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______Review Article

SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES ON RED : A REVIEW

Diyana Lolita Fernandes1*, Karunakar Hedge1, AR. Shabaraya2 1Department Of Pharmacology, Srinivas College Of Pharmacy ,Valachil, Post Farangipete, Mangalore - 574143, Karanataka, India. 2Department of pharmaceutics, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil, Post Farangipete, Mangalore - 574143, Karanataka, India. ______ABSTRACT Red cabbage is a known for its enriched bioactive constituents. Generally among the population it is used as an ingredient in raw salads or coleslaws, pickle, boiled and steamed dishes for its impact on human health and low calorie, high fiber composition. It is extensively used in food processing to enhance the aesthetic value of food as natural colorant in beverages, candies, gums and to provide health benefits. It has several health benefits over cancer, diabetes ,boosts immune system, helps in detoxification of body, promotes weight loss , improves skin , inflammation, has gut healing power , relieves constipation. The antioxidant capacity of red cabbage helps to prevent chronic ailments and management of condition like Alzheimer’s, depression etc .This paper reviews on the scientific approach and pharmacological activity of red cabbage.

Keywords: Red cabbage, oleracea var. capitata f. rubra , pharmacological uses, antioxidant.

INTRODUCTION SYNONYMS represent an important English : red cabbage , purple cabbage, red part of the human diet worldwide, are consumed kraut or blue kraut after preparation by people all over the world and are considered Hindi : laal pattha gobi; kannada : kempu important food crops in China, Japan, India, and elekosu ; Malayalam : cuvanna kabej ; Tamil : European countries 1. Due to its bioactive civappu muttaikkos ; Telugu : Erra kyabeji ; constituents it not only acts as antioxidant but Marathi and gujrathi : lal kobi . Bangla : lal also has several health promoting benefits.2 bamdhakapi Red cabbage is the member of Brassicaceae family. It is a cool season cruciferous vegetable. Red cabbage ( var. capitata f. rubra) is type of cabbage, widespread in the Mediterranean region 3 although its grown in various parts of the world4. Red Cabbage is a herbaceous, biennial, dicotyledonous flowering . It has short stem above which is a crown with a head of red coloured leaves5 . It is called purple cabbage since its leaves are purple or red in colour due to the pigment called . According to the PH of soil the colour varies. The reddish leaves are from acidic soil, leaves grow purple in neutral soil and alkaline soil will produce greenish yellow coloured cabbage6. The optimum temperature for growth is 15-18 degree celcius . It is less tolerant to high temperature but can withstand freezing temperature 7.

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The genus Brassica is classified as:8 Scientific studies Anticancer Kingdom Plantae The anticancer activity of red cabbage was conducted in human heptocarcinoma cell Subdivision Spermatophyta (HepG2) and human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) .The findings of the study revealed a Class Angiospermae selective anticancer action on HeLa cells when compared to HepG2. It was found that red Subclass Dicotyledonae cabbage( RC) extract is a potent inducer for apoptosis via caspase dependant both intrinsic Order Papaverales and extrinsic pathway and caspase independent pathway in treated human cancer cells. RC Family Cruciferae or Brassicaceae extract had a potential to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The main mechanism pursued Genus Brassica by RC extract to exert G1 cycle arrest was by cdk inhibitor proteins (p21,p27,p53). In addition Species Brassica oleracea the study also revealed the increased level of TNFα and suggests that the growth inhibition in Subspecies/var. Capitata F. Rubra (HepG2) and (HeLa) may be partly due to antitumor effect of TNF α. Hence it was concluded in the study that red cabbage extract could be a promising anticancer agent due to its multimechanism and synergistic anticancer 9 Macroscophy effect17. A study on rodent model of Color : purple hepatocellular carcinoma recommends that

Taste : bitter increased dietary intake of red cabbage may be Odour : characteristic advantageous to patients with liver cancer since the findings from the study disclosed the Chemical constituents protective action of red cabbage against Red cabbage is enriched with phenolic hepatocellular carcinoma in rats.18 compound which is predominant Red cabbage color extract was shown to inhibit 10 over other flavanoids . adenoma and carcinoma formation formation in The strongest antioxidant capacity of red rats initially treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine cabbage is attributed to anthocyanins which has (DMH) followed by fed diet containing 2-amino- 11 a power of 150 flavanoids . 1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). Among the substances present in the red It also showed protective action against cabbage responsible for these properties are the formation of aberrant crypt foci by PhIP in non isothiocyanates (), polyphenols, DMH treated rats.19 However in contrast another The anthocyanins pigments of the red cabbage subsequent study showed less effective action comprise mainly of cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5- of red cabbage towards 2-amino-3- glucoside and cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5- methylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoline (IQ)-induced glucoside acylated with sinapic acid, ferulic acid, preneoplastic lesions20. Further studies 12 p-coumaric acid and malonic acid . conducted on anticancer activity of red cabbage It contains glucoraphanin, sinigrin, and on human colon cancer cells, human Caucasian glucoiberin as major GLSs .Among them, breast adenocarcinoma and human glucoraphanin is transformed into , hepatocellular carcinoma cell line also drew light which is a very well known cancer on its anticancer activity21 . 13 chemopreventive ITC . Red cabbage is a source of A, C, K and Hypnotic B, thiamin, riboflavin, folate .Calcium According to a book of traditional medicine, red ,magnesium, manganese, iron, nickel ,zinc and cabbage has anticonvulsive, sedative, and 14 15 dietery fiber . Vit E carotene and tocopherol hypnotic effects; also, it is used in aromatherapy

for relieving stress and insomnia22. In a study constituents the effect of hypnotic effect of hydro alcoholic Alkaloids, gylcosides, steroids, flavonoids, extract (HAE) of red cabbage and its fractions 16 saponnin, tannin, terpenoids and phytosterols were conducted based on potentiating of sleep

International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 5 I Issue3 I Jul – Sep I 2019 ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 125 induced by pentobarbital method. It was found invitro study conducted on erythrocyte that the hypnotic effect of HAE of red cabbage membrane with normal and high concentration was comparable to that of diazepam but did not of cholesterol also evidenced the direct influence decrease the motor movement and did not have of red cabbage polyphones on muscle relaxation effect when evaluated by hypercholesterolemic erythrocyte.26. Red rotarod test as in the case of diazepam. The cabbage has also revealed its therapeutic study has also postulated the sleep prolonging effects in dyslipidemia.27 action of HAE of red cabbage is mediated by potentiating GABAergic system by flavanoids . Myocardial infarction The results of this study suggested that red The effect of Anthocyanin rich red cabbage cabbage potentiates pentobarbital hypnosis extract (ARCE) when assessed for its 23 without any toxic effect . cardioprotective potential in H2O2 treated rat neonatal cardiomyoblasts and isoproterenol Antiplatelet And Antioxidative Activity On induced rodent model of myocardial infarction, Platelet the H2O2 induced oxidatively stressed cells One of the invitro study was designed to focus depicted dose dependant reduction in on the ability of anthocyanins extracted from red cytotoxicity and apoptosis . Rats pretreated with cabbage to diminish platelet activation by ARCE followed by ISO were found to have antioxidative activity . The study revealed the favorable heart : body weight ratio, reduced antiaggregatory property of anthocyanins in the circulating levels of CK-MB ,ameliorated levels presence of thrombin by inhibiting the of enzymatic antioxidants and favourable arachidonic acid which leads to modulation of apoptotic markers (bax and bcl-2). malondialdehyde and also by distinctly Less pronounced infracted areas or decreasing 02 generation. In the same study derangement of myocardium compared to ISO when the human blood platelets were treated treated group. Upregulation of caveolin -3 and with powerful oxidizing agents peroxynitrite and SERCA2a were witnessed which evidenced for hydrogen peroxide (ONOO- or H2O2 ) the its cardioprotective potential. This study also results demonstrated that ATH extract of red interpreted the mechanism of action by cabbage diminished protien oxidation and molecular docking scores of cyanidine -3- nitration and had preventive effect on lipid glucoside and delphinidin -3-glucoside which peroxidation in blood platelet .This result with provide discernment on the stable interaction some other works reveal the antiradical activity with β1 adrenergic receptor and ARCE by prevention of lipid peroxidation is one of the mediated myocardial damage prevention. The route by which anthocyanins resist cells from authors of the study conclude that ARCE oxidative damage and maintain membrane demonstrates therapeutic effects by improving integrity. From this study it can be concluded the status of intracellular oxidants, preventing that anthocyanins from red cabbage have membrane damage and apoptosis.28 Another antiplatelet and antioxidative activity and could subsequent study conducted in rats fed an be beneficial in prevention of cardiovascular atherogenic diet also showed cardioprotective problems.24 property by attenuating oxidative stress29

Hypolipidemic and dyslipidemic Antidiabetic Red cabbage exhibited a promising effect Red cabbage showed potential antidiabetic against hypercholesterolemia and effects on diabetes induced rats. The weeks of hypertriglyceridemia in a study conducted to treatment of diabetic rats with red cabbage determine the hypolipidemic effect of red extract showed antihyperglycemic effect, cabbage showing an involvement on improved glucose tolerance30 ,31,32, increased the amelioration of lipid profile of Triton WR 1339 values for insulin and its precursors proinsulin induced in hyperlipidemic rats . It was shown and c-peptide suggesting activation of insulin that levels of total cholesterol , triglycerides, synthesis. It had protective effect on destruction serum VLDL –c content was decreased and it of pancreatic β cells and inhibited the formation did not augment HDL –c levels as compared to of glycated hemoglobin , which was responsible control group in the hyperlipidemic rats. This for normalization of erythrocyte structure and study suggested that red cabbage could be functions which ameliorates blood rheology and involved in the role of PPARα and can provide reduces the risk of vascular complications. In the lipid lowering compounds.25. In addition to this an same study an invitro study conducted on

International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 5 I Issue3 I Jul – Sep I 2019 ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 126 erythrocyte membrane of diabetic rats also MDR bacteria which were resistant to 15 evidenced the direct influence of red cabbage powerful antibiotics belonging to 8 different polyphenols on erythrocyte membrane groups, non MDR bacteria and fungi.36 Other properties32. studies conducted by different researchers also prove the antimicrobial activity of red Diabetic Nephropathy cabbage.37,38,39 Earlier findings suggests that major cause for the development and progression of diabetic Anti Inflammatory, Antipyretic And microvascular complication such as nephropathy Analgesic is due to oxidative stress induced by The methanolic extract of red cabbage exhibited hyperglycemia33. The therapeutic effect of red anti inflammatory activity by significantly cabbage extract against diabetic nephropathy reducing formaldehyde induced paw oedema in exhibited antihyperglycemic activity , prevented rats. The underlying mechanism of action may and suppressed symptoms of nephropathy, be attributed by the inhibition of histamine, restored renal function , and body weight loss. serotonin or prostaglandin synthesis. In the Enzymatic antioxidants like Superoxide same study (MERC) also showed significant dismutase enzyme and Catalase and non antipyretic activity in Brewer’s yeast – pyrexia enzymatic antioxidants like glutathione were model.40 ameliorated and increase in malondialdehyde The effect of MERC on abdominal writhing test was abolished. In accordance to this study , by intraperitonial administration of acetic acid in antihyperglycemic effect depicted by the red mice was demonstrated by percentage inhibition cabbage polar extract may modulate oxidative of abdominal constriction and suggested that stress induced by hyperglycemia generation of MERC can be used for alleviating pain.31 free radicals and ameliorate diabetic nephropathy34. Ulcerative Colitis Effect of Polyphenolic fraction isolated from red Antiulcer cabbage (PBO) studied on lipopolysaccharide Effect of red cabbage methonolic extract on stimulated HT-29 colonocytes and in rodent studied in ulcerogenic rats produced significant model of ulcerative colitis exhibited a remarkable antiulcer activity .The results obtained showed anti inflammatory and cytoprotective action reduced values of lesion index. Significant which were depicted by significant reduction of reduction in gastric volume , total acidity, ulcer inflammatory markers and cytokines. Prevention index and increase in pH of gastric juice was of oxidative damage lead to the regeneration of observed in pylorus ligation model 99.44% mucosa , goblet cells and mucin content in rat curation was observed in acetyl salicylic acid colonic mucosa. These results attribute the induced ulcer which evidenced for its importance of PBO as an anti inflammatory gastroprotective activities.35 therapeutic agent for ulcerative colitis.41

Antimicrobial (Antibacterial And Antifungal ) Hyperthyroidism Effect of red cabbage acid methanolic extract Effect of red cabbage extract on hyperthyroid was investigated against 22 strains of rodent model was found have thyroid function pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The extract suppressing action. The extract reduced the exhibited a potent antimicrobial activity against increased level of T3 and T4 and increased the the tested strains of gram positive,gram negative level of TSH which was altered following the and fungi. The study witnessed a remarkable administration of thyroxin a hyperthyroid antibacterial for the first time against Methicillin inducing agent. The reduced body weight was resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), also increased. Red cabbage extract showed S.aureus, E.coli O157:H7, S.enterica serovar increased activity of HMG-CoA reductase, Typhimurima and K.pneumoniae and normalized the levels of total cholesterol and remarkable antifugal effect against T.rubrum and triglycerides which according to the author A.terreus. The findings from the current study might be due to the presence of procyanidins . revealed red cabbage leaves extract has novel , The various biochemical estimations performed powerful and broad spectrum antimicrobial during the experiment concluded that the red activity against large number of human and cabbage extract has protective effect against animal pathogenic microbes including multiple hepatocellular damage , renal damage which drug resistant (MDR)bacteria out of which three attributes to the presence of anthocyanin

International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 5 I Issue3 I Jul – Sep I 2019 ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 127 content in the red cabbage . In addition to this, further clinical trials should be conducted for its the study also suggests that red cabbage is a therapeutic use. goitergen due to which it reduced the level of T3 and T4 and had protective effect on protein REFERENCES excreation42. 1. María Elena Cartea , Marta Francisco, Pilar Soengas and Pablo Velasco . Erythma Phenolic Compounds in Brassica The purple cabbage ethanol extract cream Vegetables. Molecules 2011, 16, 251- assessed for its protective action on acute UV – 280; B exposure on 30 male rats resulted in reduced 2. Patras A., Brunton N.P, Downey G, erythma scores representing its ability to Rawson A, Warriner K., Gernigon G. suppress the effects of UV exposure with equal Application of principal component and feffectiveness for the tested dose. The erythma hierarchical cluster analysis to classify scores of the control group and cream base fruits and vegetables commonly group were significantly different from the tested consumed in Ireland based on in vitro group. In conclusion this study suggests that antioxidant activity. J. Food Comp. studies are needed to determine the mechanism Anal.2011; 24:250-256. and other aspects . However this study was in 3. Lynn A, Collins A, Fuller Z, Hillman K, agreement with several studies conducted in Rateliffe B. Cruciferous vegetables and animals and humans which justify the benefit of colorectal cancer, Proc Nutr Soc. 2006; antioxidants against UV radiation effect.43 65:135-144. 4. Arapitsas P, Turner C. Pressurized Antioxidant Activity solvent extraction and monolithic Among the investigated Brassica vegetables, column-HPLC/DAD analysis of Brussel sprout, and red cabbage are anthocyanins in red cabbage. Talanta. known as the vegetables with efficient 2008; 74: 1218-1223. antioxidant activity. Red cabbage demonstrated 5. S. Manasa , L. Mukunda Lakshmi, Syed strong O2, DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging Sadarunnisa and T. Rajasekharam. activity44, 45,21. Red cabbage is reported to Response of Red Cabbage (Brassica reduce oxidative stress in various experiments oleracea L. var. capitata f. rubra) to and hence several researchers suggests the use Different Levels of Plant and Row of red cabbage in oxidative stress related Spacing. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci diseases46. Red cabbage not only ameliorates (2017) 6(11): 1684-1689. antioxidant defense but also has a promising 6. Singh J, Upadhyay A K, Bahadur A, role in maintaining metabolic and energetic Singh B, Singh K P, Rai M. Antioxidant balance to strike down complications.47 in cabbage(Brassica Supplementation with red cabbage also oleracea L. var. capitata). Sci Hortic, increased lutein, β carotene level and total 2006;108: 233–237. antioxidant levels in volunteers supplemented 7. More K. Response of cabbage (Brassica with red and black cabbage in the diet 48. Red oleracea var capitata) transplants to cabbage acts as nephroprotective nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ,49cardioprotective , hepatoprotective nutrition. Desertification submitted for 50,neuroprotective 51. the Master of Science. Department of Plant Production and Soil Science in the Conclusion faculty of Natural and Agricultural The main objective of this review was to unfold Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria the pharmacological activities of red cabbage. It 2006. is one of the most beneficial Brassica vegetable. 8. Haq Nawaz, Phytochemical The impact on health by red cabbage can be Composition and Antioxidant Potential attritributed to its antioxidant activity. Red of Brassica. Chapter 2. Phytochemical cabbage is easy available and cheap source of Composition and Antioxidant Potential anthocyanins. Although preclinical studies of Brassica. . Intechopen 2018; 7-24.. revealed that red cabbage is a promising source 9. S. Neelufar Shama*, T. Alekhya, K. for its beneficiary effect on diseases , inspite of Sudhakar. Journal of pharmaceutical this there are certain limitations which exist and biology.2012; 2(2) 43-46.

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