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http://pos.sissa.it/

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4.0 International License (CC BY License 4.0 International

NoDerivatives - of Texas at Austin, USA Austin, at Texas of

20 October 2015 October 20 - mail: mail: Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Creative terms the author(s) of under the the by owned Copyright -

Speaker 1

2015 BASH 18 University The

Megan E. Schwamb E. Megan Academia Sinica Astrophysics, & Astronomy Institutefor 11F AS/NTU, NationalE Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan © Attribution Highlights from Citizen Science in Astronomy and and Astronomy in Science Citizen from Highlights Science Planetary

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rmountable reduction [1]

th aurorae on the

s of the night skynightbrightnessthe of s tomated routines ], the Palomar Transient Factory theTransient Palomar], 7

ience and web platforms for developing

based mission data have grown with with grown have data mission based ) ) -

2 select those reports that are mostthe are to relevant that thosereports select

as just a few of the many examples) a citizen science science citizen manya examples)the of few a just as

[10] ] 9 globeatnight.org in known constellations while reporting the weather and sky

http://www. http://www.aurorasaurus.org the extent and strength of aurorae.Theseobservations are used to improve

esearch in the sciences and humanities has grown dramatically over the past past the over growndramatically has humanities and sciences the in esearch . As astronomical surveys. and space expert human classifications can best the performance of a trained expert and in in and expert trained a of performance the best can human classifications expert - The aim of the Globe at Night project is to study the impact and spread of light light of spread and impact the study to is project Night at Globe the of aim The Aurorasaurus aims to the study the physics and processes involved wi involved processes and physics the study the to aims Aurorasaurus d online citizen science projects and consider the future of the field with the advent of the the of advent the with field the of future the consider and projects science citizen online d In this Chapter, we instead highlight aselection InthisChapter, ofactive astronomy and planetary science

Known as citizen science, the process of hundreds of thousands of people directly directly people of thousands of hundreds of process the science, citizen as Known . Globe at Night ( Night at Globe Aurorasaurus ( Aurorasaurus

[3][4][5][6] Introduction Highlighted Citizen Science Projects Science Citizen Highlighted

], and ], NASA's Kepler mission [

11] 8 conditions at the time of the observation. the of time the at conditions year and spanning several years. The project collects measurement collects project The years. several spanning and year are what assess to eye naked the use observers Volunteer adaption). dark for version vision night pollution through a crowdsourced network of observations of the night sky throughout a given given a throughout sky night the of observations of network crowdsourced a through pollution a includes (which webapplication a using public, general membersthe by globe of the around the faintest stars that can be seen aurorae on the Earth. the on aurorae 2.2 computer models in order make better future predictions about the behavior and extent of of extent and behavior the about predictions future makebetter order computermodelsin observers’ location. The project also gathers tweets referencing aurora and enlists the public to to public the enlists and aurora referencing tweets gathers also project The location. observers’ stream and reviewthe contentTwitter from the the and tweets the in embedded information geolocation the Through project. the of goals location information provided by the online reporting forms and application, the project creates mapoftime real a 2. 2.1 the and aurorae of observations reporting for application and website a is project The Earth. these online projects, we refer the reader to the and Chapter the recentTrouille by review by [ focuse decade. next the in online coming facilities astronomical generation next [ data becomingestablished an datasets, these many of to applied been has approach technique. In addition, projects have developed to not only use human pattern recognition for the to population light of impact the tracking from collecting data for also but data analyzing location of aurora. For a general overview of citizen sc forasingle person orsmall group ofindividuals Thetoundertake. combined assessment of non many au and networks neural of capabilities the outperform cases many [2] increasing data volumes (with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [ decade. With the advent of the Internet, tens of thousands of people across the globe can be be can globe the across people of thousands of tens Internet, the of advent the With decade. insu wouldbe or automate to impossible are that tasks with scientists help to enlisted 1. r to contributing Highlights from Citizen Science in Astronomy & Planetary Science Planetary & Astronomy in Science Citizen from Highlights PoS(BASH2015)001 b

based based . For a - Schwam

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and also also and

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ming camera [14][15] camera ming

]. [12 and

[4] ously in an active AGNstate active an in ously csic.es/projects/near/main/) - wn spacecraft's fra spacecraft's wn

was previ was 3 reviewedpublications have been derived from -

) hole hole

asteroid belt. Volunteers from this CosmoQuest project are are CosmoQuest project this from Volunteers belt. asteroid

http://cosmoquest.org/?application=vesta_mappers

jects to date. Going on nearly 10 years, this project aims to is a planetary science project from the CosmoQuest platform aimed serve the stellar occultation of Kuiper belt objects (KBO),Kuiperobjectsoccultationof belt thestellar servethe http://www.laeff.cab.inta [13].

http://cosmoquest.org/?application=simply_craters resolutionimages from the Da e enlisted to identify known Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs) in ground(NEAs) in Asteroids known Earth Near identify to enlisted e - http://www.galaxyzoo.org rgy Survey, and others. Over 40 peer Moon Mappers [16] [16] Mappers Moon RECON aims to ob to aims RECON The aim of this planetary science project is to study the surface of Vesta, the second second the Vesta, of surface the study to is project science planetary this of aim The Volunteers ar Galaxy Zoo is the first project from the Zooniverse, the largest collection of online online of collection largest the Zooniverse, the from project first the is Zoo Galaxy up studies of the physical characteristics of the NEA population. Volunteers im Volunteers population. NEA the of characteristics physical the of studies up - omers and public across the United States are involved in collecting observations to to observations collecting in involved are States United the across public and omers dying images from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Narrow Angle Angle (LROC)Narrow Camera Orbiter Reconnaissance Lunar the from images dying Moon Mappers ( Mappers Moon Research and Education Collaborative Occultation Network (RECON) (RECON) Network Occultation Collaborative Education and Research Asteroid Mappers: Vesta ( Vesta Mappers: Asteroid Asteroid Precovery ( Precovery Asteroid Galaxy Zoo ( Zoo Galaxy

mpact processes on the Moon and the collisional history of the Moon. the of history collisional the and Moon the on processes mpact i Camera (NAC). Volunteers review cutouts from the LROC NAC images to measure the the measure to images NAC LROC the from cutouts review Volunteers (NAC). Camera locations and sizes of the sizes, shapes, and locations of the the craters will be used to study 2.7 stu at important for searching for atmospheres around the of largest these bodies. measure the exact time the star's light is blocked by the Kuiper belt object. With these these With object. belt Kuiper the by blocked is light star's the time exact the measure determined accurately very be can object belt Kuiper the of size the observations, astron 2.6 (http://tnorecon.net/) remnantsaftertheleft construction ofour Solar System's planets orbiting out beyond Neptune. With predictions of the timing and locations of the shadow path on the Earth, the amateur asked to review high review to asked fie bolder and boulders identifying to addition in Vesta, on craters of sizes map andthe thedate wellas impact as history Vesta's studybeusedto will craters theand oflocations sizes Vesta. on regions surface different of age largest bodylargest in the Solar System's project, I refer the reader reader the refer I project, 2.5 telescope images to enable better orbit determination for potential impact hazards and to enable follow to predictions orbit on based NEA discovered newly the imaged previously have potentially the of overview detailed more a For NEAs. of orbit and position know the improve better Galaxy Zoo data, including the discovery of the first quasar ionization echo from a time when a a when time a from echo ionization quasar first the of discovery the including data, Zoo Galaxy black massive super central quiescent now to reader the refer I project, the of overview depth in more 2.4 characterize the shape and characteristics of galaxies through human pattern recognition. Galaxy recognition. humanthrough pattern galaxies of characteristics and shape the characterize the Telescope, Space Hubble the Survey, Sky Digital Sloan the from data examined has Zoo Ene Dark astronomy citizen science pro science astronomycitizen Highlights from Citizen Science in Astronomy & Planetary Science Planetary & Astronomy in Science Citizen from Highlights 2.3 PoS(BASH2015)001 b ]. ]. ts.

[20 ) m Schwam dark dark

se With the associated host host associated star system star

jets and outflows

h. provide the much the provide

radio

]. pinpoint the pinpoint [21 the Martian climate.

observations

ing aims matchaims day segments of Kepler observations to to observations Kepler of segments day ace where it is believed that surface surface that believed is whereit ace

ed with input from the general public. In In public. general the from input with ed ) ) based based - Orbiter.

project project

) ) infrared camera aboard NASA's Juno mission [23] -

review30 has spent four years staring at a single patch of sky, sky, of patch single a at staring years four spent has

, and the first confirmed planet in a four rtantforunderstand ] y Zoo y With the extended nature of the radio data as well as the nethunters.org

. [19 Reconnaissance [9][10] , volunteers help planetary scientists by mapping the is impo ri.edu/junocam on Jupiter will be decid be will Jupiter on

, the Kepler spacecraft is continuing to monitor fields along with Mars Mars s polar orbit. Theground orbit. polar s holes located at the heart of galaxies and and galaxies of heart the at located holes http://radio.galaxyzoo.org

project

[18]

observations based observing and target selection effort effort selection target and observing based is the opticaland near - http://www.pla ey would like to see photographed by JunoCam.byphotographed see to wouldlike ey erse's Radio GalaxRadio erse's NASA’s NASA’s http://www.planetfour.org v iety of bodies produced through planet different and solar system formation will observe will nfrared nfrared board board

Zooni

massive black massive ]

The During the spring on Mars' South Pole, carbon dioxide geysers loft dust and dirt through through dirt and dust loft geysers dioxide carbon Pole, South Mars' on spring the During NASA's Kepler mission mission Kepler NASA's JunoCam[17] [22

super Radio Galaxy Zoo ( Zoo Galaxy Radio Planet Four ( Four Planet

Planet Hunters ( Hunters Planet JunoCamground

https://www.missionjuno.sw 2.11 from lower spatial resolution compared to optical and infrared observations, automating this task has proven difficult, but has proven successful with a citizen science approac science citizen a with successful proven has but difficult, proven galaxies in the i the in galaxies seasonal fans visible in imagesin seasonal takenHiRISEvisible bythefans (High Resolution Imaging Experiment camera factorsimpact these properties Four Planet Zooniverse's 2.10 surf the to sheet ice dioxide carbon thawing a in cracks the Understanding orbit. from observed fans dark into material the sculpt subsequently winds varying how and geysers) the for proxy (a fans these of appearance and frequency, direction, For a more detailed overview of the project, I refer the reader to to reader the refer I project, the of overview detailed more a For mechanisms. Planet Hunters has discovered over 30 planet candidates and several confirmed confirmed several and candidates planet 30 over discovered has Hunters Planet mechanisms. swar comet transiting a potentially is that system transiting unusual an including planets star’ informally known as‘Tabby’s frequencyand var the ecliptic for ~70 days with ~7000 stars monitored every 30 minutes.The Zooniverse's Planet to public general the enlists project Hunters look for the characteristic dip in light due to a transiting exoplanet,and in particular to identify the study to order in algorithms automated by missed been have may that transits planet 2.9 simultaneouslymonitoring exoplanesame the transiting signaturesof~160,000these for stars mission K2 the as Later community to obtain full disk images of Jupiter. JunoCam itself will not be able to provide these these provide to able be not will JunoCam itself Jupiter. of images disk full communityobtain to types of images with Juno' to where determine to able be to Jupiter on storms active belts cloud the for context needed image next with JunoCam. Members of the public will be able to provide input on which regionsofJupiter th scheduled to arrive at Jupiter in July 2016July aboutgasgiant. in whenthe Jupiter orbit polar a at scheduled Junoenter arrive will to JunoCam Where astronomer amateur the with collaboration in working be will JunoCamteam the particular, ( Highlights from Citizen Science in Astronomy & Planetary Science Planetary & Astronomy in Science Citizen from Highlights 2.8 PoS(BASH2015)001 b fier , [26] Schwam

ne ne et in the the in et . The current.

ers reviewing digital digital reviewing ers e Erae

inThe aerogel. project has

) year nominal mission. When mission. nominal year -

fricaand combined toproduce an fications. Thecitizen scientistsfications. will galaxy images [12] images galaxy

, SquareArray Kilometre (SKA) ation rates. Citizen science will be a waya be will science Citizen rates. ation [25]

)

based classi based 5 - ESA’s Gaia mission is measuring the stellar stellar the measuring is mission Gaia ESA’s

classify 304,122 classify . today's Internet. [24] seen data volumes, but it too will needevolvewill to to tooseenvolumes, data it but - ptimizing how many volunteers are needed to assess a specific specific a assess to needed are volunteers manyhow ptimizing xy Zoo 2 to to 2 Zoo xy before - seenvolumesdata challengeboth technicalautomated for a are - http://stardustathome.ssl.berkeley.edu/ meter optical telescope, will create the largest public datas public largest the create will telescope, optical meter - before - Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST Telescope Survey Synoptic

but in addition a rare number of interstellar grains passing through the Solar System System Solar the through passing grains interstellar of number rare a addition in but

Additionally, ways of o of ways Additionally, These never These We are standing at the precipice of the petabyte age. The 2020s bring new challenges NASA’s Stardust mission collected grains from the Comet Wild 2 in its aerogel aerogel its in 2 Wild Comet the from grains collected mission Stardust NASA’s Stardust@Home ( Stardust@Home

the end of ESA’s Gaia mission [27][28]. the end of ESA’s

The Future of Citizen Science and Citizen Science in the Petabyt the in Science Citizen and Science Citizen of Future The

and data analysis performed after the fact. To get effective mine LSST and SKA data, there is is there data, SKA and mineLSST effective get To fact. the after performed analysis data and algorithms. image of piece of data and deciding images to serve to a specific classifier will be needed in this need to take on the harder and more specialized tasks as well as being enlisted to a review a a review a to enlisted being as well as tasks specialized more and harder the on take to need new era of big data. For most citizen science projects, images are randomly served to a classi a to served randomly are images projects, science citizen most For data. big of era new subset of things the computersthecontinueteachandthings improvesubsetof to to classify automatedthe using the time and energy of human classifiers. The bulk and routine tasks will have to be given given be to have will tasks routine and bulk The classifiers. human of energy and time the using to robot classifiers trained previously on human selected volunteer just won’t work in the petabyte era. The solution will be to combibeto Thewill solution workpetabyte theera. in won’t volunteer selectedjust efficiently methodsfor novel finding as well as algorithms machinelearning andcrowdsourcing volumes will too large to handle with current classific current with handle to large too will volumes forwardtotackle these never newgalaxies, of billions of snapshots provide will LSST deluge. accommodate comingdata the Gala for months 14 took it but randomlya by classified be to data of random image/piece a choosing model of science citizen analysis routines and for citizen science. Even for a traditional citizen science approach the data data the approach science citizen traditional a Evenfor science. citizen for and routines analysis built. The SKA will produce roughly 11 terabytes of raw radio data per second, more second, per data radio raw of terabytes 11 roughly produce will SKA The built. information than the combined of traffic effective collecting area of 1 square kilometer, the SKA will be the largest radio telescope ever ever telescope radio largest the be will SKA the kilometer, square 1 of area collecting effective complete, LSST, an 8.4 an LSST, complete, images capture to expected is LSST night. each data of terabytes 15 roughly generating world, With objects. belt Kuiper of thousands of tens discover and galaxies 1010 approximately of A Australiaand inSouthern radiodishes tobe constructed in 3. Large the with and 5 its over Way Milky the in stars billion 1 a nearly of parallax perpendicular tracks and impact craters made as the grains entered from the direction direction the from entered grains the as made craters impact and tracks perpendicular lodged became and System Solar the of plain the to perpendicular interstellar the in origin an with consistent properties have that particles seven identified already System Solar our outside stream dust were also serendipitously captured into the aerogel of Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector as as Collector Dust Interstellar Stardust of aerogel the into captured serendipitously also were volunte by grains interstellar find to is Stardust@Home of aim The well. scanningmicroscopeelectron micrographsspot Stardustaerogel to retrieved the of samplers, Highlights from Citizen Science in Astronomy & Planetary Science Planetary & Astronomy in Science Citizen from Highlights 2.12 PoS(BASH2015)001

b This This

Schwam e Zooniverse’s Zooniverse’s e website [30]. [30]. website nd the number of of number the nd or annotations, decision decision annotations, or ayesian Space Warps Warps Space ayesian ns may be other techniques techniques other be may ns like datasets engage with the -

h the b the h Now is the time build, test, and implement implement and test, build, time the is Now

6 [29].

resentingother projects and data inasimilar topic or development of such websites and classification classification and websites such of development

uture projects handling LSST handling projects uture

s. s. r effort inlivetime based andeffort r volunteer performance and realtime correlation with the time volunteers spent classifying a classifying spent volunteers time the with correlation - d databases. Even with the rise of standard backend architectures to store store to architectures backend standard of rise the with Even databases. d A and LSST come online.

The prospects for citizen science in astronomy and planetary science are bright and will will and bright are science planetary and astronomy in science citizen for prospects The Identifyingmechanisms topromote volunteer engagement willalso be important inthe Simpson RJ, Povich MS, Kendrew S, Lintott CJ, Bressert E, et al. 2012. MNRAS 424, 2442 MNRAS 424, 2012. al. et E, Bressert CJ, Lintott S, Kendrew MS, Povich RJ, Simpson

apshot Serengeti, this may make them leave the site only after a few classifications. Citizen Citizen classifications. few a after only site maythe make themleave this Serengeti, apshot eferences [1] ext generation of citizen science projects. A recent analysis of Snapshot Serengeti, which Serengeti, Snapshot of analysis recent A projects. science citizen of generation ext

trees, and sortingtasks that have repeated through. I anticipate that as as platforms like this the public in the scientific proces (http://www.zoooniverse.org/lab) enables researchers on theirown (http://www.zoooniverse.org/lab) toquickly and easily create a continue to grow and develop, there will be a significant rise in the number of projects involving involving projects number of the in rise significant a be will there develop, growand to continue R been a rate limiting step. This has changed in the past year, with the launch of th of launch the with year, past the in changed has This step. limiting rate a been builder project Zooniverse The 2015. June in system builder project new f templates webinterface of set standard a from project science citizen volunteer classifications for these projects, the need for a developer to build the web tools has has tools web the build to developer a for need the projects, these for classifications volunteer infrastructure an continue to be a tool in the arsenal of astronomers and planetary scientists to explore and tackle tackle and explore to scientists planetary and astronomers of arsenal the in tool a be to continue datasets.large In the past five years, the interfaces were built on a project by project basis where the bottleneck became the need for a backend associated and interface classification end front the build to developer web dedicated when the SK the when preference area for then volunteers for classifying. Further research in these areas are needed to to needed are areas these in research Further classifying. for volunteers then for area preference identify the best method for maximizing human contribution for a citizen science approach Platforms like the Zooniverse and CosmoQuest would have the flexibility to provide volunteers volunteers provide to flexibility the have would CosmoQuest and Zooniverse the like Platforms p by tasks main/preferred their from breaks science projects in the petabyte era will need to also optimize not only for the capabilities of capabilities optimizetheneedalso onlynotfor will to petabyte theera in scienceprojects interventio and breaks Task behavior. human for also but machines forkeeping volunteers engaged inonline tasks and improves theirretention and efficiency. Sn volunteer engaged in the task and reviewed images on the Snapshot Serengeti Serengeti Snapshot the on images reviewed and task the in engaged volunteer f how for implications important has handle, not can classifiers machine the only what for optimizing example, For classifiers. human in observed behavior the Like review. to scientists citizen to cases hardest the only leave could n images, the in visible animals identify and data cameratrap review to public the enlists identified an anti Themorescenery imagesimages withwithoutnotheanimals.longer animalsthe the present, when an image should stop being classified being stop should image an when voluntee direct to algorithms light. first has LSST before focus great of area an be will This classifications. the of assessment assigned to which classifiers to review. A first effort waswit effort first A review. to whichclassifiers to assigned performance volunteer on based determined and offline ran which (SWAP), Pipeline Analysis Highlights from Citizen Science in Astronomy & Planetary Science Planetary & Astronomy in Science Citizen from Highlights the need to implement smarter and more sophisticatedalgorithms to decide what data should be PoS(BASH2015)001 b and

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- , 686.

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[6] [9] [8] [7] [4] [5] [3] [2] [29] [28] [26] [27] [24] [25] [22] [23] [21] [19] [20] [17] [18] [15] [16] [12] [13] [14] [10] [11] Highlights from Citizen Science in Astronomy & Planetary Science Planetary & Astronomy in Science Citizen from Highlights PoS(BASH2015)001 b

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Symposium Bowyer, A, A, Bowyer, ArtificialAdvancement Intelligence Conference of the

[30] Highlights from Citizen Science in Astronomy & Planetary Science Planetary & Astronomy in Science Citizen from Highlights