General Type Studio Throughout the 20Th Century, Western Artists Found

General Type Studio Nysé

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Designed by Stéphane Elbaz, Throughout the 20th century, western artists found new references and Released in 2021. recontextualized their view of the past. The rediscovering of Egypt and Asia, and the realization that the facades and statues of the Greek temples were painted with bright colors shedded a new light on established canons. This, combined with a reaction to the new forms shaped by industrialization, led to the Arts & Crafts movement of the second half of the 1800s and by extension to Art Nouveau. Nysé is strongly influenced by the French artist Henri Bellery-Desfontaines. The artist was commissioned by the renowned Parisian type foundry Deberny & Peignot to create an original alphabet. The remarkable Art Nouveau flavored typeface was released in 1910 and became immediately popular. While being clearly distinct, Nysé shares many of the Bellery-Desfontaines’ design features. The name Nysé references an exotic place in Greek mythology where Dionysus was born and raised by nymphs.

Informational purposes only. ©2021, generaltypestudio.com Nysé 2 ● Styles overview Nysé Regular Nysé Regular Italic Nysé Book Nysé Book Italic Nysé Demi Nysé Demi Italic Nysé Bold Nysé Bold Italic Nysé Heavy Nysé Heavy Italic Nysé Black Nysé Black Italic

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Uppercase ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Small capitals abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Lowercase abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Standard punctuation &?!¿¡.,:;•'"“”‘’‚„…_|¦§¶†‡* ‹«»›·-–—()[]{}@ %‰%‰ Uppercase punctuation ¿¡‹«»›·-–—()[]{}@ Stylistic alternates ANMRanmrae&& Proportional lining figures (default) #€$¢£ƒ¥00123456789 Proportional old style figures #€$¢£ƒ¥00123456789 Tabular lining figures #€$¢£ƒ¥00123456789 Tabular old style figures #€$¢£ƒ¥00123456789 Numerator / Denominator 0123456789/0123456789 Prebuilt fractions ½¼¾ Superscript / Inferior ⁰¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹+−=⁽⁾₀₁₂₃₄₅₆₇₈9+−=₍₎ Superior alphabet abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz e Ligatures Th fb ffb fh ffh fi ffi fj ffj fkffkflfflftfft Discretionary ligatures ct st

Math and miscellaneous symbols ∆Ω∂∫∑∏πµ¤−+×÷=≠±√^<>≤≥~≈�¬∞ℓ°№℮ Accentuated letters ÀÁÂÃÄĀĂÅǺĄÆǼĆĈČĊÇĎĐÈÉÊĚËĒĔĖĘlĜĞĠĢĤĦÌÍÎĨÏĪĬİĮĲĴĶĹĽĻŁĿŃŇÑ ŅÒÓÔÕÖŌŎŐØǾŒŔŘŖSSŚŜŠŞȘŤŢȚŦÙÚÛŨÜŪŬŮŰŲẀẂŴẄỲÝŶŸŹŽ ŻŊÐÞÀÁÂÃÄĀĂÅǺĄ ÀÁÂÃÄĀĂÅǺĄRŔŘŖ àáâãäāăåǻąæǽćĉčċçďđèéêěëē ĕėęĝğġģĥħìíîĩïīĭįıĳĵķĺľļłŀńňñņòóôõöōŏőøǿœŕřŗśŝšşșssťţȚŧùúûũüūŭů űųẁẃŵẅỳýŷÿźžżŋðþ àáâãäāăåǻąŕřŗ àáâãäāăåǻąæǽćĉčċçďđèéêěëēĕėęĝğ ġģĥħìíîĩïīĭįıĳĵķĺľļłŀńňñņòóôõöōŏőøǿœŕřŗśŝšşșßťţțŧùúûũüūŭůűųẁẃŵẅỳýŷÿ źžżŋðþ àáâãäāăåǻą Arrows ← ⤙ ⤛ 🢜 ⤜ ⤚→ Dingbats ♥ ♦ ♣ ♠ 🃟 a b c d e f g h i j k l

OpenType font format is the current standard for desktop fonts. This format permits to embed a large number of charac- ters and multiple options to access and permute them in a text editor. These features are supported by most common web browsers using ‘font-feature-settings’ with the OpenType labels (‘case’, ’liga’, ’onum’, ’salt’, etc.).

Feature Non-active Active

All capitals ([email protected]) ([email protected]) 'case'

Small capitals ([email protected]) ([email protected]) 'smcp'

Tabular lining figures #€$¢£ƒ¥0123456789 #€$¢£ƒ¥0123456789 'tnum', 'lnum'

Tabular old style figures #€$¢£ƒ¥0123456789 #€$¢£ƒ¥0123456789 'tnum', 'onum'

Fractions 1/2 + 35/168 1/2 + 35/168 'frac' (also 'numr'/'dnom')

Slashed zero 2018 2018 'zero'

Ordinals 1o 2a No 1o 2a N 'ordn'

Superscript / Superior (x219 + y524) ÷ z(6+3) ≥ a (x219 + y524) ÷ z(6+3) ≥ a 'sups'

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1er 2e 3e 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1er 2e 3e

Scientific inferior C2H4O C2H4O 'sinf'

Feature Non-active Active Ligature The drafting raffle tickets The draftingraffle tickets 'liga'

Discretionary ligatures Subway sect get some rest Subway sectget some rest 'dlig'

Stylistic or Title alternates North Michigan Avenue North Michigan Avenue 'salt' or 'titl' (also accessible through individual Stylistic Sets: ss02 - ss06)

Ornaments a b c d e f g h i j k l a b c d e f g h i j k l 'ss20'

42 pt The central religious cult of Dionysus is known as the Bacchic or Dionysian Mysteries. The exact origin of this religion is unknown, though Orpheus was

30 pt said to have invented the mysteries of Dionysus. Evi- dence suggests that many sources and rituals typically considered to be part of the similar Orphic Mysteries actually belong to Dionysian mysteries. Some scholars have suggested that, additionally, there is no difference

16 pt between the Dionysian mysteries and the mysteries of Persephone, but that these were all facets of the same mystery religion, and that Dionysus and Persephone both had important roles in it. Previously considered to have been a primarily rural and fringe part of Greek religion, the major urban center of Ath- ens played a major role in the development and spread of the Bacchic mysteries. ¶ The Bacchic mysteries served an important role in creating ritual traditions for transitions in people’s lives; originally primarily

12 pt 9 pt for men and male sexuality, but later also created space for ritual- included rituals involving the sacrifice of goats or bulls, and at least some participants and dancers wore wooden masks associated with the god. In some instances, records show the izing women’s changing roles and celebrating changes of status in a god participating in the ritual via a masked and clothed pillar, pole, or tree is used, while his woman’s life. This was often symbolized by a meeting with the gods worshipers eat bread and drink wine. The significance of masks and goats to the worship who rule over death and change, such as Hades and Persephone, of Dionysus seems to date back to the earliest days of his worship, and these symbols have been found together at a Minoan tomb near Phaistos in Crete. § Eleusinian mysteries but also with Dionysus’ mother Semele, who probably served a role ¶ As early as the fifth century BC, Dionysus became identified with Iacchus, a minor deity related to initiation into the mysteries. ¶ The religion of Dionysus from the tradition of the Eleusinian mysteries. This association may have arisen because of

42 pt (▼ Alternate v and w) Art Nouveau is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts, known in different languages by different names: Jugendstil

30 pt in German, Stile Liberty in Italian, Modernisme català in Catalan, etc. In English it is also known as the Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style). The style was most popular between 1890 and 1910. It was a reaction against the academic art, eclecticism and historicism of 19th cen-

16 pt tury architecture and decoration. It was often inspired by natural forms such as the sinuous curves of plants and flowers.Other characteristics of Art Nouveau were a sense of dynamism and movement, often given by asymmetry or whiplash lines, and the use of modern materials, particularly iron, glass, ceramics and later concrete, to create unusual forms and larger open spaces. ¶ One major objective of Art Nouveau was to break down the traditional distinction between fine arts (especially painting and sculpture) and applied arts. It was

12 pt 9 pt most widely used in interior design, graphic arts, furniture, glass art, most widely used in interior design, graphic arts, furniture, glass art, textiles, ceramics, jewellery and metal work. The style responded to leading 19-century theoreticians, such as French textiles, ceramics, jewellery and metal work. The style responded to architect Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814–1879) and British art critic John Ruskin leading 19-century theoreticians, such as French architect Eugène-Em- (1819–1900). In Britain, it was influenced by William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement. manuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814–1879) and British art critic John Ruskin German architects and designers sought a spiritually uplifting Gesamtkunstwerk (“total work of art”) that would unify the architecture, furnishings, and art in the interior in a common style, (1819–1900). In Britain, it was influenced by William Morris and the to uplift and inspire the residents. ¶ The first Art Nouveau houses and interior decoration Arts and Crafts movement. German architects and designers sought a appeared in Brussels in the 1890s, in the architecture and interior design of houses designed

42 pt Nadar was born in April 1820 in Paris (though some sources state Lyon). His father, Victor Tournachon, was a printer and bookseller. After his father’s

30 pt death, Nadar decided to quit his medical studies for economic reasons. Nadar started working as a caricaturist and novelist for various newspapers. He fell in with the Parisian bohemian group of Gérard de Ner- val, Charles Baudelaire and Théodore de Banville. His

16 pt (▼ Old style figures active) friends picked a nickname for him: Tournadar, which later became Nadar. His work was published in Le Charivari for the first time in 1848. In 1849, he founded the Revue comique and the Petit journal pour rire. ¶ From work as a caricaturist, he moved on to photography, particularly portraits. He opened his photography studio in rue Saint Lazare in 1854 and moved to 35 Boulevard des Ca- pucines in 1860. Nadar photographed a wide range of personalities: politicians (Guizot, Proudhon),

12 pt 9 pt stage actors (Sarah Bernhardt), writers (Hugo, Baudelaire, Sand, In 1886, with his son Paul, he did what may be the first photo-report: an interview with the great scientist Chevreul (who was then 100 years old). It was published in Le Jour- Nerval, Gautier, Dumas), painters (Corot, Delacroix, Millet), and nal Illustré. ¶ He took his first photographs in 1853 and in 1855 opened a photographic musicians (Liszt, Rossini, Offenbach, Verdi, Berlioz). Portrait studio at 25 Boulevard des Capucines. In 1858 he became the first person to take aerial photography was going through a period of native industrializa- photographs. This was done using the wet plate collodion process and since the plates had to be prepared and developed (a process that required a chemically neutral setting) tion and Nadar refused to use the traditional sumptuous decors; while the basket was aloft, Nadar experienced imaging problems as gas escaped from he preferred natural daylight and despised useless accessories. his balloons. After Nadar invented a gas-proof cotton cover and draped it over his

42 pt Gustave Le Gray was born in 1820 in Villiers-le-Bel, Val-d’Oise. He was originally trained as a painter, studying under François-Édouard Picot and Paul

30 pt Édouard Picot and Paul Delaroche. He lived in Italy between 1843-1846 and painted portraits and scenes of the countryside. Le Gray exhibited his paintings at the salon in 1848 and 1853. He then crossed over to photography in the early years of its development.

16 pt ¶ He made his first daguerreotypes by 1847. His early photographs included portraits; scenes of nature such as Fontainebleau Forest; and buildings such as châteaux of the Loire Valley. ¶ He taught photography to students such as Charles Nègre, Henri Le Secq, Nadar, Olympe Aguado, and Maxime Du Camp. In 1851, he became one of the first five photographers hired for the Missions Héliographiques to document French monuments and buildings. In that same year he helped found the Société Héliographique, the

12 pt 9 pt “first photographic organization in the world.” Le Gray published ly his seascapes. The studio was a fancy place, but in spite of his artistic success, his business was a financial failure: the business was poorly managed and ran into debts. He there- a treatise on photography, which went through four editions, in fore “closed his studio, abandoned his wife and children, and fled the country to escape his 1850, 1851, 1852, and 1854. ¶ In 1855, Le Gray opened a “lavishly creditors.” ¶ He began to tour the Mediterranean in 1860 with the writer Alexandre Dumas, furnished” studio. At that time, becoming progressively the official père. They encountered Giuseppe Garibaldi during the trip and Le Gray photographed Garibaldi and Palermo. His striking pictures of Giuseppe Garibaldi and Palermo under photographer of Napoleon III, he became a successful portraitist. His Sicilian bombardment became as instantly famous throughout Europe. Dumas abandoned most famous work dates from this period, 1856 to 1858, especial- Le Gray and the other travelers in Malta and joined the revolutionary forces as a result of a

42 pt The style responded to leading 19-century theoreticians, such as French architect Eugène-Emman- uel Viollet-le-Duc (1814–1879) and

30 pt British art critic John Ruskin (1819–1900). In Brit- ain, it was influenced by William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement. German architects and designers sought a spiritually uplifting Gesamt- kunstwerk (“total work of art”) that would unify

16 pt the architecture, furnishings, and art in the interior in a common style, to uplift and inspire the residents. ¶ The first Art Nouveau houses and interior decoration appeared in Brussels in the 1890s, in the architecture and interior design of houses designed by Paul Hankar, Henry van de Velde, and especially Victor Horta, whose Hôtel Tassel was completed in 1893. It moved quickly to Paris, where it was adapted by Hector Guimard, who saw Horta’s work in Brussels and applied

12 pt 9 pt the style for the entrances of the new Paris Métro. It reached taking on different names and characteristics in each country (see Naming section below). It often appeared not only in capitals, but also in rapidly growing cities its peak at the 1900 Paris International Exposition, which that wanted to establish artistic identities (Turin and Palermo in Italy; Glasgow in introduced the Art Nouveau work of artists such as Louis Scotland; Munich and Darmstadt in Germany), as well as in centres of indepen- Tiffany. It appeared in graphic arts in the posters of Alphonse dence movements (Helsinki in Finland, then part of the Russian Empire; Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain). ¶ By 1914, and with the beginning of the First World War, Art Mucha, and the glassware of René Lalique and Émile Gallé. Nouveau was largely exhausted. In the 1920s, it was replaced as the dominant archi- ¶ From Belgium and France, it spread to the rest of Europe, tectural and decorative art style by Art Deco and then Modernism. The Art Nouveau

42 pt The central religious cult of Dionysus is known as the Bacchic or Dionysian Mysteries. The exact origin of this religion is unknown, though Orpheus

30 pt was said to have invented the mysteries of Dionysus. Evidence suggests that many sources and rituals typically considered to be part of the similar Orphic Mys- teries actually belong to Dionysian mysteries. Some scholars have suggested that, additionally, there is no

16 pt difference between the Dionysian mysteries and the mysteries of Persephone, but that these were all facets of the same mystery religion, and that Dionysus and Persephone both had important roles in it. Previously considered to have been a primarily rural and fringe part of Greek religion, the major urban center of Athens played a major role in the development and spread of the Bacchic mysteries. ¶ The Bacchic mysteries served an important role in creating ritual traditions for transitions in peo-

12 pt 9 pt ple’s lives; originally primarily for men and male sexuality, but into the mysteries. ¶ The religion of Dionysus often included rituals involving the sacrifice of goats or bulls, and at least some participants and dancers wore wooden masks later also created space for ritualizing women’s changing roles associated with the god. In some instances, records show the god participating in the rit- and celebrating changes of status in a woman’s life. This was often ual via a masked and clothed pillar, pole, or tree is used, while his worshipers eat bread symbolized by a meeting with the gods who rule over death and and drink wine. The significance of masks and goats to the worship of Dionysus seems to date back to the earliest days of his worship, and these symbols have been found change, such as Hades and Persephone, but also with Dionysus’ together at a Minoan tomb near Phaistos in Crete. § Eleusinian mysteries ¶ As early mother Semele, who probably served a role related to initiation as the fifth century BC, Dionysus became identified with Iacchus, a minor deity from the

42 pt Nadar was born in April 1820 in Paris (though some sources state Lyon). His father, Victor Tour- nachon, was a printer and book-

30 pt seller. After his father’s death, Nadar decided to quit his medical studies for economic reasons. Nadar started working as a caricaturist and novelist for various newspapers. He fell in with the Parisian bohemian group of Gérard de Nerval,

16 pt Charles Baudelaire and Théodore de Banville. His friends picked a nickname for him: Tour- nadar, which later became Nadar. His work was published in Le Charivari for the first time in 1848. In 1849, he founded the Revue comique and the Petit journal pour rire. ¶ From work as a caricaturist, he moved on to photography, particularly portraits. He opened his photography studio in rue Saint Lazare in 1854 and moved to 35 Boulevard des Capucines

12 pt 9 pt in 1860. Nadar photographed a wide range of personalities: and Nadar refused to use the traditional sumptuous decors; he preferred natural daylight and despised useless accessories. In 1886, with his son Paul, politicians (Guizot, Proudhon), stage actors (Sarah Bern- he did what may be the first photo-report: an interview with the great scientist hardt), writers (Hugo, Baudelaire, Sand, Nerval, Gautier, Chevreul (who was then 100 years old). It was published in Le Journal Illustré. ¶ Dumas), painters (Corot, Delacroix, Millet), and musicians He took his first photographs in 1853 and in 1855 opened a photographic studio at 25 Boulevard des Capucines. In 1858 he became the first person to take aerial (Liszt, Rossini, Offenbach, Verdi, Berlioz). Portrait photogra- photographs. This was done using the wet plate collodion process and since the phy was going through a period of native industrialization plates had to be prepared and developed (a process that required a chemically

42 pt Gustave Le Gray was born in 1820 in Villiers-le-Bel, Val-d’Oise. He was originally trained as a painter, studying under François-Édouard Picot

30 pt and Paul Delaroche. He lived in Italy between 1843- 1846 and painted portraits and scenes of the countryside. Le Gray exhibited his paintings at the salon in 1848 and 1853. He then crossed over to photography in the early years of its development.

16 pt ¶ He made his first daguerreotypes by 1847. His early photographs included portraits; scenes of nature such as Fontainebleau Forest; and buildings such as châteaux of the Loire Valley. ¶ He taught photography to students such as Charles Nègre, Henri Le Secq, Nadar, Olympe Agua- do, and Maxime Du Camp. In 1851, he became one of the first five photographers hired for the Missions Héliographiques to document French monuments and buildings. In that same year he

12 pt 9 pt helped found the Société Héliographique, the “first photo- portraitist. His most famous work dates from this period, 1856 to 1858, especially his seascapes. The studio was a fancy place, but in spite of his artistic success, his graphic organization in the world.” Le Gray published a treatise business was a financial failure: the business was poorly managed and ran into on photography, which went through four editions, in 1850, debts. He therefore “closed his studio, abandoned his wife and children, and fled 1851, 1852, and 1854. ¶ In 1855, Le Gray opened a “lavishly the country to escape his creditors.” ¶ He began to tour the Mediterranean in 1860 with the writer Alexandre Dumas, père. They encountered Giuseppe Garibaldi during furnished” studio. At that time, becoming progressively the the trip and Le Gray photographed Garibaldi and Palermo. His striking pictures of official photographer of Napoleon III, he became a successful Giuseppe Garibaldi and Palermo under Sicilian bombardment became as instantly

42 pt Art Nouveau is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts, known in different

30 pt languages by different names: Jugendstil in German, Stile Liberty in Italian, Modern- isme català in Catalan, etc. In English it is also known as the Modern Style (British Art Nou- veau style). The style was most popular be-

16 pt tween 1890 and 1910. It was a reaction against the academic art, eclecticism and historicism of 19th century architecture and decoration. It was often inspired by natural forms such as the sinuous curves of plants and flowers.Other characteristics of Art Nouveau were a sense of dynamism and movement, often given by asymmetry or whiplash lines, and the use of modern materials, particularly iron, glass, ceramics and later concrete,

12 pt 9 pt to create unusual forms and larger open spaces. ¶ One responded to leading 19-century theoreticians, such as French architect Eu- gène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814–1879) and British art critic John Ruskin major objective of Art Nouveau was to break down the (1819–1900). In Britain, it was influenced by William Morris and the Arts and traditional distinction between fine arts (especially paint- Crafts movement. German architects and designers sought a spiritually uplifting and sculpture) and applied arts. It was most widely ing Gesamtkunstwerk (“total work of art”) that would unify the architecture, furnishings, and art in the interior in a common style, to uplift and inspire the used in interior design, graphic arts, furniture, glass art, residents. ¶ The first Art Nouveau houses and interior decoration appeared textiles, ceramics, jewellery and metal work. The style in Brussels in the 1890s, in the architecture and interior design of houses

42 pt The central religious cult of Diony- sus is known as the Bacchic or Di- onysian Mysteries. The exact origin of this religion is unknown, though

30 pt Orpheus was said to have invented the mysteries of Dionysus. Evidence suggests that many sources and rituals typically considered to be part of the similar Orphic Mysteries actually belong to Dionysian mysteries. Some scholars have sug-

16 pt gested that, additionally, there is no difference between the Dionysian mysteries and the mysteries of Persephone, but that these were all facets of the same mystery religion, and that Dionysus and Persephone both had important roles in it. Previously considered to have been a primarily rural and fringe part of Greek religion, the major urban center of Athens played a major role in the development and spread of the Bacchic mysteries. ¶ The Bacchic mysteries

12 pt 9 pt served an important role in creating ritual traditions for Persephone, but also with Dionysus’ mother Semele, who probably served a role related to initiation into the mysteries. ¶ The religion of Dionysus often included transitions in people’s lives; originally primarily for men and rituals involving the sacrifice of goats or bulls, and at least some participants and male sexuality, but later also created space for ritualizing dancers wore wooden masks associated with the god. In some instances, records women’s changing roles and celebrating changes of status in show the god participating in the ritual via a masked and clothed pillar, pole, or tree is used, while his worshipers eat bread and drink wine. The significance of a woman’s life. This was often symbolized by a meeting with masks and goats to the worship of Dionysus seems to date back to the earliest the gods who rule over death and change, such as Hades and days of his worship, and these symbols have been found together at a Minoan

42 pt Nadar was born in April 1820 in Paris (though some sources state Lyon). His father, Vic- tor Tournachon, was a printer

30 pt and bookseller. After his father’s death, Na- dar decided to quit his medical studies for economic reasons. Nadar started working as a caricaturist and novelist for various newspapers. He fell in with the Parisian bohemian

16 pt group of Gérard de Nerval, Charles Baudelaire and Théodore de Banville. His friends picked a nickname for him: Tournadar, which later became Nadar. His work was published in Le Charivari for the first time in 1848. In 1849, he founded the Revue comique and the Petit journal pour rire. ¶ From work as a caricaturist, he moved on to photography, particularly portraits. He opened his photography studio in rue

12 pt 9 pt Saint Lazare in 1854 and moved to 35 Boulevard des Verdi, Berlioz). Portrait photography was going through a period of native industrialization and Nadar refused to use the traditional sumptuous Capucines in 1860. Nadar photographed a wide range decors; he preferred natural daylight and despised useless accessories. In of personalities: politicians (Guizot, Proudhon), stage 1886, with his son Paul, he did what may be the first photo-report: an inter- actors (Sarah Bernhardt), writers (Hugo, Baudelaire, view with the great scientist Chevreul (who was then 100 years old). It was published in Le Journal Illustré. ¶ He took his first photographs in 1853 Sand, Nerval, Gautier, Dumas), painters (Corot, Delac- and in 1855 opened a photographic studio at 25 Boulevard des Capucines. roix, Millet), and musicians (Liszt, Rossini, Offenbach, In 1858 he became the first person to take aerial photographs. This was

42 pt Gustave Le Gray was born in 1820 in Villiers-le-Bel, Val-d’Oise. He was originally trained as a painter, studying under François-Édouard

30 pt Picot and Paul Delaroche. He lived in Italy between 1843-1846 and painted portraits and scenes of the countryside. Le Gray exhibited his paintings at the salon in 1848 and 1853. He then crossed over to photography in the early years

16 pt of its development. ¶ He made his first daguerreotypes by 1847. His early photographs included portraits; scenes of nature such as Fontainebleau Forest; and buildings such as châteaux of the Loire Valley. ¶ He taught photography to students such as Charles Nègre, Henri Le Secq, Nadar, Olympe Aguado, and Maxime Du Camp. In 1851, he became one of the first five photographers hired for the Missions Héliographiques to document French

12 pt 9 pt monuments and buildings. In that same year he helped official photographer of Napoleon III, he became a successful portraitist. His most famous work dates from this period, 1856 to 1858, especially his sea- found the Société Héliographique, the “first photographic scapes. The studio was a fancy place, but in spite of his artistic success, his busi- organization in the world.” Le Gray published a treatise on ness was a financial failure: the business was poorly managed and ran into photography, which went through four editions, in 1850, debts. He therefore “closed his studio, abandoned his wife and children, and fled the country to escape his creditors.” ¶ He began to tour the Mediterranean 1851, 1852, and 1854. ¶ In 1855, Le Gray opened a “lavishly in 1860 with the writer Alexandre Dumas, père. They encountered Giuseppe furnished” studio. At that time, becoming progressively the Garibaldi during the trip and Le Gray photographed Garibaldi and Palermo.

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med 1.308.893 indbyggere (2018) København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med 10 and 8pt 1.308.893 indbyggere (2018) landets største landets største byområde omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar byområde omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele 2007 er byen en del af Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles vedkommen- heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles de af Region Sjælland. Byområdet er præget af byspredning over et stort areal. vedkommende af Region Sjælland. Byområdet Centrum for byområdet udgøres af Københavns Kommune, der med 613.288 er præget af byspredning over et stort areal.

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en France est difficile : malgré la La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en 10 and 8pt France est difficile : malgré la vigilance de Fo- vigilance de Fouché, la contestation des mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après uché, la contestation des mouvements royalistes l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. Les caisses du Trésor public sont vides : pris de pa- s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. Les caisses du Trésor public sont vides : pris de nique face aux tensions internationales, les épargnants tentent de récupérer l’or en panique face aux tensions internationales, les dépôt à la Banque de France. De plus, Napoléon apprend que l’amiral Villeneuve, épargnants tentent de récupérer l’or en dépôt à

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Deutsche Republik) wird der Absch- Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch 10 and 8pt Deutsche Republik) wird der Abschnitt der nitt der deutschen Geschichte von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine deutschen Geschichte von 1918 bis 1933 parlamentarische Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. Diese Epoche begann mit bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamentarische Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. Diese der Ausrufung der Republik am 9. November 1918 und endete mit der NS-Mach- Epoche begann mit der Ausrufung der Republik tergreifung infolge der Ernennung Adolf Hitlers zum Reichskanzler am 30. Januar am 9. November 1918 und endete mit der

Hungarian Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, illetve székvárosát csak a reformkortól Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, illetve 10 and 8pt székvárosát csak a reformkortól kezdődően emle- kezdődően emlegették együtt, közös nevükön. A gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és gették együtt, közös nevükön. A gyakoribb forma nemzeti szempontból jelentősebb) város nevét előre helyezve Pest-Buda volt, de a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempontból jelentősebb) város nevét előre helyezve Pest-Buda volt, de elvétve előfordult a magyar nyelvhez jobban illeszkedő, a mássalhangzó-torlódást elvétve előfordult a magyar nyelvhez jobban elkerülő Buda-Pest alak is. Ez a névváltozat gróf Széchenyi István 1831-es Világ illeszkedő, a mássalhangzó-torlódást elkerülő Bu-

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Sangone e Po Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi 10 and 8pt Stura di Lanzo, Sangone e Po (quest’ultimo att- (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune raversa la città da sud verso nord), di fronte allo vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che collega la città con la vicina Francia attraverso il sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che collega la città con la vicina Francia attraverso traforo del Frejus, Valli di Lanzo, Val Sangone. Torino è detta “la città dei quattro il traforo del Frejus, Valli di Lanzo, Val Sangone. fiumi” perché la Dora Riparia scorre vicinissima al suo centro storico, solcando il Torino è detta “la città dei quattro fiumi” perché

Polish Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa) – stolica Polski i wojewó- Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. 10 and 8pt Warszawa) – stolica Polski i województwa dztwa mazowieckiego, największe miasto kraju, położone w jego środkowo-ws- mazowieckiego, największe miasto kraju, chodniej części, na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, Prawa miejskie uzyskała przed 1300. W 1569 mocą unii lubelskiej Warszawa zos- nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa miejskie uzyskała przed tała ustanowiona miejscem obrad sejmów Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów[a]. 1300. W 1569 mocą unii lubelskiej Warszawa

Spanish Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del núcleo original de la ciudad se encont- Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del 10 and 8pt núcleo original de la ciudad se encontraban en raban en una isla del Guadalquivir, en la actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre ori- una isla del Guadalquivir, en la actual zona de la ginal del asentamiento fue Spal, que puede también leerse como Ispal. En lengua Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del asentamiento fue Spal, que puede también leerse como Ispal. fenicia el significado de Spal es literalmente la isla de Baal, uno de los dioses más En lengua fenicia el significado de Spal es importante del panteón de esta civilización. Actualmente existe controversia entre literalmente la isla de Baal,[cita requerida] uno

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med 1.308.893 indbyggere (2018) København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med 10 and 8pt 1.308.893 indbyggere (2018) landets største landets største byområde omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. byområde omfattende 18 kommuner eller januar 2007 er byen en del af Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles ve- vedkommende af Region Sjælland. Byområdet er præget af byspredning over dkommende af Region Sjælland. Byområdet er et stort areal. Centrum for byområdet udgøres af Københavns Kommune, der præget af byspredning over et stort areal. Cen-

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en France est difficile : malgré la vigi- La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation 10 and 8pt en France est difficile : malgré la vigilance lance de Fouché, la contestation des mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après de Fouché, la contestation des mouvements l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. Les caisses du Trésor public sont vides : pris de royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. Les caisses du Trésor public sont panique face aux tensions internationales, les épargnants tentent de récupérer vides : pris de panique face aux tensions inter- l’or en dépôt à la Banque de France. De plus, Napoléon apprend que l’amiral nationales, les épargnants tentent de récupérer

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Deutsche Republik) wird der Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch 10 and 8pt Deutsche Republik) wird der Abschnitt der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschichte von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem deutschen Geschichte von 1918 bis 1933 erstmals eine parlamentarische Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. Diese bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamentarische Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. Epoche begann mit der Ausrufung der Republik am 9. November 1918 und Diese Epoche begann mit der Ausrufung endete mit der NS-Machtergreifung infolge der Ernennung Adolf Hitlers zum der Republik am 9. November 1918 und

Hungarian Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, illetve székvárosát csak a reformkortól Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, illetve 10 and 8pt székvárosát csak a reformkortól kezdődően kezdődően emlegették együtt, közös nevükön. A gyakoribb forma a nagyobb emlegették együtt, közös nevükön. A gyakoribb (és nemzeti szempontból jelentősebb) város nevét előre helyezve Pest-Buda forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempontból jelentősebb) város nevét előre helyezve volt, de elvétve előfordult a magyar nyelvhez jobban illeszkedő, a mássalhang- Pest-Buda volt, de elvétve előfordult a magyar zó-torlódást elkerülő Buda-Pest alak is. Ez a névváltozat gróf Széchenyi István nyelvhez jobban illeszkedő, a mássalhang-

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Sangone e Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi 10 and 8pt Stura di Lanzo, Sangone e Po (quest’ultimo Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco attraversa la città da sud verso nord), di fronte di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che collega la città con la vicina Francia allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che collega la città con la vicina Francia attra- attraverso il traforo del Frejus, Valli di Lanzo, Val Sangone. Torino è detta “la verso il traforo del Frejus, Valli di Lanzo, Val città dei quattro fiumi” perché la Dora Riparia scorre vicinissima al suo centro Sangone. Torino è detta “la città dei quattro fi-

Polish Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa) – stolica Polski i Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. 10 and 8pt Warszawa) – stolica Polski i województwa województwa mazowieckiego, największe miasto kraju, położone w jego mazowieckiego, największe miasto kraju, środkowo-wschodniej części, na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, na Mazows- nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa miejskie uzyskała przed 1300. W 1569 mocą unii lubelskiej zu, nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa miejskie uzyskała przed Warszawa została ustanowiona miejscem obrad sejmów Rzeczypospolitej Obo- 1300. W 1569 mocą unii lubelskiej Warszawa

Spanish Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del núcleo original de la ciudad se Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del 10 and 8pt núcleo original de la ciudad se encontraban encontraban en una isla del Guadalquivir, en la actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El en una isla del Guadalquivir, en la actual zona nombre original del asentamiento fue Spal, que puede también leerse como de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del asentamiento fue Spal, que puede también leerse Ispal. En lengua fenicia el significado de Spal es literalmente la isla de Baal, como Ispal. En lengua fenicia el significado uno de los dioses más importante del panteón de esta civilización. Actualmen- de Spal es literalmente la isla de Baal,[cita

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med 1.308.893 indbyggere København er Danmarks hovedstad og er 10 and 8pt med 1.308.893 indbyggere (2018) landets (2018) landets største byområde omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. største byområde omfattende 18 kommuner Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles vedkommende af Region Sjælland. Byområdet er præget af byspre- deles vedkommende af Region Sjælland. dning over et stort areal. Centrum for byområdet udgøres af Københavns Byområdet er præget af byspredning over et

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en France est difficile : malgré la La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation 10 and 8pt en France est difficile : malgré la vigilance vigilance de Fouché, la contestation des mouvements royalistes s’intensifie de Fouché, la contestation des mouvements après l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. Les caisses du Trésor public sont vides : royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. Les caisses du Trésor public pris de panique face aux tensions internationales, les épargnants tentent de sont vides : pris de panique face aux tensions récupérer l’or en dépôt à la Banque de France. De plus, Napoléon apprend internationales, les épargnants tentent de

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Deutsche Republik) wird Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch 10 and 8pt Deutsche Republik) wird der Abschnitt der der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschichte von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in deutschen Geschichte von 1918 bis 1933 dem erstmals eine parlamentarische Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamentarische Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. Diese Epoche begann mit der Ausrufung der Republik am 9. November Diese Epoche begann mit der Ausrufung der 1918 und endete mit der NS-Machtergreifung infolge der Ernennung Adolf Republik am 9. November 1918 und endete

Hungarian Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, illetve székvárosát csak a reformkortól Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, illetve 10 and 8pt székvárosát csak a reformkortól kezdő- kezdődően emlegették együtt, közös nevükön. A gyakoribb forma a dően emlegették együtt, közös nevükön. nagyobb (és nemzeti szempontból jelentősebb) város nevét előre helyezve A gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempontból jelentősebb) város nevét előre Pest-Buda volt, de elvétve előfordult a magyar nyelvhez jobban illeszkedő, helyezve Pest-Buda volt, de elvétve előfordult a mássalhangzó-torlódást elkerülő Buda-Pest alak is. Ez a névváltozat a magyar nyelvhez jobban illeszkedő, a más-

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Sangone e Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai 10 and 8pt fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Sangone e Po (quest’ul- Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco timo attraversa la città da sud verso nord), di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che collega la città con la vicina Francia di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che collega la città con la vicina attraverso il traforo del Frejus, Valli di Lanzo, Val Sangone. Torino è detta Francia attraverso il traforo del Frejus, Valli di “la città dei quattro fiumi” perché la Dora Riparia scorre vicinissima al suo Lanzo, Val Sangone. Torino è detta “la città

Polish Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa) – stolica Polski Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. 10 and 8pt Warszawa) – stolica Polski i województwa i województwa mazowieckiego, największe miasto kraju, położone w mazowieckiego, największe miasto kraju, jego środkowo-wschodniej części, na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, na położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa miejskie uzyskała przed 1300. W 1569 mocą na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa miejskie unii lubelskiej Warszawa została ustanowiona miejscem obrad sejmów uzyskała przed 1300. W 1569 mocą unii

Spanish Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del núcleo original de la ciudad se Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del 10 and 8pt núcleo original de la ciudad se encontraban encontraban en una isla del Guadalquivir, en la actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 en una isla del Guadalquivir, en la actual El nombre original del asentamiento fue Spal, que puede también leerse zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del asentamiento fue Spal, que puede también como Ispal. En lengua fenicia el significado de Spal es literalmente la isla leerse como Ispal. En lengua fenicia el de Baal, uno de los dioses más importante del panteón de esta civilización. significado de Spal es literalmente la isla de

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med 1.308.893 indbyggere København er Danmarks hovedstad og 10 and 8pt er med 1.308.893 indbyggere (2018) (2018) landets største byområde omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele landets største byområde omfattende 18 heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af Region Hovedstaden og for de kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af Region Hovedsta- sydlige deles vedkommende af Region Sjælland. Byområdet er præget den og for de sydlige deles vedkommende af byspredning over et stort areal. Centrum for byområdet udgøres af af Region Sjælland. Byområdet er præget

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en France est difficile : malgré La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situ- 10 and 8pt ation en France est difficile : malgré la la vigilance de Fouché, la contestation des mouvements royalistes vigilance de Fouché, la contestation des s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. Les caisses du Trésor mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. Les caisses public sont vides : pris de panique face aux tensions internationales, les du Trésor public sont vides : pris de épargnants tentent de récupérer l’or en dépôt à la Banque de France. De panique face aux tensions internationales,

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Deutsche Republik) wird Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch 10 and 8pt auch Deutsche Republik) wird der Absch- der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschichte von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, nitt der deutschen Geschichte von 1918 bis in dem erstmals eine parlamentarische Demokratie in Deutschland 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamentarische Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. Diese Epoche begann mit der Ausrufung der Republik am 9. bestand. Diese Epoche begann mit der November 1918 und endete mit der NS-Machtergreifung infolge der Ausrufung der Republik am 9. November

Hungarian Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, illetve székvárosát csak a reform- Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, illetve 10 and 8pt székvárosát csak a reformkortól kezdő- kortól kezdődően emlegették együtt, közös nevükön. A gyakoribb forma dően emlegették együtt, közös nevükön. a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempontból jelentősebb) város nevét előre A gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempontból jelentősebb) város nevét helyezve Pest-Buda volt, de elvétve előfordult a magyar nyelvhez jobban előre helyezve Pest-Buda volt, de elvétve illeszkedő, a mássalhangzó-torlódást elkerülő Buda-Pest alak is. Ez a előfordult a magyar nyelvhez jobban

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Sangone Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata 10 and 8pt dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Sangone e Po e Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da sud verso nord), di fronte allo (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da sud sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che collega la città con la verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che collega la vicina Francia attraverso il traforo del Frejus, Valli di Lanzo, Val Sango- città con la vicina Francia attraverso il tra- ne. Torino è detta “la città dei quattro fiumi” perché la Dora Riparia foro del Frejus, Valli di Lanzo, Val Sangone.

Polish Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa) – stolica Polski i Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa 10 and 8pt (m.st. Warszawa) – stolica Polski i wojewó- województwa mazowieckiego, największe miasto kraju, położone w jego dztwa mazowieckiego, największe miasto środkowo-wschodniej części, na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, na Ma- kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, na Nizinie Środkowomazowie- zowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa miejskie uzyskała przed 1300. W 1569 mocą ckiej, na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa unii lubelskiej Warszawa została ustanowiona miejscem obrad sejmów miejskie uzyskała przed 1300. W 1569

Spanish Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del núcleo original de la ciudad Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del 10 and 8pt núcleo original de la ciudad se encont- se encontraban en una isla del Guadalquivir, en la actual zona de la Alfal- raban en una isla del Guadalquivir, en la fa.60 El nombre original del asentamiento fue Spal, que puede también actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del asentamiento fue Spal, que leerse como Ispal. En lengua fenicia el significado de Spal es literalmen- puede también leerse como Ispal. En te la isla de Baal, uno de los dioses más importante del panteón de esta lengua fenicia el significado de Spal es

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