourism examples. They include an exhibitiondocumenting the historyof the Aboriginalcommunity at La Perouse (shownin the PowerhouseMuseum, Sydney) and the museumof Aboriginalculture at Brewarrinawhich emerged from the workof the localAboriginal Cultural Committee. Visitsto sacredsites are very popularamongst tourists. The protectionof sites has much improved1.

"TheWallega Lake (NSW) project is onewhere the Aboriginalcommunity realised that therewas a valuabletourism asset in the Aboriginalsite. They knew little however aboutthe tourismindustry and its demands. Amongst arrangements such as content, format,and funding, a trainingprogramme was agreedupon for a twoyear period. Twelvetrainees were selectedfrom the sixty membersof the communityand two full- timeexternal trainees were engaged. One of the mainroles of the traineeswas to report backto the communityand maintaina highdegree of communityconsultation to maintaintheir support for the proiect. Theyadd: 'One of the majorlessons learned during this process is thatmany Aboriginal peoplehave no knowledgeor understandingof the wholerange of skillsnecessary for conductinga smallbusiness and a tourismenterprise (nor, they said, do manywhite peoplein the arts industry).There are educationaldisadvantages and cultural difficultiesthat needto be takeninto account when developing Aboriginal tourism enterprisesand training the Aboriginalpeople to runthem. The WallegaLake proiect is noteworthyfor acceptingthis and allocatingthe time and resourcesto undertakethe trainingprocessses properly, over a muchlonger period than would normally be anticipated."Some of the processesdeveloped in this projectare presentedin the strategiessection further below 1.

31 "A KeepingPlace is a'safe'house for the return to Aboriginalcommunities of cultural artefactsfrom state museums. There is oneset up in Shepparton,Victoria and another in Hamilton,Queensland. One study suggests they are often crowded with images and displaysof thematerial culture of thehunter-gatherer lifestyle. There is littleattention to explainingconnections between these images and local contemporary Aboriginal communities4.

*Senior6 listseight reasons why the 'boat people'visits to Kalumburu,(northern WesternAustralia) are popular with the community. Although this involves a community setting,some points of relevanceto WNPpotential might be: a) touristsdon't have their own transport so are moreeasily controlled; b) contacttakes place largely on Aboriginalterms as to locationand duration; c) thetourists are given some briefing on Aboriginalculture and how to behave; d) theexperience is cohesivefor the community-as manypeople as possibleare involvedin the preparationsand practically the wholecommunity turns out for theentertainment: e) thecommunity and the individual dancers are well paid for their trouble so the materialbenefits that accrue are immediately recognisable. Inthe long run a successfulenterprise depends on communitysupport and satisfaction.

Hefound that the willingness of Aboriginalpeople to actas guides easy to understand because: i) it providesan opportunityfor Aboriginal people to makecontact with tourists in theirown country and on their own terms; ii) it providesan opportunity to takepart in a serviceindustry by usingtheir own localknowledge; iii) theservice can be providedby a poolof peopleand in anyevent there is no compulsionif no-one is available; iv) at thepresent time the preference seems to be to dealwith people on a oneto onebasis or in smallgroups and to havethe opportunity to builda relationshipwhich is morememorable than the normal tourist encounter.

.Therewas Aboriginal concern in Kulumburuabout the behaviour of tourists,for example,in notrespecting the landor nottaking 'no' for an answer6.

"ln 1986at WhitemanPark about twelve kilometres south west of Walyunga,a feasibility studywas conducted into the establishment of a representationalAboriginal camp for day useby Aboriginalartists and craft makers 7. Here the themewas to acknowledge pre-contactor pre-colonialculture and land use in the naturalenvironment. lt was to be of a naturalsetting where visitors could walk through the bushalong tracks to camps whereproducers would be working.Articles of workwould be for sale. Theplan included environmental education prospects for childrenundertaking AboriginalStudies and for groupsinterested in bushand cultural skills. Thecamp participants in thedevelopment stage were all Aboriginalas werethose proposedin theorganisation and co-ordination of Aboriginal usage.

32 Theproposal did not go ahead.On examinationof its background the feasibility study hada deadlineone month prior to theofficial opening of whitemanPark. This was to "enablethe commencement Otsite works and construction as SoOnas poSsible'" Thereasons for failure appear to be thatthis project was developed by non-Aboriginals shownto Aboriginalindividuals and rushed to coincidewith publicity to attractspecial eventf unding.

Conclusions Basicallythree types of culturaltourism have been raised' They are 1 staticdisplays 2 livingcultural centres 3 sitesas evidence of Aboriginalculture (eg rock art)' combinationsof modelsmay be Thisselection should not be consideredfinite. "keeping generatedto producesomething special to thearea. For instance the place" irodelcould be reworkedif appropriateto suitthe Noongar and Walyunga combination'

Thewhiteman Park study may be relevantto thewalyunga proiect. lt couldbe worthwhileto evaluateand build on thismodel. However if it is stilla possibilityit needs to be consideredin anywalyunga proiect so as notto be duplicated,especially so closeto WNP. projectsare: relaxed atmosphere, small groups' someaspects of successof some 'be numeroustrained Aboriginal staff, the opportunity for Aboriginals to themselves', andappropriate training processes and duration' Awarenessof winsand losses in variousprojects may help identify needs and processesfor future initiatives. some problems from these and other ventures are identifiedfurther below.

Souvenirsand shopping -Aboriginalart and sowenirs sold to touristsin the market place correlate and resonate withideals and images of a traditionalAboriginal past. While souvenirs such as boomerangs,didgeridoos, clapsticks and so on arepresented to thepublic as tegitimateiymbols of Aboriginality,cultural differences amongst Aboriginal groups can be ignored,trivialised or minimalised4.

*ln a relevantCairns survey the tourists interviewed who had not visited Aboriginal touristvenues had wandered through an Aboriginal souvenir, art and cratt shop. As previouslymentioned a shop can be seenas a'Safe'forum in whichcultural art can be 4' seenfree of anyonus to becomepersonally involved in anyway

*lnthe Northern Territory the most important avenue of Aboriginalinvolvement inthe 1' touristindustry is through the production of artsand crafts 4but *Preferencesfor itemspurchased are documented in Finlayson notconsidered essentialfor this report. Age groups most likely to purchaseart, craft and souvenirs were 17-24yeatsand 50-64 Years4.

JJ -Aboriginalart andcraft which is actuallyfine art, fails to interestthe averagetourist, wholooks for a 'bargain'in theirsouvenir hunt 4.

*Onepotential problem in the productionof artefactsis thatthe touristindustry invariably makesdemands that artefacts are modified to suitthe needsof thetourist (Altman,1987 in'l).

Conclusions lf a projectdevelops, and if anyAboriginal items are to be for sale,they should be from withinthe Noongar area. They could include traditional through to contemporaryworks. ldeallytheir mode of manufaeturewould be sympatheticto Aboriginalprinciples. Criteriafor qualitycontrol and its maintenancewould need to be developed.WNP could becomea regionalcentre for Noongararts and crafts and resident artists.

J+ Some identified problems in the processes in Aboriginal- non-Aboriginal projects .Despiteavailable research most administrators pay scant attention to the informationin the developmentand implementationof culturaltourism 4.

"Decisionsthat tend to be madefor politicalreasons end up by neglectingthe host communitieswhich can be furthersocially and economicallymarginalised 4.

"Froma workshopon 'Sciencefor AboriginalDevelopment' it was concludedthat all of the Aboriginalprojects or technologiesconceived with the bestof intent,funded adequatelyfor a longtime andserviced by goodtechnicians had failed. Mostof themhowever lacked effective consultation with Aboriginal people at the conceptualstage and were irrelevant to theirlifestyle 0

.Employmenttraining packages are oftennot developedin the appropriatefield. The "educationalstrategies and objectivestend to be formulatedand deliveredby bureaucraciesaccording to policydirectives. Aboriginal contributions and consultations to employmenttraining initiatives seem limited" (Snowden (1989), in Finlayson3). The SnowdonReport continues to say "..thegeneral picture at the communitylevel is oneof ad hoctraining programs which are not relatedto the goalsof the communitiesand whichare onlyskimming the surfaceof the depthof the needwhich exists". Repeatedly the Reportstresses the importanceto Aboriginalpeople of on-sitetraining and on the job training.They also identified areas where government agencies need to improve. (Regrettablythis is not in thisstudy but listedin the BibliographyPart 2).

*ln the Kuku-Yalaniiproject, some non-Aboriginal tour managers felt that the Gorgestaff neededa shakeup everysix monthsin theirorganisational and business practices. Relevantproblems included factional fighting amongst the Gorgeworkers, unreliability, and lackof consistentquality in productionand presentation 4.

*Fourfactors which have inhibited Aboriginal people from entering the marketeconomy are i) protectionism(by the church,government agencies and academics) ii) socialinvisibility iii) privatesector myopia and iv) Aboriginalinertia 8.

*MacFarlanegoes further in identifyingproblems in projectsthat are thought mistakenly to be crosscultural. She classifies them instead as the parties(government and Aborigines)being'psychosocially codependent' 8.

35 Conclusions Similarproblems seem to recurin manyjoint projects, even those with the bestof intention.This suggests that too much is wronglyassumed and that honest communicationneeds to occur.

Theconcept of'psychosocial codependency' touches on oftensensitive parts. However it needsto be addressedif we areto moveaway from the failure mould.

Theopportunities now exist to learnfrom the successes and failures of otherrelevant projectsbetween Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people. Some models could be reworkedand further developed. Suggestions to avoidproblems are presentedbelow.

36 Some suggestedstrategies to facilitateAboriginal-non-Aboriginal proiects *Theregional diversity and historic differences in Aboriginalcommunities and their economiesmust be consideredin developingand identifying workable strategies for successfulenterprise 4.

*A majorfinding from the Wallega Lakes project is "thecritical stage is notgetting fundingto buildAboriginal tourist enterprises or culturalcentres, but the first few years of operationwhen management, marketing and finance skills and tourist industry supportare required to maintainviability t.

*Fromtheir surveys of a widerange of culturaltourism projects they summarise by saying"The development of an Aboriginal cultural tourism product can not be leftto marketforces; considerable funds are spent by governmentto marketthis product but moreattention and resourcesare requiredto be directedto the developmentand maintenanceof theAboriginal tourism product, so that it is sustainableand more importantly,provides appropriate economic benefits and social and cultural security to theAboriginal people 1.

"Threeessential foundations for policies in thearea of Aboriginalatfairs are 1 properconsultation 2 co-ordinationof etforts 3 encouragementof self starting initiatives from Aboriginal people. Bridgeadds that the key element is thekind of relationshipbetwen people through whichchange is to beeffective (Bridge, 1986 in 6).

*Threerecommendations toward 'bringing Aboriginal people and their culture into parityand equity in oursociety" broadly are education, assessment and equity (MacFarlane,1986 in 6).

*Anapproach to informationgathering with SE QueenslandAboriginal Society that may be applicableto otherAustralian Aboriginal contexts involves: a) developingrelationships with people without specific endpoints in mind b) havingsutficient known or inferredinformation on the researchtopics to presentto the knowledgeablepersons, finding out who is the appropriatesource for what information.Above all, "accept that the personhas the rightto withholdthe information' (Eades,1982 in 6).

*At a morefundamental level MacFarlane addresses the area of Aboriginalthinking and Europeanthinking. With tribal elder David Mowaljarlai she terms them as'Pattern Thinking'and'Triangle Thinking' respectively. To achievethe goals of a proiect,two waythinking and co-cultural training are required e. This is describedbriefly by symbol languagein Appendix4.

JI Conclusions Thereremains a largeamount of literatureon tourismventures and surveys not tapped inthis study. Nevertheless it would seem from the messages that emerge repeatedly fromthe literaturereviewed here that we heedthe warnings in orderto developand implementa 'successful' project.

Thelessons are spelt out for theway ahead. lssuesof greatconcern for processesin jointprojects are : 'l processesof appropriateinvolvement of personnel 2 adequateconsultation, co-ordination, planning, research, training, marketing 3 contentof materialand information to be madeavailable 4 methodsand style of presentationof materialto visitors 5 the productitself 6 monitoringand evaluation of anyproject.

Basedon findings during this research, two path options are presented in Table 5, page39. below for a Aboriginal-non-Aboriginalproject. The second necessitates the workingknowledge of theco-cultural lifestyle.

38 TABLE 5 Pathwayoptions for ddveiopingAboriginal cultural/ecotourism in Walyunga National Park

PATHWAYA PATHWAYB Oneway consultation with Noongars Co-cultursland continual process (i.e.two way streot) t ft Appropriate Appropriate Whiteproject idea based on tourismtrends Aboriginal non-Aboriginal I input advisers consent research Formalsite survey of Aboriginal knowledge& skills knowledge& skills signi{icanceatWNP planning planning I energy mafteting commitment Parkmanagemenl plan t I Training lnitialAboriginal involvement I + Noongarlearn Noongar culture Dissatisliednon-committed Noongarl€arn non-Aboriginal culture Aboriginalstaff Whitelearn Noongar culture + Whitelearn from white Lessthan satisfiedvisitors + I Widereview of project Ver urecollapse t BusinessPlan I Wellfounded venture I Cultural,heritage,ecotourism at WNP Evaluationand updating business plan I Noongarsliving out theirvalu€s & philosophies satisfiedvisitors, protected park sites

Thellowchans abo,/e are in their simolestform. Areas such as skills and input are not pre-determined,but open. PathwayA reflectsthe muchrepeated processes, even of someproiects having the bestof intention. Thesynergy ot PathwayB mayunfold otherstrengths that liewithin the specialness oftheteam, ln itsstrong foundationsit has room forflexibility. Needless to sayPattMay B maytake longer than initially desired but as case studiesshowthe benefits are iar reachino.

39 3.2.2POTENTTAL FOR ABORIGINAL CULTURAL and ECOTOURISM IN WNP 3.2.2.aWalyunga and AboriginalAttributes To putthe findings another way, the cultural tourist is one who wantssome or all of thefollowing: "Mixingwith and meeting local people, and learning about their lifestyle and culture. "Seekingeducation as well as pleasure,using travel for personalgrowth. "Attendingcultural events and venues (theatres, concerts, museums etc). .Travellingwidely to experienceand appreciate the diversityof thebuilt heritage andthe natural environment, including national parks and wilderness areas. -Seekingauthentic, informed quality experiences. -Seekingindividual involvement and varied experiences, rather than organised masstourisml.

Generallythe helglitsof thisform of tourismare: *lt rarelyrequires massive infrastructure as it is organisedaround existing resources. *lt promotesregional, rural and local tourism and supports local economies *lt assistsin minimisingnegative social impacts and potential community backlash by decreasingsocial distance between tourists and hosts. *lt strengthens,supports and values national and regional culture and heritagel. lf thiswere considered a checklist for outcomesof a visitto WNPfor ecologicalor culturalexperience, then WNP clearly has enormous potential.

It is an hour'sdrive from Perth yet hasrich Aboriginal connections. As it wasknown to be an importantmeeting place for Noongars long before European contact, it could againbecome a culturalcentre. Here Noongar people could learn (if appropriate)and liveout their values and philosophies. lt could be a centrewhere Aboriginal and non Aboriginalpeople could learn co-culturally (see Appendix 4).

Walyungaoffers a senseof vastness,beautiful scenery, a uniqueculture and unusual wildlife.The addition of friendlycommitted people to presentvisitors with Aboriginal contactwould add to thepossibilities of a profoundexperience.

Aboriginalshave connection with the land that is fundamental to their spirit. Their knowledgeof the landscapeand ecology has much to showand teach the western world.

GenerallyAboriginal people have a uniqueand very special aspect which is rarely tappedin culturaltourism, and that is theirlived experience. Inthis enterprise they have theability to talkabout their everyday lives and that of theirparents 4.

Thereis a rolefor Aboriginal communities to educate the wider society about Aboriginal experience"The framework of culturaltourism is eminentlysuited to sucha purpose'4.

40 Manynon-Aboriginal people are interested to makecontact but don't know how or where.Opportunities could exist to converseand to sharetime, knowledge, language, experienceand feeling. All that is neededis theinvitation.

It is essentialto nowmeet with Aboriginal people who are affiliated with the area and presentthem with the opportunity to be involvedat the'grassroots' level. A senseof ownershipin choosing,designing and implementing the mostculturally, economically andenvironmentally appropriate mediums is necessary.lf Aboriginal people choose notto be involvedthe information inthis report can still be usedto presentstatic displaysand education mediums. This will have a muchlower value as a learning/experientialtool,but will provide visitors with some opportunity to understand moreabout Aboriginal culture in thesouth west of WesternAustralia.

3.2.2.bA wordof caution Themajority of researchin Part2 of thisreport covers places other than the south west of WesternAustralia. Currently there is littleinformation available on culturaltourism herespecifically. Although a largepart of thefindings presented are relatedto more remoteAboriginal communities many of theissues are relevant and could still apply to thestudy area.

Whilepotential per se fortourism in thepark is high,based on richnessand beauty of thesite, relevant information and the current tourism market, it wouldbe folly to ignore theexperiences of past and existing ventures in Aboriginalcultural tourism.

As muchas one study may highlight the enormous potential and almost necessity for culturaltourism in Australia,several more, through evaluations of existingenterprises, urgecaution.

Dilemmasin the prospects of culturaltourism do existand are in needof debate.They callfor hardsearching and honest consideration.

3.2.2.c Broadgoals Whateverthe outcome, the goals of maintaininga National Park would be: a) protectionof Aboriginaland other fragile sites b) satisfiedNoongars c) satisfiedvisitors. To achievethese goals the product and information to bedelivered also need thorough considerationregarding the content and methods of presentation.

Al 3.2.3 SUGGESTIONS Thatwhich follows are broad ideas. lt is hopedthat they will be a fertilebed for discussionand insoiration.

3.2.3.aGeneral .Managementof the park and sites is essentialfor their protection. To protectsites from negativeimpacts of visitation,activities can be designed away from the fragile areas, or a placecould be establishedfor the purpose of handlingvisitors.

-Anybuilding infrastructure would need to be lowkey and in keepingwith the naturalnessofthe park. Any structure may not even be immediatelyobvious, yet designedto suitthe appointed functions.

"Activitiescan be informal,friendly and informative.

*Programmescould be arrangedto reducethe repetitiveaspects for staffand to maintainthe freshness and personal enthusiasm in anypresentation. A pool of willing andappropriate Noongar people could be trained to sharethe work and to accommodatedemands.

3.2.3.bActivities "Thesecould be drawn from the models of presentationdescribed ie staticdisplay, living culture and heritage sites, or of a completelyditterent nature.

*Activitiescould reflect the values, principles and elements of Noongarculture. This couldbe a continuationof the concept in Part1, Table 4. Forexample, bush regenerationactivities could be likenedto an increaseceremony. lt is wellknown that manypeople derive pleasure from this field.

*Thecontent and themes of a projectcan be representativeof the areaand exclusive to it.

-Themesand presentation of any other relevant regional venues could be identified, andthose of WNPthen be designed to complementthem, rather than compete.

*Aswell as for daytime,activities could be arrangedfor specialtimes such as dawn, duskor evening.Akin to thefindings of Noongarinvolvement with Walyunga, seasonal eventscould be conductec.

42 Within the Park "Withinthe park,events could encompass relevant performing arts, visual arts and experientialimmersion.

*Trailsalready exist in the parkand these could be variedto helpmaintain interest. Guidedwalks could have themes such as mythology,bush food and medicine,the landscapeand her secrets.

*A stay-overfor varyingperiods could allow people the timefor extendedactivities. Thesecould be basedon culturalpractices. They could also include contemporary cultureby Aboriginalperforming artists as partof thatprogramme.

From the Park "Fromthe parksmall bus tours could link up nearbysites to includefor example Yagan'sgrave, Orchestra Shell Gave, Mussell Pool, Frieze Cave.

-Suitablesites that havemanagement plans in placeare first on the list.Those of interestand yet unprotectedcould become a priorityto establishand implementa plan. Thereis a wealthof Noongarsites and informationin the area,and trips could vary accordingto duration,content, pitch and cost. They could be tailoredfor local, educational,interstate, overseas and special needs groups.

-A guidedtrek between Walyunga and the sandyplain, or followingthe corridorsas suggestedon the WalyungaMud Map'could embrace seasonal use of resources, purposefultribal movement and the (anticipated)storyline. Walks can vary from short durationand relative ease thlough to thosemore challenging. A varietyof walkscould accommodatepeople's varying abilities.

+J 4.0 coNcLUSloN Oneof Walyunga'sstrengths lies in thenatural beauty of theriver valleys and hills.

It is alsoone of fewlarge areas in theouter Perth region, and the south west of Western Australia,that currentlyoffers a relativelyundisturbed focus of Aboriginalconnections withinan hou/sreach of thecity.

Trendsin overseasand local visitor survey results indicate a strongand increasing needfor bothcontact with indigenous people and their culture, and visits to natural placesof beauty.Many visitors, on leavingWestern Australia, have stated their disappointmentin not making contact with Aboriginal people or theirculture.

Forthe following reasons Walyunga National Park is a siteunique to providesome of theseneeds: its name, lack of maiorcompeting developments, quality of vegetationand fauna,long term use by Aboriginal people, closeness to Perth,ease of access,long termpreservation by legislationand proximity to a largepopulation of Aboriginal people.

Inthis, the International year of IndigenousPeople, a greatopportunity exists, if local Aboriginalpeopte wish, to developWalyunga National Park into a majorcultural area, uniquewithin Australia, otfering an excitingspectrum of programmes,activities and facilitiesto helpthe Noongar culture be betterunderstood.

44 5.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Theauthor gratefully acknowledges the assistance of thefollowing:

. JohnCurrie, of J - MacComputing, for constructing the format of thedata base, graphs, tablesand the vocabulary section, and for showing that the Maclntosh provides wings forthe mind.

. lanElliot in Nomenclature,Department of Landsand Surveys for providingthe names of registeredAboriginal place names.

. HelenMacFarlane for discussion and comment on co-culturalpractices.

Staffof : BattyeLibrary, AboriginalAftairs Planning Authority Library Universityof WesternAustralia various libraries and Departmentof AboriginalSites forwillingly providing access to theliterature and files.

. Variouscolleagues for helpfuldiscussion.

. Projectteam members for providingfriendly and capable assistance when asked.

45 6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6.1. a Part 1 Aboriginal cultural material Referencesin this partrefer to the numberedData Sheets, see Appendix l.

6.1. b Additional works consulted Abbott| (1983)Aboriginal Names for PlantSpecies in SouthWestern Australia. ForestsDepartment of WA.Technical Paper No 5. BatesD (1992)Bridge PJ (ed)Aboriginal Perth. Bibbulmun biographies and legends. HesperianPress, Carlisle, Western Australia. BindonP (1993)WA Museum.Personal communication. DurackM (1979)To be HeirsForever. In celebrationof the 150thanniversary of the settlementof WesternAustralia. Corgi Books, London. EllisSmith G (1992)Aboriginal Activities and NatureConservation in the SouthWest of WesternAustralia. Department of Conservationand Land Management. HaydockP andRodda J (1986)A Surveyof RockArt in the MurchisonMheatbeltArea of WA: A studyof pasttreatments and new methodsof measurementand site management.WA Museum. McGillR (1993)Ranger, Walyunga National Park. Personal communication. VinnicombeP (1989)Goonininup. A SiteComplex on the SouthernSide of Mount Eliza.An historicalperspective of landuse and associationsin the old Swan BreweryArea. Departmentof AboriginalSites. Western Australian Museum. WhitehurstRose (1992) Noongar Dictionary. Noongar to Englishand Englishto Noongar,First edition, Noongar Language and CultureCentre, Aboriginal Corporation,Bunbury. WooltortonSandra (1992) Noongar-our way. A Noongarlanguage course. Part 1 Noongartradition Noongar Language and CultureCentre, Aboriginal Corporation,Bunbury.

46 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6.2. a Part 2 Culturaltourism potential 1 BrokenshaP andGuldberg H (1992)Cultural Tourism in Australia. A reporton culturaltourism. Department of the Arts,Sport, the Environmentand Territories,Canberra. 2 SheaS andSharp J (1992)Emerging Tourism Opportunities- Western Australia's NaturalAdvantage. A paperpresented to the'lntoAsia Conference', Perth WesternAustralia 1992. 3 CosterH (1990)Inbound Market Under the Microscope.Australian Tourism Outlook Forum.Contributed papers, Canberra. Australian Tourism Resource Institute and Bureauof TourismResearch. 4 FinlaysonJ (1992)Australian Aborigines and Cultural Tourism: Case studies of Aboriginalinvolvement in the touristindustry. Working papers on Multiculturalism No 15.Published by the Centrefor MulticulturalStudies, University of Wollongong, Australia. 5 RoddaJ (1988)Mulka's Cave Site Management Project. Emphasizing visitor survey April.June1988, with management evaluation and further recommendations for management.WA HeritageCommittee and Department of AboriginalSites, WA Museum. 6 ChindarsiK (1988)Annotated Bibliography on AboriginalAffairs. Aboriginal EconomicResearch Unit, Department of Employmentand Training. 7 MacFarlaneH (1986)Whiteman Park Western Australia. A feasibilitystudy into the establishmentof a RepresentationalAboriginal Camp for day useby Aboriginal artistsand craftmakers. MacFarlane Research Pty Ltd,Guildford, Western Australia. I MacFarlaneH (1991)Psychosocial Codependency. A discussion paper on the relationshipbetween Government and Aborigines. MacFarlane Research Pty Ltd, Subiaco.Western Australia. 9 MowaljarlaiD and MacFarlaneH (1992)Two Way Thinking. The storyof Aboriginal thinkingand European thinking. MacFarlane Research, Pty Ltd,Subiaco, Western Australia. 6.2 bPart 2 Additionalreferences of work consultedor citedfrom the above Altman(Chairman, 1989b) The Aboriginal Arts and Crafts Industry. Report of the ReviewCommittee. Depanment of AboriginalAffairs. July 1989, Canberra AGPS. AltmanJC (1984The Economic lmpact of Tourismon the Warmun (Turkey Creek) Community,East Kimberley. EKIAP Working Paper No 19. AltmanJC (1988)Aborigines, Tourism and Development: The Northern Territory Experience.Australian National University, North Australia Research Unit Monograph,Darwin. AltmanJC (1989a)Tourism Dilemmas for Aboriginal Australians. Annals of Tourism Research,Vol 16 pp 456-476. BridgeE (1986)Minister for Aboriginal Affairs WA. Recent State/Commonwealth Initiativesin AboriginalAtfairs in WA, in NorthernAustralia Development Council Proceedingsof 1$h AnnualConference Oct ober 1986. Bureauof TourismResearch (1990) Paper Number 4, Canberra. ByrnesJ (1988)Enterprises inAboriginal Australia: 50 casestudies. The Rural DevelopmentCentre, University of NewEngland, Armidale. ColreavyM andCavana M (1988)Bungle Bungle National Park and Conservation ReserveVisitor Survey, April-September, 1987. Department of Conservationand LandManagement, Western Australia. EadesD (1982)You Gotta Know How to Talk. InformationSeeking in SouthEast QueenslandAboriginal Society, in AustralianJournal of LinguisticsVol 2 No 1 June1982. ForanB (1986)Summary and Conclusions of the'Science and Technology for AboriginalDevelopment Workshop', in Scienceand Technology for Aboriginal Development(Foran B andWalker B (eds),CSIRO and Centre for Appropriate Technology). MacFarlaneH (1986) Aboriginal Enterprise- Pathway to SelfSufficiency, in Northern AustraliaDevelopment Council proceedings of 1OthAnnual Conference October 1986. MillerM (Chairman,'1985) Report of theCommittee of Reviewof Aboriginal Employmentand Training Programs. Canbena AGPS. Schoolof AboriginalEducation Adelaide College of Technicaland Further Education SA.(1988). Proceedings of 'Aboriginal Business Wayi' A forumfor co-ordinating AboriginalCommunity Economic Development, Grosvenor Hotel, Adelaide' SeniorC (1984Tourism and Aboriginal Heritage with Particular Reference to the Kimberley.WA Museum. SnowdenW (Chairman,1989) A Chancefor the Future: Training Skills for Aboriginal andTorres Strait lsland Community Management and Development. Report for the Houseof RepresentativesStanding Committee on AboriginalAtfairs. Canberra: AGPS. SobekV andMacFarlane H (1986) Aboriginal Art and Craft lndustry. A reviewof art andcraft oroduction and distribution inthe West AustraliaKimberley Region. MacFarlaneResearch Pty Ltd, Perth, Western Australia.

48 7.O APPENDICES

1 Datasheets with bibliographyand annotatedinformation 2 Summaryof data with content,theme, links and places 3 Some examplesof NoongarVocabulary relevant to Waayunga 4 PatternThinking and TriangleThinking APPENDIX 1

The following 81 pages contain the Data sheets with Bibliography and Annotated information TITLE A Note on AboriginalAnilacF from th€ South Bullsbrookarea

AUTHOR Akgrman K

EDITED

p16gglt z-zo

IN The Western Australian Naluralist 12, 1971

feet square;6 inches Dsop KneadingSoil, 63 pi€c€s of ston6 collected

of slone oi€cgs and anifacts collsctedtrom th€ south Bullsbrookar€a. Possiblgusgs - 0.19 spoar barbs, ritual surgical implomentsfor vein piBrcingand cicatrization. Mlcroscrapelsw€re probably to tinish yvoodenimrtemgnts and utonsils (roughsdout with aid of firg).

- Cergmony - lmplemonts - skstchgs ot stons anetacts

E DrsamingEMarriage El H€althE Custom/La!El lmplem€ntE Ptaces El Lifestyle fl P€opto El Buriat E womentf Rituat E Food E GeotogyI Resources E languageEl DemographE Men I Movement EI t-anoscapeElrt L] Trade E WALYUNGA El NearbyWNP I s.w. otrer E w.A. oths E Australia othsr t] Global TITLE Funherevidence of the manutactursand usa of groundedged axes in South West Australia AUI}IOR AksrmanK

eooes@ GRAPHICS

IN The wgstern Australian Naturalisl 12 1971-74

PUBUSHER

LOCATION Battye Library

DFfJEY

DISCIPLINE

SlrE No.

SI'E NAUE srE Loc

Providesturthsr evidsnceto suppon Ride (1958) $at ground sdgod implementsw€r6 made and us€d in th€ Soulh west. Blade fashionedfrom dol€rit€ - sg from water worn South wsst boulders

1) Ov€rallappearancg suggests Kimberloy origin, bui of indigineous 2) Vsry similarto KodjaStons 3) Grindingand tinishot an€factsuggssts trade it6m poss.from Kimb€tley

E DreamingE Marriag€ E HeatthE custom/LawI lmplsmsntrI Ptaces I Litesryte I eeope E] Burial I womenE Ritual E Food El ceolosyI Resources fl LanguageE DomographyE Msn S MovementI t-anoscape EArt El Trade El WALYUNGA E NoarbywNP fil S.w. otner El w.A. other E Australia oth€r E Global TITLE Walyunga-An Aboriginalsits near Parth WA.

AUIHOR AkermanKim

PAPER p1665lr z.r o GHAPHICS IN llchinkinjaVol 3 lcrrvleennlYEARlis6e LOCATIONDepanmentol Aboriginal Studies, WA Museum

DE/YEY tsSN MAP olsclPLlNt AFTCHAEOLOGY f SITENo. I

Walyunga Approx 1 mile souti ol Avon RiverandWooroloo Brook junction and approx 200 yards from right hand (sic) bank of L@. Avon,

0Esc.

'IH€li,lE ComparativelyrEcant sitg; angfacts manufactursdup to and after anival ol Europoans.Evidsnce in tools fashionod also in glass + sarly pofiery. Exotics includo fragmentsot clay smoking pipes, sholls + bullets from tirearms, + plastic + platg + pottery, COt{TENT m€tal buttons, sigrds of Manutacturesite of implem€nts.Also waste tlakes; pi€css of ochrs (rod, y€llow + whit€), anvil stones + muilers (possibly us€d for grinding ochres). Ground€dged axe was neithermade nor us€d in SouthWest ol WA. Severalsp€cimens have b€€n collecl€din the region but thought to b€ trade itsms. This ons resemblesa typical axs trom the KimberleyDivision but is fashionod lrom local matorial. Adz6s wer6 most common implsmontsfound in WNP. Glass microliths$pport he theory that microlithus6rs persisted till the arrival of the whites. Groundedged ax6 was naithormade nor ussd in SouthWe$ of WA. Severalspecimons hav€ been coll€ctedin tt|e region but thought to be trade items-This one resemblesa typical axe lrom the KimberleyDivision but is fashionsd lrom local matsrial.

LINKS Material typical for SW area of WA.

Sourcesot materials-moslly from close by.. dolerit8sand quartz occlr as pobblgs + bouldels on th€ bed ol the Avon B which is fully sxposgdin dry summsr months.Fine grain€dquartzitss ar€ found along the Dafling scarp at areas wh6re basic dykgs have invaded the precambrian sandstiones,Chens + chaicadonies can bs obiained in the coastal limestones at the toot ol the gscarpment, but thsse doposits are rar6, Tradg wilh N + E nsighbours lor gxo$c quanzitgs + porcgllanites.

TA800S

POTENTIAL For manutactureand uses of imdements- d€lailgd d€scriptions

E Dr€amingEMarriags fl H€althECustom/LayE lmplsmenlE Places E Lif€style suBJEcrs ff P€opre n Burial E womenE Ritual E Food El GsologyI Resources ! LanguageI D€mographf] Men [t Movement I LandscapeI nrt fft Trade I WALYUNGA E NearbywNP [t s.w. ortrer I w.A. oth€ E Austratia other D Global TITLE Three Stons lmplementsfrom ToodyayWA

AU]HOF AkermanKim

pnaesF7?io-l GRAPHICS

IN Ths Western Australian Naturalist 12. 1971-74 Yes PUEUSHER crrvleenn IYEARI lmplements LOCATION Battye Library

DEWEY 570.5 Wss rsSN MAP INo DISCIPLINEcEcLocY I €lTE No.

SITENAME

Toodyay - 5 miles south sast of Toodyay sm Loc.

SITEDESC. May 1970

Artgfads ar6 dot€rits trom dykos that intruds prs-cambriangranitic and metamorphicrocks in South W€st of T}IEME Australia. Fine grained rocks are well suit€d tor manufacture0t store impl9msnts. 1t hory impl€msntsBntirsly dilterent in mode ol manutaclurgand function are combinedin a tiird muli CONTENT Shows two purposs$on€ implomsntHorse hoof cor€ as i) Adze li) Draw Plane

Practical economy displaysd by AboriginalAustralians in their material culturs (p 180) ie combinedadzslhid€ workingtool Hassell (1936) woman's knifo is kangaroo'sincisot in preparatlonot hids cloaks.

TASOOS

POTENTIAL Usss suggostedby Cooper (19€ : 348) - Bemovingbark, cutting through limbs of trees, trimmingtwigs, scoopingout holEs in €atth, ahnd adz€s, draw planss

CAMPSITE

E or€amingE Marriage El Health I Custom/LawE lmplemsnt![ etaces E titestyle suBJEcrs E Peopte E Buriat [t women E Ritual E Food El ceology ! Resources fl ranguageE DsmographyEMen I Movement E LandscapoEArt ETrade ^pEA El WALYUNGA E NearbywNP E s.w. other E w.A. oth€r E Australia othar E Global TITLE Belween Plateau and Plain: Fl€xiblorssoons€s t0 varied environmsntsin SW Australia.

AU'I}IOR AndersonJun€

FOAMAT REPOFT PAGESJ GBAPHICS IN OccasionalPapors in Prehi$ory 4

D€pt PrshistoryRss€arch School ot Pacilic Studies,

for bssiliisrous ched, all lithic matsrials had to b€ ransported or radgd from boyond Dading scarp on Block or from oth€r distanl areas. Dgnsg veggiationand rugg€d tgrrain providss ssasonal restaints on eg wintsr is waterloggadin low lying areas, v€g€tatedareas closer to scarp €speciallywh€re ritr€rs & str€amspassed b€tw€sn high outcropsof may havs been considoredmore suitzlblgfor cersmonythan thg op€n plain. Raw materialswgr€ availabloes food, hardwood,r6gds, wat6r.

much tragmantation& unstructuredmov€m€nt is a producl of Europ€ancontacl?

densily is higher along Avon Biv€r than that ol S Canning,N Dandalup& Collie, and much low€r than ltrat coastal plain. See p 32 tor wider Aust contgxt.

Explore pattorned movomenttiru forest zons from plain to plat€au and vic€ versa for specific trade, social & ritual ouroos€s.

E DreamingElMarriage E HealthEl Custom/LavE lmplemonlfl Ptaces I Litestyte SUBJECTS El Peopr€ EI Buriar E wom€nE Rituat E Food E ceologyS Resources ! languageI DemographE Men @ Movement [t t-anoscapefl lrt El Trad6 AREA I WALYUNGA[t r.rearoywr.rc El S.w. oth6r E w.A. othsI Australiaother E clobal TITLE HistoricalLand for New Park

AUIHOR anon

ED|TED N€ws paeesFi--l GRAPHICS IN West AustralianNewspapsr; 8/1/66 NO PUBUSHER I crwleenn I YEAR11s66 LOCATION Battye Library

DEWE/ ISBN MAP INo

DISCIPLINE

SITENo.

SI'E NAME

Park boundary- from a point near a plaqueat Gidgggannup;start of standardgaug€ railwayto Swan Guildtord SIIE L@. Shir6,s gravet pit at East Warbrook..Start of $andard gaug€ railway to Swan-GuildfordShires gravel pit at East Warbrook

SIIE DESC.

To buy 4030 acrgs for 36,270 poundsby NationalParks Board.Walyunga m€ans Long Pool. ls bigg€stAboriginal T}IE}'E camp wi$in 50 mil€s of Perth. & CONTENT Wadjug Trib€

E or€amingE Marriage I HeatttrI Custom/LawE lmplemenkE Placss E Lif€stylo suBJEcrs E Peopte E Buriat E women E Bitual E Food f] ceology I Resources [t tanguageI oemograpnyIlten I Movement E Landscap€EArt ETrad€ AREA E WALYUNGA E NearbywNP I S.w. ottrer E w.A. oth€r E Australia othet E Global TITLE Tourist Future S€on in AboriginalCamp Sits

AUIHOR anon

EDIIED

FOBIIAT PAPER paeesI a IN ThE w€st Ausralian 23/12/66

LOCATION

DE9'EY

Crawford-'Potential b build roplica 0l on€ of AboriginalCamps' Possibly 6000 y€ar old sitg in compadsonwith similar tools from other sites Sito onco ploughsdamd doarod ot ysg€talion,exposing tools. area exFndod inland to Wongan Hills and southwards to Pinjarra.

Buuerin 1945found remnants of clay pip€sand broksnglass on campsits.

E DroamingEMarriade El xeattn E custom/LavEl lmplomenlfl Places I Litestyle El PBopte n Buriat E wornenn Flitual E Food I GeotogyI Resources E t-anguageE Demographfl Men I MovementI t-andscapeIlrt ETrado El WALYUNGA E N€arbywNP E s.w. other E w.A. othe n Australia other E c|obal TITLE WalyungaNational Park - Walking

, AUTHOR anon

ED{TED

News peoeslgT--l GRAPHICS

iN Wsst Australian 26110179?

PUEUSHEB

LOCATION

OEwFr/

DISCIPLINE

SITENo.

SITENAME

snE Loc_

sm oEsc.

From th6 book., describes walk duration,what's in stor€ and dogreos ot difficulty.Apprecialion

Location- 37 kms nodh-east ot Perth road is 18 kms noni of Midlandoft Greal Nodiern Highway

! DreamingE Marriage E Health E custom/LawE lmptom€nt!I Ptaces E Litestyle E Peopte E] Burial I womenE Ritual E Food E GeologyI Resources fl LanguageI oemograpnyfl uen I MovementEl Landscape EArt E Trade Et WALYUNGA E NearbyWNP E S.W.ofier I W.l. ottrer E Australia other E Global Cofonial Secretary's Officg 1837 Lett€rs recoived 58/160; 1839 ..751140 145

AUTHOB ArmstrongF

EDITED

in And€rsonJ PAGESI

IN

LOCAiON Battye Library

OB{EY

Mundays tenitory at lgast partly nonh ot thg swan

near Mongels Lak€ to as far as Bassend€an and lor a breadth of 4 or 5 miles inland from the sYtan is

che6k Lyon and his boundariesfor Munday,

E oroamingEMarriag€ fl xeatttrE Custom/LavE lmpl€meniEl Placss E Lifestyle El P€opte E Buriat I womenI Rituat E Food n GeologyI Resources fl languagefl DsmographEMen fl MovementE Landscap€EArt ETrada E WALYUNGA E NsarbywNP [t S.w. otner E w.A. othe E Austratia othor E Global TITLE Th€ Passingot the Aborigines;A litetimgspent among the nativ€s of Australia

AUIHOR Bales Daisy

BOO( poees[---_--l GRAPHICS

IN PUBUSHERJohn Murray I crrvllonoon I YEAR11s57 LOCATION Battye Library

DEWEY 572.994 gat ISBN MAP DISCIPUNE

No. SITE I

SITENAME

IncludingYork, Toodyay,Gingin, Nsw Norcia + Guildford. sm L@.

Bibbulmunis from Jurien Bay to Espgrancs

Maniage.. Manitchmat(tair, whits cockatoo) + wordungmal (dark, crow) always kept lhsir marriag€swithin ths 4 lltE {E class€s. & was woggal god that dominatedearih, sky + 5gx,+ punishedevil doers. They believedspirits ot COI.ITENT Deity or sorpsnt dead wgr€ tak€n to Kurannup.,a land bayondthg w€stgms€a. Bibbulmunmeans many breasts, from perhapsths fecundityof the reglon, 0r from tie unusuallygreat proportionot lYomgn+ childrenamong them.

MentionsMaamba (p73) More than 70 groups in Bibbulmunlinked by on€ languagswith local variations.

TABOOS

'8aby POTENTIAL stone' lrom wiich the baby might como to her

El Dr€amingE Marriags E HoalthEl custom/LawE lmplementr[t etaces I titestyte su8JEcrs E Peopte EBuriar [t womenE Ritual E Food E Geologyfl Resources fl LanguageI oemograpnyI uen I Movement E LandscapoE lrt El Trade E WALYUNGA EI NeaTbyWNP @ S.w. otner E w.A. other E Australia other E Global TIlLE Aboriginal Legsnds from the BibbulmunTrib6

AUTHOR BennellEddy and Thomas Ann

EDITED

BOOK PAGESI GMPHICS IN Beautilul painfings in colour and b/w drawings.

(forsword)thsir €ntiro existencewas based on a totialacc€olance of $€ will and wisdom of the Korrndon man who is the crsator of all things: ths ihanimateworld and all plant and animal life and human beings. His will was communicati8dto our p€opl€ ttrru tie chosen Mubam men ol the tribes, who were pow€rtulh6alers. o suwlv€ in th€ hostils condilionsol theif environmontth€ Blbbulmunsvolved a tadition 0t tribal b€haviour ttre unity of he tribo, fie inviolabilityot fadition, obediencesto the lribal elders and ths n€€d for triendshipand lo!'alty. Such qualities were much prized by tho Bibbulmun,but thgy wor€ always aware of the parall€l world ot the spirit peoplo.Thessslories r€floct the spiritual valuEs and boliefs thoir tribal liis and customs.

values and b€liefs wilh litestylgs and customs.

El DreamingEMarriag€ E HealthE custom/LavE lmptementI etaces f] Litestyle suaJEcrs El p€opr6 E Buriar E wom€nfl Bitual El Food E ceologyI Resources E t-anguageD DemographEl Men I MovementE Landscap€nArt E Trade n WALYUNGA E tteaoy wt'lp fl S.w. oter El w.A. oth€ El Australia othsr E Global TITLE AboriginalWomen and th6 Notionot the'MarginalMan'

AUTHOR BerndtCH EDITED BerndtRM and BerndtCH BOOK PAGESLALI GRAPHICS

IN Aboriginalsot the West-Theirpast and their present NO PUBUSHEF UWA Press I crrvleenn I YEARl1e7s LOCATION WA Museum

DEWEY 572.9941Abo |sAN -- MAP INo DISCIPLINEANnrRoPoLoGt l S|TENo.

SITENAME

sm Loc.

SITEDESC.

P 34 In regard to traditionalAboriginal society gsnerallyspeaking, 3 points are well eslablished. IHE} E i) women providethe most substantialand most consistgnttood supplies.They were the mors dependablgproviders CONTENT ot food for th6ir families. ii) Women muld be economically,v|nually Indspsndent of mon. Th€y did not nsed male bread winn€rs. iii) Women had principal resposibilitylor care of young children,economically and otherwise.Broadly the care + upbringingof children vras a co-operafve enterpriseb€tween men + women but the immediateresponsibility rested with women. Womon (Moore p29 1840: 110-1) are the mere slaves ot the men, oblig€d to walch + attgnd thgir mov€ments,t0 carry all th6ir prop6ny arsw€ll as the young children,in bags at their back, Th€y must construclthg hut, make the fire, provido roots for th€mselves+ giv€ a share to their hustand, while he do€s not always share his gam€ with thom, Little atlectioncan exist in this state and the woman is lavourablydis@sed of t0 anyonewho will pay his court to hor. This occasionsfr6qu6nt diss€nsion, whictr oft6n €nds with the woman eloping wathher lover.

The Aboriginalwoman is d€cidedlysmaller in proponiont0 tho man than is the case amongsl Europoans,though large wom€n ar6 occasionallyfound amongstthe Blacks.No doubt ths peculiarityis th€ result of women b€ing l6ss well f6d than men, of ovgrworkand of too early child baaring.

TABOOS

POTENTIAL

E oreaming[t tv,tarriage fl neattn I custom/LawE lmplementsfl etaces S Litestyte suBJEcrs E Peopte E Buriat S women I nituat E Food ft Geologyfl Resources I LanguageI oemograpnyfi laen I Movement E LanoscapeEnrt ETrade AFEA E WALYUNGA 8l NearbywNP E S.w. other E w.A. oiher E Austrariaother E Global TITLE The World of ths First Au$ralians

AUTHOR BemdtRM + CH

EDITED proesI GRAPHICS

IN

LOCATION

OEWEY '139 Aust map ot dlstribudonof circumcision sub incision.p.s7Dlstributional spread ol Aboriginalsocial organisationi.e. matrilineal moietigs, Datrilineal +semi moi€ties.

ooth ovulsion (Goldsurorhyclaims teeth wer€ not knock€dout in whajook rib6, (in Cun 1886)

gtc, stc from 0 140 tribes in south wssr - wadiug boing of swan Rivsr arsa and Balafdongot nonh easlgm whsatboltextonding into goldfi€lds(sa€ map in Tum€r J H 1969)

El DrsamingElMarriage [t tteatttrI customiLarEl lmplemonlI etaces El Litsstyle E Psopts El Buriat El womonEl Ritual E Food E GeologyS Resources I t-anguag€S D€mograph EtMen fl tr,lovementE lanoscaxElrt E Trade E WALYUNGA fl HeaOywlte E S.w. othsr El w.A. othe E Australia oth6r E Global TITLE Hunlsrs + Gatherers

AU On BindonP and Wall€yT

PAPER poeesFilil-l GRAPHICS Yes IN Landscope,Spring 1992 p.31 Seasonal activities PUBUSHEB CALM crrveenn I IYEARlise2 wneel tocATroN G6neral (Ministryot Education)

DEVEY ISBN MAp lYss DISCIPLINE 14 groups ot South West wA

SITENo.

SITENAME

Geraldton-Me116din-EsDerance sIrE LOC.

SITEOESC. 3 tribes around Perf|: Just, whadjuk + Ballardong(covorsd Darling Rangs -York) Land owned by famity groups within th€so tribes is kaia (hearth).Mooro is land ot Juet immsdiaey north of Swan River and territoryot Yettagonga.B€sliar is land of Whadjukjust south ot Swan Rivor + botwe€nCanning Biver + coast: territorv ot MidqeEooroo. Dreamingof l;itti-tjini and of Waugal; WNP is kallsgp (favouritemosting place) for Gurr (sxt€nd€dfamily ) 0t ]HEME Coondebung. & rssourcesand their many uses (6 seasons). CONTANT seasonal Plants, animals.. food, implements,m€dlcine. ceremonies were planned during previousgatherings and ran with climatic cycles. Many uses of fire tor hunting , manufactureot implements,warmth, comfort + signalling,tood preparation+ cooking.Thepeople took trom th6 land only what they needgdto survive.Many plants + animalsthat were takon had more than ong us6. Little was wasled.

Althoughthere wsre small ditfsrencesin tho languages+ cu$oms ol the tribal groups they could a{l communicate+ each group us6d its tgrritory + rasourcesin a similar manngr.

TABOOS

POTENTIAL lncludes trails (max 28 Kms): walyunga H€ritage Trail Kalleop-GurrH€ritage Trail- only with Nyungar guad6. Yaberoo Budjanah Hsritagotrail 28 km (Lake Joondalup-Nesrabup-YanchepNational Pk). Yanjidi Trail, 2 km

E Dr€amingE Marriage I neattr E Custom/Law8l lmplem€nuE Ptaces S Litestyte suBJEcrs ! eeopte EBuria ! WomenE Bitual 8l Food EI Geology[l Resources S LanguageE DemographyE Men ! Movement E LandscapeEArt n Trade 8 WALYUNGA El NEATbYWNP E S.w. other D w.A. othsr n Australiaother Ll Gbbal TITLE On the Swan -A History of th€ Swan Districtol wA

AUTHOB BourkeMS

EDITED BOO|( pneesI IN

LOCATION

OEWEY 1855 Swan residoncy, o. 4: 1986 boundariesShire ol Swan

7 Hauntsof th€ waugal,Armstrong + Moore Bend, pfroto circa 1900 showing Bsnnstt Brook n€ws clipping 40 000 yoar old r€lics in claypit'p.9 Hill p.10 (1979)

in tlte river at Success Hill because the waugal sle€ps ti€rE. An und€rground caw is slppos€d to be at

El Dr€amingEMarriage E tteatnB customltavEl lmplsmenl8l PlacosI Litestyte E PEopteE Buriat I wornenf] nituat El Food E oeotogyI Resources E t-anguageE Demograph EM6n I MovemenrE t-anoscaxElrt ETrade E WALYUNGA E NearbywNP El s.w. other E w.A. otha ! lustratia othor El Gtobal TITLE Repon on an Aboriginalmylonite quarry sits in WalyungaNauonal Park

AUTHOR BrownS

EDITED REPOFT roers[-] GFAPHICS IN No I crrvI eenn I YEAFI LOCATION D€panm€ntot Aboriginalstudies

DEI{E/ |sAN MAp lYes DISCIPLINEAncrtlEotocY Seri€s R 502: SH gO14Penh --__-l I SITE l'lo. sossl

SITENAME 't Sttuatad on $s 6dg€ o, the Darling Fault + c€ntrad on a deep valloy about km in lengttr, lying WSW-ENE. A cr8€k srTE LOC. ristng in this vall9y runs through.

SIIE DESC. Dickey Jones cully is situatEd in a geological zon6 of p.Ecambfian Granile. Outcrops ol granit€ + myonitic rock from shoar zon€s in Archaeangranitoids occur within lhg valley

Yams wsrg soen nsarby THEl,lE. Ouarrysit€ is imponantbecause & -i) quarry CoiITENT vgry few sitss -2) larg6 .3) r€lativ€lyundisturbsd

neat tiring vegolation

TAAOOS

POT€NTIAL

I oreamingE Marriag€ [ neatn El Custom/LawE lmplsmont!I Places I Litastyle U Peopl€ E Burial I wonrenEl Rituat E Food El ceology I Resources I LanguageI DemograpnyI Men fl Movement E lanoscape n Arr E Trade El WALYUNGA E ttearbywt'tp I S.w. ottrer f] w.l. odrer E Australia oth€r E Global TITIE Some Prgviously UnrecordedAboriginal Adilact Sites Near Perth, WA

AUTHOR Butler w H

EDITED GBAPHICS FOFrl|AT PAPER ereesltss-tso

IN Th6 western AustralianNaturalisl vol 6 No 6 lcrrrleenn lYEAFlls5s LOCATIONBattys Library

DATTEY 570 W6s lssN| | MAp lyes DISCIPLINIAROIEOI-OGY 10 silas; Mllitary survey 1' map 393, Toodyay J 066 745 SITE l.{o. I

WNP Approx2 acres on th€ norti bank ot th6 Swan Rlvsr 1 milg south ot its iunctlon with th€ Wootoloo Brook L@.

DESC. A sandy area, without v€getation,littgrgd with numorouschips, llakEs and largsr artitacts

colloctions(in wA Museum) THEIIE - millstones - mullers CCI.ITEIIT - anvils . non utiliz€d cores . utilizgd cores - trimm€d coroid imolgments - incl an gdgs - ground axe head -a poss kodia ston€ -scrap€rs -scrap€r knife -adze flakos - ro edg€d adze ffakes .symmstrical and asymmetrical unitace parts .raw and preparod ochre sunounding hills rev6al6d mill stongs, psrcussion,scrapgrs, utillzed cor6s and adze flalcs Most small flakss ar€ ot quanziig, also amorphous and crystalins quarE and chalcedony. Most larg€r lrtifacts are cl dolefite or ouanz

LINKS a) Souti Bullsbrook (300 yards east ot 23 mile psg on Graat Nortiern Highway) is a sand blow rich in mat€rial similar to thal which occurs in Walyunga. b) Plunkett Mill - afiifacts unlik€ abovs but axoh€ads of Kimbsrly typ€, and M€langsian/Polyngsian origin c) Orangg Grovo d) Brockman Rivsr e) WooroolooBrook l) MoondyneSprings TABOOS

POTENTIAL relationshios with other sit€€i/tribes

E Dr€aminggMarriage E HoalthE custom/LayEl tmpl€m€nlE Places E Lif€styl€ suBrEcrs E psods ft Buriat Ewomsn E Ritual E Food B GeologyI Resources I t-anguagefl DemographEMsn B MovementE t-anoscapeElrt ETrade AFEA I WALYUNGA El N€arbywNP I S.w. omer B w.A. othe El Australia oth6r E Global TITLE NyungarCulture in Walyunga

AUTHOF CALM

EDNED General no.sI GRAPHICS

IN CALM Nsws; JuneJuly

PUBUSHER

LOCATION Battye Library

DEWEY

DISCIPLINE

SITENo.

SITENAME

sm Loc.

SITEDESC.

One pa.ticularrock for which ths area is known is mylonite, The rock flak€s whEn struck and tlakes tygrs usd to make dtting tools and sharpeningtools and when glu6d along a smooth stick producedshatp setratedknives. - Was thick with yams near campingground -Quartz outcrop maybe quarry sit€ - but has no imm€diatgevidsnc€ of manufalctur€ of rock toots all rock pi€cas appszlIto have begn produc€dby rock breakng and crackingtrom heat 0f bushfir€s. - Furthgr invgsdgation warranted - Adifacts at Wostern Austalian Musgum

E DrsamingU Marriag€ E Health E custom/LawEl tmpt€m€ntsI Ptaces E Lifsstyt€ E Psopto E Burial I womenE Ritual E Food I Geology! Resources fl Languagefl oemograpny! laen I Movement E LandscapeEIArr E Trads I WALYUNGA E NearbyWNP I S.W.ottrer fl W.l. ottrer O Australia other E Global Fisld Book No 20

ChauncyPLS

B@K PAGES174, 81 GMPHICS

crrvlElii'_l vem Battye Library Archiv€s (SAWA)

Sketch and elevation,showing wanan grounds at

of Swan Rivsr from Major lrwin's to Mr Brown's GranF, Fi6ld Book 6. SITE L@.

mao additionalto Swan Folio

Pool, noarly l6v6l, light soils, dogwood, blackboys (20 January, 1844). 6dgs of Swan Rivsr at WalyungaPool warrangholes.(yam diggings) 63 Sketcn map of srrv€y arca 24.75 m in I days.

E or€amingElMarriage E HoatthE custom/LarE lmpl€m€nr[t ehces I Lifestyle E People E Burial E womenE Ritual E Food E ceotogyI Resources E t-anguagreE Demographf] Men I Movement El t-anoscapeEnrt E Trade El WALYUNGA E NsarbywNP Ef s.w. other E w.A. oth€ [ Austratia other E Grobal TITLE Memoirsof Mrs Chauncy

AUIHOR ChauncyPLS

EDITED B@K "ou..l---l GRAPHICS IN NO PUBLISHER crrvI I vennI LOCATION Battyo Library

DEWEY B/Cha |sAN MAP lNo DlSCIPLINEBi"gr-"plry I SITENo.

SITENAME

From the top of JempardingHill sm Loc.

SITEDESC. Looks down on the deep valleysof the Avon and ToodyayRivers

Partiss ot nativeswoutd fr€queniy call al our encampment,One tall savago us€d to run 6 miles to our fri€nds the THEME Lukinswho had the nearest$ation to tetch a bottle of milk. He would get over his 12 miles in about 2 hours and was well contentedwith a gannikanof tea and anotherot flour to make a dampsr,by way of payment. COl.lTSiT In ths DartingRange between Baksrs Hill and Chidlowh6 discov€reda group of springsand namedthem Chauncy's Springs.He saw thes€ springsat a native camp called Nyindiup

TABOOS

POTENTIAL

I DreamingE Marriage E Health E custom/LawE lmplemenk[t etaces fl Litestyte suBJEcrs E Peopte E Buriat E woman E Ritual E Food E coology ft Resources I Languagofl oemograpnyfl uan El Movem€nt I Lanoscapefllrt ETrad€ AREA fl WALYUNGA E NearbyWNP E s.W. other fl w.A. other E Australia other E Global TITLE A NyoongarWordlist from th6 South West 0, WA

AUTHOR Compilation BindonP+ChadwickFl

FORMAT BOOK PAGESI GRAPHICS

IN No

AnthropologyDepanment wesl Australiant',luseum jcrrrleenn I YEAR11992 LOCATIONneid Library H4

OBYEY R 4991503 lsBNI I MAp lNo DISCIPLINTLanguaga I SITENo. -t I SITE NAME

south wesl ot wA stlE Loc.

trom THEME Lyon RM 1833 Grey G 1838 SymmondsC 1841- Moore GF 1842 Flev Brady J '184:| Cun EM 1886 The Aust Raco Salvador DR Bates DM Mark€y, Bussall, Buller-Murphy, Gray, Hammond, Hassgll + Ras

LINKS Comparisonot vocab+ languagsthroughout ditfering tribal groups

E DrsamingEMarriage E tteattnE Custom/La!E lmplemenlI Ptaces I Litestyte E Peopto EI Burtat E womenE] Ritual E Food E GeologyI Resources El LanguageI Demographt] Men I Movemenr! t-anoscape!art ETrade E wALvUNGA E NearbywNp S s.w. otner fl w.A. oths El Ausrratiaoth6r E cbbal TITLE Aboriginalsof New Norcia 1845-1914 The BicentennialDiclionary ol WesternAustralians vol vii AU]HOR Compilation EDIID GrgenN and TilbrookL B@( rou.rl----l GRAPHICS

IN PUBUSHERUWA Press I crrvleenn I YEARll sss LOCATION

DEwFI 994 lsBNlo/85564/29sts I lrnp lves DISCIPLINEFa;ily Maps of approximateAboriginal population density based on Salvado'stigurss slTE No. - SITENAME

New Norcia - Coorow: Swan River. York SIIE L@.

SITEDESC.

- Contrastsand comparespopulation densities bstween New Norciagroups, Darling Scarp and S',yangroups. THEI,l|E 'First Nonh Tribe' of UpperSwan area has a much highernumb€r of wives per husbandthan in later New Norcia & groups CONTENT and evsn more than at Curo, Bibinoand Gingin. - Also First Nonh Tribe has a higher ratio ot childr€n to fafi€rs.Familylinks and places of origin

With areas €9. Northam,Toodyay, Bindoon, Dandaragan, Bibino, Coorow

TABOOS

POTENTIAL Populationsand demographyot first north tribe transitionfrom tribal to curent names (see intro.)

fl DreamingE Marriage E Health E custom/LawE lmplement![t Praces ! Litestyte suBJEcrs El Paopr€ E Buriar ! womenE Fitual E Food E ceology ! Resources ! LanguageEl DemographyB Men fl Movement E LandscapeEI Art ETrade E WALYUNGA EI NearbywNP E S.w. other El w.A. other E Australia other E Global Tribal CampingGrounds Ara to 86 Presorved

Countryman- news, 2711166

NEWS paeesI s z GFAPHICS COUNTRYMAN

Diataryhabits eg. sg€d(prssence ot grindingstones)- animal bonss PrgmierBrand WadjugTrib€

E DreamingEMarriage E xeatt E Customlr-ayE lmplemen![ ehces fl Litestyle 8t Peopta E Buriat E wom€nE Rituat El Food I GeotogyI Resources E LanguagcE DemographEMen I MovementE LandscapcEArt E Trade E wALvUNGA fl ttearoywt'tp El s.w. oth€r El w.A. oth€ El Austratia oth6r n Gbbal TITLE The Determinantsol Fenility Amongst Australian Aboriginals

AUI}IOF CowlishawGilian

EDITED PAPER toettlTffi-| GRAPHICS

IN Manknd 13 No PUBUSHEBAnthrop Soc NSW crrvI IYEAB11s81 LOCATION Reid Library

OEWEY p 301-05 tstsN MAP No DISCIPLINE

SITENo.

SITENAME

Australia stTE LOC.

stTE oEsc.

Aboriginal men and women had ditforent diets, different snergy exponditutoand ditfersnt control ovsr various IHEl.|E asoects of their lives. & - voluntary on reproduction CONTENT lnvoluntary and conrols - WomenDroduced mor€ food and consumedless -Basic features of reproductivelives of Aboriginal women

Some lood taboos

Good backgroundinformation

E Dr€amingE Marriage S ueattn I custom/LatyE Implemsn*fl etaces El Lif€style suBJEcrs E peopte EBuriar I womenERitual [t Food E Gsology! Resources I Languagefit oemograpnyS uen I Movament D Lanoscape fl ,qrt E Trade AREA E WALYUNGA E NearbywNP E S.w. other E w.A. oth6r E Australia other E Global Brigadoon- Th€ Book

DMB +B/APn Corp Public Relations

preEsI GRAPHICS

Kangaroowoman + the white gum tre€

WNP + Swan Coastal Plain, Wajimup,Woorolloo Brook, MamFup Hill

orgamrng Garup'dace wher6 sp6ar entered the ground + watsr flow€d'(down $ream trom WNP) placs..xmas tre6s booyat., women's fertility site down straam trom WNP and north sids of riv€r. Aboriginalwho sits in shadow of Xmas treg will losg th€ir shadg (spirit) and will walk away a p€rson without a (a zombie) orga Jinna Booyat..thg footprintof lie kangaroo-womansot in rock, with whito gum tr€e alongsid€ (down stream south ol river).R€lationshiowith landscaoesand natural rgsourcssand h6nc€ r€sDonsibllitvto th€m.

wNP, Wadjsmup(Both€sl) via the waugal; sides ot th€ river with kangaroowoman spirit. with animals..each tamily took borunga (clan) trom a diltsrent animal white cockatoo, crow, emu, kangaroo

o sit in shadowof Xmastros. men to visit women's sit6.

POTENTIAL

8l DrsamingEMarriags E HeatthI Custom/La!E lmplam€ntEl Places I Litestyte suBrEcrs E peopre EBuriar Ewom€nERitual E Food E Geotogyfl Resources [t languageI D€mographE Men ! MovementE Landscap€EArt E Trade El WALYUNGA El N€arbywNP E S.w. oth€r I w.a. otne E Australla oth€r E Global TITLE MoondyneJoe: The man and the myth

AUTHOB El{iot lan

EOITED BOOK roe.sf----l GRAPHICS NO IN PUBUSHERUWAPress I crrvleenn I YEARli e78 LOCATIOiI Battye Library

DEWEY ISBN MAp lYes DISCIPLINE p.1 Joe's country1860

SITENo-

SI'E NAME

Includes Avon valley + sunounds s|TE L@.

srE oESc. countryside is described

Bailup-station+ hotel rH€I'E Plac€names, seo map & quite from Aboriginalpeople (pers comm, author)lncludesbush survival CONTENT Leamedbush survivaltechniques likely

TABOOS

POTENTIAL mao + Dtac€ names

I DreamingE Marriage E HealthE Custom/LawE lmplementl[t etaces ! Lttestyte fl eeople E Burial ! womenI Bitual E Food E ceotogy ! Resources ! LanguageE DemographyEl Men EI Movement El Landscapefl Art ETrade E WALYUNGA EI NsaTbywNP E s.w. other I w.l. otnerE Australiaother E Global Old Toodyayand Newcastle

Erikson Rica

BOO|( PAGESI 1 .7 GRAPHICS

p.4 In 1840 ti€re wer€ 102 Abortginalslisted in Toodyay district. The populationof the Swan Riv€r disirict from F{an$ to the s€a and from Upp€r Swan to Woodman'sPolnt. was 3 tribes of less than 120 natives. no naturaldeath but blame laid on someonewho in turn would be hlled, p4. Burial grounds at the junctionof Avon Riv€r and Toodyay Brook, p.7 Burlong Pool, Bejooding,Byeen Wattering. bibula= wild turkey; weadgy=emu;boka= roo cloak.

Millelt and Goldsworthyin Curr lor similar district.

ate th6 flesh ot the big €agle or thsyd los6 their skill at spearingroos. of sandalwoodand quandongwere not €atsn by Avon Valleyfibe, althoughth€ oil was us€d tor annointing

El Dr€amingEMarriage E HeatthElcustom/LavE lmplsmentEl etaces fl Litestyte SUBJECTS E Peopts E Buriat f] wonrenI Bituat E Food E GeotogyI Resources E languageE DemographEl Men [t Movement I t-anoscaprIert E Trade E WALYUNGA E Ne$bywNP E S.w. oth€r E w.A. oth€ E Australia oth€r E Global TITLE Indsx to the Colonial Secretary'sOffice Letters Becaived

AUThOR for Dictionaryof WA Aboriginal Volunteers'Commitee

EDIIE Index "oersl------l GRAPHICS

IN for AIAS. DAA. WACAE

PUBUSHER

LOCATION

DEWF/ Q994.1004 Ind

DISC!PLINE

SrE No.

SITENAME

SITE L@,

SITEDESC. Includes Newcastle(Toodyay), York, Fremantle,Albany, Geraldton,Carnarvon, Roeboume etc

Names ol many Aboriginalpeople anested, the date ol committedotfence, and sentencelocation and duration.

E DreamingEl Marriage E Health fl custom/LawE lmplements[l etaces I t-itestyte El People U Burial ! womenE Ritual E Food E ceologyI Resources I LanguageD Demographyn Men E Movement n LandscapeElArr E Trade E WALYUNGA El NearbywNP E S.w. other E w.A. other El Australia other E Global TITLE ProvisionalList of AbonginalPlac€ Names and Their Meanings

AUTHOB Glaugn L

EDNED

PAPER paoeslas-es GMPHICS

IN wA Historicalsociety Journal vol 4 pan 2

LOCATION

DS/EY

SITENo.

SITE NAME

a place wh€rg )'ams grow. 'up' occurs on plain w€st of Darling Range, from Moor€ Rivsr in North to South coast + thence to vicinity of lsraslitg Bay. The inner boundarypassss $rough the rangss by valley of th€ collie Bivsr vicinityot Lake Grace (Bumgup)+ so on to the coast. To fie nonh of this lins 'up' is replaced by'in' 'ine' or lor many milsswhen funher changes occur.

E DreamingEMarriage E HealthE custom/LavE lmplemenlEl Places E Lifestyle E Peopts E Buriat n wom6nEl Fitual E Food E GeotogyI Resources t] languaget] DemographEl Mon ! Movemenr E t-anoscapeEnrt E Trad€ E] WALYUNGA El NearbywNP E S.w. oth€r U w.A. oth€ E Australia othet E Global TITLE Transported Aboriginal Artsfact Material, Perth Basin, WA

AUTHOF GloverJ E and Cockbain A E

peeesFrs-s+s I GBAPHICS IN Nature No PUBI.]SHEB I crrvI I vennlrszr LOCATION

DEWFl ISBN MAp lYes DISCIPLINEnncneeoroev I p. 19: SW WA..artefactsites cont bryozoan chert SITENo-

SITENAME

Penh Basin SITE L@-

SITEDESC.

- Rock tlakes in Perth Basin consist of Bryozoan chert, non fossiliferouscher!, quartzite,dolerite, granit€, THEME k-feldsparetc. usually1-5 cm diameter. & CO TENT Some material almost certainlyhas been carried for many hundredsof miles. a) Bryozoais of Eocsn€age and bryozoanchen is presentat nearlyall blown out sites in Perth Basin; also some spongeremains. b) All fragmenrcof dolerite, granite, quanziie and now fossilferouschert is lrom Precambrianterains, nearest source - 40 miles from sit€,

Bryozoan chert has apparentlycome much further. - Silcified rocks from four Eoceneunits - = Plantaganetgroup Norsemanlimestone Toolinnalimestone WilsonBluff lime$one

TAaOOS

POTENTIAL Studies of distributionof this distinctiverock may throw light on former Aboriginaltrading patterns and tribal interrelationships.

E DreamingE Marriage E Health E Custom/LawI lmplementtI elaces E Lifestyte suBJEcrs E people E Buriar E women D Rituar E Food [t GeotogyI Resources ! Language! oemograpnyIuten ffl Movement E LandscapeEArt DTrade AFEA E WALYUNGA EI r'rearoywrrtp E S.w. other I rr',/.A.other I Austratiaotner I ctobat The Petrologyand ArchaeologicalSignificanc€ of Mylonite Bocks in the Precambrian Shisld nEar Pgrth WA GloverJE

PAPER PAGES133-38 GMPHICS Joumal ot thE Royal Soci€tyof WA Vol 59 Pan 2

Map of C€ntral Perth Basin showinglo€ation of sitgs (with % mylonite flakos)

rock from shoar zongs in Archaeangranibids on th6 w€st6m margin of thg Yilgam Block n€ar P€rth WA besn used extgnsively br tlaksd tools by Aboriginal people. Ths rock is epidots rich and tllnty, with quartz + commonlyhas a subconchoidalfracturs. Flakes ara foundin lfi€ Penh Basin.Thstondoncy tor tho flakBsin argas of dre Penh Basin north ol ti€ Swan Riv€r to incrsaso in trequencybward Gingin. shows lhat tr|g sourcescould havg b€sn in myloniticrocks ot the wgstgm arga, or In counlgrpansalong strike ol fie Darling Fault Zone towards Mogumbar. There may havg been othgr $urcss of mylonitic rock ior southol th€ SwanBlver.

aro toundin PenhBasin bgtw€en En€abba + Mandurai.Tnoy are commonat aastgmsitgs nsar thE myonitic but ar€ soarsgor absentngar th€ west coast.

E DreamingEMarriags El xeattnEl custom/LavE tmptomenlI PtacesI t-itesryte SUAJECTS E P€ople E Burial E womenE Ritual E Food E GeorogyI Resources I languageI DemographE M€n I MovamentI t-anoscapef]art ETrade I WALYUNGA El NearbywNP E S.w. other I w.a. otne Ef Australla oth€r E Gbbal TITLE York District Whalook T.ibe

AUTHOF Goldswonhy Fl EDITED Curr EM REPORT pneesFJ6.go6-] GRAPHICS

IN in The Au$ralian Rac€ vol 1 NO PUBUS}IERJ Fgffgs, Govl Printer I crwluetoourne I venn lr ees LOCATION Reid Library Fins Ans,Architecture& Special Collsction

DEvlEY 305.89915 ISEN MAP INo DISCIPLINEoba"Gi;; I SITENo.

SITENAME w€st ot York, SITE LOC. Crosscheck tribal boundarioswith B€mdt, in Tum€r.

SITEOESC. Whajook tribe

Trib€ numb€rs small eg 4o8o;oldost poople wer€ 75{0 years old, kangarooskn cloaks were wom; shells were THEI'E ornaments from the coastal ribes. skin was annoint€d witi grease + ochre, necklaces ol nut, tips ol opossum tails & pan wild tail worn as band abovg torghsad. Roo shn bags; sh€lls CCNTENT in hair, arm band of emu fgadDrs, of shn of dog's hold 2 quarts of wabr. No n€ts or baskets. Tomahawks ol 2 stones (1 was ground to an edg€) and lnives wer€ quartz chipp€d. Gum was heat€d + charcoal addgd, Uso ot flints, bones + front looth of possJm. Population numbers were r€duced widl contact with Europ€answitfi diseass, iribe had consumption,spifing ot blood, death. Also .r,yaclde'atacked genitalsand brought sutteringtrom bite trom fie myfiical Snake + it extended to ths skin generally. Also enlargementot the liv€r. Debil on nos€ septum pi€rcing, scarring, griet, maniag€, betrolhals, widows, evil spirits/ghostsbutial, ancestors, cardinal poinE. Vocabulary.lmpodance ot cersmony

with other tribes

TABOOS Namgs ot d6ad never mgntonsd. Bultua (coniurors)will never eat male watlabies.

POTENTIAL Much dstail on some customs + Dradic€s

I DrsamingB Marriago E tteatn El Custom/LawE lmpl€ment!I etaces @ titestyte suBJEcrs E peopre EBurial fl womenE Riruat E Food E GoologyI Resources [t Languago[t oemograpny@ uen I Movemeni E t-anoscapeE Art El Trad6 E WALYUNGA E N€arbywNP n S.w. other E w.A. other tl Australia other E Global Nyungar-Th€ People.Aboriginal customs in the South West ot Australia

GreenN GreenN BOOK preesI GRAPHICS

Batty€ Library, Rsid Library, wA Museum

p. 45 Tindal6,Tribal boundaries.p.174 Lyon R Placa names + terdtoriss. p.192 Armstrong F 1837 Nam€ + populationnumbers.

languagBLyon FIM (Swan + CannlngR tribes) P 146 Yagan'sd€ath on Uppgr Swan, + GF Mooro wrote'... am elomentof Gr€ek tragedyin the life + death of

p154 ComparesSwan R + King Goorge Sound dial€cts,striking similariti€s+ also strihng diffor€nces.

fl oreaming! l,tarriage fl ueatn E custom/LavE lmptem€nlI Ptaces S Lifestyte El Peopt€ El Burial El wom€nE Ritual E Food I ceologyI Resources [t t-anguageI DemographEMen fl MovementE t-anoscapeEnrt El Trade E WALYUNGA E t'teaoywt'tp El s.w. othar E w.A. oth6 E Australia other El Global TITLE Broken Spears: Aboriginal+ Europoansin the South West ot Australia

AUTHOF Gre6nN

EDITED BOO( roe.sl------l GRAPHICS

IN

PUBUSHER

LoCATlol.l WA Mussum, Battye Library, Beid Library

OEWEY

DISCIPLINE

SftE No.

SITENAME

SITEL@.

Inctudos Eumpean contact, Uppsr Swan battl6s, Goodyak (Upp€r Swan group) , UpO€rSwan deaths, Weeip East, Calyute South; featuresMidgegooroo, Yagan, Mooro, Munday (chief ot Besloo), Domium (Yagan'sbrother).Abo]iginal lore on killing + punishm€nti.e. dgatfi

wide range ot rgtoroncss from 6atly setdemgntin bibliography

I DreamingE Mar.iag€ [ Heattn El custom/LawE lmplsment!I Ptaces E Lifostyt€ E Peopls E Burial I womenE Rirual E Food I GeotogyI Resources tl languags I oemograpny I Men El MovsmentO tanoscape El Art E Trade E WALYUNGA E NearbywNP E S.w. oB!€r E w.A. ofier E Australia other El Global Expeditionsin W€storn Australia 1837-39 Volume 1

GreyG

BOO|( PAGESI GRAPHICS

of P€rth..tak6s,riv6r, plain, hills.

praces Goonmar ra up Riv€rp.300 psopls, Noo goong oo, Ysnmar,Kur ral, Nganmar Nowo0r gup p. 309.J€s bar, Mooloor€(lak6) at Doondalup,Du du murry Yundelup,War rup, DooroolaMya (Dog's houso in cav€),Jenna Yalgarin(to the north),Dwer,Bss uls ngurdnyup (lak€),Ugat Maubee bee p. 296 ' the $rangenativBs doing their umost to rgndgrthems€lves uselul. They had nevgr s€gn white pgod€, and th€ quicknesswith which tisy undersioodour wants, and hasten€d to gradly them, vsry satistactory' (p. 301). Ths beliet ttlat whits peopl€ar€ th€ souls of S16d€paned blacks, is by no m6ansan unc[mmon sup€rstitionamongst tfiey th6msolv6snev€r having an idea ol acquiringtheir own land, cannot imagine oth€rs doing it;- and thus thoy se6 white people srddenly appear in th€ir country,and seltling themsslvesdown in panicular spots, imaginethat they musl hav€ formed an anachmantb $ls land in som€ other state of existenc€;and h€nc€ th€ sottlers at on€ Dgriodblack m€n. and ti€ir own r€lations(s€6 mor6 D 310-2).

POTENTIAL

E DreamingEMarriags El HealthEl Custom/LavElmplement EI Ptaces E Lifsstyle suBJEcrs Et psopre E Buriar El womenE Rituat I rooo I GeotogyI Resources El languageEl DsmographE Men fl Movement I t-anoscapefl nrt El Trade E WALYUNGA El ttea'bywnp t] s.w. other E w.A. othe E Australia other E Global TITLE Expeditionsin Western Australia 1837-39 Volume 2

AUTHOR Grey G

EDIIF B@( pncesl---l GRAPHICS IN NO PUBUSHERHesp€rianPrsss I crrvIeenn IYEAF11e84 LOCATION Battye Library

DEWEY 919.41Gre ISBN MAP INo DISCIPLINEObs€rvation I SITENo. s€€ photocopios I SITENAME

see photo copr€s stTE LOC.

'IHEr'G Kaiber th€ native, Songs and poetry p 300-306 & weapons,hunting tachniquep252-276. COiITENT Descriprionand us6 ol tood p263 (languag€) P3OO,.'tne nativesof wA are very lond ol singingand dancing..ish€ angry, he sings-, is h€ glad, ho sings'- is he hungry, hs sings, ..and it is the peculiarcharactsr ot rle songs wtlich r€nderstiem under all circumstancesso solacingto ftem. The songs ilt€ shon generallyconiaining only one or two ideas, and are constantlyrgpeated over and ov€r again, in a mann€rdoubtlsss grating to the untutorsdear ot a Europsan,but to one shlled in Aust music' tullingand harmoniousto t|e extrsme,and producingmuch tho same etfect as fi€ singingot a nurse does to a child.Abodginalpeople are seen as bsing most r€sourcsluland knowl€dgabls,with a strong spiritualand cllltural foundation. ts a nativs atraid, h6 sings hims€lftull of courag€;in lact, under all circumstanc€s,ho tinds aid and comfort from a song. Their songs are therebre naturallyvari€d in tioir torm; but tb€y ate all concise, and convsy in the simplest mannerthe mo$ movingideas. Reactionto God save the Oueon..a native,Wanup bursl into tears upon h€aringit (p 305). Clappingand clappingslicks.

ComparesEuropean po€ts, poems and music.

TABOOS

POTENTIAL

E DreamingEl Marriag€ E HeatthE custom/LawE lmplsmentsI etaces El Litestyte suaJEcrs E Peopte EBurial I womenE Rituat El Food I Geotogy$ Resources S t-anguageI oemograpnyfl uen fl uovement fl LanGcape fl lrt E Trade E WALYUNGA El NearbywNP I S.w. otirer E w.A. other I Austratia other n Gbbal IITLE York District- Ballardong Tribe/Balladocking

AUTHOR Hackett DE, Police consabb EDITED Curr EM GBAPHICS FORNiAT REPORT eroeslsse-s+o

IN in Ths Au$ralian Raca Vol I J Ferres,Governmgnt Printer lcrrrluelooumelYEAR ll 886 LOCATIONR€id Library Fine Ans,Architeduro & Special Collection

OEWEY rsaN MAP DISCIPLINf I SITENo.

SITE NAME

York district north sastern whsatbelt and east to goldfislds sm Loc

SITEDE6C. Balladong/ BallardockingTribg

sma trib€ wittt p6opts reaching80 y€ars of age. By 1855 halt tf|€ numb€r had died lrom moaslss;consumption THE}JE was prsvalent.Clothing was roo shns sewn togatigr with sinsws ot roo tail. lmplem€ntsand weapons t/v€,esimilar & whaFok witi the addiiion of Noolbunto w€avs girdl€s of fur. Also ti€y carrl€d watsr in bark afrangsmgnts.The CO.lTENT lo o€ool€ said that som6 rgmoto trib€s are cannibals and mark th6 children at blnh who ar6 eventually to b€ eaten. Most tribes practiso cannibalismand d€ny it, but blame othsrs. Detail on maniage, betrothaland aggs; 0f infid€lity and punishment ornanontation(with heated stongs). Fish are caught in nets placed in dams built actoss shallow steams. Mgn worg 5'5, women 4'6-5'0. No mossag€sticks wgrg noticed.

'many' LINKS Bulla maans 'two' across maybe halt of Ausnalia but in Whaiook Youngarmgans both 'rnale kangaroo'and 'BlacK6llow'in Ballardong

TABOOS Namesof 3 mgn:Yourney,Wonup, Woonal.

POTENTIAL

E oreamingEJMarriage E HealthE Customlt-avI lmplomenlI Places [l titestyte s1'rBJEcls Et psopts E Buriat E womenE Ritual I Food I Geotogy[t Resources El languag€E oemographCl Men @ Movemanl E t-anoscapeElrt ETrado AREA E WALYUNGA E NearbywNP E s.w. othor E w.A. othe E Australia othar E Global TIlLE For Their Own Good. Aboriginesand govsmm€ntin the south wsst ot westeo Australia 1900-1940 AUTHOR Ha€bichAnna

BooK "oe.sl----l GFAPHICS

IN Yes PUBTJSHEF Ths Souti W€sl Rogion Public Fund I crrvl IYEAB11s88 a) Photographsot pgople and 9g Moore R sgttlgmsnt LOCATION Battye Library b) TaUe 2 p265 Populalion 1919-36 DBIEY 305.899t5 Hae ISEN MAp lyss DISCIPLINE Bemdt att€r Tindale: Tribal areas o.xvi

SITENo.

SITENAME

SITE LOC.

smDEsc.

History ot legislation relating to Aboriginal poople in South W€st ot WA. rHEil.lE p.5 Picturs of Aboriginalsgathered at Guildbrd on the outskins ot Perti l90l (-120 peopls). a p.6 in -1900 6sp Netr Norcia (>1869). CCI{TENT 200 Aboriginalsliving in missions soutlt p. 68 <1905 prsparing for corfoboreeat wolshpool. p. 69 Conobore€ dancars. Their names aft, Monnop, Woolber, Pompey, Wyel, Joobyrcn, Genbordong, Sandy, Dool, Kwont.3000Aboriginals in south at ond ot 1930's. PopulationTable 19191936 p. 265. Anecdot€sfrom Aboriginal psople. Moorg River and CarroluDsettlements

Contact to conlemporary.

Montoning ths nafi€s ot those who nave dl€d?

POTENTIA! Names and photograptrs from tfi€ 19005.

E Dr€amingE Marriag€ E Health E Custom/LawE lmplem€nt! El Places E Lifsstyls sllBrEcrs E peode E Buriat ft woman f] Rituat E Food E] GeologyI Besources E languags[t DemograptryIuen [t Movement E lanccape E]lrt E Trad€ AFEA fl WALYUNGA tl NearbywNP E S.w. othsr I w.a. o0rer E Auslralia other E Gtobat TITLE AboriginalUsag€ Along th€ Swan Fliv€r E AUTHOR Hallam S John J GRAPHICS FOFMAT B@N( pncesI IN The Swan River EstuaryEcology and Managom€nt

574.526365SWA

rhizomss(Typha) in lak6s, swamps + ort oft meanderson floodplain

by Explor€rs+ sottlBrsshow that in th6 1500's, 1700's + 1800's Aboriginalgroups fr€quent€d bo$ tr|e rEachosof Swan sstuary (bolow Pgnh), and tie upper reachgswhsrg it tlows bgtweEnalluvial tsrraces on coastal plain using both estuaringand tonitorial resourc€sabovo Psrth hastitolia(P30) ..'of this th€y ara vgry bnd, but it is v€ry de€p in ths ground + is obtained with great

di$ribution r€cord makes it clgar tiat the intensity ot usage ot riverine alluvial tenaces +sandplain+ its swamps)was manyordors of magnitudehighor than thal of soawarddunes + limeslonobolt, evon th6ss imping€ on the esluary.The closs combination of rgeds + yarnsias at Uppsr Swan mado possiblE of p€opl€in quilslargs groupslor largestretchss of the year.

alluvial tgnac€s (+sandplain + its swamps) was many ordgrs ot magnituds high€r than that of s6award + lime$ong bglt, gvgn when th6sa imping€ on th€ €sluary.

POTENTIAL

E DrsamingEMarriage E tleatn EcustomltavE lmpl€monlI Ptaces E Lifestyls suRrEcrs EI peopt€ E Buriar I womanI nituat fl rooo E ceotogy@ Resources I t-anguageI D€mographE]M€n S Movemenr El t-anoscax Eert E Trado E WALYUNGA EI ttearbywt'tp E s.w. other E w.A. oths E Australia other E Global progrsss I TITLE An ArchaeologicalSurvey of the Perth Area Westem Australia:A report on an and artefacts, dat6s and demography AUTHOA Hallam SJ I EDITED PAPER proEsFllrg I GFAPHICS IN AIAS N€wsletterVol 3 No 5 November No t PUBTJS}iER AustralianIn$itute of AboriginalStudies I CtrvlCanOerraI YEAB11972 LOCATION WA Museum(PB) I OElVEY tsaN MAP INO DISCIPLINEARCIIAEOLOGY I SIIE No. t I SITENAME I sm Loc. t t 'nativ€ pads' rwolls .THE Just behind the immediatelycoastal sand dun€s, inleb and lakos, linked nativg and rivgr IE crossings from th€ Vasse and Preslon, north by tie Leschgnault sstuary to Mandurah + Fremantle. At th€ Swan + Murray east-wgst movement + ccupation linked tho coast !0 a s€cond nonh-south zone of large and much co.lTEllr I |I€quentedcamp sit6s (eg Glngin, Bullsbrook,Orangs 6rovo, Kelmscott,Cardup, Mundiiong,Pinjana, and on south towards Bunbury) along th€ zone at ths toot ol tho Darling Scarp. Th€ir wsrs oudiors into $s rangs (eg Walyunga) and wastward into fi6 sandhills and swamps ot the sanddain intBrwning betw€on tha scarp- foot zone and tie coastal zone on the aeollan limestone.P 12 Capt Molloy oelained lo Gov Hutt tyhy he had abandoned Augusta tor tho I vasse.. 'Deing tie most froquonted part with the greatest numbsr ot sgtders, the grgatgsl quantity of livestrockand the most numsrous na ve population'(Hasluck 1955; 184). Ethnographicevid6nc6 suggesls and archaeologicaldistribntions confirm, a general pattern ot mov€msnt,op€ning up, and ocflpation, in tvro main zones: the one along fie coaslal plain; tig olhor on the inland margin of lhe I intorvening, comparatively 6mpty janah torsst. I I

Karakin Lakes (n€ar Moor€ River, Swan Coastal Plain) Koonaldaffint, Frieze Caw, OrchestraShell Cave. Figurgson Swan Coastal Plain suggsst a gradual riss ot population, accelerating ovor fi€ last millerium or so. Also that r|€ main expansion was into s'vamps and dun€s of sandplaln. High€r rato of €arly to lat6 sil6s in th6 Avon area I eastward trom York + Nonham suggpsts t|at rise of potrrlation r€ached a cailing her6 batore tho intonsifying usage ot lygsi coastal gsluarine, stramp and f$edmontresources approachod its limit. Aborlginallasturo improvement' by firing might be €xpscted lik6 Europsan clsaranco In tie whgatbelt to havg inseas€d soil salinity in som€ areas I and so had deletsrious €ftscts on ths carrying capaclty of fia area tor iauna (or some elomsnts ot tauna) and Aborlginals alike. I POTENTIAL I I E DrsamingE Marriago E HoalthE custom/LawE lmplementrE Places E Lit€style suBJEcrs E P€od€ EBurial I womenEl Hituat E Food El csology El Resources I LanguageI oemograptryI uen @ Movament E LandscapeEArt E Trad€ I El WALYUNGA 8l N€arbywNP El S.w. oter S w.l. ortrerE Australiaother E Globat I I TITLE The First Western Ausfalians

AUTHOR HallamSJ StannageT PAPER ereesls s-z t GRAPHICS IN A Ngw History of Wsstgrn Australia Univorsityof WA Press YEARs8 i Some egs ot small tools ussd lcrrrleenn I li tor finer woodworkingp 52 LOCATION Curfin Univ€rsity P42 Chopp€r+ horso hoof scrap6f, steep scraper. DEI,YEY 994.1 R8s lsaN| | MAp lYes DISCIPLINE P 36 Places reterrsdt0 in tsxt + extent of land l surtace + sea level when we$ + south coast SrTENo. I olains were mors gxtsnsivs. SITE NAME IncludingSE Asia.

slrE LOc.

wNP sits is gnormousin ext6nt, quantity + dsnsity of artgtacl matorial,suggssting constant frsquEntingby large THEME agglomerations ot psopls. A minimum ot usage for tlr€ sxcavatsd pan of the site betvreen 6000 + 3200 years ago rglab phasa. Th6 area linked most clos€ly in a noxus focussed on &e Swan is roughly ovoid, c€ntred CCSITENT may to an arid around the area wherg the Helena entsrs, str€tching toward the sea on the w6s1, 32 kms into tha hills to ft€ 6ast, norh towards Lennard'sBrook, south to Mundijong(<2000 sq mil6s). ,f4o or 23 persons to 100 squate miles (using Armstrong'sfigurgs). Salvado's count ot 555 Aboriginalsfor 2800 square mil€s just to north giv€s 20 people to 100 sq m. 60:40 malg to temale. Perfi ratio ot 1,2 or 1.1 childronnpsr wite. By the tim€ Europ€anshad aniv6d a break had be€n put on stEep populationdss of proviousfew cEnturios.Population dillerences thtough time (to 150,000yoars ago) and ptace in the South West acc,ordingto conditions.Hsncs they adjust€d lh€ir lifestyss accordingly(including social and roproductivebehaviour). p66-68. Chang€sin tool tschnologyand ths times ard implicatons e.g. sconomi€sof raw mat€rials,r€lated to incrgasingpopulation prsssures, dscrease in territorial range of each group's activitios and sourcEsot stons outsidg t€rfttn p,55,

LINKS SomaWA backsdblade sites mayhavs ritualor artisticassociations (s.9. SkewVall€y) or ate largesitos at which big groupsmust have m€t tor purpos€swhich probably includ€d cersmonies e.g. Millslream,Walyunga, Soldl€rs Road,Mundiiong).

POTENTIAL

E Dr€amingEMarriags E HsalthE Custom/LavEl lmplemenlI etaces [t Lirestyte slrRrEcrs E Peopte E Buriat Ef wornenEl Rituat El Food El Geotogy$ Resources E unguageE DomographEMen @ MovemenrI t-anoscapeEart E Trads I WALYUNGA E t'teafbywt'tp E S.w. other El w.A. othe E Australia other I Global TITLE

AUTHOB Hallam SJ EDITED from AndorsonJ, o 27 Dsrsonal communication roe.sl--__l GFAPHICS

IN

PUBUSHER

LOCATION

DEWEY

DISCIPLINE

SITE No.

SITENAME

SIIE LOC.

sm oEsc.

lHElv€ res€archsupports a mor€tluid situalion than rigid boundariestor South Wesl social units. Hgr & Rivgr have r€voal€d regular movemgfi by iamily groups + CO{TENT of early documents ot Swan cllony betwoen lowgr Canning ar€a on the plain and ar6as along ti6 Darkin River, Dalg Rivgr + its tributaries, as far afisld as uppsr r€aches of Avon Riy€r. too much smphasis on impsrmanEncain Aboriginal occupation ot Sriran Coastal Plain + hinbrland. must bg seen within boundsot conain constraints.

Ethnographic evidence sugg6sG, + archasological distrihrtion confrm a general pattem of movgment, opening up, + in 2 main zongs: the ons along the coastal phin, tfie other on the inland margin of intgw€ning,

POTENTIAL

.EE DroamingE Marriago I ueattn I Custom/LawE lmplementsE Ptacss E Lit€sryt6 SUBJECTS E People E Burial B WomsnE Ritual E Food E GeotoqyI Besources fl LanguageE DemographyE Men El Mov€m€nt E t-ancscape EArt E Trad6 E WALYUNGA S t'tearoywNe 8l S.w. oter I w.l. otrer E Ausratia oth€r E Gbbat TITLE Fire and Heanh; a study ol Aboriginalusage + Europeanusurpation in south- westarn Australia. AUllioR Hallam SJ

FORMAT BOOK PAGES152, 80, 99 GBAPHICS

IN

Battye Library,ReidLibrary, wA Mus€um

p.51 ggomorphicel€ments ol the Swan Coastal Plain

on WA sitos and AustralianDatterns

paintings,mov€msnt thru land, impressionsot fire on land burnt by Aboriginalsand not€d by settlers

'ln 62 Hsnty's description(1830) of v€g€tationas ho Furn€yed €ast the Avon vall€y they saw gum trees with cut in their bark, shy Aboriginalsand a firg to the south... Returningwsstward tfisy saw no mors traces Aborigonalsuntil they reachedtho sdgo 0f th€ hills + viglwd flat coast country b€tweenrangs + fte sea.... the b€low th€m + tunher down tie vall€v on the banks of ti6 rivgr sovsral tirgs which ws know t0 be those ot probably Walyunga.Ersldne 9/1830 sast over Darling Range (p.61) came upon 8 Aboriginalhuts + thru r,yood€dcountry whor6 Aboriginalpeopls wsrs fishing, + tunh€r along the vallsy Aboriginalswsrs Swans + wildfowl w€re abundant.On tisir r€turn ilo milos of mainly fin6 op€n forsst with soms patch€s thick brushwoodw6r€ passsd again b€lore they mst Aboriginalsat wesi€m 'base of mountains'. (p.92) WA's usa small s?lintsrsot quartr for makingthe long de€p cuts which may be s€en on €vsry both men + urcmen. across th€ breast + arms ('1878:250),+ gave 3 additionaluses for quanz splini€rs hatt€d: as cuttars tor trimming roo skins, as te6th in a saw lnits, + as barbs in a spear. Crystal quanz was essentjallyin ceremonieswhich involvodopening a vein. Th6 physicallyessenial attributesol such a surgicalinstrumont would b€ a sharppoint, + a bluntback on whichpressuro could be exensd.SwanR werg bobnists+ ocologists,thoroughly convgrsant wi$ ecologicalzonss, sErial succession and climax Chauncy(1853) obssrv€d 'They havenames tor all conspicuousslars, tor gvsry naturalteature of the €v€ry hill, swamp + bsnd of a rivsr (1878,266).Upp€rSwan dialect p.38 'NARRIK'=unbum€d ground but for burning, land of whictr tlr€ vogetationis abundant+ dry, fit to b€ sgt on firg which is done by tho nativ€s mes on purpose - sometmes accidentally,in order to drlve out the animals..kangaroos,bandicoots,

artg ads found at Walyungaand Glngin, ChitteringL Mungo (p.99) origin of mat€rials (p.100) Nesrabup(p.39), Friezs Cave, Dales Cave, Orchesra Shell Cave and KoonaldaCave. of stars + crystals, (men's businsss,p. 92), Link belwe€n sky, hoavenly bodies, fir€ and pow€r againsl spirits thru Tasmania, Norfiem Territory and South West W.A. pattorn ot parallol zonss, setuem€fi on coastal plain + into th9 toothills. 1840 a bslt ot intBrmittent trom Avon Vallsy to King G€org€ Sound (Hasluck,1942).

w€r€ usad on sacr€d occasionsinvolving m€n only, + wgre not to be looked at by rflomon.Somg of the old men would carry such obiects (ochre, gum, crysalline quaru, hair) in a dilly bag hanging in the lett arm pit (Roth

El DreamingEMarriage E HealthI custom/LavEl lmplemenl! Ptaces [l tltestyte suBJEcrs E p€opt6 E Buriat E womenE Rituat El Food E ceology$ Resources fil t-anguageI D€mographI M6n I Movement E t-anoscapeEl lrt ETrade E WALYUNGA El NearbywNP El s.w. other El w.A. othe B Australia oth8r 0 Global TITLE Yams, Alluviumand villages on tr|e West Coaslal Plain

AUlHOB Hallam SJ

PAPEF preeslTilJTf-l GBAPHICS

IN Archaeologyat ANZAAS PUBUSHER ctrvI eertn I YEAR11s84 LOCATION WA MUseUm

D€WEY tsaN MAp lYes OISCIPLINEAFoTEoLoGY I a) p.t 17 Yam usags & possibleusage b) p.119 Yams, rssds, huts, sit€ complox SITE No.

SI'ENAME

stTE LOC.

SITEDESC. Grgy (1841)- centre o' Waylo- nonh peode. River alluvium + sand at wid€ valley junction in Avon gorge. very dens€ anefact concgntrafion, Us6d in early, middl€, late + final phas€s. Routs cenlre. Paths- saddle to Bullsbrook, WooroolooBk to east. Reeds, zamia, gBme,fish, fowl, bardl, quanz + mylonite.Occu[t€d from >8000 to <'150bp

p.128 Gr€y (1894 1:331) Kaib€r- an intolligsntnalive of th€ swan IHEI,G Waning grounds (r'uheretrams wgrg dug)- MoorgupHill (nonh ot Lennard'sBrook) & 3 kms souti. & = Dioscor€a hastitolia. CONTENT Warrine/warrang Find Chauncys r|ap includingwaffan holes near Millsndonand Upp€r Swan. Holes 5-6 tt d€€p and 18-20'diam€ter, women + chitdr€n dtg. cf Ballarat dsscription and (bngsr to horses as they fall in holes, and €xplorer i3ll up to his should€r. Laborlousnessof digging, imponanceas tood, ditficultyin digging in dry soils. Mooro ' tho firss ot Dyandala and Millsndon would soon be rsmov€d lo Coonarup; fiat ,ne should have pl€nty of wheat and we sholld have plenty ot bread'(invited to eal baio). Thg gnormous dt€ comdsx ot Walyunga liss adjacent to a spring and p€rmanent water pool in ths gouga of ttls Swan/Avon Rhr€r at the iunction of routes leading souli along the Avon gor99 to Upper Swan, nonh to the wid€ swampy vall€y ot th€ Brockman River, w€st across a saddl€ of ths Darling Scarp to tho coaslal plain, and €ast along th6 wid6 grassy valloy of the Woorooloo Brook, an opsn cord(br thru' $e ianah totest. Walyunga had s€rvgd a fodJs for largg groups lrom a wid€ aroa ov6r millsnia: dep€nding on a wide tangie ot rasourc€s including a permangm pool in thg riwr, reed riizomes in a cut-ott river channel and around a spring in an adioining stream; zamia gowing gxub€rantly among adiacent broksn rock, yam vines growing bdw€en granitic scrses + climbing th€ zamta.

Along the Hun Biver, Grey (1841 ll: 19-20) noted fiat 'thsse supedor huts, well marked roads, dseply sunk u,sus + Extsnsiv€ wanan grounds all spok€ of a larga and comparativgly rgsidsnt populaton'. Both in Australiaand in the Pacificlie southem limit of yam uso is about 32' Sou$l (p.129).

POTENTIAL

E Dr€amingI uarriage E Hsalth E custom/LawE lmplemont![l Places E Lif€styls SUBJrcTS El People E Burial El women E Ritual E Food I Geotogyfl Resources fl ranguageI oemograpnyIuen @ Movament El Landscapo EArt E Trad€ El WALYUNGA E NearbyWNP E S.W.orher I W.l. ottrer El Australiaoth€r El Global Winian's Peopl€, Story of tho South West€rn AustralianAboriginals

HammondJE HasluckPaul BOOK paeesI GRAPHICS

MAP - with Bailup MAP - SouthWest boundariesof namesending in 'u p'

West, not spocifically Walyunga,especially Pinjarra

Bailup,Burragup and Waginars msatingplacos ol varioustrib€s ArticlEswsre exchangedsg. trom Gascoyn€;gum, stone, teathers

- Tool mahng stc, msdicine - Day to day living, Excsllenl detai - also, sketch ot wicksr fish rrap (p47) and wsapons (p39,4o)

E Dreaming[]Marriage I xeattn E Custom/LayEl lmplemanlE Places E Lifestyle E Peopt€ E Burtat E WomenE Ritual I Food E Geotogyfl Resources ! LanguageI DsmographEl M6n [t MovemenrE Landscap€EArt ETrads Ll WALYUNGA El NoarbywNP E s.w. other E w.A. oth€ tl Australia orhsr E Global TITLE Memorandummade duringa journeyacross the OarlingFang6 at the Swan Rivar s€ttlement. AUl}IOB Henty J

PAPER "oatsll-----l GRAPHICS

IN No PUBUSHEF I crrvIrenn IYEAFlis3o LOCATION Batty€ Library

DB,YE/ PR 776'l lsaN MAP lNo DISCIPUNEt"rt-- SITENo. ------t SITENAME

strELoc.

srE DESC.The Swan winding its course bgneath us 20-30 tt wide ovsr a botiom ol granite.

Furth€r down the vallgy on t|e banks ot ths river several fir€s s€nt up their small wreaths of smok€ which, from THEIIiE th€ peculiarityot their position,we know to bs those ot natives, & COI.ITENT P. 4 a line sp€cimon ol ths Guana fib€. Dyott Hills ot Ensign Dale, do$rnstream from Bryan's Mt.-

t] Dr€amingE Marriage I naattn I custom/Law'Elmplementl El Ptac€s I Litestyle suBlEcrs I peopto E Buriat E women E nituat E Food I Geotogyfl Resources I t-anguageE DomographyE Men I Movement fl t-anoscapeElrt ETrade AREA E WALYUNGA I NearbywNP E S.w. other E w.A. othsr E Australia olh6r E Global TITLE Aboriginal Society in South Wsstern Australia

AU1HOR Howard MichaelC EDITED Berndt RM & BerndtC H GRAPHICS FORIIAT eneeslso-ss

IN Aboriginalsof th€ Wsst- Their past and thsir pr€snt University of WA Press

. 91 Bailup-oftgn muttipurposs gatharings at \,vhichrituals ,nould bs p€rtormod,mattors portaining to the law goods gxchangedeic. Trade was conduc'tsdthroughout South West in rslation to ecologicalp€culiarities regionsoccupi€d. Thus Ausunnotos (Roth 1902) Aboriginals ol MurrayRiver ar€a tradsdspsaMood tor r€d quartz+ stonsstound ln DarlingRanga tor woomera,throwing stlcks + corkwood(Xmas treo) shieldstrom von district. . 92 Hackstt (1886-7) 'half Aboriginalsaround York disd during a msasles opidemicin 1865.' By 1901 populationin Southwsst had boen r€duc€dto about 1,100,of wiom only som€ 85 wsre tull bloods, tie bsing hatf castes,During1840',s pasloralists in the victoria Plains trequantlyavailed thamselvss of local womgn (Erikson1976). As the country bocame more establishedand as mor€ non Aboriginal wom€n available during th€ later 19ti csntury, such practicesbecamo l€ss trequsnt + mors covsrt- many wnites to hidg proviousand now ombarassingr€lations with AbodginalwomEn. Aboriginalpeoplg (p.94) reacted by cr€ating + maintaininginter p€rson baniErs between th€mselves+ ths in an gfiort to retain at lgast soms autonomy,instoad ol ov€rtly resistingths condltionsimposed on them.

Willim Harris d€lsgationto prsmisr: lst Ab voluntesrorgn in SW. 955 Right io voie in WA. 969 Grantng ot citizenship rights.

PO'ENTIAL

E DrsamingEMarriage E HealthE Custom/LarE lmplemenlEl Places I Lifestyte su8rEcrs E Peoprs t] Buriat E womenE Ritual E Food El csologyI Resources I t-anguage[t DemographE Men fl uovemenr E t-anoscapeEnrt ETrade El WALYUNGA E Nearoywt'tp E s.w. o$rer El w.A. othe El Australia othsr E Global TITLE Aboriginal Nomenclature

AUTHOB Informan6, sarly s€t{ars through to contemporary

EDITED

Saparate reports + aniclgs paeesl----l GFAPHICS

IN w€st Australianet al. l0 Fgb PUBUSHEB I crrvI I YEARlie12 LOCATION Battye Library

DEWEY PR 342 Bat FAN MAP DISCIPLINE

SITENo.

SITENAUE

Mainly South West slTE t@.

sm DEsc.

Fir$ Nonh Tnb€.. Dies-ral kal la IHEM€ Yellagonga'stribe.. Cor dal kalla etc. & COIITENT

Avon River.. 'Goculgar' (Beverley sub district)

A glimpse on lifssty'le thru vocab,/language

E DrsamingE Marriags I Health E Custom/LawE lmplemsnt:[l etaces B Litsstylo suBJEcrs E Poopte EBuriat E worn€nE Ritual E Food fl oeotogy I Resources fi Languagep DemograpnyQuen fl Movement E t-anoscapeElrt ETrade ABEA E WALYUNGA E NsarbywNP $ S.w. ottrer @ W.l. otner E Australia othsr E Global TITLE Plio@ne-PleistoceneCoastal Evonts + History Along th€ Westsm Margin of Ausfalia

AUTHOR KendrickGw, Wyn4ollKH, Szabo B-

PAPER pneesl+r g -+gg

IN QuaternaryScienca R€view Vol 10

LOCATION

DEWEY

f] DreamingEMarriago E HealthE Custom/LavE lmplomanlI etaces E Lifsstyte El Peoptg E Buriat E womsnE Ritual E Food E Geotogyfl Resources E t-anguag€tl DsmographEl M6n fl Movement E t-anoscapeElrt El Trad€ E WALYUNGA E NaarbywNP I s.w. ottrer E w.A. othe E Australia otha t] Global TITLE Perth, western Ausralia

AUTHOF Knigtt WE, ArmstrongCF + GilchristJ Curr EM

FORMAT |.|ETLft I paeesFze;G-l GHAPHICS

IN Tho Australian Race No PUBUSHEBJ F€rres, Govt Prinbr crrYltueroourne I veln I t eee LOCATION Reid Library Fine Arts,Architscture& Special Collection

lttrtEY 309.194 |sAN MAP INO DISCIPLINE

SITENo.

SIIENAME

Perth srlE Loc.

SITEDESC.

ranguage IHEM€ clothing Co|.ITENT implsments maniag€- giis promised at binh, at 12 yea.s otd burials

TABOOS

POTENTIAL To compars adioining trib€s' lilsslyles, customs languag€ sic documentBd in this book

El Dr€amingEl Marriago E Hsalth I custom/LawEl lmplsm€nt!E Places [t Lltestyte suRrEcrs EI peopte E Buriat E women E Rituat E Food E GeotogyS Resources E t-anguaepI oemograptryI tr,ten I Movement Cl t-anoscapeEert E Trado AREA E WALYUNGA E NearbywNP fl S.w. ottrer Q w.l. otner E Australia other E Global Thg Bushman,or Life in a Nsw Country

AUTHOR Landor EW

BOOK preesleoa-ts

IN

LOCATION

OEWFY Exp€rigncgof a young settler

Wars womgndo all work Chingi(ovil spirit)

Ceremony Huntinggxcursion in Vallsy

Litsstyledetail, but not sp€ciic to wNP, only south west

E DrsamingEMarriago I HealthE Custom/LavE lmptsmonlI etaces @ Lifestyle E Pgopte E Burial E womenE Ritual E Food E ceotogyI Rasources I Languag€[ D€mographEl Men fl Movement E t-anoscapeElrt ETrad6 E WALYUNGA E N€arbyWNP El S.W.other E W.A. otho E Australia other E Global TITLE A Glancaat the Manners+ Languagsot the AboriginalInhabitants o, wA; with a short vocabulary AUTHOR Lyon RM

EDITED in Anderson J roe=sl------l GFAPHICS IN Penh Gazstis + WA Journal 30lh Mar; 6th,t3fi & 20$ Apr.

PUBUSHER

LOCATTO Banys Library, Bsid Library-FineArts,Architecture & Special Collectjon

DEIYEY

DISCIPLINE

SltE No.

STTENAME

Beeloo, fie dislrict ot Mon(by, is bounded by tie Canning Rlver on tfis souttr, by Melville Water on the west, by sm Loc. swan + Ell6n's Brook on nonh + t|€ sast€m boundary | cannot accuralEly define. sgveral of the mountains ars in Monday.s€ribri€s and his hoadquanorsare in Wur€rup.

SITEDESC.

Mondays ot This group basodon .IHEIIE IncludssSsvoral of lhs mountains'wilhin the boundsof ar€a dominanc€. crggostsa the plain may havgexbnd€d its rangeof olovsmgntbgyond tie escarpm€nt.Socialgroup and boundariss & COI.ITENT

Tribal movement,cross check Armstrong on Monday's tsriiory

POTENTIAL

E DroamingE Marriage E Health E custom/LawE lmplem€nrsEl Praces I t-itestyte SUBIECTS El People E Burial E women E Ritual E Food E GeotogyI Resources B t-anguag€[ oemograptryI uen S Movemant E Landscaps El Arr El Trad6 E WALYUNGA El NsarbywNP S S.w. other I w.n. otner E Australia oth6r B Global TITLE AboriginalMyths and Lsgendsfrom ths Goldtiel& to ths south west of wA.

AUTHOR Mc Fadyon Paddi€, Anist Collstt J

EDNED Bookl€t ereesI GBAPHICS

IN

Emu Souvenirs Drawings in mottled browns lcrrrl IYERI on white. LOCATIONBattys Library 398.2099 Mac rssNl- I MAplNo STORY/MYTHOLOGY I SIIE No. -l

SITENAVE stTE LOC.

stTEoEsc.

Storigs indude plac€s e.g. from Bussohonto Augusta bushlands. THEME Story 6.9. 'From Birth to ths Sky'

LINKS

Et DreamingEMarriags E HsalthEl Custom/LarElmplemsnl [l etaces E Lifestyle E Psopte E Burial El womenE Ritual E Food f] GeotogyI Resources El t-anguag€E Demographf] Men fl Movemenl B t-anoscapeEnrt E Trade El WALYUNGA E t''tearOyWt'tp 8l S.w. other E w.A. othe E Australia other E Global TITLE A Reconstructionol the TraditionatLife of Aboriginalsof the south west ot wostern Australia. Pans 1 and 2 {Mast6r of Arts) AUIHOB Meagher SaraJ

roa.sl------l GNAPHICS IN

PUBUSHER crrvI eenn IYEAB11973 imDlements.ornaments LOCATION Reid Library, Fin€ Ans.Architscture& SDscialCollsction

DEI{EY ISBN MAp lyes DISCIPLINElr.nnnopor-oov------t I MAP - sketches SITENo.

SITENAME SouthWest W.A. SITE LOC.

SITEDESC.

Lit. search on lood, wsapons, omaments,huts, IH€ll€ Espsciallyus6s data from Nind 1831 & COI,ITENT Hassell1936 Moore1884 (a and b) Neill1831 Hammond1933 Grey1841 Drummond Yams p110

Ditfgr€ncein e.g. Burials - Hills verse plain tribs p271 - King George second vers€ Sltan Rivet p273

som6 frogs and fish wsre not Eksn; only salsctod inv€rtsbrat€swer6 hken

POTENTlq]- Gr6at attenton to detail in characteristics of edible Dlants: and manulacture of useful and decorativs itgms

E DreamingE Marriage I ueattn I custom/LalvEl lmplemsnsI etaces E Lifestyle s:t'BJEcrs E peopts B Buriat E wom€n E Rituar E Food I Geotogy[t Resources I LangruageI oemograptryI uen E Movsm€nt I Landscape [tlrt El Trade AREA E WALYUNGA E NearbywNP E S.w. other ! w.l. ottrer E Ausrralia other E Global TITLE Use of NaruratResources by the Aboriginesot SouthW€stern Australia

AUTHOR MoagherSara J and Ride WDL

EDITED Bsmdt RM and BerndtCH GRAPHICS FOBMAT BOOK ereesloo-eo

IN Aboriginesol ths West- Their past and th€ir prssent

72.9941 Abo 1979

To m69t his ovsry day wants lh€ Aboriginalwas obliged to travel purposefullyto ditlerent parts ot his accordingto pattems of ssasonal availabilitywlthln them. For ihis a high dogreo of onvironmental vras r€quir€d.p.i?The d€pendsncsof th€ souti w€st Aboriginalon th€ land + its resourcesvy:rs absolutg. a f€w thhgs cams to him from b€yond his rang6 ol travel his subsistgncg was derivsd from a land thru h€ himsett moved + within whicfi he had dsfinsd rights both of movement + ot property. Within thes€ llmits aconomywas s€cure....aclear image emergesot an industrlouspaode wise in fi6ir applicationof knowledgo+ with forgsight towad tisir r€nowablonatural resourc6s...,but one should not prgtsnd rlat litg was at all sasy lor th€m, Som6 seasonswors harsh, climats was unprcdictabls,tluctuations in tbpulations ot plants +

appgar b hav€ b6€n minod in r€slrictedlocalities + under spgcial circumstances.Thg main sourc€s in the wast ar€ not wsll known, but local supplieswerg available,lt is certain that ochres wEr€ rad€d gr&tt possiblyfrom wslt outsidsth€ arsa and from as far awayas WiEie Mia in the Murchisonar€a. Mccarthy 02, 1939) 'traded' beyond boundaries.Hg consideredthat a maior trunk routa extand€d trom south west Murchison + Gascoyng area io thg Kimb€rl6ys'. A shigld sludy shows those from sluth !f,est were vory to thosa lrom the Ashbunon.

Grey (1841) 'Th6r6 ar6 gvan som€ tracts ol land which abound In gum..whichnumerous tamilies appsar to an acknowlsdgedrlght to visit at ths poriod ol the year trhen this atticle is in sEason,altho' t||ey are not

E DroamingElMarriage E HsalthE custom/LavElmplomenl I elaces E Lifestyl€ SUBJECTS E Poode Lf Burial E womenE Ritual El Food E oeotogy[l Resources E Languag€E DsmographE M6n [t Movemenl E t-anoscapeElnrt El Trade E WALYUNGA E NsarbywNP El S.w. other E w.A. othe E Australia othor E Global IITLE An AustralianParsonage: or the setiler and tho savage in Western Australia

AUIHOB MillettMrs E

EDITED B@K roersl------l GFAPHICS

IN No PUBUSHERUwA PrsssFacs I crrvIeenn IYEAB11872 LOCATION Battye Library

D8{EY 994.1031Yor tsaN MAP INo DISCIPUNE

SITENo. I SITENAME

Barladong1860's. SITEL@.

SITEDESC.

Camps- hut making p.75, Jingy's track n€ar burial ground; grav€ d€scridion p.80, ochre used in mourningp.76. lHE d€ Humourp.82 & p.81? p.75 '...nativ€s + COTITENT Tr€atm€ntof wom€n ar€ employodin mindingthe she6p lambs, an offics for which they are no l6ss fitted by th€ir extraordinaryhabits of obsgrvationthan by their quiet genfls manners + their inbom kindnessto animals.' p.81 '..ygt when ws had s€en none of them for any length of time lve missedtheir tun + trolic, + telt somewhatas people do lrrhos€childrsn are gons to school. Especiallywe regrettedtie loss ot h€ir willing feet, since tiey were always ready to act ars m€sseng€rs+ carried len€r or'pap€r talk', as $ch missivss are styled by the natives, in th€ sate clnv€yance ot which they show great fid€lity. I never heard of lefters being lost by any native lo whom th6y had been enfu$ed, + it it should occur fiat a nativs with l€fiers in his charge is prev€ntedtrom conunuing his lourney, he invariablypasses th€m on lo anolhgr of his fibe, who transmitsthem safely to ti€ hands of a p€rson lor whom they ar€ inlsnded.Thg valu€ of such truslworthinesscan bs sasily und€rstoodin a country thinly peopled, wh€re the n€arest Post Otfice is ofi€n v€ry fat away',

TABOOS

POTENTNT very useful d€scriptionon attributesof Aboriginalpeople eg P74, their personalities,characlers and qualities.

U Dr€amingE Marriags fl xeatn S Custom/LawU lmptement![ etaces E Lir€style suBJtrTs [t poopto E Buriat El women E Rituat E Food I Geotogy! Resources ! LanguageI oemograptryfl t,ton I Movament El t-anoscapeEnrt nTrad6 ABEA D WALYUNGA 8l NearbywNP E S.w. other ! w.l. orrer E Australia oth6r E ctobal TITLE WestornAustralian Natives

AUTHOR Millett Mrs E

EDITED

FORMAT PAPER pneeslrst-tz6 GFAPHICS

IN Th6 NET, Octob€r 1

murder + spearing. Khourabene,hor lri€nd; childrsn, burial, chri$ianising. P.151 'lnd€sd ths msrs fact their having bsen ablg to tind a living in so peculiara country as that in whiatr thsy found thems€lvss,placad by presuppososno smalldegree of intslligence.Their land was covsredwiti an enormousforest wh€r€ tlow€rsgrow In abundanc€+ in somepans plentyot grass'.

pgrc€ption and later undorstandingot Aboriginal lilestyle

'..fro POTENTIAL Mrs Millotts percsptionot land 9.9. (p152) land producedneither corn nor mots fit for man's tood, nor any tibrous plants tiat could bg wov€n into dr6ss..,.' comparedto thg r6ality.

El OreamingEMarriage El HealthE Custom/LavElmplemenl I Ptaces @ titestyte suBJEcrs E psopt€ EBuriat Ewom€nEBituat E Food E GeologyI Resources E languageEl DemographE Men I Movement f] Landscap€DArt E Trad€ E WALYUNGA E N€arbywNP E S.w. othsr E w.A. othe E Australia othsr E Global TITLE Excursionto a Biver to the Northwardfrom the Journal ot G.F. Moore eso.

AUTHOR MooreG.F.

BOOK& MICRO/F pneeslssl -ssa I GRAPHICS IN EXPLOFATIONDIARIES VoI. 2 NO PUBUSHEF Psrth Gazotte 14.5.1896 crrvI eenn I YEAB11836 LOCATION Battye Library; Fine Arts,Architecture& Sp€cial Collection

DEIflEY PR.S441 EAN MAP INo DISCIPLINElounruer- | SITENo.

SITENAME

Avon River & valley SITE L@-

sm DEsc.

WEENAT- Aboriginalguido THEME OVERTOOKCoondebung & his pretty wife Toodyeep& Waglungon way to vall€y ot '6abbia Yandirf & - (dslicious)in 2 wells in valley = Kyetmunga Moyolainup.2l miles small CONTENT Hill MAMBUP;water small strsam runningto South East of vall€y GabbiaYandirt Flsmarkabl€standing stone 'BOYAYGOGOMAT'- attribut€dwith remarkabl€pow€rs. lt was a man who had diod and o$ers would die who, in passingn€glecied to make a bed for it. Kangaroorats speared (struck with), opossumflung from tree to friend. Whinyal Yangar p.402 waor YoongarP.693 (Pertfi Gazette FAASC).The term by which th€y designat€thsmselves.

A short day's march ot 13 km. to broad valley ot GabbiaYandut, a district also called Laider whole of vallsy north south ioined by many oth€r natives, DyerringTribe P.381. Plac€s along valley Inlandssa - imrn€nsgMoleyean.

TABOOS sEndingstone story and law

POTENTIAL Placs nam€s ses photo copy. Contusss Dy€ning Trib€/.whadjug.P.4O2'whinyal Yunga/ an €xclamaton, msaning + 'Waor exact location unclear.P593 Yoongaf _ the lerm by whicfr they designatethemselves (Penh Gaze e FMSC). R€markableStanding Sbne,

E DreamingE] Marriags E Hsalth I custom/LawE tmplsment![t ctaces E Lifostyte su8Jrcrs E Peopre EBuria, I womenI nituat 8l Food E G€ology$ Resources $ Language! oemograpnyfl tltsn [t Movement I tanoscape fl lrt E Trade E WALYUNGA B NeafbyWNP E s.w. other I w.l. ottrer I Australia other El Global TITLE A Doscriptiv€Vocabulary of th6 Languagein CommonUse Amongsttho Aboriginalsof Western Australia AU-I}IOR Moor6 Ggorge Fletchor

GBAPHICS FORMAT BooK ereeslr-rzt

IN Bound p/c ot original lcrlvleenn IYEARl1842 LOCATIONBattys Library

DEI{EI 499.15MOO |sAN MAP OISCIPLINILanguags I SITENo. - SITE NAME

IncludosUppor Slvan dialectand o$er unstated e.g. nonh easl, northi King Gsorgs Sound.( KGS) SITE LOc.

SI'E DESC.

Birok. = Season summ€r DBc - Jan 6tc. p.10 + English/AboriginalVocabulary.-witlt copious meaningsgmbodying IHEIl|E much inbresting Informationr€gardlng th6 habits, mannersand customs of ths natives and tie natural history ot th€ country

LINKS

TABOOS

POTENTIAL Plant sp€cies; animal typgs, lifgstyle,induding some custom e9 burial

El DreamingEMarriage E HoalthE custom/LatE lmplemenrE Ptacss I Litestyte EI P6od€ E Buriat El wom€nE Ritual E Food E Geotogv[l Resources Et t-anguageE D€mographE Men fl Movement I t-anoscapeInrt ETrado E WALYUNGA El NearbyWNP El S.W.oth6r E W.A. othe E Australia olher E Global IITLE Diary of T€n Y€ars ol an Early Setder in W€starn Aus8alia

AUTHOB Moore.GF: FacsimileEd

EDITED

FORli,lAT BOOK pnaesFJT--_] GFAPHICS

IN PUBUSHERUWAPress I crrvI IYEAR11834 LOCATION

Dtr{EY 994.rMOO tsSN MAP DISCIPLINEDiary I SITENo.

SITENAME southwest of wA Upper Swan, Yagan,Migigergoo, King Gsorga Sound sm Loc.

SITEOESC.

A dsscriptiv€vocabulary ot ths languageof the aboriginals THE},8 - Animals & - COI'iTENT Avon Rivsr

TAAOOS

POTENTIAL Possible sniDosts

E DreamangE Marriag€ E HsalthE Custom/LawI lmplementsI etaces E Lit€sryte E Psople El Burial I womenE Bituat I Food E GeotogyI Resources [t LanguagoI Demograptryfl uen [t Movament E Landscaps EAri El Trad6 tl wALYUNGA E N€arbywNP I S.w. otrer S w.e. other E Australia other E Gtobat TITLE Walyunga National Park 1981

AUTHOR National Parks Authority

Map-l€aflet eeoesI t

IN

LOCATION

OEWEY

Hill WalyungaLookout WoorolooBrook Swan River LooD woodsome Hill O'Brien Rd Park Boundary Rapids BoongarupPool fire breaks Pool campingAr€a 1981walk trail dam

E DrsamingEMarriag€ E HealthE Custom/LavE lmplsmsnlEl Placss E Lifestyle E Peopte E Burial E womenE Ritual E Food H GeologyI Resources E t-anguag€E D€mographfl Men I MovemenrI t-anoscapeInrt ETrade El WALYUNGA I Nearoywrue I s.w. otner E w.A. othe E Australia oth6r E Global TITLE WalyungaNational Park- Fotmer Aboriginalcampsits and wotkshoparea

AUIHOR National Parks Authority ot WA

GFAPHICS FOSTJAT BROCI.UBE "oa=sF----l

]N NO PUBUSHEF NPA ctrv I eertn I YEAFI LOCATION Dspartmento, Aboriginal Studiss

DEY{EY ISBN MAP lNo DISCIPLINEGsn€ral I SITENo. ennao I I SITENAME

Not stated, intentionally sm Loc.

SITEDESC. Describescamping ground

Axe-kadjo THEi/E Kniis- tabbo & COIIIENT Spear- Gidqi boryli Anthropologicaland Archasologicalsigniticancs, including possibilityol distary habits and food sourcos. s€sking co-op€rationfrom visitors to protsct tho site,

TABOOS

POTENTIAL

E Dr€amingE Marriagg E HsalthE Custom/LalY8[ lmplom€ntsfl Ptaces El Lifestyt€ fl Peode El Burial I womenE Ritual E Food fl GeologyI Resources E languagefl DemograptryI uen I Movement E Landsc€poEArt EI Trade El WALYUNGA tl ttearbyWt"rp El S.w. other E w.A. other E Australia othEr E Global TITLE PreliminaryRepon on the Survey of AboriginalAreas of Significancein tho Psrth MetropoliEnand MurrayBlver Regions AU HOR O'ConnorR, Bodney,Liltle L.

EDMED GRAPHICS REPOFT PAGESI IN photographsof soma sites

1.2 km. €ast of Coplsy Rd=Mt Mamblp; 4O0 m€tres south ot Boundaryof WNP=Mill€ndonmytiological sites O'BrienRoad WaugalSitra 2.5 km. along O'Bri6nRoad nonh ot its junclion with ToodyayBoad, Gidgegannup;R€d JanE Brook; BlackaddsrCre6k; Yagan's Gravs ..Approx430 m€tr€swest ot nonh 6nd of road bridg€ at Upper Close to Wesl Swan Boad gither on south road verge or near fence or under road. and varied sitss and their significance.

Mambup. an importantm€atng placg and ritual ground in traditonal tim6s.5 mythological/ritualsitgs hav€ recordgdon southemslop€s 0f this hill. Buyat callung is a level granilo plalsau surroundedby a circls ot fioribunda tr6€s on south€rn €dgss ot Mt Mambup.A stone formationnoarby repros€ntstiitti tj i ths bslisvsd to b€ a d€vil bird who misguidestravellers in fio bush and leads thsm aslray. Accordingto this plateau was a mogfng place and ritual ar€a. Grave se€ Grgen tor detail ot ewnts leadingto his dgath and hgad rgmovaland expon, Brook in Whit€manPatk Pool in WhitemanPark

N€erabuo-orchestra shell cave Brook-mythologicalsite- upper reaces were winnaitch areas-€vil influgncs of wurd dajalis Crggk.a Corroboreeground near Swan Rivar junction Hill is winnaitcharea-spirits wio livs in janah iorosts + wllo assum€da small humanlik€ form + can be to humansif aroused Boad Wakarl sit€ (Gidgegannup) outcrop-(i) Buyup wardung-Wakarlmy$ (iD Burungu Kalysep whore sac-rawas stor€d in the past isolated hill is significantto Wakarl saga.

Buyat Callungand the Swan R, 3 other siles on slopes ol Mt Mambupreprssent the journ€y of tho Waugal ttr€ river to the mounlaintop. S€e also O'Connorand Brigadoon.

POTENTIAL

El Dr€amingEMarriage El HealthI Custom/La!El lmpl€men1[ Ptaces E Lifsstyls SUBJECTS E P€opls E Burial E wom€nE Ritual E Food I GeotogyI Resources D languagpt] DemographEMen [t MovementE tanoscapeElrt E Trade D WALYUNGA B NearbywNP E S.w. other E w.A. othe E Australia other E Global TITLE neport ot an EthnographicSurv€y ot lh€ First Stag€ Subdivision,Brigadoon Country Estab, Milloodon AUTHOF O'Connor,R

EDITED

FORMAT REPOHT rreesl------l GRAPHICS

IN PUBUSHER Behaltol Bond CorD I crrvleenr ;veanlr sas LOCATION WA Musaum

DEV'EY tsaN MAp Jyes OiSCIPLINEEnf,toloca l a) Fig 1 Tribal boundari€s+tribes with -l matrilineal moisties (B6mdt 1980) SITENo. (-5) b) 015 SITENAME waugal on southgrnsidg of rivsr; b north ot rivsr are sites relatlngto Bush Turkey Droamingand to a My&ical SITE L@. Ancsstor- Tii Ti Tji:Ti Downslreamot bridge(3 sit€s); prsviouslyun$rvsygd area = signifcantarch sitgs northof bridge.

stTE oEsc. Includes Bald Hill mythologicalSite

-concEpts of land ownsrship and usage and how tlt6s€ lverg undgrwritton by religion IHEI,E -The Dreaming pp.3,4,5,6,7 & -Whadiug CC|.ITENT Group Waugal in Millondon,pp.16+17, describing €vents + landscapsfrom WNP + down srsamlmportancg of mythical tracks and sites to pre$nt day Aboriginals and rgsulting neod lor protoclion 0f such ar€as -All land ls sacr€d b AustralianAboriginals -Ritual, social and economlclile of Aboriginalsbased on land and largely imitated behavior ot myfiical ancestors. Tho ttcturg is otT aditionalownBrs'and traditional ussrg both having a c'laimon ths land. Theso claims w€re compl€montary,bas6d on kinship + drew tieir chartgr from fig Dr€aming.

-All other land councilq dreaming 'go€s out undsr hg ground' from this sits rPan ot a dr€aming track that extend€d trom FremantlEto Alico springg (informant)

TABOOS -Privacyol maior informants -No singls personwould be se€n by all SouthWest Aboriginalsas sole spokesmanlor area

POTENTIAL Dreamingbaclqround Trlbal boundari€smap p.9 Fig.1

E oroamingE Marriag€ E Health El custom/LawE lmplomentsEl Places E Lif€styla €uBrEcrs EI peopt€ t] Buriat E womenEl nituat E Food E GaotogyI Resources E t-anguageI oemograptryI tr,ten f] Movement [t t-anoscapeElnrt E Trad€ AREA E WALYUNGA 8l NsarbyWNP I S.W.ottrer E W.A. o$er E Australia orher E Gtobal Th€ Cotony of Westorn Australia.A manual for smigranis 1839

Ogle Nathaniel

BOO|( pnceslesp +e-zg GRAPHICS

numb€rs 1 p€r 2 square mil€s. 750 w6re known to hav€ visitEd Perth lrom th€ district surroundingit,

ulgarradockth€ doctor who also drives away wind and rain

E DroamingEMarriags ff HealthE Custom/LavElmplsmen! E Placss E Lifostyle Et Poopla E Burial fl womenE Ritual E Food E GeotogyI Resources [l languageE DomographE Men fl Movemenr E] t-anoscapeE]lrt ETrado EI WALYUNGA E NearbyWNP B S.W.oth6r E W.A. oths E Australla other E Global TITLE Notes about the Tribes Inhabitingthe coastal Districtfrom Geraldtonto Albany and $os€ of Territories Nearest Adioining Them. AUTHOB PatersonC

EDITED FORti,{AT HEPORT pneesFiilZ6i-l GRAPHICS IN Journal of the Boyal Society of South Auslralia vol

PUBUSHEF

LOCATION Universityot WA Zoology Depanment

DEV'EY

DISCIPLINE

SITENo.

SITENAME

SITE L@.

SIIE DESC.

habits and ceremoniesare vsry similar to inland trib€s. Neither knoclc out testh, but pisrcg nos€ and THEME bodies wtth scars on tront + back. Coastal group do€s not practisecircumcision or subincision.Theybelievg & + pross€sspronouncsd whom Mamrur tie farher Thoy COi.TTEI{T rsverencefor an Almighty b€ing they call Guarra- of all. fear an svil sFirit or tgnitying agent in Jinlu. Tattoo scars producsd by incisions made with sharp €dga of stone. Emu f€athsrs ar€ placed in wounds + llssh is to grow owr them. When tiqs€ become vgry painful+ gauers, a medicineman is called into requisitionto suck the feathersout. In this he generallysucceeds + $en is called v6ry clever. Bal Bolyerakabulyera = (he medicineman very clever) is a standingphrase to encouragetie sutfering.Babin cgremonyis 'mahng trisnds'. Wild man conoborse preparationotten requiresa brtnight and is done in most secr€t manner.None of old m€n or any wom6n ars supposed to se€ fios€ engag€d in preparaiion during liat time. Should a woman accidently or designedlycome amongstth€m sho is ravishsdby all men in rnost unmercitulmannsr. The get up tor the corroborgg consistsol a comdgts snclosuroof ths body in small branch€s+ twigs, so that not a singl€ ponion of any of th€ limbs remains visible, + ev€n their lorm is hidden,They use a large quanlity of chuat (slring mad€ ot human or possum hair) which is wound aroundthe head + body in all direclionsbshind which lh€ twigs ate pushed + carefully arrangedso string is complelelyhidd€n. Uke evsry other masqueradethaso corroboreesaim at giving surprise, + gxciting admiration,+ as th€ blacks are very vain + ambitiousnot to b€ ouldons, th€y b€stowthe grsatest care on thes€ decorations,that thsy be spokenof for a long time. The dance + show last only 10 -15 mins + lh€n the covgring com€s down + is sntirely discard€d,Customs,habits and cgrgmonigsar€ v€ry similar to inland tribes,

TABOOS Womgnand older msn are not lo see tne men in preparationfor corobor€gswhich may last 2 w€€ks.

POTENTIAf

t]tl Dreamingt]tl Marriage EI neatntteatn E Custom/LawE tmpt€msnt!I etaces E Litestyte SUBJECTS B Peopt€ E Burial E womenE Bituat E Food EI Geotogy[t Resources S tanguagefl oemograptryI uen I Movement fl t-anoscape El Art E Trad6 E WALYUNGA El NearbywNP El S.w. other fl w.l. ottrer fl Australia other fl Global IITLE Analysis ot Some We$ AustralianSmall Tool Assamblages

AUTHOB PearcsnH

EDITED THESIS pnoesI GFAPHICS

IN Masters

Flsid Library Fine Ans,Afchitecture& Special Collection

a) small tool sit€ locationsnear Perth p.27 b) wA sites and districts p.26

, Dadlng Scarp, Walyunga,Fri6z6 Cav6, Northclitto,Inland South West, Murchison,Nonh Wsst and Zanthus.

ot % of brlozoan ch€n low6r in dopth than in BinghamSre€t Fon€stfield.Compares Fonsstfiold in plain and Walyunga in riversid€ valley and hills. 8 districts.

Africa and India (Allchin 1966); SE India (Murty, 1968); and Britain (Clarke, 1962).

POTENTIAL Does disp€rsionand ratg of tool chang€ depend on socio-culturaltactors such as eft€ctivsnessot communication bstwg€n groups ot people,or state of t€chnologyin various regions?Was stone cultur€ conservativeand void of chango ov€r 30 000 years?

E DreamingEMarriage E Hsdtn E custom/LavE lmplemenlI Ptaces fl Litestyte su&rEcrs E peopts E Buriar E womenLl Bitual E Food I Geotogyfl Resources E t-anguag€E Demograph DMen [t MovemenrD Landscap€EJArt ETrado I WALYUNGA S r.tearbywue El S.w. oth€r E w.A. oths n Australia other El Gtobal TITLE Archaeologyby Systemand Chancs

AUI}IOB Pearc€RH

EDITED Smith M PAPER eeeesFso-i--l GFAPHICS IN Archaeologyar ANZAAS Vol PUBUSHEF wA Museum crrveenn Fig 3. Protile across Swan I I IYEAR11s83 Valley at Upper Swan Bridge LOCATION WA Museum site. Earlier profiles suggestedto 39,500 BP D€WEY tsaN MAP lNo DISCIPLINEaE'^uaEar av:v I I SrTE No. -l

SITENAME

Upper Swan, WNP, Pon Hedland,jarrah forest. sm L@.

snE DESC.

40 000 y€ars ago tig rivsr b6d was 10 m€tr6s abov6 the prgssnt level. The river bed rose turther until approx 30 THEI!/E 000 years BP depositng a layer ot s€dimentapprox 1 metre fiick above anetacts. The river later began & present valley was formed, pady refilled Holocene CONTENT downcuningas s€a lsvsl tell, and the d€ep now by alluvial dgposits. The siio was maybe on edg€ of floodplain approx 100 mgtres from riv€rb€d. Att€r approx 33 000 BP thg sits was no longsr us€d by humans.Abandonmentol sit€. The ra€ of anelact accumulationwas very slow. 6 itemsi^parindicates us6 of site by very small group ol peoplg, or tor a shon period in any one ygar; occupafion csntros may have tollowed coastline westwards where rainlall patterns probably mainained satisfaclory watgr & food resourcos.In WNP the oarly culturo was eitier drasticallymodili€d with tim6 by indigenousinvsntions or displaced by an en€mal technologytavouring productionof several specialissdformally regular tool typ€s.

Early culture lastod at various places vvithlittle modificationunlil mid Holocene,suggesting that the main chang€ involv€d rapid displac€ment,Ths most likely mechanismis the introductionot radical teciniques, canied (with th6 dingo) lrom an extgrnal sourca, by migran6, displacsd by rising s6a lgvols 6000 ygars ago. Thsir ksy to $rvival & exDansionin Australiawould b€ uss o, thsir more etficienttools.

TABOOS

POTENTIAL

E DreamingE Marriag€ E Hsalth E Custom/LawEl lmplemsnt![ Ptaces I titestyte suBJEcrs E peopte E Buriat E women EI Rituat E Food [t GeotogyI Resources I Languagef] DemographyI t"ten [t Movement E t-anoscapeElrt E Trad6 ABE^ I WALYUNGA El NearbywNP S S.w. otner fi w.l. otirer E Australia other EI Global TITLE Changesin Anefact AssemblagesDuring the last 8 000 ysars al walyunga wA

AUTHOR PearceBH

EDtTED PAPER ereeslr-ro GRAPHICS

IN Journal of the Royal Soci€tyof wA Vol 61 Pan 1

Reid Library F.A.A & S.C., Back covor of Mastsis Thesis (1979)

SITE L@.

SITE DESC. in ar6a 200 x 200 motrssof sand dun€ slrface on lower slopes of a granito hill. Backodtools confinedto l€vels. 2874 flaked aftefacts. scrap€fs wers lairly evenly distfibuted throughout trench.

one ot l€w larg6 sitgs n6ar Porth having num€fous aft€facts, including backed tools, gxposEd ov€r a wid€ area. ci€rt comprisod3% anetacts in lowet lgvols. Bryozoan. S€a level was much lowsr, ch€rt probably fom oft-shorosource in w€st.West-east transponafon, Changes in technologymay bs modifications. of Bryozoanchert + silcrsts,% fold increasgin mylonit€usag€; decr€ase in use ot steepscrapers; of backed tools + flat adzes + late incr€ase in fabricalors.Marked changes between assemblages from + upper levels occurred about 4600 yrs ago. Bryozoan chart anotac6 occurred in low€r levels only; Glov€r (1975) hypothesisthat ch€rt sources lay expossd otf w9$ coast until submerg€dby rising ssa Sources now dose to oresenl sea lgv9l.

tossilsin chen artetacts(midlats Eoceneags) at manyprehistoric sit€s on SCP,yet nons outcroppingat land sudac€.. various changss approx 4600 yrs ago at w coniorm with similar chang€s in other patts ot approxSOOO bp. Backedlools + llat adzeswers absentlrom lowsrlsvels but pr€sonttiru uppgrlev€ls > yrs ago. DiscussgsFrigze Cave, Minim Covs, Nonhclifte.

TAaOOS

POTEN'IAL Thsm€ ot change: sea level, climatic, tgchnology,t€sources.

EI DreamingEMarriage E HgalthE Custom/LarE lmplsmsnl! Ptaces fl Litestyte suBJEcrs E Psopr€ f] Buriat E wornenE Bitual E Fmd El ceology$ Resources E t-anguageE DemographE M€n [! MovemenlE Landscap€EArt ETrado E wALyuNGA I t'tearoywrue 8l S.w. oth€r E w.A. othe El Australia other n Global TITLE Investigationof Backed Blade Problams by Statislical Speciticationof Distincivo Faatur€s. AU'IHOR PearceRH EDITED Wright RVS FOFTAT PAPER paeEsFiilT-l GRAPHICS IN Sion€ Tools as Cultural Markers NO PUBUSHERAIAS I crwlcanoerralvenn; LOCATION R€id Ubrary R€s

DEV'EY Q 571.1 r68N MAP INo DISCIPLINE

SITFNo.

SITENAME Bullsbrook strE Loc.

SIIE DESC.

Suggssts inat combinationsof anfibutss r€prgsent cultural prelgrgncss & may rofl€ct bghaviour in diffgrent THEII]E temporal phases. Bullsbrookis ricn in anatacts & may have ba€n occupiedover s€vgral millenia.Patternsof t poponion ot Backsd Blad€ ass€mblagssmay indicats p€culiaritigs,& thoy $row that attribules ars potontally Coi{TENT us€fu| tor analysis.

of edges, l€ngth. width and th6 rolationshipbotween anributes.

TASOOS

POTENTIA!

E DrsamingE Marriag€ E H8althE Custom/LawE lmplemontrfl etaces $ Litestyte I eeopte E Buriat fl womenE Rituar E F*d E csology fl Rasources fl LanguagreI oemograpny I uen I Movement I t-anoscapeE art E Trade E WALYUNGA E NoarbywNP E s.w. otner I w.l. omer E Australiaother E Gbbal TITLE soatial and Temooral Distributionof Ausralian Backed Blades.

AUTHOR PearceRH

PAPER eaeeslsoo-os GRAPHICS

IN Manhnd Vol 9 No 4

Beid Library

a) distfibutionoublished sites of Backed Blad€s; b) dististributionot quantiti€sof Backed Bladesi

Backed blades found in Bullsbrook,Millslream, Gwambygine, Walyunga (WNP), MongersLake, BrockmanRiver,

Eartiestdates are in NSW. Back€d Blades disapp€arfrom sita sequonc€sranging frcm 3,400-110BP, Latest ramer earligsl trom wA. south gast ot Aust is focus of prolileration,hgre thsy appaar In grsat varigty & in high€st challengosGtover's theory on Back Blade Fads b€ing first introducedon Nonh w6st coast of Devils Lair (Dortch& M€rrit6€s)1973, suggosts that early industr,€sIn Australiamay bs mor€ and technologicallymorg advancedthan has sornetim€sb€en considgr€d.

POTENTIAL imolemsnts & intro of tech.

E Dr€amingEMarriage E Healthfl custom/LavEl lmplemenlI etaces fl Litestyte suarEcrs E Peopr€ E Buriat E wom6nE Ritual El Food El c60togyI Resources E t-anguag€E DemographEl M€n [! Movement E Landscap€El Art ETrade I WALYUNGA E NearbyWNP E S.W.othsr I W.A. otne 8l Australia other E Global TITLE Unitormityof the Australian Backed Blad€ Tradition

AUTHOR Poarc€RH

PAPER proesle;A__-l GMPHICS

IN Mankind,Vol 9 No 4 NO PUBUSHER I crrvl- lvennlr szr LOCATION Reid Library

DBIVEY P 301.05 P65 tsSN MAP INo DISCIPLINEANTHROPOLOGY I SITENo. -l

SITENAME

Comoar€sMill$ream. Bullsbrookand NSW SITE LOC.

SIIE DESC.

Som€ similarityol form €xists b€tw€€nvarious assemblag€sand they may b€ rolaied parts ot a single tradition, THEME Compargsproportions of blades b€tw€€nsitgs and also compar€ssbng quality. Comparesproponions ot blades. & ccillEllT Chall€nggsunitormily & widosprsadhomogsnsity of Australianbacked blade industries.

Qusstionssouveniring occursnce and thus d€creas€in data.

WA- Pilbara & South West WA & NSW backed blade types.

E DreamingE Marriags E Health E Custom/LawEI lmplsmsntsE Places E Lifesryte suBJEcrs E P€opt€ EBuriat E worn€nERituat E Food E G€otogyI Resources I LanguageEl DomographyEMen [t Movement E t-ancscapeDnrt EI Trad6 aREA tf WALYUNGA 8l NearbywNP El S.w. other [t w.l. osrer 8l Ausrratiaoth6r El Gbbal TITLE A 38,000 Year Old Archa€ologicalSits at Upp€r Swan, W€storn Australia

AUTHOR PearcsRH & Barboni M

EDITED

PAPER PAGESll68-172 GRAPHICS

IN Archa€logicalOcsania 16 Fig 1+2 anatact photographs and drawings.

173 Locaton ol Upper Swan and of|er archaeologicalsites (Walyunga,Minim Cove)

km inland lrom prss€nt coastlineot WA.

coaslal Plain is comprissdot tertiaryand quartsrnarysedimgnt, much ot it transponodby tivErstrom plateautfiru st6sp descsnt of Darling scarp.

1979 ar&tfacts 189 stone. mads from quanz or quartzit€ /3 made from chert, dolefito and raroly granite mad6 from bryozoan chsn.lt is probabl€ fiat fis cornars of Au$ralia tarthesl from South East Asia (ths path lor snrD v6re populatsdby - 40 000 bp. Ditfsr€ncesin art€fad assemblagssfrom the oarliest in opposito sidss ot Austratla raisa th€ possibillty that some cultural dilterenc€s existod or that cultural wereoccurring -.lO 0@ BP.

swan ags is simitarto or gr€alarthan tioss ot oldgstsit6 knownlrom southeast of Australia(Laks Mungo BP). €f|€nalso occursat othsrsitss in the districtin depositsmor€ than 4600 yearsold. D6vil'sLair had occuoation!o at least 28000-33000BP (300 km south). Minim Covs- 130 BP, noat mouttl ot Swan River. 8000-260 BP. are in rivodng sedimentary deposits and may porhaps be related to a p€riod ot relatively high sga level 46000 and 40000 BP.

POTENTIAL

E DreamingEMarriage f] HoalthE custom/La!El tmplomenlI etaces E Lifostyts suRrEcrs E Peopto EBurial El womenE Rituat E Food E oeotogyI Resources E Languag€E DomographEMen @ MovementE tanoscapeElrt ETrade E wALyuNGA B NearbywNP El s.w. other E w.A. otho E Ausralia othsr El Global TITLE ArchaeologySurvsy at Millendon lor Bond Corpora on

AUlHOR PearceRH & ZlatnikM

EDITED REPORT roe=sF---l GRAPHICS

IN Yes Flal(€d.pebble PUBUSHER crwleerttr I YEAR11983 cltoppsr; cross section of sitg LOCATION WA Mussum

DEIYEY tsSN MAp lY6s DISCIPLINEARSIAEOLOGY I sit€ locafons SITE No. s1707, 51315, Sr319 | SITENAME x9 2 km east ot oldgr Uppgr SvvanBridg€ sitg; 2,5 km easl from anotier Holocene site. srE Loc.

SIIE DESC. 190 hectares shaped llke an €longatgd triangle, bounded to norti by Slyan River & a propsrty boundary; to south by cathadral Ave & sEndard gaugs railway; & lo w6st by anothor railway.

Ston€ flakes, lools and miscgtlan@usltaked piscgs woro found at 20 locations.6 sitgs ot small sparso scaners; 3 fiEI,E sites ol numorous itoms in soclions of more elitensive areas. Probably us€d for ordinary occupalion during late Holocgng;quarts dominant, mylonit€us€d in approx 10 ot itgms, dolorit€ usod in approx 5%; horsshoof cores, 2 CCNTENT small grinding platss, st6€p scrap€rs, p€bble choppor, largo oval cnopper, adza tlakes, scrapers, scalar corss and back€d tools.Fow othsr archa€ological Stes hav€ bg€n record€d in mid to upp€r ssc{ions of Swan vall6y. This may bo due to lack ot q/stsmatic s€arching, or to setllomenl & cultlvadon raher than absence of gtes. Last corrobofoe date held near Perth 1907 (s Brown, llt)

Asssmblagoat site s1707 is similaf !o that of wNP which has dates in last 8000 y6ars. Indlcatesmoderaiely lrsqugnt usg similar to that ol som6 otier areas around Psrth, paniculatlynear lak€s, swamps & crseks.

POTENTIAL lmpl6m6nts

fl DreamingE Marriago E neattn El custom/LawE lmplem€nftE Places E Lifestyle sualEcrs E p€opte E Burial I women [t nttuat E Food [t GeotogyI Besources I LanguageI oemograptryfl uen I Movement E t-anoscaps Elrt ETrada AREA E WALYUNGA El t'tearOywt'tp I S.w. otner E w.A. oth€r E Ausralia oth6r E Gbbal I The Edge GroundAxes ot South WesternAustralia

T RideWDL I PAPER PAGESl167-79 GRAPHICS Ths Wesiern Australian Naturalist b Axes, include trimmed T pebble trom wa,yunga

Inlandtrade route; south wsst boundary;sites of I stoneaxes: sites ot p€arlshell ornaments,

t West WA, south ot MurchisonBiver sm Loc. I SITEDESC. I 'tashioned'diflerently, tiose of Walyungaare much largsr, & more skilfully mad€ pi6cg from an indurated than a Nanogin tind, Lightlyground near cutling sdgs. WNP was surfac€ find. Pini found on surfa@ at wNP I Controversialitsms, are they indigonousto WA?; unlikely to be trade anicles. I I I I I boundary coincidss with Woodward'sfaunistic definition (1900); Gardener's floristic defnition (1944) t I

I POTENTIAL t E DroamingElMarriage I neattnn custom/LavEl lmpl€msnlfl Ptaces E Lifestyte suBJEcrs I E peopte E Buriat EI womenE Rituat ll rooo EI ceotogy! Resources I t-anguageI DemographE Men fl MovementE t-anoscaxEnrt ETrade I 8l WALYUNGA Ef NearbywNP I S.w. other E w.A. oths fl Australia other E Global I TITLE Quartz-theMultitaceted Stone: A regional prehistoryof the Helena Fliver Valley on the Swan Coa$al Plainof SW Australia. of th6 HelenaRivor valley AU]HOB Sciweds, Madg€L

EDfTED

THESIS pneesl------l GHAPHICS

IN NO PUBUSHER I crrvleenn IYEARllsso LOCATION Beid Library, Fine Arts,Architecture& Sp€cial Collection

DEWEY tsaN MAp lYes DISCIPLINEARCHAEOLOGY I SITENo.

SITENAME

SITE L@.

SIIE DESC.

Usss Psarco (1975,7,8)Dotail on g€ology tor WNP. Detail on stone siz6, woight soil pH suggestsmovsmsnt trom THEIIE coast to hills. & CONTEIT

lnctudesWalyunga siles tor comparisonUpp€r Swan and Hol€naVallgy o.g. WNP materialdated 4000-8000BP (Holoc€n6) uppgr swan datsd 31,500-39,500BP, Paull's valloy (DepanmentAboriginal silss); stone arrangsmentat Nyaania Creek; Devil's Ljair.

Understandingot sits tormationprocesses; analysis of total assemblages,

E] DreamingE Marriag€ ! neattn I Custom/LawI lmplemen*E Placss I Litestyte suBJEcrs E poopto E Buriat E women E Rituat E Food Et GeotogyI Resources ! Language! oemograptryI tvten fl Movement fl t-anoscapeQlrt E Trade AREA E WALYUNGA 8l Nearoywrue EtrS.w. othor I w.n. oter E Australia other E Global TITLE Late PlsistoceneZamia Exploitationin South West WA

AUTHOR smithM

EDTID

PAPER creeslttz-tet GRAPHICS

IN Archaeologyin Ocsania 17 lcrrvl I YEAFlr e82 LOCATION

DEWEY P 309 1905 16 tstsN MAp lYes OISCIPLINE Cheetup Site, Esperance

SITENO.

SITE NAME

EsD€ranco,Chsetup SITE IOC.

slTE DESC.

Earli€st Archaeologicalsvidence lot Zafiia exploitationin Ausl circa /li}00 BP. THETTE Communalfood sustains usually large numbersot populauonsgathsred for csremoni€s+ could hav€ facilitated gmorgenceot tat€ Holocenesocial int€ractionpatterns + rapid dissaminationof ideas (eg small tool tradition).Incl CON]TENT dgscription;,.'dig in dry sandy place, holgs and lin€ them with rush€s + fill them up with nuts over which th€y sprinkle a little sand + thsn cover the hol€s nicely over with tie tops of grass trees' (Grey 1841:296). Moore 1884:17 '..after soaking in water for a fgw days + then burying ft in sand, lett until noarly dryi fit to eat'. Romovlngthe toxin macrozaminor cycasin + carcinogonsby leaching,fsrm€nting, roasting or aging. Basic leaching technologyevidence occurs in stratigraphicassociation with att€facts ot small tool tradition.

LINKS Compticatedtoaching and termgntingtechnology also occurs in lndia, Africa, Guam, th€ Rykos + Africa (in Beaton r982. 51)

TABOOS

POTENTIAL

E DreamingElMarriago B xeattn E Custom/LavEl lmplsmonlI etaces E Lif€style suBJEcrs EI peopte fl Buriat E womenE Rirual E Food [t GeotogvS Resources E t-anquageE DemographE Msn fl MovementI Lanoscapefllrt ETrado AREA Lf WALYUNGA E NgarbyWNP E S.W. other El W.A. orhe E Australia oth€r I Global IITLE AboriginalArchaeological Sitos in ProposedBrigadoon Estate, Darling Scarp WA.

AUTHOR Strawbridg€ Linda

FOFIIIAT REPORT PAcEsl:-----l GRAPHICS

IN Yes PUBUSHEF tor TS Manin& Ass crrveenn Table 3 Comparisonot I I IYEABl7l1e sites/km for varying enviro LOCATION D€partmentof Aboriginal studies 115/84 A zones, atter Anderson 84. DE''EY |sAN MAp lYes DISCIPLINEARCMFOLOGY I P.3a & in rear pocket- artefact flnds SITENo. s2023-2055 | SITENAME

Both sides o, Swan River in Millendon,20 square km. 8 square km is resgrvedfor water catchment& is not SIIE L@. included in survey. 8 siles locat€d in lateriticridges in uplands of surv€y area some distrancefrom any recognizabl€ water sources, yet they are large sitos + oftgn con|ain dense concentrationsof material.

sm DEsc. Including tributaries,gnamma hole, swamps, soaks, surface run-otf, associatedwith dolerite or quarE; geology is laterito or igneouson ridges, tlats, slop€s, lowland.5 sites located around bases of lov, nilF in surwy arga + thosg on gontly undulatingslopes relate to more p€rman€ntrval€r sourc€s in survey ar6a. Th€y ar€ located n€ar gnamma holss, s/'rampsor larggr of tributari€sthat flow thru into swan Riv€r. Occupaional sitss are ot 2 lypos. THEI'E '1) large s?ars€ scatters of material containingdens€ concentration; which around common water sources. CCI.ITENT 2) consistgntlysparss scatters cluster Plus a) isolatedtind ol piscs of engravsdochre b) small rocks elter within granite outcaop.No signs ot human occupation. It sgems probablethat lor (1) th€ir lyater source ligs in th€ granite outcropswhich are usually tound to occur near th€sg sitss. Ephemeral$urcos of watef would be trap@d on rock surfaces atter rains. This reslricts the l€ngth of time during which these sit€s could be us€d but me amounl ol an€fad materialat thsss sites indicatesthat they were a favoured location wiile watgr was available, From Moore: fr€qugnt visits ol Aboriginalsto his property+ to those ot his neighbours.Thsy came in larger groups at cgnain months of the y€ar. lt is cl6af that Aboriginalswsr€ making conlinuousyoarly routine visi6 in which certain food r€sourcgswgre known to b€ availablgat certain tim€s. At thesE times larger groups gathered lo oxploit tiese resources.Whsn the activiti€sot s€tders caused cgnain rEsourcesto bs no longer available in this area, the Aboriginalsfound alternativessuch as potato crops (Moore 1885, 237). Frazer observed extensive diggings in tie alluvium along tre riv€r which wer€ probably!o obtain yams. Hallam 77,79,81.

Capn Stirling & Charlos Frazercamped just above Ellen Brook where it entors Swan River. They tound ssveral d€sen€d encampments(Stirling 1827, 560). Frazer obs€rv€d sxtensivEdiggings in the alluvium along ti€ river which wsr€ probablyto obtain yams. GF Moor€ was 2 km south of survgy sitE at Millgndonand rocordedfr€qu€nt msetings witi Aboriginal p€ople. Doss thg area involved 6quat6 to other surounding areas or doos lt represent an ecotone- a balancs botwssn lhe exploitationpatt€ms of the coastal plain + thoso ot the iarrah forest prop€r (Anderson1984)? So€ 'Brigadoon-The Boof.

TABOGS

POTENTIAL Explorene€ds of campsitssover seasons (ses tirst entrysheot). Link archa€ology,anthroplogy and oral hislory.

E DreamingE Marriag€ EI Heatth E Custom/LawE lmplemontrI etaces E Lilestyte suBrEcrs f] eeopte E Buriat fl wom6n E Rituat 8l Food I Gsotogy@ Resources ! LanguageEl DemographyEMen [t Movement I LanoscapeEJ lrt ETtade AREA E WALYUNGA El NearbyWNP E S.W.other rl W.A. othar E Australia other E Global TITLE KUra

AUTHOR Tom Bennell EDIIED Gl€nys COLLARD(compiled) GRAPHICS BOOK PAGESI

IN NyungarLanguage and CultureCenrs YEARss l lllustrationsof Dreamingand lcrrrl I 11 lif€style LOCATIONBunbury

DEWEY o 398 2089775 rsaNl0 646 148171 MAP OISCIPLINE f p v Tribal area SITENo.

SITENAME

sm Loc.

SITEOESC. Baladongtribg- se€ below

- York, B€v€rlay, Brookton, Pingslly, Conigin, Quairading, Merredin, KellErberrin,Pinjana and .IHEIIE Baladong tribs N0nham & with Nyungar psrspsctiva. COI.ITENT Stories Aims ot work (last pag6) are ) letting widsr communityknow that Nyungarculture is alive and w6ll but language is under threat ot oxtinction; ii) provide a rosource centre + seryica tor people wantinginiormation about Nyungar language + culturs; iii) recordinglanguago from those who uss it; iv) teachingp€opl€ to spoak Nyungar; v) teachingpeopls to read + writs Nyungar; vi) rscordingall possiblg aspacts of Nyungarculture from today as well as earlier tim€s.

LINKS wadjela and Nyoongar.Above ssrvicgs includs Moora in nonh bgyondSouthem Cross to east, Hopotownto south sast, Albany in souti, w€st coast from AugusNa,Buss€lton, Bunbury, Mandurai, Perth to cgrvantss.

TABOOS

POTENTIAL Localfamily namos -Nyungarlanguag6 and culturalcontre; Teaching p€opl€ to speak,r€ad and writeNyungar NyungarLanguags Rsvival 15 LittleSt, CareyPark Bunbury ph 09791 2165 GlenysCollard

Et DreamingEMarriago E leatn E custom/La'rE lmplemenlI elaces E Litestvte suBjEcrs Et p€opt€ E Buriat E womenE Ritual E Food El ceotogyI Resources [t languageI DomographE Men I MovemenlE lanoscax Elrt ETrade AnEA E WALYUNGA I NearbywNP $t S.w. otner n w.A. oths E Australia other E Gbbal TITLE The Swan River Nativesand lhe WalyungaSite

AU]HOR TurnerJH

ED'TED PAPER roe.sl'l7i--l 6RAPHICS

IN AnthropJ of Canada 7(3) 1969 PUBUSHER I crrvI lYEARlie6s LOCATION Battye Library

DEWE/ PR 5412 tsaN MAp ly€s DISCIPLINE a) P20 tribal divisionssw WA b) Swan R SITENo. I I maps only on hand SITENAME

Bailup - tollow woorooloo Brook from its junction with Swan Biver at walwnga SITE LOC. = 13 mil6s as crowflies; $roncut through hills from Guildtord.

SITEDESC. Walyungasite is on Swan River hrt is situabd about three miles within tolds ot tho Darling Scarp,fie edge of the continsntal Plaisau 1200 ft. abov€ the glain

Mr L T Jones, Guillord- smbarkedon hard work to protectWNP THEIl|E . Estimabd aboriginalcouple with 3 cnildren required> {0 square miles from which to derive their daily food . Bailup nationalparliamont,300 mon met over three days is amphitheatre3 to 4 miles across, open end facing COI.ITENT north rvsst, and psrmangnt lal€ on higher €asl dops. - Walyunga also called Weerunga - Bailup= m€stingplacs 'parliamsnt'lor whol6nation (JE Jonos is owngr, .1969)- old white gum had a hole choppedby a 'primitiv€stone axE'

Bailup - a conidor exists of gfanite b€lt at Toodyay suffixes (coastal plain suffixes) all way to Mandoon(N€w 'Guildlord' by Stirling)- a no-man'sland, n€utral ground where eastern trib€s had access to coastal plain.

'own6f 'Bailup' POTENTIAL Mr Jones of or is it resumed?Not found in phone book (1993).

E DreamingE Marriags E ueattn E custom/LawE lmplement:El Plac€s E Lifestyl6 suBJEcrs E peopts E Buriat E women E Rituat E Food ft ceotogy I Resources I Language[t oemograpnyIuen I Movement E t-andscapeElrt E Trade AREA El WALYUNGA El t\tearOywttp E S.w. oth€r E w.A. other 8l Austrariaother E Grobal PreliminaryReconnaissanca for AboriginalArcha€ological Sitos in tho Ar€a ol Phase 2 SubdivisionBrigadoon Estato, Millendon veth PM. zlatnikM. QuanormainoG

REPORT peeesI GRAPHICS

stone anslactscatter-not wNP

downstrsam ot WNP at Brigadoon

Complgxol mythologicalsites and sites of significanc€

sites and 63 isolat€d finds sitgs had.scatt€rs ot stono anotacts grinding stono, flakes, scrap€rs, chips, choppers,hammer stone and rock

movementof Aboriginal.Walyunga ls a m€€tingplacs tor travsllinggroups.Tendency for sitss in this to be located on high ground. Probably bscaus€ trray - tavoured an excell€nt vigw over Swan Coaslal Plain, - w€r6 well drainod - providsdconvsni€nt corridors for mov€mentacross tho DarlingBange - opan janah woodland not thickEr veg€tation as of valleys

4 km nonhol surveyarga = mid Holoc€ng all anetactlypes roponedpreviously in UpperSwan rsgion transitionzon6 bgtwsgnswan coastal Plain and inland platsau ethnographicallitgraturg rgcords 'Aboriginal groups trawl dolynDarling Ranga from inlandregions to coastand

accordancewith Aboriginal & Torr€s Sttait lslandet Horitage Act 1984

POTENTIAL walyungais notedas a msetingplace for rawlling groups.

El oraamingEMarriage E HeahhE custom/LavElmplemenl I Places I Litestyte SUBJECTS El People E Burial E womenE Ritual E Food E GeologyI Resources E t-anquageE DomographE Men [t Movement Bl t-anoscapeIlrt ETrade E WALYUNGA I NearbywNp EI s.w. othsr E w.A. oth6 El Australia oth€r E c|obal APPENDIX2

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eg xrpuaddv Appendix3a .t

NOONGAR-ENGLISH VOCABULARY Some exarnples of generalwords covering astronomical items, implements,landfeatures,substances,time and weather.All examplestaken fiom GeorgeFletcher Moore. A t DescriptiveVocabulary of the languagein commonuse arnongst the Aboriginesof WesternAustralia. (1U2) _l ENGLISHWORD ABORIGINALWORD _l seasonsJune and July-Winter Maggoro iron-stone Malaga thunder Malgar _l wooded,covered with trees Mandon beamsof the sun Mandu;Batta Mandu; Ngangbatta barbof spear Mangar;Dtarh{a; Nambar _l cloud Mar;Kundart cloudyvery dark Mar;Myart Myart; Bwot moonwaxing first quarter Marrangorong _l handleof anything Matta moon Mba;Mik; Mima( Miak moonlight Mikang _l slar MiFyarm boardfor throwingspear Miro _l throwingboard for the spear Miro pebbles Molar sun,shine and heatheat Monak _l weather,fine sunny Monak pool of water in a river Monong sreep Mordak _l lake Mulur bushthe bushthe wild country Mundak ground burned Nappal;Yanban _l moonwaning quarter moon Nanat groundunburned Nanik;Bob^ pool of waterin a rock Ngamar _l raysof the sun NgangaBatta sun Nganga;Batta; Djaat srar Ngangat _l springsmall Ngirgo(Northern Dialect) downsot the sea coast Ngobar sandhills,near the coast Ngobar _l misty,appearanceof approaching rain Ngu-yang lakesmall or basin Ngura string of a bag Ngwonna;Nalba _l sea Odern;Mammart knife,native Tabba;Bondjun; Dappa star Tiendi _l sea-snore Wahar rainbow Walgen;N-yurdang sticks,womans stick or stafi Wanna _l acclivityan, a knoll Warh-ro knoll,ahillock Warh-ro _l open, a clear open spacewithorJt trees Waullu _l _l buEuFIAlejuurl :F^A /lou Piltrll.| qsltOuo'oltul BpunM ptolqs ueJoe:oueJp^-un A ^Ey{ pue ludv suosEas |!|1:o6rtM plMl3 IJor lElsIJc (p.roM Se)) r€quqru^ln (uEiv\Sraddn) requfluulM eul|l fueAs|ql F'/r^ou !pu€q-![p!A un6 U.ls^-bueJBqje A uooul /{ou buxP^ltuoot! IEpmE :urps^ E'^alp^

.lvNteluosv cHoM OHOMHSI'I9N3 'B[€4snv (zt8l) uJe]sa^ sauroJogvorl] 'oiootd lo ]s6uoujpesn uouJuloc ur soenarpl arll ]o fuplngmono^[dlpsao V €qclall s&oee ulo4 ualelsalduJex€ .lageaihpu? 'srlsr llv oulll.saouplsqns.sa:nlealpupl.suercloull lpsrruouo4sEOuuo^oc sp$m praueDlosoldurpxa euros H\flngvco^ HsllgNll- uvgNooN ee xpuoddv Appendix 3b 1

NOONGAR-ENGLISH VOCABULARY Some exarnples of vegetation.plants and related material, which may be relevantto Walyunga.All examplestaken from GeorgeFletcher Moore. A DescriptiveVocabulary of the fanguagein commonuse amongst the Aboriginesof WesternAustralia. (1842) ENGLISHWORD ABORIGINALWORD

grasstree blackboy Balga grasslree blackboy Balga xanthonhaaarborea Balga seedlingtrees Balgor youngtrees Balgor xanthonhaa arborea,speciesof BallakGalgoyl; Yango; Tdudtin grassree toughlopped Barro xanthonhaaarborea, tough topped Barro rush used in sewingkasngaroo skins to torm cloaks Batta seed vesselof banksia Bi-ytch;Metio honeysuckletree (seebanksia) Biara banKia narow leaved Biara;Pira leaf, a dead Billara;Derer; Dwoy-a flower Binda flower Bindak banksianarow leaved cone of Birytch;Bitych aGlcia Biytch grass Bobo;Jilba rootsedible Bohn hoveapur€ens (a plant) Bu-yenak flower Budjan;Butjak banksialarge leaved Bulgalla grass speciesof Bungurt xanthorrhaaarborea, underground Burarap;Mimidi grasstree underground Burarap;Mimidi spearwood from the south Burdun tree Burnu wood Burnu fungusedible Butogo flower Buyenak fungus edible Bwy-ego fruit By-yu zamiatree, fruit of By-yu;Tdongan zamiatree, kernelof D-yundo;Wida zamiatree kernel of D-yundo;Wida greenwood Dal-yar manna,so called Dang-yl leaf Dihi rootsedible Djakat mahoganytree Dianyl zamiatree Diiriii zamiatree Diiriii rootsedible Djubak fungus edible Dtalyil -=

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' -'.] Appendix 3b 3

NOONGAR-ENGLISH VOCABULARY Some exarnples of vegetation,plants and related material, which may be relevantto Walwnga. All exarnplestaken trom GeorgeFletcher Moore. A DescriptiveVocabulary of the languagein commonuse arnongst the Aboriginesof WesternAustralia. (1842) ENGLISHWORD ABORIGINALWORD

fruit Kuraba roots edible Kuredjigo llower Kurrolo casuarina Kwela;Knude zamiatree nut of Kwinan zamiatree, nut of Kwinin fruit Kwonnart fungusof the whitegum usedfor tinder Madap roots edible Madh spearwood trom the hills Malga;Wannar gumtree species found near York Mallat fig hottentotsmall Manbibi;Majerak hottentotfig small Manbibi;Majerak roots decayed Mandiu wood,well seasoned Mandiu .l banksiaflower Mangyt ,".l flower l Mangyt -t rootsedible Marang nut,York nut Marda bough Marua "l gumedible of the rasberryiam Menna fungusedible Metagong -t I banksialarge leavecone of Metjo *l samphire Mil-yu layers,ota root;asof an onion Mimi -t leaf;dead leaves of the xanthorea Min-dar -l xarthorrhaa,leavesof Mindar roots edible Mini -t I cedarcolonially Mod-yart ., I paperbark or tea tee largerkind Modong tea ree largesort growingon opengrounds Modong gum ofthe mut-yalnuytsia floribunda or cabbagetre Modyar :l ac€lc|a Mongarn gumtree species found near York Monyl tea tee speciesof Murdurda;Djubarda cabbagetree Mut-yal flower Mutyal paperbark fee bark of M]ra foliage Myari gum of the red gumtree Nalla gum resinof the xanthoreaarborea NallangiPiring fruit Narnan moss Nangatta;N-yula roots edible Nangergun t: I t r I t I t I t I EqU{A lsnq tpt[-ue^ elqlposlool t OIIB l.!oolqsnul - I IEINM IroA JPoupunol sstc€ds aeA ulno P.IeUUni apPuraJ? sjEacls r.lc!q/{ to aa4 Pal ul0uoM saeAol potdde se uoaJb3^!l€ I ul6-uoM sooll ol P3!tddP'0u!^!l )|elP t A aoll pooilrlepues t oprn^ :6uooelo) :opotll punolboql uo 6uu,ro.r6'egtpesn0un; 'allsltll )plepneA a[srql /\ os xejepnEA allslqyt^os oelJeM (uetd P) ousered ueuBA salocsolp eql lo ouo olqlpeslool uenl :opueM ellqtn434 ujno 6uelpM sopedsJo poos ouseJed d4tervr lorvtollJo ulols'eeqJJoquex n^|e A ,o sepodsElouDl Ello/\ f IroA Jpoupunol salcods ooJl ulnb o0lB :eqapmf:rqrpsl eolorJluExaql lo ulsel ujno ulBqlnd JAr\OlJ peos fpun) :o6$N eI!unN J€rv\oll puqurnN lO sler'r,OBPsi ea.ll ll,ln6 JeunN olqlposn0unt elnN peo^AEas o0oN alqlP€snOunl om0N uqoqoullqujosel alqtpo slool Ialn0N JA/$Oll EAlnbN olqlposlool 'e'ioul lPnoN poox\ur >lprllobp loMoll leuooue0N €/r^oll uue^ :ErPuuo :e6uE6N saoJlJo sluPlo,o sloor 6ulue^-bNaure^-6N ie/r Oll IEJEPN IroA Jeoupunol salc€ds ooll ulno EAJPOJEN tllolsloi\ OUeeloqluex Aql lo ulno

"lvNl9lHo8v oHoM cuoM Hsl"loN3 (ztg !) elle4snvu.ralyoM lo sou!6!.roqvaql FOuoulBosn uotjlrljocul aoPnouEloql lo .aJool\ Arelnqecolanndpsoo v €qcloH e6$ae ujo4 ualq saldujexallv-Pbun^pM oi lue olal oq ^eul 'uo[elaben r.lcrr.l/r^'puaput pslEle:pue slueld ]o soduJexoauos uvlnsvoo^ HsllgN:l- HVeNooN qe xtpueddv Appendix 3c 1 I

NooNGAR-ENGLTSH vocABULARy sorneexampres of animar.bird ard imed names,which may be relevantto walyunga.All I examplestaken fromGeorge Fletcher Moore. A Descriptivevocabulary of the ranguagein commonuse amongstthe Aboriginssof westernAustraria. (1g42) ENGLISHWORD ABORIGINALWORD

bat Babilgun opossum Ballaga bat Bambi;Babilgun fly catcheryellow be ied Bambun walloby Ban-gap bitternthe bird Bardanitch grub ediblefound in trees Bardi;Wulgang turkey,see bustard Bibil-yer;Burabur snakespecies of Bidjirun{o;Yurakyn honeysuckernoisy Bil-yagorong owl white Binar bee eater Birubirun swallowwood Biwoen bee Blura dog male Borang tortoise Bu-yi;Ng-yakyn; Yagyn; Kitung diverblue bill Budtu antsmall speciec Budjin antsmall species Bulolo lark,scrub Bulordu kangaroosmall species Burdi;Kwakar; Woile magpielittle By-yuGul-yidi leechsmall kind Bylyi cuckoolesser D-yular panotsin general Dammalak marshhanier bird Dil-yurdu watfle bird Djang-gang blue bird DjarJ'tya mousesmall burrowing kind eaten by the natives Djil-Wr crow white vented Diillak mousesmall species supposed to be marsupial Djkdowin fiog speciesof Djirfunat parrot twenty eigfit Dowam oog Durda dog wildtail of wornin the head Dyer manen Gabbikallan-gorong tluck steaner or musk Gaddara fly catcherfan taited Gadjinnak musk duck or stearner G€tdana warblerspotted winged Girgal crow speciesof Gnota cormorantlitfle black Go-gogo tadpole Gobul frog species of Gu-ya I I _t epEloli! auqiv\luP 6ueprtrury{ pau/\ojc p€r urqor tpaN 6"qs -I Puue-6uPJByI POOII\ICnP l^uEyI alq/\ oolP)coc epjepuen sercedslpus asnour -I oOueuuJeyl 664 ue 1oelqrn -l eputlppy! laCUE3oIPUS bunojp-A) lpuls to saFsds oleus purnx IoJb e6rcl unssodo -l opn : -pt/{: ome:xeln) welq ue,us oloy eeu ![ ry:te H uollluB 'l un.lqtl) lo sopaose looc tPpp!) ]a)prJc oueJof:ou€rFbueuEx solcooslpurs pJezrl er-qjEu-Xeuoy:eu^Je) uo!dJoos _t Jepjey )pelq efuel pJezll IPJPY l|el per q M xlElq oolPlJoc elp>l lsptds _l ExequE) apaoltu€c Ipu-rpuE):{Buur^-uey .taqsgburrl -l !tEy palsajc aqalo in6uen^:lnil.lelunpt :tu.tnx :{euoolEy to saFeds 0o4 E^-iltnf: fill ugj/$ nuro -l e.uepEull pJEzll IEpBg PIBqI MOC e6-uew:e^LuPprf lseu spjlq e6uey1:elP1epf :e^uPprf spllq'lseu -t t^$of FddoqsseJb 'l FDpfe^-|e)p{pt IU|OOOle)pOJ leqPla't'\9 ourjoajaduoclej rpun)l:apua^ 5 looslpuPq qqunfo lueqnlng ozuoJqoolcnc !trn6llng Pool Jol(uE,\ I rujn6ne :Bprn6lne oolpnc Jo u/\ olq lFujs lr o -l Iqrng $qn9 pa lq )|3lqlp4q €qrulq 'ordbpul (ueas Fddn) l?qroy:lPqlng prlq ^PpJo {eoJq Fqrng odoeuJplrq Aeplo Ieejq -l Bu llng UOq OUJPi\S .nolD, :JEurndog:uelttpne Josorceds lrv\eq eJelpne lo solcods604 oepnI u^ oJqpsl|el Uoqs al6ea P[e^n9 :ujp^-ngUIEA-ne ^[ esloll ]o sotcods^U

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ce xrpuoddv Appendix 3c 3

NooNGAR-ENGLTSH vocABULARy some exampresof animar,bird ard insectnarnes, which may be relevantto walyunga. All examplestaken from GeorgeFletcher Moore. A Descriptivevocabularv of the fanguagein commonuse amongst the Aboriginesof WesternAustra lia. (1g42\ ENGLISHWORD ABORIGINALWORD

nest,white ants Molytch coot MulyaWindu rail,water rail N-yanni quailpainted Nani (UpperSwan) caterpillar Narna yolkof an egg Natdjing Kangarooyoung Ngannip craw contentsof Ngogat craw of bird Ngogolak cockatooblack with whitetail Ngolak opossumring tailed Ngora mousespecies of Ngulbungar teal NgwoFyinaggirang mosquito Nido;Nkrgo leechlarge Ninim mouse Erge eaten by natives NujiiN-juti (Upper Swan) tlv Nurdu egg shell,broken empty NurgoBindi egg shell,when full Nurgolmba egg,white of NurgoMammango egg yolk of NurgoNatdjing Nurgo;Bwye thrush,yellow bellied Pidilmidang mountainduck Tadorma;Guraga butcherbird Waddowaddong waterfowl,species of Wakurin;Winin; Yaet rat kangaroorat Wal-yo snake a kind muci liked by the natives Wan-go insectspecies ol Wandona fly very largespecies Wardan crow Wardung;Tolyl swamphen little Warrala lark Warrajudong kangaroothe female Wanu:Kang-garang-a snaKe Waugal emu Widji:Wadji; kya (NorthDiatect); nuruk fly catcherwag tail Willaring duck shoveller Wimbin j pigeon bronzewinged Wodta _.l snake speciesnot eaten by natives Woni; Wye I frog Wurgyl lizard a speciesnot eaten Wuniji grebelittle Wy-uda kangaroo,the male Yowan I 'e '7 '9 6 puEI sacuaralar ^qdefollqlgaas sllElop lequnl rol 6u;1uq1e16uep1 pue OuHultl1 uleflBd jo aoBnouBlloqulb aql bumoqs epeltemo6;pu€ aueuEJcen Iq srcded uro4ualel sld:ecxeutpluoc sa6pd t 6u;alo11o1eq1

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