(ROMP) 29A Test Corehole and Its Relation to Carbonate Porosity and Regional Transmissivity in the Floridan Aquifer System, Highlands County, Florida

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A Test Corehole and its Relation to Carbonate Porosity and Regional Transmissivity in the Floridan Aquifer System, Highlands County, Florida

Sequence- RELATIVE SEA LEVEL Dominant HFC Grainstone Geologic stratigraphic and GDP Hydrostratigraphy HFC types tops unit Higher Lower horizons intervals

700 OCALA Semiconfining LIMESTONE unit

HFS-SB SB Grainstone,

ACE 800 Subtidal HFCS Carbonate HFS-MFS rudstone diffuse HFS-SB Peritidal HFCS Stromatolite flow HST Fine grainstone, zone Subtidal HFCS PROGRADING GDP, 900 HFS HFCS MDP

CS Deeper- Semiconfining W LAND SURF HFS-MFS MFS MDP BACKSTEPPING Subtidal HFCS unit AVON HFS-SB Peritidal HFCS Stromatolite HFS-MFS PARK Carbonate 1,000 TST Grainstone, FORMATION diffuse Subtidal HFCS GDP, flow zone floatstone HFS-SB SB Vug Vug Vug 1,100 Stromatolite, Vug HFS-MFS Vug Mixed thin laminite, Vug Vug zones of HST Peritidal HFCS exposure Vug Vug conduit HFS-SB surface Vug DEPTH, IN FEET BELO Vug PROGRADING Vug and Vug HFS-MFS carbonate diffuse 1,200 Stromatolite, CS flow laminite, Vug grainstone Bottom of well

1,300

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-201 Prepared as part of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Program Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A Test Corehole and Its Relation to Carbonate Porosity and Regional Transmissivity in the Floridan Aquifer System, Highlands County, Florida

By William C. Ward1, Kevin J. Cunningham2, Robert A. Renken2, Michael A. Wacker2 and Janine I. Carlson3

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-201

Prepared as part of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Program

1Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of New Orleans, Louisiana (retired)

2U.S. Geological Survey, Florida Integrated Science Center, Miami, Florida

3Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado

Tallahassee, Florida 2003 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director

Use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.

For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from:

U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey 2010 Levy Avenue Branch of Information Services Tallahassee, FL 32310 Box 25286 Denver, CO 80225-0286 888-ASK-USGS

Additional information about water resources in Florida is available on the internet at http://fl.water.usgs.gov CONTENTS

Abstract ...... 1 Introduction ...... 2 Purpose and Scope...... 4 Acknowledgments ...... 4 Site Selection and Methods of Evaluation...... 4 Drilling and Geophysical Data Collection...... 4 Quantification of Carbonate Vuggy Porosity from Digital Borehole Images ...... 6 Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis ...... 6 Avon Park Formation...... 6 Depositional Sequences and Sequence Stratigraphy...... 6 Relation of Porosity to Sequence Stratigraphy ...... 12 Porosity and Diagenesis ...... 14 Ocala Limestone...... 14 Depositional Sequences and Sequence Stratigraphy...... 15 Relation of Porosity and Permeability to Sequence Stratigraphy ...... 15 Suwannee Limestone...... 16 Regional Distribution of Transmissivity in the Northern Lake Okeechobee Area...... 16 Summary and Conclusions ...... 32 References Cited...... 33 Appendix I: Detailed lithologic logs (410–1,244 feet)...... back of report Appendix II: Digital photographs of core box samples (0–1,244 feet) ...... back of report Appendix III: Geophysical and image logs, 1:360 scale ...... back of report Appendix IV: Geophysical and image logs, 1:60 scale ...... back of report

FIGURES

1. Map showing location of ROMP test coreholes in Highlands County, Florida, included in this study ...... 3 2. Hydrogeologic section of the Upper Floridan aquifer penetrated by the ROMP 29A test corehole in Highlands County, Florida ...... 7 3. Diagram showing hierarchy of depositional cycles within the Avon Park Formation...... 10 4. Diagram showing relation of proposed sequence-stratigraphic framework to vertical distribution of major packages of high-frequency cycles and to intervals of grainstone/ grain-dominated packstone and hydrostratigraphy ...... 13 5. Histogram showing distribution of the thickness of open-hole interval...... 29 6. Map showing regional distribution of transmissivity in the upper zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer...... 30 7. Map showing regional distribution of transmissivity in the lower zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer...... 31

Contents III TABLES 1. Avon Park Formation lithofacies ...... 8 2. Nomenclature of stratigraphic cycle hierarchies and order of cyclicity ...... 11 3. High-frequency cycle types of the Avon Park Formation...... 11 4. Data for selected wells...... 17

CONVERSION FACTORS, ACRONYMS, AND VERTICAL DATUM

Multiply By To obtain

inch (in.) 25.4 centimeter foot (ft) 0.3048 meter mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer foot squared per day (ft2/d) 0.0929 meter squared per day

ACRONYMS ASR Aquifer storage and recovery CERP Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan HFC High-frequency cycle HFCS High-frequency cycle set HFS High-frequency sequence PVC Polyvinyl chloride ROMP Regional Observation and Monitoring Program SWFWMD Southwest Florida Water Management District USGS U.S. Geological Survey

Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88); horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27).

IV Contents Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A Test Corehole and Its Relation to Carbonate Porosity and Regional Transmissivity in the Floridan Aquifer System, Highlands County, Florida

By William C. Ward1, Kevin J. Cunningham2, Robert A. Renken2, Michael A. Wacker2, and Janine I. Carlson3

ABSTRACT

An analysis was made to describe and were interpreted for the upper composite interpret the lithology of a part of the Upper sequence; however, only a highstand systems Floridan aquifer penetrated by the Regional tract was interpreted for the lower composite Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) sequence of the deeper Avon Park stratigraphic 29A test corehole in Highlands County, Flor- section. The composite depositional sequences ida. This information was integrated into a one- are composed of at least five high-frequency dimensional hydrostratigraphic model that depositional sequences. These sequences con- delineates candidate flow zones and confining tain high-frequency cycle sets that are an amal- units in the context of sequence stratigraphy. gamation of vertically stacked high-frequency Results from this test corehole will serve as a cycles. Three types of high-frequency cycles starting point to build a robust three-dimen- have been identified in the Avon Park Forma- sional sequence-stratigraphic framework of the tion: peritidal, shallow subtidal, and deeper Floridan aquifer system. subtidal high-frequency cycles. The ROMP 29A test corehole penetrated The vertical distribution of carbonate- the Avon Park Formation, Ocala Limestone, rock diffuse flow zones within the Avon Park Suwannee Limestone, and Hawthorn Group of Formation is heterogeneous. Porous vuggy middle Eocene to Pliocene age. The part of the intervals are less than 10 feet, and most are Avon Park Formation penetrated in the ROMP much thinner. The volumetric arrangement of 29A test corehole contains two composite the diffuse flow zones shows that most occur depositional sequences. A transgressive in the highstand systems tract of the lower systems tract and a highstand systems tract composite sequence of the Avon Park Formation

1Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of New Orleans, Louisiana (retired). 2U.S. Geological Survey, Florida Integrated Science Center, Miami, Florida. 3Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado.

Abstract 1 as compared to the upper composite sequence, the shallow marine Suwannee Limestone overlies which contains both a backstepping transgres- the Ocala Limestone, and permeability seems sive systems tract and a prograding highstand to be comparatively low because moldic poros- systems tract. Although the porous and perme- ity is poorly connected. able layers are not thick, some intervals may Rocks that comprise the lower Hawthorn exhibit lateral continuity because of their depo- Group, Suwannee Limestone, and Ocala Lime- sition on a broad low-relief ramp. A thick inter- stone form a permeable upper zone of the val of thin vuggy zones and open faults forms Upper Floridan aquifer, and rocks of the lower thin conduit flow zones mixed with relatively Ocala Limestone and Avon Park Formation thicker carbonate-rock diffuse flow zones form a permeable lower zone of the Upper between a depth of 1,070 and 1,244 feet below Floridan aquifer. On the basis of a preliminary land surface (bottom of the test corehole). This analysis of transmissivity estimates for wells interval is the most transmissive part of the located north of Lake Okeechobee, spatial rela- Avon Park Formation penetrated in the ROMP tions among groups of relatively high and low 29A test corehole and is included in the high- transmissivity values within the upper zone are stand systems tract of the lower composite evident. Upper zone transmissivity is generally sequence. less than 10,000 feet squared per day in areas The Ocala Limestone is considered to be located south of a line that extends through a semiconfining unit and contains three deposi- Charlotte, Sarasota, DeSoto, Highlands, Polk, tional sequences penetrated by the ROMP 29A Osceola, Okeechobee, and St. Lucie Counties. test corehole. Deposited within deeper subtidal Transmissivity patterns within the lower zone depositional cycles, no zones of enhanced of the Avon Park Formation cannot be region- porosity and permeability are expected in the ally assessed because insufficient data over a Ocala Limestone. A thin erosional remnant of wide areal extent have not been compiled.

INTRODUCTION rocks of the Floridan aquifer system in west- Implementation of carbonate sequence central Florida ((Hammes, 1992; Loizeaux, 1995; stratigraphy can have a dramatic impact on devel- Budd, 2001). Carbonate rocks of the Upper Flori- opment of an accurate stratigraphic interpretation dan aquifer have been targeted as injection zones that can be integrated into a conceptual carbonate- for aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) projects as aquifer hydrogeologic model (Loizeaux, 1995). part of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Carbonate sequence-stratigraphic methods offer Plan (CERP). As a result, it is critical that their the best correlation strategy that can reduce the sequence stratigraphy be developed to reduce the risk of miscorrelating critical carbonate aquifer risk of failure of CERP-ASR projects. flow zones and confining units, as Kerans and Tinker (1997) have discussed its application to In 2002, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) the petroleum industry. A regional sequence- initiated a study, which is part of the CERP and stratigraphic framework has not been developed authorized by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, previously for all the Tertiary marine carbonates to describe and interpret the lithology of part of the included in the Floridan aquifer system throughout Upper Floridan aquifer in a single continuous southern Florida, but has for part of the carbonate corehole and integrate this information into a

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A 2 Test Corehole 81°30′ 81°00′

Brevard

Polk Osceola Indian River

ROMP 29A 27°30′ Hardee Sebring Okeechobee

ROMP 28 St Lucie

Highlands

DeSoto ROMP 14

Martin 27° 00′

Lake Okeechobee Charlotte Glades

Hendry Lee Palm Beach 26°30′

Collier

0 5 1015 20 MILES

0 5 1015 20 KILOMETERS Highlands County

Figure 1. Location of ROMP test coreholes in Highlands County, Florida, included in this study. (ROMP is Regional Observation and Monitoring Program.) one-dimensional hydrostratigraphic model to Florida (fig. 1). The analysis of existing core delineate candidate flow zones and confining units samples from the ROMP 29A test corehole repre- in the context of sequence stratigraphy. The sents an early phase task authorized by the CERP Regional Observation Monitoring Program Regional ASR Project Management Team. The (ROMP) 29A test corehole was used for the effort provides insight into the thickness and strati- evaluation. This test corehole site is located near graphic distribution of zones of transmissivity Sebring in northern Highlands County, south-central within the Upper Floridan aquifer.

Introduction 3 Purpose and Scope SITE SELECTION AND METHODS OF EVALUATION

The purpose of this report is to describe and Three continuously cored test sites, having interpret the lithology of part of the Upper Flori- sufficient length and recovery in the stratigraphic dan aquifer penetrated by the ROMP 29A test interval of interest in the Lake Okeechobee area, corehole in Highlands County, Florida, and to inte- were considered for evaluation of sequence stratig- grate this information into a hydrogeologic model raphy; namely, the ROMP 14, ROMP 28, and that delineates potential carbonate flow zones and ROMP 29A test coreholes (fig. 1). Because of its confining units in the context of a sequence-strati- close proximity to the ROMP 29A test corehole, the graphic framework. The report provides a detailed ROMP 28 test corehole was used to test strati- description of the uppermost 475 ft of the Avon graphic continuity between test coreholes; the ROMP 14 test corehole was not used. More than Park Formation of middle Eocene age, Ocala 2,500 ft of cored rock samples from the three test Limestone of late Eocene age, and Suwannee coreholes were obtained from the Florida Geologi- Limestone of late Eocene and Oligocene ages. cal Survey Core Repository in Tallahassee, Fla., and Attention is given to the stratigraphic distribution from the Southwest Florida Water Management and thickness of porous and permeable zones and District (SWFWMD) in Brooksville, Fla. The their relation to a sequence-stratigraphic frame- unslabbed core samples from these test coreholes work established from this core. Lithologic descrip- were evaluated, and the ROMP 29A test corehole tions are based on examination of 834 ft of slabbed was determined to be best suited for this analysis core and 59 petrographic thin sections, and include because of superior definition of the unconformity petrologic and microfaunal analyses to determine at the top of the Avon Park Formation and the per- the mineralogy, geologic age, and paleoenviron- centage and quality of core recovered. A cursory ments of deposition. Percent vuggy porosity is comparison of the three test coreholes was con- estimated by a new method for the quantification ducted to assess continuity and correlation of of vuggy porosity using digital borehole images selected rock units between coreholes. (Cunningham and others, 2003, in press). Geo- The SWFWMD drilled the ROMP 29A test physical log and aquifer-test data collected in corehole as a temporary exploratory test corehole Highlands County and elsewhere are compared to to provide geologic and hydrologic information assess relations between geology, hydrogeology, needed to establish three nearby permanent moni- and transmissivity. toring wells in the surficial and intermediate aquifer systems and in the Upper Floridan aquifer. During the drilling process, continuous core sam- Acknowledgments ples were collected in combination with other geologic, borehole geophysical, and hydrologic data. Numerous individuals and governmental The corehole was drilled to a depth of 1,244 ft agencies provided technical contributions and below land surface. other assistance. Richard Lee of the Southwest Florida Water Management District coordinated Drilling and Geophysical Data Collection access to the ROMP 29A core, geophysical logs, and well site. Bruce Ward of Earthworks, Inc., pro- The SWFWMD constructed the ROMP 29A vided technical assistance. Core samples test corehole in four stages. Initially, a 21-in.- were slabbed and prepared by Jared Lutz of the diameter borehole was drilled to 40 ft below land Earth Sciences Department, Florida International surface and completed with a 16-in. inner diameter University. Dominicke Merle helped with report schedule 40 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) casing that preparation. was grouted with 5-percent bentonite cement.

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A 4 Test Corehole 3 A 14 /4-in.-diameter borehole was then drilled synthetic porosity log provides only an estimate of from 40 to 250 ft below land surface. This bore- vuggy porosity. However, the synthetic vuggy hole was lined with a 10-in. inner diameter sched- porosity log can be used to compare changes in ule 40 PVC casing from land surface to a depth of porosity within the entire open-hole, optically 250 ft and was grouted with 5-percent bentonite logged interval. A limitation of the method is that 7 cement. A 9 /8-in.-diameter borehole was drilled porosity can be overcounted over intervals where to 494 ft and lined from land surface with a 6-in. the rock is very dark colored, but contains no visi- inner diameter schedule 40 PVC casing, also ble porosity. Additionally, porosity can be under- grouted with 5-percent bentonite cement. Finally, counted over intervals where the rock is very light a temporary 4-in. inner diameter casing was colored, but contains significant visible porosity. installed from land surface to 496 ft, and the A comprehensive explanation of the method borehole was then cored to a depth of 1,244 ft 7 is provided by Cunningham and others (2003, and 1 /8-in.-diameter cores were retrieved. Core in press). recovery was at 70 percent. The ROMP 29A test corehole was cored While the ROMP 29A test corehole was continuously from land surface to 1,244 ft using a filled with clear freshwater, digital borehole image 5-ft long wireline core barrel that allows recovery logs were run using the Mount Sopris OBI-40 7 of a 1 /8-in.-diameter, 5-ft-long (or shorter) core. Optical Televiewer. This instrument is designed 7 Core samples (1 /8-in. diameter) were retrieved, for clear freshwater borehole environments to measured, described, and placed in cardboard boxes monitor, process, and record optical images of for preservation and storage at the SWFWMD borehole walls in digital format for geological and office in Brooksville, Fla. Each core box contains geotechnical analysis. Quantification of vuggy about 10 ft of core. Core recovery ranged from porosity in borehole images of limestone and poor to excellent, with an overall recovery of about dolomite carbonate aquifers is a three-step process 70 percent. Detailed lithologic logs of the slabbed using Baker Atlas RECALL software (Cunning- core are presented and include descriptions of ham and others, 2003, in press). This process lithology, color, texture, porosity, exposure sur- includes measurement of the proportion of vugs in faces, depositional features, bedding thickness, images of slabbed whole-core samples, identifica- and fossils and assignment of formational units, tion of potential vuggy porosity in borehole sequence boundaries, and maximum flooding images, and calibration of the core-sample values surfaces to the rock core (app. I). The core was to the results from borehole-images. In the photographed, and the photographs were con- method, the color digital borehole image is con- verted to digital images by the USGS. Digital verted to gray scale, and then a nonstatic gray photographs of cores (in core boxes) are presented scale threshold is applied to count valid elements in appendix II. and make an estimate of vuggy porosity (Cunning- Caliper, natural gamma, and resistivity logs ham and others, 2003, in press). were collected and provided by the SWFWMD. For purposes of this investigation and due to A digital optical borehole image of the open bore- time and funding constraints, digital borehole hole below 735 ft was collected by the USGS images were not calibrated with whole-core sam- using a Mount Sopris ALT OBI-40 Optical Tele- ples. Threshold values similar to those identified viewer. Geophysical and image logs at scales of in core-calibrated Pleistocene carbonates of south- 1:360 and 1:60 are provided in appendixes III and ern Florida (Cunningham and others, 2003, in IV, respectively. The X-ray diffraction of six sam- press) were used to calculate vuggy porosity in ples also was made to aid in the determination of the ROMP 29A test corehole. Accordingly, the mineralogy.

Site Selection and Methods of Evaluation 5 Quantification of Carbonate Vuggy limited to these formations. The Hawthorn Group Porosity from Digital Borehole Images is generally included as part of the intermediate confining unit, which overlies the Floridan aquifer Vuggy porosity is visible “pore space that is system (fig. 2). However, a description of the within grains or crystals or that is significantly Hawthorn Group from 412 to 461 ft below land larger than the grains or crystals; that is, pore surface is provided in the detailed lithologic logs space that is not interparticle” (Lucia, 1995). Intra- (app. I). particle pores, particle molds, fenestrals, channels, The shallow marine limestones and dolomites and caverns as defined by Choquette and Pray of the Avon Park Formation were deposited mostly (1970) are included in this definition, as is inter- on the inner part of a broad, flat-lying carbonate particle porosity that is visible to the naked eye. ramp that sloped gently toward the Gulf of Mexico Identification of vugs and fractures by geophysical during the Eocene. The fine-grained carbonates of logging is normally accomplished, in the absence the Ocala Limestone of central Florida were of image logs, by combining and interpreting sev- deposited on the middle to outer-ramp setting at eral logs, including: sonic, dipmeter, laterolog, water depths generally below storm wavebase. The induction, density, spontaneous potential, caliper, Suwannee Limestone represents a return to shal- and natural gamma-ray spectrometry (Crary and low marine conditions in central Florida during the others, 1987). Identification of vugs and fractures early Oligocene. The Hawthorn Group is com- using these logs is challenging and interpretive in posed of shallow marine to nonmarine coastal and the absence of a borehole-wall image. deltaic sandstone and mudstone, which prograded Visual interpretation of digital borehole out over the older carbonate platform during the images can improve delineation of zones of prefer- late Oligocene to Pliocene. ential flow and is the most reliable and practical method of identifying vuggy porosity in the limestone of the Floridan aquifer system. Electronic Avon Park Formation images of borehole walls are used to quantify vuggy porosity (Hickey, 1993; Newberry and Twelve lithofacies were identified for the others, 1996; Hurley and others, 1998, 1999) in Avon Park Formation (table 1). The vertical distri- petroleum reservoirs and fracture porosity in aqui- bution of lithofacies is highly cyclic; consequently, fers (Williams and Johnson, 2000). The technique considerable vertical heterogeneity of porosity and also has been used successfully to quantify digital permeability exists within the Avon Park Forma- borehole images of the carbonate Pleistocene tion. Few thick intervals are present in any one Biscayne aquifer (Cunningham and others, 2003, lithofacies as shown in appendix I. in press). Depositional Sequences and Sequence Stratigraphy SEQUENCE-STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS The vertical distribution of lithofacies within the Avon Park Formation inner ramp shows that its The ROMP 29A test corehole penetrates depositional setting in south-central Florida poorly consolidated to consolidated siliciclastics changed repeatedly over brief periods at the loca- and carbonate rocks. The sediments and rocks tion of the ROMP 29A test corehole. Short-term, range in age from middle Eocene to Pliocene and low-amplitude changes in relative sea level are include, in ascending order, carbonate rocks of the recorded by a multitude of high-frequency deposi- Avon Park Formation, Ocala Limestone, and tional cycles. These high-frequency cycles Suwannee Limestone, and siliciclastics of the (HFC’s) are the fundamental depositional units Hawthorn Group (fig. 2). Core descriptions are that characterize the Avon Park Formation (fig. 3).

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A 6 Test Corehole Contact Geologic unit depth Series Hydrogeologic unit (feet) 0 Pliocene 100 Intermediate confining 200 Hawthorn Group unit

300 Miocene

400 ? ?

ACE Carbonate 461 Oligocene Upper Suwannee Limestone diffuse flow 500 499.5 zone Unnamed Ocala ? 600 Upper semi- Unnamed Limestone semi- er Eocene confining confining W LAND SURF unit 700 unit 769 ? 800 Carbonate diffuse flow

900 idan Aquif Unnamed Avon Park semiconfining unit Middle Lower 1,000 Formation Carbonate Eocene diffuse zone DEPTH, IN FEET BELO flow 1,100 Thin zones of Total conduit flow 1,200 depth Upper Flor 1,244 1,300

Figure 2. Hydrogeologic section of the Upper Floridan aquifer penetrated by the ROMP 29A test corehole in Highlands County, Florida. (ROMP is Regional Observation Monitoring Program.)

The HFC’s of the Avon Park Formation can The lithofacies contained in the HFC’s record be grouped into high-frequency cycle sets (HFCS) three principal depositional settings during accumu- reflecting fluctuations of relative sea level on a lation of the carbonate rocks comprising the Avon lower order time scale. These HFCS’s have been Park Formation: (1) peritidal; (2) open-shelf, shal- further grouped into high-frequency sequences low subtidal; and (3) open-shelf, deeper subtidal. (HFS’s) as shown in figure 3. The nomenclature A descriptive summary of three common types of that is commonly applied to the various orders HFC’s associated with these three general deposi- of depositional cyclicity in carbonate rocks is tional settings is provided in table 3. The successive presented in table 2. shifting of these depositional settings through time

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis 7 Interpretation Low-energy inner shelf. Low-energy to intertidal. subtidal Shallow inner shelf. High-energy to intertidal. subtidal Shallow open shelf. Low-energy subtidal. Shallow open shelf. High-energy subtidal. Shallow subtidal. Shallow Open shelf. Deeper subtidal. Fabularia, Fabularia, , , mollusks, peloids, and ostracodes, mollusks, and mollusks, ostracodes, , most commonly miliolids. commonly miliolids. , most Dictyoconus line, moldic, vuggy, and line, moldic, vuggy, mollusks, and mixtures of benthic planktic foraminifers, ostracodes, Fabularia, , ch in gravel-size mollusks and/or ch in gravel-size by benthic foraminifers, most by inoid-rich layers): intergranular, intergranular, inoid-rich layers): s. Generally low and highly variable and highly variable s. Generally low wackestone/mud-dominated packstone and wackestone/mud-dominated stalline, and intraskeletal. Composition in mollusk-rich layers), and vuggy. Dictyoconus by benthic foraminifers by porosity (10-25 percent estimated in thin section): porosity (10-25 porosity (10-25 percent estimated in thin section): porosity (10-25 hic foraminifers, echinoids Generally low and highly variable porosity: moldic, and highly variable Generally low rosity low: microcrystal rosity low:

Carbonate-muddy limestone dominated commonly miliolds. Other common constituents: ostracodes, mollusks, pellets and peloid microcry porosity: moldic, vuggy, limestone dominated Grainy Carbonate-muddy limestone with echinoids, microcrystalline, and intraskeletal. vuggy, limestone with bent Grainy intraclasts. Generally good moldic, and vuggy. intraskeletal, intergranular, of skeletal Coarse-grained equivalent in ech porosity (low echinoids. Variable moldic (especially intraskeletal, Carbonate-muddy limestone with abundant intraskeletal. Other common constituents: planktic foraminifers. and grain-dominated packstone/grainstone ri echinoids, and pellets. Po intraclasts. Generally good intraclasts. Generally good moldic, and vuggy. intraskeletal, intergranular, Avon Park Formation lithofacies lithofacies Park Formation Avon Lithofacies Benthic-foram wackestone/mud- dominated packstone Benthic foram grain- dominated packstone/grainstone wackestone/ Skeletal mud-dominated packstone grain- Skeletal dominated packstone/grainstone Skeletal floatstone/rudstone Planktic foram wackestone/mud- dominated packstone Table 1.

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A 8 Test Corehole

Interpretation Restricted inner shelf. shelf. inner Restricted to supratidal. Intertidal shelf. inner Restricted tidal flats. Low-energy event. High-energy inner shelf. Mostly shallow of wave Occasional surges Peritidal and shallow energy. subtidal. Zones of post-depositional collapse breccia, mostly vugs or associated with large Others associated with caves. in dissolution of evaporites flats. tidal Subaerial exposure. packstone, or fine grainstone with packstone, or fine of gravel-size fragments of of gravel-size llets. Generally very low porosity: low llets. Generally very riable, up to estimated 20 percent in wackestone. Poorly fossiliferous. wackestone. ostructure, circumgranular cracking, Constituents: pellets, ostracodes, and ghly variable depending on amount of ghly variable iliferous. Very low porosity: fracture low iliferous. Very vuggy, intergranular, and minor fracture. intergranular, vuggy, Composition other carbonate rock types. tone composed of mostly angular fragments tone composed of rounded to angular fragments (Continued) carbonate conglomerate composed grainy laminae: moldic, fenestral, grainy and moldic. fracture, fenestral, Commonly hard and dense. and vuggy. thin irregular organic-rich laminae. organic-rich thin irregular benthic foraminifers. Porosity highly va Ostracodes, benthic foraminifers, and pe clasts. Poorly to nonfoss and fitted Wavy laminated carbonate mudstone, fine laminated carbonate mudstone, fine Wavy Laminated carbonate mudstone and/or In situ Intraclast floatstone/ruds Intraclast floatstone/ruds Carbonate mudstone with clotty micr limestone and dolomite. Porosity hi fracture, and moldic. matrix: intergranular, laminite, stromatolite, or cements. limestone rock types. Some with cave various Avon Park Formation lithofacies lithofacies Avon Park Formation Lithofacies Stromatolite Laminite Intraclastic floatstone/rudstone Rip-up clast breccia Collapse breccia Caliche Table 1. Table

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis 9 cycle* High-frequency LOWER RELATIVE SEA LEVEL RELATIVE LOWER HIGHER RELATIVE SEA LEVEL HIGHER RELATIVE HIGH-FREQUENCY CYCLES ARE HIGH-FREQUENCY SCHEMATICALLY SHOWN

* HFCS

cycle set

HFCS HFCS HFCS HFCS High-frequency HFS-SB HFS-SB HFS-SB HFS-SB HFS-SB HFS-MFS HFS-MFS HFS-MFS HFS-MFS HFS-MFS EXPLANATION sequence

High-frequency HFS

HFS HFS HFS HFS HFS HIGHSTAND SYSTEMSHIGHSTAND TRACT TRANSGRESSIVE SYSTEMS TRACT MAXIMUM FLOODING SURFACE BOUNDARY SEQUENCE SB SB TST HST MFS

MFS

(CS) (HFS) (HFCS) (HFC) HST sequence Composite

TST HST CS CS ? ? BOTTOM OF WELL OCALA AVON PARK AVON LIMESTONE FORMATION Hierarchy of depositional cycles within Formation. Avon the Park within cycles depositional of Hierarchy -700 -800 -900

-1,000 -1,100 -1,200 -1,300

ACE W LAND SURF LAND W DEPTH, IN FEET BELO FEET IN DEPTH, Figure 3. Figure

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A 10 Test Corehole Table 2. Nomenclature of stratigraphic cycle hierarchies and order of cyclicity [Modified from Kerans and Tinker, 1997. <, less than the value; >, greater than the value]

Tectono- Relative Relative sea-level Duration eustatic/ sea-level rise/fall rate Sequence-stratigraphic unit (million eustatic cycle amplitude (centimeters per years) order (meters) 1,000 years)

First >100 <1 Second Supersequence 10 - 100 50 - 100 1 -3 Composite sequence/ Third 1 - 10 50 - 100 1 - 10 Depositional sequence High-frequency sequence/ Fourth 0.1 - 1 1 - 150 40 - 500 High-frequency cycle set Fifth High-frequency cycle 0.01 - 0.1 1 - 150 60 - 700

Table 3. High-frequency cycle types of the Avon Park Formation

High-frequency General depositional Description cycle type setting

Less than 1 foot to a few feet thick (15 feet maximum). Peritidal; very Mostly fining upward sequences. Mostly benthic foram shallow subtidal, wackestone/mud-dominated packstone or benthic foram Peritidal intertidal, and grain-dominated packstone/grainstone at the base to supratidal. stromatolite or laminite at the top. A few cycles capped by exposure surfaces (caliche and/or microkarst). From 1 to 10 feet thick. Mostly coarsening upward. From skeletal wackestone/mudstone-dominated Open-shelf, shallow packstone or skeletal grain-dominated packstone at the Shallow subtidal subtidal. base to grain-dominated packstone or grainstone at the top. Some crossbedding at the top. Some burrowing in the lower part. From 10 to 20 feet thick (definition of these high- Open-shelf, deeper frequency cycles is locally difficult). From planktic- Deeper subtidal subtidal; generally foram wackestone at the base to mud-dominated below wavebase. packstone at the top. Well-preserved laminations in some places. Other zones highly burrowed.

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis 11 was closely related to relative sea-level changes Although calculated zones of high vuggy recorded by the HFC’s. The overall large-scale porosity (app. I) are uncommon in the upper vertical changes in lithology of the Avon Park composite sequence of the Avon Park Formation Formation are evidence of lower orders of relative (fig. 4), grainstone and grain-dominated packstone sea-level changes, reflected in the HFS’s and two lithofacies with a relatively high matrix porosity composite sequences (fig. 3 and table 2). The hier- and permeability is common. These zones are thin, archical scheme of sequence stratigraphy made however, showing the influence of depositional from the ROMP 29A test corehole is considered bedding on porosity development. Thus, the upper tentative (fig. 3). The stratigraphic sections for composite sequence is dominated by carbonate several other wells in southern Florida would need rock with diffuse flow, but does contain a semi- to be evaluated to determine which cycles and confining unit near the middle that corresponds to sequences defined herein are regionally significant. deeper subtidal HFC’s and the shift from a back- Excellent correlation between many lithologic units stepping transgressive to a prograding highstand in the Avon Park Formation in the ROMP 29A test systems tract (fig. 4). The highstand systems tract corehole and the slightly downdip ROMP 28 test of the upper composite sequence seems to repre- corehole suggests that the proposed intermediate- sent a slightly deeper position on the platform, and order cycles may have regional significance. consequently, less vuggy porosity and carbonate diffuse flow zones. The slightly deeper condition Relation of Porosity to Sequence Stratigraphy is suggested by the predominance of subtidal HFC’s in the upper composite sequence relative to Most zones with high vuggy porosity calcu- peritidal HFC’s dominating the lower composite lated from digital borehole image logs (app. I) are sequence. located in the lower composite sequence (fig. 4). The maximum-flooding surface of the upper This relative abundance in vuggy porosity corre- composite sequence (that is, the record of the max- sponds to a thick carbonate section dominated by imum relative sea-level transgression during Avon peritidal HFC’s that collectively compose the inter- Park Formation deposition) is within an interval of preted highstand and progradational part of the deeper subtidal, planktic-foraminiferal wacke- lower composite sequence of the Avon Park Forma- stone. This fine-grained unit possibly could form a tion. These peritidal HFC’s have the most abundant regional confining unit that separates porous zones amount of grainstones and grain-dominated pack- in the upper Avon Park Formation from those in stones. Visual examination of core samples and thin the middle and lower Avon Park Formation (fig. 4) sections suggests these grainy lithofacies have rela- and may be part of the middle confining unit of tively high intergranular porosity and relatively Miller (1986). high matrix permeability. Thus, the carbonate rocks A 115-ft thick-interval (1,070-1,185 ft below of the lower composite sequence are a heteroge- land surface) of the lower composite sequence of neous interlayering of thin conduit flow and carbon- the ROMP 29A test corehole has numerous large ate rock diffuse flow zones, and thus, the lower vugs (fig. 4 and app. I). This vuggy interval is composite sequence also contains the greatest within the middle and upper part of the thick unit volume of conduit and carbonate diffuse flow zones of peritidal HFC’s (fig. 4). The peritidal HFC’s con- (fig. 4). The common occurrence of grainstone and tain some evidence of tidal flat or supratidal flat relatively high porosity is more typical of highstand evaporites, such as thin solution breccias, frac- systems tracts than transgressive systems tracts tures, and molds of gypsum crystals. Thin evapor- using the modeled carbonate sequence stratigraphy ite layers probably dissolved during an early burial of Lucia (1999) and the Permian carbonate ramp phase and provided porous and permeable zones model of the San Andres Formation, Guadalupe of enhanced ground-water flow, thus promoting Mountains, Texas and New Mexico as analogue postburial dissolution and creating the vuggy examples (Kerans and others, 1994). interval.

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A 12 Test Corehole unit and flow unit flow zone conduit diffuse diffuse zones of zones Mixed thin Mixed flow zone flow Carbonate Carbonate Semiconfining Semiconfining carbonate diffuse Hydrostratigraphy unit PARK AVON OCALA Geologic FORMATION Vug Vug Vug Vug Vug Vug Vug Vug Vug Vug Vug Vug Vug Vug LIMESTONE intervals and GDP Grainstone HIGH-FREQUENCY CYCLE HIGH-FREQUENCY HIGH-FREQUENCY SEQUENCE HIGH-FREQUENCY CYCLE SETS HIGH FREQUENCY PACKSTONE GRAIN-DOMINATED PACKSTONE MUD-DOMINATED MDP GDP, MDP GDP, tops HFC surface laminite, laminite, rudstone exposure floatstone grainstone HFS HFC Grainstone, GDP MDP Grainstone, Stromatolite Stromatolite HFCS Stromatolite, Stromatolite, Fine grainstone, Deeper- Dominant HFC types Peritidal HFCS Peritidal Peritidal HFCS Peritidal Peritidal HFCS Peritidal Subtidal HFCS Subtidal HFCS Subtidal HFCS Subtidal HFCS EXPLANATION SB SB MFS horizons Sequence- stratigraphic HFS-SB HFS-SB HFS-SB HFS-SB HFS-SB HFS-MFS HFS-MFS HFS-MFS HFS-MFS HFS-MFS HIGHSTAND SYSTEMSHIGHSTAND TRACT TRANSGRESSIVE SYSTEMS TRACT MAXIMUM FLOODING SURFACE BOUNDARY SEQUENCE COMPOSITE SEQUENCE GRAINSTONE OR GDP GRAINSTONE Lower

SB CS

TST HST MFS

HFCS

HFS

HST

PROGRADING CS Higher PROGRADING RELATIVE SEA LEVEL RELATIVE TST Bottom of well

BACKSTEPPING of major distribution to vertical framework proposed sequence-stratigraphic of Relation 700 800 900

1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300

ACE W LAND SURF LAND W DEPTH, IN FEET BELO FEET IN DEPTH, Figure 4. Figure and packstone grainstone/grain-dominated of and to intervals cycles high-frequency of packages and GDP intervals.) grainstone with the associated is flow diffuse (Most carbonate hydrostratigraphy.

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis 13 A 162-ft-thick interval between 1,082 and Secondary porosity is not as important to 1,244 ft below land surface contains several small- fluid flow as is the preserved intergranular poros- scale faults with mineralized striations or slicken- ity, except in the coarse dolomitized intervals, lines on both surfaces. The mineralized slicken- vuggy zones, and open fractures. Minor fossil lines are composed of a darker material than the moldic porosity is present in the generally fora- host rock and are easily identified on the digital minifer-rich limestones of the Avon Park Forma- borehole image. The fault-plane dip is oblique to tion, but only a few thin mollusk-rich layers have the sense of motion on the slickenlines; however, extensive moldic porosity. In echinoid-rich grain- the latter does not have visible steps or other kine- stones, intergranular porosity is occluded by matic features that indicate whether the dominant coarse syntaxial cement. motion is normal or reverse. Measurable dips of The 115-ft-thick zone of large vugs (1,070 fault planes range from 33 to 60 degrees, and there and 1,185 ft below land surface) in the lower part is no pattern to the dip direction. The faults formed of the cored interval of the Avon Park Formation in the wackestones and packstones, but not in any (fig. 4) shows evidence of a late stage invasion of of the dolomitized layers. Occurrence of fault dolomitizing ground-water brines. A narrow and structures is possibly related to dissolution of dense zone around many vugs was dolomitized, evaporites. These faults along with the fractured and large fibrous crystals of strontianite and anhy- dolomites found near the base of the core, large drite grew in the vugs. It seems that this late stage dissolution cavities, and vugs in the interval from diagenesis created a dense poorly permeable zone 1,070 to 1,185 ft indicate enhanced permeability around many of the vugs. If so, this would below 1,070 ft. decrease the volume of fluid flow from vug to vug through time. Porosity and Diagenesis

The ROMP 29A test corehole penetrated the Ocala Limestone upper 18 ft of a pervasively dolomitized zone of the lower Avon Park Formation between 1,226 and The 270-ft-thick Ocala Limestone section 1,244 ft below land surface (app. I). This vuggy penetrated by the ROMP 29A test corehole (app. I) and fractured section probably has relatively high is composed of poorly consolidated carbonate porosity and permeability. The overlying part of mud-rich limestone of late Eocene age. In south- the Avon Park Formation, however, has only scat- central Florida, the Ocala Limestone probably was tered thin zones of finer crystalline dolomite with deposited in a mid- to outer-ramp depositional relatively low porosity and permeability. Most of environment, generally below normal wavebase. the Avon Park Formation core shows little alter- Wave- or current-winnowed grainy limestones, ation of the depositional fabric by postburial therefore, are minor in the Ocala Limestone in this diagenesis. In this area of the carbonate ramp, corehole. Even so, cyclic vertical heterogeneity in sediments of the Avon Park Formation apparently lithology is characteristic (app. I). were buried without being subjected to a substan- The two principal lithofacies are: (1) large, tial influx of freshwater. Intergranular and moldic benthic-foraminiferal (Nummulites and/or Lepido- porosity of 30 to 40 percent is still preserved in cyclina) wackestone with a soft micrite matrix; many grainstones and grain-dominated pack- and (2) poorly indurated, large, benthic-foramin- stones. Additionally, matrix porosity is equally iferal, mud-dominated packstone. Additionally, high in mud-dominated packstone and wacke- there are some intervals of floatstone and mud- or stone. Even intraskeletal porosity in many grain-dominated rudstone composed of abundant foraminifers is preserved. However, matrix Lepidocyclina foraminifers. Another less common permeability is high only in the grainy limestones lithofacies is mixed skeletal wackestone with few (Budd, 2001). or no large foraminifers. Other fossils in these

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A 14 Test Corehole lithofacies include planktic foraminifers, small boundary is based on a color change observed benthic foraminifers, thin-shelled bivalves, in the core (app. I) and its correlation to the echinoids, bryozoans, ostracodes, and planktic regional sequence boundaries of Loizeaux crinoids. (1995).

Depositional Sequences and Sequence 3. The upper sequence is composed of 86.5 ft Stratigraphy (between 499.5 and 586 ft below land surface) of mostly mixed-skeletal wackestone, The Ocala Limestone of this region is com- with minor mud-dominated packstone, and a posed of deeper subtidal depositional cycles con- 2-ft-thick layer of Lepidocyclina floatstone taining at least two orders of frequency. Loizeaux at 541.5 ft. This sequence consists of at least (1995) and Budd (2001) traced three lower- three higher frequency units. The upper frequency depositional sequences within the Ocala boundary of the sequence is a regional uncon- Limestone across west-central Florida east to the formity at the top of the Ocala Limestone. ROMP 28 test corehole in Highlands County. Loizeaux (1995) designated these major coarsening- Within each “third-order” sequence, and shallowing-upward depositional units as likely Loizeaux (1995) tentatively defined two to three third-order sequences. higher order, coarsening-upward, depositional Using the nearby ROMP 28 test corehole for cycles. Typically, the high-frequency depositional comparison, three depositional sequences also can cycles are 15- to 50-ft thick and consist of large, be defined in the Ocala Limestone of the Romp foraminiferal wackestone overlain by large foram 29A test corehole: mud-dominated packstone. Using the criteria of 1. The lower depositional sequence overlying the Loizeaux (1995), the lower sequence of the Ocala unconformity at the top of the Avon Park Limestone in the ROMP 29A test corehole tenta- Formation consists principally of 91 ft of tively can be divided into six higher frequency large, benthic-foraminiferal wackestone units, the middle sequence into seven, and the between 679 and 770 ft. Most of the lower upper sequence into three units. The significance 55 ft is well laminated with alternating layers of textural changes in a middle to outer-ramp, of light gray and darker gray Nummulites large, foraminiferal buildup is problematic. wackestone. Mostly above 715 ft, the higher frequency units consist of nonbedded Relation of Porosity and Permeability to (presumably highly bioturbated) Lepidocy- Sequence Stratigraphy clina-Nummulites wackestone that coarsens upward to Lepidocyclina-Nummulites mud- The Ocala Limestone near the ROMP 29A dominated packstone. The top 8 ft of the test corehole is composed entirely of carbonate Ocala Limestone consists of large Lepidocy- mud-rich rocks. Much of the original high matrix clina floatstone and rudstone. porosity, however, is preserved. Porosity of 2. The middle sequence consists of 93 ft (between the lime mud-rich rocks of the Ocala Limestone 586 and 679 ft below land surface) of lime- typically ranges from 30 to 40 percent (Loizeaux, stone with at least seven higher frequency 1995). By contrast, matrix permeability and verti- units. Each higher frequency unit generally cal hydraulic conductivity are low in the mud- consists of 93 ft of Lepidocyclina wacke- dominated lithofacies of the Ocala Limestone in stone with a thin cap of Lepidocyclina mud- west-central Florida (Loizeaux, 1995; Budd, dominated packstone. The upper sequence 2001).

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis 15 For this area of deeper subtidal depositional REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF TRANS- cycles, zones of enhanced porosity and permeabil- MISSIVITY IN THE NORTHERN LAKE ity would seem unlikely in the Ocala Limestone, OKEECHOBEE AREA regardless of location in the depositional systems tracts. The Ocala Limestone is considered to be a Optimum transmissivities for successful semiconfining unit in the ROMP 29A test corehole (fig. 2). Loizeaux (1995) recognized part of the ASR injection and recovery in southern Florida are reported to range from a lower limit of 5,000 Ocala Limestone as a relatively impermeable 2 barrier in west-central Florida. to 7,000 ft /d to an upper limit of 30,000 to 50,000 ft2/d (Reese, 2002, p. 40; T.M. Missimer, Missimer-CDM, Inc., oral commun., 2001). Suwannee Limestone Therefore, maps showing the spatial distribution of transmissivity within likely water-bearing stor- In the area where the ROMP 29A test core- age zones are useful tools that could be used to hole was drilled, only a thin erosional remnant of guide CERP regional ASR well siting activities. shallow marine Suwannee Limestone overlies the A number of different elements are reported to unconformity at the top of the Ocala Limestone. influence the distribution of transmissivity in the In the ROMP 29A test corehole, three higher fre- Floridan aquifer system (Miller, 1986). Properties quency units are recognized (app. I). The two that influence the regional distribution of transmis- lower units consist of the basal unit of the Suwan- sivity in the Floridan aquifer system include the nee Limestone, which is a 21.5-ft-thick interval of original lithologic character of the carbonate rock, white, slightly silty, mollusk floatstone and lime carbonate depositional patterns, subsequent mud-dominated rudstone (app. I). Molds of whole diagenesis including dolomitization, widening of bivalves and gastropods are abundant, and echi- fractures and joints by dissolution, and other types noid fragments are common. Moldic porosity is of karstification. high, but permeability probably is low because the molds do not seem to be well connected. Estimates of transmissivity for the Upper Floridan aquifer (table 4) were derived by analyz- The upper higher frequency unit (app. I) is ing aquifer-test data published in the literature a 17-ft-thick interval that coarsens upward from silty and sandy skeletal mud-dominated packstone (Shaw and Trost, 1984; Southwest Florida Water to silty and sandy skeletal grain-dominated pack- Management District, 2000). Transmissivities stone to silty and sandy miliolid-echinoid grain- derived by Shaw and Trost (1984) were estimated stone. Molds of gastropods and bivalves are using the Theis analytical equation; transmissivity common at the top of this depositional cycle. The estimates obtained from the Southwest Florida intergranular porosity of the grainstone estimated Water Management District (2000) were derived in this thin section is only 10 to 15 percent because using various analytical methods including those much of the pore space is occluded by syntaxial of Theis (1935), Cooper and Jacob (1946), and echinoid overgrowths. Jacob (1946) for confined aquifers. Analytical Irregular vertical cavities at the top of this methods by Hantush and Jacob (1955) and by Wal- thin remnant of the Suwannee Limestone are infil- ton (1962) were used for semiconfined, leaky, trated by silt of the Hawthorn Group. These fea- hydrologic conditions. Time constraints were pro- tures, probably microkarst, were produced during vided for only a preliminary analysis of regional subaerial exposure, which followed extensive ero- transmissivity patterns within the Upper Floridan sion of the Suwannee Limestone and preceded aquifer. Additional data extending over a wider deposition of the shallow marine silt and sand of area could improve the understanding of regional the basal Hawthorn Group. transmissivity patterns.

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A 16 Test Corehole

2,616 8,978 5,762 6,700 1,340 4,020 , 72,226 26,800 14,740 62,980 13,400 (feet (feet sivity, 150,348 255,940 per day) per squared Transmis- method Hantush Anaytical of test APT Type Packer Packer Packer Packer Packer Packer Packer Packer Packer Packer Packer Packer Zone tested 720-970 560-1,100 560-1,600 465-530 680-760 930-1,020 630-720 945-1,000 1,100-2,000 1,100-3,200 1,345-1,606 1,180-1,220 1,250-1,616 tten commun., 2002; and Emily Hopkins, SFWMD Emily Hopkins, and 2002; commun., tten Ocala Ocala Hawthorn Suwannee Suwannee Suwannee Suwannee Avon Park Avon Park Avon Park Avon Park Formation Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Suwannee/Ocala/ Lower Suwannee/ Lower 970 well Total (feet) depth 2,000 3,200 1,100 1,600 1,608 1,608 1,608 1,608 1,608 1,616 1,616 1,616 numerical values means data were not included in this report] in this included not were means data values numerical Collier County Collier Charlotte County 720 560 560 360 360 360 360 360 318 318 318 (feet) depth Casing 1,100 1,100 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 (inches) Diameter SWFWMD (2000), Michael Beach, SFWMD, wri Beach, Michael SWFWMD (2000), 0814828 0821442 0821442 0821442 0821442 0814145 0814145 0814145 0814145 0814145 0814107 0814107 0814107 Longitude

265645 270043 270043 270043 270043 260249 260249 260249 260249 260249 260952 260952 260952 Latitude Data for selected wells CO-2080 CO-2080 CO-2080 CO-2080 CO-2080 CO-2081 CO-2081 CO-2081 Well name Injection Well Injection Well Injection Well Injection Well Injection Well North Port Deep North Port Deep North Port Deep North Port Deep North Port Cecil Webb Romp 5 Cecil Webb Table 4. Table (1984), and Trost Shaw from modified [Data of Absence test. performance aquifer APT, 2002. commun. written

Regional Distribution of Transmissivity in the Northern Lake Okeechobee Area 17

3,618 , 13,400 10,988 (feet sivity, 160,800 112,158 301,500 132,660 per day) per squared Transmis- Theis method Hantush Hantush Anaytical of test APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT Type Zone tested 670-780 725-909 505-801 Suwannee Suwannee Avon Park Avon Park Avon Park Avon Park Formation Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Ocala/Avon Park Ocala/Avon Suwannee/Ocala/ Suwannee/Ocala/ 880 801 well Total (feet) depth 1,550 1,600 1,090 1,430 1,544 1,072 1,133 1,547 1,154 DeSoto County DeSoto

280 160 576 650 124 800 638 688 (feet) depth Casing 1,430 1,100 6 8 24 12 20 10 12 22 12 10 (inches) Diameter (505-800) (395-1,430) (710-1,100) 0820253 0814009 0815901 0815835 0813922 0813520 0815956 0814432 0820250 0813413 0813410 Longitude 271439 270413 270417 271028 271233 270501 270402 270228 270737 270314 270502 Latitude Cattle Amax Data for selected wells (Continued) selected Data for Well 101 Well 201 ROMP 15 ROMP 9.5 0414-5847 Well name Well DeSoto Land & Land DeSoto Sunpure Groves Sunpure Groves Sunpure Groves Peace River Well Well Peace River North Grove PW-1 PW-1 North Grove Long Island Marsh Horse Creek ROMP 17 Horse Creek ROMP Fort Ogden Test Site 15 Ogden Test Fort Prairie Creek ROMP 12 Prairie Creek ROMP Table 4. SFWMD Emily Hopkins, and 2002; commun., SFWMD, written Beach, Michael SWFWMD (2000), (1984), Trost and Shaw from modified [Data written commun. 2002. APT, aquifer performance test. Absence of numerical values means data were not included in this report] in this included not were data means values numerical Absence of test. performance aquifer APT, 2002. commun. written

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A 18 Test Corehole 188

2,358 , 70,752 (feet (feet sivity, 268,000 844,200 268,000 103,180 134,000 per day) per squared Transmis- 9,353,200 Jacob method Hantush Hantush Hantush Hantush- Anaytical of test APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT Type Zone tested 671-786 950-1,175 970-1,785 305-675 750-1,100 700-1,050 1,500-1,702 1,000-1,400 tten commun., 2002; and Emily Hopkins, SFWMD Emily Hopkins, and 2002; commun., tten Ocala Floridan Suwannee Suwannee Avon Park Avon Park Avon Park Formation Suwannee/Ocala Ocala/Avon Park Ocala/Avon Park Ocala/Avon Park Ocala/Avon 786 well Total (feet) depth 1,340 1,175 1,320 1,400 1,911 1,911 1,100 1,050 numerical values means data were not included in this report] in this included not were means data values numerical Hardee County 674 175 514 950 472 676 700 400 (feet) depth Casing 1,785

6 12 20 14 18 12 12 10 24 (inches) Diameter (300-676) (960-1,785) SWFWMD (2000), Michael Beach, SFWMD, wri Beach, Michael SWFWMD (2000), 0813658 0813714 0814532 0815851 0815851 0820149 0815403 0820025 0820025 0820145 0815201 Longitude 270419 271628 271405 273446 273446 273818 272841 272159 272159 273024 273817 Latitude FIF-1 Data for selected wells (Continued) Data for selected wells Estech Wilson USSAC-S USSAC-S Well name CF Industries Lily ROMP 25 ROMP Lily 25 ROMP Lily Rockland Mine CF Industries (101) CF Industries Farmland Industries Industries Farmland Mississippi Chemical Tropical River Groves Tippen Bay ROMP 13 Bay ROMP Tippen Table 4. Table (1984), and Trost Shaw from modified [Data of Absence test. performance aquifer APT, 2002. commun. written

Regional Distribution of Transmissivity in the Northern Lake Okeechobee Area 19 a a a

7,598 6,579 3,082 8,308 , 5,494 69,680 26,800 (feet sivity, 14,740 22,110 per day) per squared Transmis- Theis Theis Theis Theis Theis method Anaytical of test APT APT APT APT APT APT Type Single well Single well Single well Single well Single well Zone tested 450-640 370-1,332 370-1,332 420-1,205 464-1,400 Suwannee Suwannee Avon Park Avon Park Avon Park Avon Park Avon Park Avon Park Avon Park Formation Ocala/Avon Park Ocala/Avon Park Ocala/Avon Suwannee/Ocala/ Suwannee/Ocala/ Suwannee/Ocala/ Suwannee/Ocala/ Suwannee/Ocala/ Suwannee/Ocala/ Lower Hawthorn/ Lower 730 640 well Total (feet) depth 1,682 1,492 1,670 1,332 1,332 1,205 1,400 1,317 1,400 Highlands County Highlands 682 425 650 450 370 370 420 520 397 464 (feet) depth Casing 1,003 8 6 8 10 12 10 10 10 16 12 14 (inches) Diameter 0812030 0812925 0812130 0812130 0810520 0810827 0810827 0812132 0812630 0812528 0812800 Longitude 271252 273446 270915 270915 271335 272158 272158 272655 273028 271623 273040 Latitude HIF-1 Data for selected wells (Continued) selected Data for HIF-39 HIF-39 HIF-41 Sebring W-2859 Well name Well (Well no. no. 1) (Well no. 2) (Well Tropical River River Tropical Grove Test Site Test Grove FPC Avon Park FPC Avon Hicoria ROMP 14 Hicoria ROMP 14 Hicoria ROMP Consolidated Tomoca Consolidated Tomoca Table 4. SFWMD Emily Hopkins, and 2002; commun., SFWMD, written Beach, Michael SWFWMD (2000), (1984), Trost and Shaw from modified [Data written commun. 2002. APT, aquifer performance test. Absence of numerical values means data were not included in this report] in this included not were data means values numerical Absence of test. performance aquifer APT, 2002. commun. written

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A 20 Test Corehole

8,040 8,040 8,978 7,772 7,772 7,236 6,700 , 13,132 10,586 10,988 12,328 13,936 (feet (feet sivity, per day) per squared Transmis- Theis Jacob Jacob Jacob Jacob Theis- Walton Walton method Hantush- Hantush- Hantush- Recovery Recovery Anaytical Semi Log- of test APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT Type Zone tested 7 6 0- 75 * 7 6 0- 75 * 7 6 0- 75 * tten commun., 2002; and Emily Hopkins, SFWMD Emily Hopkins, and 2002; commun., tten Suwannee Suwannee Suwannee Suwannee Suwannee Formation Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Lower Hawthorn/ Lower 0 770 770 770 963 660 660 660 660 620 863 863 863 well Total (feet) depth Lee County Lee numerical values means data were not included in this report] in this included not were means data values numerical 0 750 750 750 365 350 350 350 350 350 360 360 360 (feet) depth Casing 4 4 4 6 8 8 8 8 4 4 16 10 10 (inches) Diameter SWFWMD (2000), Michael Beach, SFWMD, wri Beach, Michael SWFWMD (2000), 0820639 0820639 0820639 0820859 0815444 0814918 0814918 0814918 0814918 0814921 0820200 0820200 0820115 Longitude 262624 262624 262624 264003 263100 262242 262242 262242 262242 262243 263738 263738 263740 Latitude Data for selected wells (Continued) Data for selected wells LM-1527 LM-1527 LM-1527 LM-1622 LM-1914 LM-1980 LM-1980 LM-1980 LM-1980 LM-2041 LM-2213 LM-2213 LM-2221 Well name Table 4. Table (1984), and Trost Shaw from modified [Data of Absence test. performance aquifer APT, 2002. commun. written

Regional Distribution of Transmissivity in the Northern Lake Okeechobee Area 21

2,412 8,509 2,278 4,406 6,566 3,216 9,112 , (feet sivity, per day) per squared Transmis- method Anaytical of test APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT Type Zone tested Suwannee Suwannee Formation Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower 707 700 722 710 720 720 642 764 742 765 702 782 905 905 735 800 well Total (feet) depth 1,100 0 450 440 495 490 508 510 515 599 599 590 520 558 665 665 500 785 (feet) depth Casing 4 4 6 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 (inches) Diameter 0820020 0820007 0815948 0815918 0815904 0815849 0815835 0820049 0820028 0820015 0820002 0815947 0820732 0820732 0820119 0815631 0815631 Longitude 263532 263532 263533 263533 263533 263533 263533 263720 263720 263720 263720 263722 262707 262707 264147 264128 264124 Latitude Data for selected wells (Continued) selected Data for LM-2417 LM-2418 LM-2419 LM-2420 LM-2421 LM-2422 LM-2423 LM-2424 LM-2425 LM-2426 LM-2427 LM-2428 LM-2464 LM-2464 LM-3249 LM-3273 LM-3508 Well name Well Table 4. SFWMD Emily Hopkins, and 2002; commun., SFWMD, written Beach, Michael SWFWMD (2000), (1984), Trost and Shaw from modified [Data written commun. 2002. APT, aquifer performance test. Absence of numerical values means data were not included in this report] in this included not were data means values numerical Absence of test. performance aquifer APT, 2002. commun. written

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A 22 Test Corehole

1,822 2,090 2,358 4,020 5,896 , 10,988 11,792 11,122 10,988 61,640 45,560 (feet (feet sivity, 261,300 281,400 per day) per squared Transmis- Jacob Jacob Jacob Jacob Jacob Walton method Hantush- Hantush- Anaytical of test APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT Type Zone tested 660-715 660-715 tten commun., 2002; and Emily Hopkins, SFWMD Emily Hopkins, and 2002; commun., tten Suwannee Avon Park Avon Park Avon Park Formation Ocala/Avon Park Ocala/Avon Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Hawthorn Lower Suwannee/Ocala/ Suwannee/Ocala/ 682 608 608 774 774 775 775 775 775 well Total (feet) depth 1,200 1,225 1,659 1,250 numerical values means data were not included in this report] in this included not were means data values numerical Manatee County Manatee 616 440 440 660 660 660 660 660 660 522 750 250 (feet) depth Casing 1,067 4 4 4 4 16 10 10 12 12 12 24 12 (inches) Diameter SWFWMD (2000), Michael Beach, SFWMD, wri Beach, Michael SWFWMD (2000), 0820943 0820910 0820910 0820641 0820641 0820639 0820639 0820639 0820639 0821140 0820845 0824102 0821742 Longitude 262838 262753 262753 262625 262625 262624 262624 262624 262624 272324 273030 272800 272616 Latitude Beker Beker Data for selected wells (Continued) Data for selected wells LM-944 LM-944 LM-987 LM-987 LM-988 LM-988 LM-988 LM-988 LM-3513 Test Site 5 Test Well CB-8 Well Well name Injection Well Elsberry Farms Elsberry Farms 4-Corner Mines Mines 4-Corner Bradenton WWTD Bradenton WWTD Table 4. Table (1984), and Trost Shaw from modified [Data of Absence test. performance aquifer APT, 2002. commun. written

Regional Distribution of Transmissivity in the Northern Lake Okeechobee Area 23 a a a

2,948 3,954 , 4,288 3,618 91,522 74,638 18,224 44,488 (feet sivity, 74,504 116,580 134,000 134,000 per day) per squared Transmis- Theis Theis Theis Jacob Jacob Jacob Cooper- method Anaytical of test APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT Type Single well Single well Single well Zone tested 358-700 600-1,200 375-1,600 225-1,015 Suwannee Suwannee Suwannee Avon Park Avon Park Avon Park Avon Park /Suwannee Formation Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Ocala/Avon Park Ocala/Avon Lower Hawthorn Lower Suwannee/Ocala/ Suwannee/Ocala/ Suwannee/Ocala/ Lower Hawthorn/ Lower 900 700 750 well Total (feet) depth 1,568 1,264 1,405 1,500 1,260 1,050 1,600 1,015 Okeechobee County Okeechobee 346 200 503 632 600 358 462 200 404 600 375 255 (feet) depth Casing 8 8 8 8 12 16 12 12 10 (inches) Diameter 0821930 0822533 0821833 0820546 0821044 0823301 0823246 0822036 0821526 0804400 0805913 0810039 Longitude 273815 273726 273531 272414 272233 272615 273459 273018 272728 273043 271934 272726 Latitude Data for selected wells (Continued) selected Data for TR 7-2 TR 8-1 OKF-13 OKF-15 OKF-18 ROMP 33 L-3 Farms L-3 Farms Test Site 4 Test Well name Well Hecht Ranch Myakka City Oneco ROMP Oneco ROMP FP&L-Willow Rutland Ranch Rutland Pacific Tomato Tomato Pacific Rubonia ROMP Rubonia ROMP Waterbury-Kibler Waterbury-Kibler Long Creek Farm Long Creek Farm Table 4. SFWMD Emily Hopkins, and 2002; commun., SFWMD, written Beach, Michael SWFWMD (2000), (1984), Trost and Shaw from modified [Data written commun. 2002. APT, aquifer performance test. Absence of numerical values means data were not included in this report] in this included not were data means values numerical Absence of test. performance aquifer APT, 2002. commun. written

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A 24 Test Corehole a a a a a 858 670

8,174 4,154 , 6,834 59,630 79,060 60,970 32,562 (feet (feet sivity, 670,000 per day) per squared 415,400 141,102 Transmis- Theis Theis Theis Theis Theis Theis Theis Theis Theis Theis Theis Theis method Anaytical of test well well well Type Multiple Multiple Multiple Single well Single well Single well Single well Single well Single well Single well Single well Single well Zone 88-350 tested 625-825 477-725 276-1,143 260-973 226-300 237-910 211-500 278-458 134-398 134-398 tten commun., 2002; and Emily Hopkins, SFWMD Emily Hopkins, and 2002; commun., tten No data No Suwannee Suwannee Suwannee Formation Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Lower Hawthorn Lower Lower Hawthorn/ Lower Hawthorn/ Lower 825 725 973 300 910 350 500 458 398 398 well Total (feet) depth 1,143 numerical values means data were not included in this report] in this included not were means data values numerical Orange County Orange Osceola County 88 625 477 276 260 226 237 211 278 134 134 (feet) depth Casing 4 6 6 12 12 10 12 12 12 12 16 (inches) Diameter SWFWMD (2000), Michael Beach, SFWMD, wri Beach, Michael SWFWMD (2000), 0804935 0804935 0810126 0805512 0812227 0810957 0813132 0812200 0811828 0812501 0812701 0812701 Longitude 271830 271830 273217 273740 283343 282531 282352 283100 282622 281937 280905 280905 Latitude B C A D Data for selected wells (Continued) Data for selected wells OSF-10 OSF-11 OSF-11 ORF-43 OKF-26 OKF-27 OKF-34 OKF-54 Well name Table 4. Table (1984), and Trost Shaw from modified [Data of Absence test. performance aquifer APT, 2002. commun. written

Regional Distribution of Transmissivity in the Northern Lake Okeechobee Area 25 a a a

7,772 4,958 2,010 , 51,188 24,254 11,256 37,386 55,476 66,330 (feet sivity, 27,068 77,452 60,032 124,754 per day) per squared Transmis- Theis Theis Theis Theis Theis Theis Theis Theis Theis Theis Theis Theis Theis method Anaytical of test Type Single well Single well Single well Single well Single well Single well Single well Single well Single well Single well Single well Single well Single well

Zone 85-365 99-300 tested 322-622 373-463 239-474 218-767 481-614 249-869 354-891 283-1,195 358-447 146-453 Avon Park Formation Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala Suwannee/Ocala/ Lower Hawthorn/ Lower Hawthorn/ Lower 300 622 463 474 767 614 869 891 447 453 well Total (feet) depth 1,195 Polk County Polk 85 99 322 373 239 218 481 249 354 283 358 146 (feet) depth Casing 6 6 8 6 8 6 8 3 10 10 10 13 16 (inches) Diameter 0813516 0813707 0811428 0811332 0811340 0805824 0811717 0811027 0810410 0812459 0813931 0813252 0813219 Longitude 281802 281955 281159 282051 281719 274307 281456 275634 280533 281937 281511 280229 275805 Latitude Data for selected wells (Continued) selected Data for OSF-2 OSF-9 POF-2 POF-4 POF-7 OSF-25 OSF-26 OSF-27 OSF-31 OSF-42 OSF-44 OSF-54 OSF-55 Well name Well Table 4. SFWMD Emily Hopkins, and 2002; commun., SFWMD, written Beach, Michael SWFWMD (2000), (1984), Trost and Shaw from modified [Data written commun. 2002. APT, aquifer performance test. Absence of numerical values means data were not included in this report] in this included not were data means values numerical Absence of test. performance aquifer APT, 2002. commun. written

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A 26 Test Corehole 7 21 21

4,958 7,276 , 48,106 80,132 13,333 16,080 20,502 (feet (feet sivity, 300,696 per day) per squared Transmis- Theis, Jacob, method Hantush Anaytical of test APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT APT Type Zone tested 670-890 545-860 1,220-1,405 1,220-1,305 1,300-1,405 tten commun., 2002; and Emily Hopkins, SFWMD Emily Hopkins, and 2002; commun., tten Suwannee Suwannee Suwannee Avon park Avon Avon Park Avon Park Avon Park Avon Park Formation Suwannee/Ocala Ocala/Avon Park Ocala/Avon Park Ocala/Avon 700 860 840 well Total (feet) depth 1,902 1,600 1,800 1,915 1,100 1,480 1,480 1,480 numerical values means data were not included in this report] in this included not were means data values numerical Sarasota County Sarasota 57 510 545 500 500 500 500 (feet) depth Casing 1,480 1,040 1,040 1,599 6 6 6 6 10 12 12 (inches) Diameter SWFWMD (2000), Michael Beach, SFWMD, wri Beach, Michael SWFWMD (2000), 0822821 0822057 0822057 0822342 0822436 0820748 0820856 0822845 0822845 0822845 0822845 Longitude 271825 265712 265712 270921 270929 271135 270434 271138 271138 271137 271137 Latitude Data for selected wells (Continued) Data for selected wells TR 5-7 (MW-5) Test Well Exp. Well ROMP 18 Well name Murdock N.W. N.W. Murdock Knight Trail Pk. Knight Trail Atlantic Utilities Atlantic Englewood IW-1 IW-1 Englewood IW-1 Englewood Geronimo ROMP ROMP Geronimo Osprey ROMP 20 ROMP Osprey 20 ROMP Osprey 20 ROMP Osprey 20 ROMP Osprey Northport ROMP 9 Northport ROMP Table 4. Table (1984), and Trost Shaw from modified [Data of Absence test. performance aquifer APT, 2002. commun. written

Regional Distribution of Transmissivity in the Northern Lake Okeechobee Area 27 113 9,648 , 67,161 24,120 (feet sivity, 201,000 per day) per squared Transmis- Jacob Jacob/ Jacob- Cooper- method Hantush Anaytical a. of test APT APT APT APT APT Type Zone tested 400-635 1,430-1,480 1,200-1,660 ected values from source of dat from source values ected Suwannee Avon Park Avon Park Avon Park Formation Ocala/Avon Park Ocala/Avon 635 well Total (feet) depth 1,480 1,605 1,685 1,705 updated following receipt of corr following updated 500 940 409 (feet) depth Casing 1,102 1,388 6 6 12 (inches) Diameter 0822845 0822138 0822013 0822013 0822332 Longitude 271137 270414 271813 271813 270415 Latitude Data for selected wells (Continued) selected Data for Well name Well Estimated. Utopia Romp 22 *Discrepancy noted between casing depth and zone tested. To be To tested. noted between casing depth and zone *Discrepancy a Plantation DITW Plantation Utopia ROMP 22 Utopia ROMP Osprey ROMP 20 20 ROMP Osprey Venice Gardens DIW Venice Table 4. SFWMD Emily Hopkins, and 2002; commun., SFWMD, written Beach, Michael SWFWMD (2000), (1984), Trost and Shaw from modified [Data written commun. 2002. APT, aquifer performance test. Absence of numerical values means data were not included in this report] in this included not were data means values numerical Absence of test. performance aquifer APT, 2002. commun. written

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A 28 Test Corehole The thicknesses of open-hole aquifer-test units identified in the ROMP 29A test corehole intervals varied from as little as 1 ft to as much as and a cursory examination of the nearby ROMP 28 2,250 ft (fig. 5). For example, most transmissivity test corehole, suggesting subregional flow zone estimates are based on open-hole intervals that continuity. An important assumption in the follow- range between 101 and 1,000 ft thick (fig. 5). ing discussion is that flow zones identified in However, the large open-hole thickness present in ROMP 29A are relatively continuous and are rep- most wells prohibits hydraulic evaluation or direct resentative of subsurface conditions in a wide area comparison of discrete flow zones within the that extends northwest, north, and northeast of stratigraphic section. Lake Okeechobee. For purposes of this analysis, the Upper Contour maps showing the configuration and Floridan aquifer is divided into upper and lower extent of different geologic and hydrogeologic units zones (fig. 2). The upper zone is considered to rep- were used to assign aquifer-test data to specific geo- resent open-hole well conditions contained within logic or hydrogeologic units (Miller, 1986). Based the lower part of Hawthorn Group, Suwannee on the assignment of each well’s open-hole interval, Limestone, and Ocala Limestone. The lower zone the estimated transmissivity was mapped for the includes open-hole well intervals in the Ocala upper and lower zones (figs. 6 and 7, respectively). Limestone and Avon Park Formation. This arbi- Some wells were not included in this analysis trary division into upper and lower zones is based because they could not be clearly separated into partly on comparison of major hydrogeologic upper and lower zones of the Upper Floridan aquifer.

WELLS 20

NUMBER OF 10

1-100 101-250 251-500 501-750 751-1,000 GREATER 1,001-1,250 1,251-1,500 1,501-1,750 1,751-2,0002,001-2,250 THAN 2,250 THICKNESS OF OPEN-HOLE INTERVAL, IN FEET

Figure 5. Distribution of the thickness of open-hole interval.

Regional Distribution of Transmissivity in the Northern Lake Okeechobee Area 29 82°′ 30 82°′ 00 81°′ 30 81°′ 00 80°′ 30 80°′ 00 Lake 79,060 32,562Orange 59,630 Hernando Sumter 27,068 196,578 7,772 Pasco 141,102 24252 37,386 4,958 51,188 12,328 60,032 Brevard ATLANTIC OCEAN 66,330 Osceola 28°′ 00 Hillsborough Polk 77,452

Pinellas

11,256 Indian River 9,353,200 134,000 415,400 91,522 6,834 °′ Manatee 44,488 27 30 18,224 3,953 Hardee 3,618 Highlands Okeechobee St Lucie 9,648 4,288 268,000 1,527 3,082 20,502 16,080DeSoto 3,618 6,579 Sarasota7,276 2,358 13,400 Martin °′ 27 00 8,978 Glades Lake Okeechobee Charlotte

GULF OF MEXICO 6,566 8,040 12,32 8 6,700 Lee Hendry Palm Beach 7,236 12,328 26°′ 30 2,358 1,822 6,684 21,708 8,978

18,760 Broward Collier 48,240 26°′ 00 EXPLANATION Area of water-bearing zone with transmissivity exceeding 10,000 feet squared per day. Dashed where extent is uncertain Miami-Dade 8,978 Transmissivity in the upper zone Monroe °′ of the Upper Floridan aquifer, 25 30 In feet squared per day 0204010 MILES

02010 40KILOMETERS

Figure 6. Regional distribution of transmissivity in the upper zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer.

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A 30 Test Corehole 82°′ 30 82°′ 00 81°′ 30 81°′ 00 80°′ 30 80°′ 00

Hernando Sumter Lake Orange

Pasco

Osceola

28°′ 00 Hillsborough Brevard Polk ATLANTIC OCEAN

Pinellas

103,180 Indian River 268,000 69,680 Okeechobee 61,640134,000 27°′ 30 281,400Manatee 70,752 26,800 8,308 74,504 45,560 74,638 Hardee 5,494 St Lucie 4,958 134,000 Highlands 201,000 160,800 133 300,696 Sarasota DeSoto 7,597 67,161 10,988 112,158 Martin 24,120 72,226 27°′ 00 376,288 Charlotte Glades 128,238 Lake Okeechobee

GULF OF M Lee Hendry Palm Beach 26°′ 30

EXICO

Broward Collier 5,762 26°′ 00 EXPLANATION Area of water-bearing zone with transmissivity exceeding 10,000 feet squared per day 8,978 Transmissivity in the lower zone Monroe Miami-Dade of the Upper Floridan aquifer, in feet squared per day 25°′ 30

0204010 MILES

02010 40 KILOMETERS

Figure 7. Regional distribution of transmissivity in the lower zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer.

Regional Distribution of Transmissivity in the Northern Lake Okeechobee Area 31 An arbitrary boundary of 10,000 ft2/d was used to 10,000 ft2/d in most wells open to the upper zone separate transmissivities in open-hole intervals that in Osceola, Hardee, Manatee, and Collier, Lake, differ by at least one order of magnitude. An “order and Orange Counties (fig. 6). of magnitude” transmissivity boundary has been Hydraulic data for the lower zone of the shown to be well suited to map regional transmis- Upper Floridan aquifer are more limited, both in sivity patterns within the Floridan aquifer system terms of available “Avon Park” control points (Bush and Johnston, 1988). (table 3 and 4) and a more limited spatial distribution (fig. 7). Accordingly, it is more difficult to Regional transmissivity of the upper zone access regional transmissivity patterns. Transmis- 2 appears to be less than 10,000 ft /d in areas nearest sivity of the lower zone exceeds 10,000 ft2/d in to Lake Okeechobee. Transmissivity of the upper most wells located in Manatee, Hardee, DeSoto, 2 zone is less than 10,000 ft /d in most wells located and Sarasota Counties. The transmissivity of the in Charlotte, Highlands, Lee, Okeechobee, and lower zone in one well in Okeechobee County and Sarasota Counties. Transmissivity of the upper in one well located in Charlotte County exceeds zone increases in areas north and northwest of 10,000 ft2/d. Transmissivity of the lower zone is Lake Okeechobee and in parts of coastal Lee and less than 10,000 ft2/d in most wells drilled in Collier Counties. Transmissivity is greater than Highlands County.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

This report describes the lithology for part of sequences. The high-frequency depositional the Upper Floridan aquifer penetrated by the sequences contain high-frequency cycle sets that ROMP 29A test corehole in Highlands County, are an amalgamation of vertically stacked high- Fla. A conceptual hydrogeologic model of flow frequency cycles. Three types of high-frequency zones and confining units in the Upper Floridan cycles have been identified in the Avon Park For- aquifer is delineated in the context of a sequence- mation: peritidal, shallow subtidal, and deeper stratigraphic framework. The sequence-strati- subtidal high-frequency cycles. graphic framework developed for the ROMP 29A The vertical distribution of carbonate-rock test corehole serves as a comparative guide to the diffuse flow zones within the Avon Park Forma- correlation of a regional carbonate sequence-strati- tion is heterogeneous. Porous vuggy intervals are graphic framework of the Floridan aquifer system. all less than 10 ft thick and most are much thinner. The ROMP 29A test corehole penetrated The volumetric arrangement of the zones of dif- several geologic units ranging in age from middle fuse flow shows that most occur in the highstand Eocene to Pliocene including the Avon Park For- systems tract of the lower composite sequence of mation, Ocala Limestone, Suwannee Limestone, the Avon Park Formation as compared to the upper and the Hawthorn Group. The portion of the Avon composite sequence, which contains both a back- Park Formation penetrated in the ROMP 29A test stepping transgressive systems tract and a prograd- corehole comprises two composite depositional ing highstand systems tract. The diffuse flow sequences. A transgressive systems tract and a zones are characterized by grainstone and grain- highstand systems tract were interpreted for the dominated packstone lithologies. Although the upper composite sequence, but because of depth porous and permeable layers are not thick, some limitations, only a highstand systems tract was intervals may exhibit extensive lateral continuity interpreted for the lower composite sequence. because they were deposited on a flat-lying, low- The composite depositional sequences are com- relief ramp. A thick interval of thin vuggy zones posed of at least five high-frequency depositional and open faults forms thin conduit flow zones

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A 32 Test Corehole mixed with relatively thicker carbonate-rock continuity difficult. However, regional transmis- diffuse flow zones between a depth of 1,070 and sivity patterns could be evaluated by assigning 1,244 ft below land surface (corresponding to the open-hole intervals to generalized rock-strati- total depth of the test corehole). This interval is the graphic units and hydrogeologic units. On the most transmissive part of the Avon Park Formation basis of a preliminary analysis of aquifer-test data, penetrated in the ROMP 29A test corehole and is there appears to be a spatial relation among wells included in the highstand systems tract of the that penetrate water-bearing rocks having rela- lower composite sequence. tively high and low transmissivities. The transmis- Three lower order depositional sequences sivity in an upper zone that is composed of rocks are defined in the Ocala Limestone cored in the within the lower Hawthorn Group, Suwannee ROMP 29A test corehole. The Ocala Limestone is Limestone, and upper part of the Ocala Formation mostly composed of deeper subtidal depositional is generally less than 10,000 ft2/d in areas south of cycles. The formation is considered a semiconfin- a line that extends through northern St. Lucie, ing unit because zones of secondary porosity and Okeechobee, Osceola, Polk, Highlands, DeSoto, permeability are not common. A thin erosional Sarasota, and Charlotte Counties. Limited data remnant of shallow marine Suwannee Limestone have been compiled for a lower zone water-bear- overlies the Ocala Limestone. Permeability of the ing unit that includes the lower part of the Ocala Suwannee Limestone seems to be low because its Formation and the Avon Park Formation; accord- pore system is characterized by poorly connected ingly, transmissivity patterns cannot yet be region- moldic porosity. ally assessed. Geophysical log and aquifer test data col- Implementing carbonate sequence stratigra- lected in Highlands County and elsewhere were phy in this study enabled the development of an compared to assess regional relations between accurate stratigraphic interpretation, which can be geology, hydrogeology, and transmissivity. Unfor- integrated into a conceptual model of the subsur- tunately, most aquifer tests have been conducted in face carbonate aquifer. As a result, it is concluded wells having open-hole intervals that range from that using carbonate sequence stratigraphy can 250 to 1,200 ft thick, making comparison of dis- reduce the risk of miscorrelation of key ground- crete flow zones and assessment of their regional water flow zones and confining units.

REFERENCES CITED

Budd, D.A., 2001, Permeability loss with depth in Cooper, H.H., Jr., and Jacob, C.E., 1946, A the Cenozoic carbonate platforms of west-central generalized graphical method for evaluating Florida: American Association of Petroleum formation constants and summarizing well- Geologists Bulletin, v. 85, p. 1253-2172. field history: American Geophysical Union Bush, P.W., and Johnston, R.H., 1988, Ground- Transactions, v. 27, no. 4, p. 526-534. water hydraulics, regional flow, and ground- Crary, Steven, Dennis, Robert, Denoo, Stanley, water development of the Floridan aquifer and others, 1987, Fracture detection with logs: system in Florida, and in parts of Georgia, The Technical Review 35, p. 22-34. South Carolina, and Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1403-C, 80 p. Cunningham, K.J., Carlson, J.I., and Hurley, N.F., Choquette, P.W., and Pray, L.C., 1970, Geological 2003 (in press), New method for quantification nomenclature and classification of porosity of vuggy porosity from digital optical borehole in sedimentary carbonates: American Asso- images as applied to the karstic Pleistocene ciation of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 54, limestone of the Biscayne aquifer, southeast- p. 207-250. ern Florida: Journal of Applied Geophysics.

References Cited 33 Hammes, Ursula, 1992, Sedimentation patterns, Lucia, F.J., 1995. Rock-fabric/petrophysical sequence stratigraphy, cyclicity, and diagenesis classification of carbonate pore space for of early Oligocene carbonate ramp deposits, reservoir characterization: American Suwannee Formation: Ph.D. Dissertation, Uni- Association Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, versity of Colorado, Boulder, 344 p. v. 79, p. 1275-1300. Hantush, M.S., and Jacob, C.E., 1955, Nonsteady Lucia, F.J., 1999, Carbonate reservoir character- radial flow in an infinite leaky aquifer: Ameri- ization: New York, Springer, 226 p. can Geophysical Union Transactions, v. 36, Miller, J.A., 1986, Hydrogeologic framework of no. 1, p. 95-100. the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and in Hickey, J.J., 1993, Characterizing secondary parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Caro- porosity of carbonate rocks using borehole lina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional video data [abstract]: Geological Society of Paper 1403-B, 91 p. America, Abstracts with Programs, 25, Newberry, B.M, Grace, L.M., and Stief, D.D., Southeastern Section, p. 23. 1996, Analysis of carbonate dual porosity Hurley, N.F., Pantoja, David, and Zimmerman, systems from borehole electrical images: R.A., 1999, Flow unit determination in a Midland, Texas, Permian Basin Oil and Gas vuggy dolomite reservoir, Dagger Draw Field, Recovery Conference, Society of Petroleum New Mexico: SPWLA 40th Annual Logging Engineers (SPE) Paper 35158, p. 123-125. Symposium, May 30-June 3, Oslo, Norway, Reese, R.S., 2002, Inventory and review of aquifer p. 1-14. storage and recovery in southern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Hurley, N.F., Zimmerman, R.A., and Pantoja, Investigations Report 02-4036, 56 p. David, 1998, Quantification of vuggy porosity Shaw, J.E., and Trost, S.M., 1984, Hydrogeology in a dolomite reservoir from borehole images of the Kissimmee Planning area: West Palm and core, Dagger Draw Field, New Mexico: Beach, South Florida Water Management Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, District Technical Publication 84-1, 235 p. New Orleans, Louisiana, Society of Petroleum Southwest Florida Water Management District, Engineers Paper 49323, p. 789-802. 2000, Aquifer characteristics within the Jacob, C.E., 1946, Drawdown test to determine Southwest Florida Water Management effective radius of artesian well: American District: Brooksville, Southwest Florida Water Society of Civil Engineers Proceedings, v. 72, Management District, Technical Services p. 629-646. Department Report 99-1, 122 p. Kerans, C., Lucia, F.J., and Senger, R.K., 1994, Theis, C.V., 1935, The relation between the Integrated characterization of carbonate ramp lowering of the piezometric surface and the reservoirs using outcrop analogs: American rate and duration of discharge of a well using Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, ground-water storage: American Geophysical v. 78, p. 181-216. Union Transactions, v. 16, p. 519-524. Kerans, Charles, and Tinker, S.W., 1997, Sequence Walton, W.C., 1962, Selected analytical methods stratigraphy and characterization of carbonate for well and aquifer evaluation: Illinois State reservoirs: SEPM Short Course Notes, no. 40, Water Survey Bulletin, v. 49, 81 p. 130 p. Williams, J.H., and Johnson, C.D., 2000, Loizeaux, N.T., 1995, Lithologic and Borehole-wall imaging with acoustic and hydrogeologic framework for a carbonate optical televiewers for fractured-bedrock aquifer: Evidence for facies controlled aquifer investigations: Proceedings of the 7th hydraulic conductivity in the Ocala Limestone, Minerals and Geotechnology Logging west-central Florida: University of Colorado, Symposium, Golden, Colorado, October 24-26, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, 298 p. 2000, p. 43-53.

Sequence-Stratigraphic Analysis of the Regional Observation Monitoring Program (ROMP) 29A 34 Test Corehole APPENDIX I

Detailed lithologic logs (410–1,244 feet) EXPLANATION

Texture csm vf f m c g p Abbreviations Significant m w p g f r b features vlc s Carbonate mudstone Benthic foraminifers TEXTURE Wackestone M miliolid Planktic-foram wackestone F Grain sizes Fabularia Skeletal wackestone c clay D Dictyoconus Benthic-foram wackestone m mud LD large Dictyoconus s silt Packstone Mud-dominated vf very fine N nummulitid Planktic-foram MDP f fine L Lepidocyclina m medium Skeletal MDP c coarse Benthic-foram MDP g granule Planktic foraminifers p pebble Packstone ks Grain-dominated Bivalve Planktic-foram GDP Depositional textures Gastropod Skeletal GDP m mudstone w wackestone Benthic-foram GDP p packstone Ostracode Grainstone g grainstone Coral Fine (< 0.5mm) f floatstone Fine skeletal grainstone r rudstone Large echinoid Fine benthic -foram b boundstone grainstone Small echinoid Grainstone

Carbonate Roc Coarse (> 0.5mm) Echinoid fragments Carbonate features Coarse skeletal grainstone v vug precipitate Coarse benthic-foram c caliche grainstone Pellet tidal laminite Floatstone l s stromatolite Intraclast Skeletal floatstone Benthic-foram floatstone Collapse breccia

Rudstone PORE TYPE Burrows Skeletal rudstone mxln microcrystalline ig intergranular Benthic-foram rudstone iskel intraskeletal Laminae ic intercrystal Stromatolite Cross beds mold moldic Tidal laminites ir vug irregular vug Desiccation cracks Caliche fene fenestral brec breccia Detrital dolomite Vug precipitate frac fracture

No recovery GENERAL CS composite sequence Dolomite molds DBI digital borehole image Claystone Gypsum-crystal molds GDP grain-dominated Mudstone packstone Upward shallowing cycle HFC high-frequency Siltstone cycle HFS high-frequency Higher frequency unit Very fine to fine sandstone sequence MDP mud-dominated Medium to coarse sandstone packstone 3 Thin-section sample site

Rocks MFS maximum Fine conglomerate flooding surface

Terrigenous SB sequence No recovery boundary

ROMP 29A (410-430 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 410

Not Described

URF

W LAND

O L

L 420 Carbonaceous

DEPTH, IN FEET BEL

Hawthorn Group Carbonaceous

Carbonaceous

430

Appendix I Page 1 ROMP 29A (430-450 FEET) Sequence Computed Texture Pore HFC Dolomite strati- vuggy porosity csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma DBI Top (%) graphic (%) m w p g f r b features (counts per second)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 430

Carbonaceous

ACE

Prograding marsh

W LAND SURF

440

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Hawthorn Group

Non-calcareous cement

Calcareous M cement 450

Appendix I Page 2 ROMP 29A (450-470 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 50 iskel 450 vlc s

Calcite cement

ACE

W LAND SURF

Hawthorn Group

460 SB

M Sandy

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

1 Suwannee Limestone Suwannee M Silty

470

Appendix I Page 3 ROMP 29A (470-490 FEET)

Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%) 50

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 iskel 470 vlc s

Silty and sandy

ACE

W LAND SURF

480

Sandy

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Suwannee Limestone Suwannee

Little quartz silt

2 Dolomite probably detrital 490

Appendix I Page 4 ROMP 29A (490-510 FEET)

Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma strati- csm vf f m c gp Type vuggy porosity DBI HFC (%) features (counts per second) graphic m w p g f r b (%) Top

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

ic ir vug

iskel

Thin section horizons 100 0 50 490 vlc s

Whole bivalve and Turritella gastropods

ACE

W LAND SURF

Suwannee Limestone Suwannee Color SB change 500

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Ocala Limestone

510

Appendix I Page 5 ROMP 29A (510-530 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 510 Fossils not abundant

ACE

W LAND SURF

520 Lined Burrows

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Ocala Limestone

Bryozoan Thin oysters 530

Appendix I Page 6 ROMP 29A (530-550 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed s Dolomite strati- HFC c m vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%) 08

frac fene 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 530

ACE

W LAND SURF

540 Large L Few red L algae

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Ocala Limestone

550

Appendix I Page 7 ROMP 29A (550-570 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed s Dolomite strati- HFC c m vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 550

ACE Non-bedded

W LAND SURF Thin oyster and brachiopod 560 layer

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Ocala Limestone

570

Appendix I Page 8 ROMP 29A (570-590 FEET)

Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 570

ACE

W LAND SURF

Small L 580

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Ocala Limestone

SB Color ? change

Few fossils

590

Appendix I Page 9 ROMP 29A (590-610 FEET)

Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 590

ACE

W LAND SURF

L Fewer Lepidocyclina 600 and smaller L

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Ocala Limestone

L L

610

Appendix I Page 10 ROMP 29A (610-630 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 610

ACE

W LAND SURF

620

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO Ocala Limestone L

L 630

Appendix I Page 11 ROMP 29A (630-650 FEET)

Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 630

ACE

W LAND SURF L

L 640

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Ocala Limestone

650

Appendix I Page 12 ROMP 29A (650-670 FEET)

Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 650

ACE

W LAND SURF

660

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Ocala Limestone

670

Appendix I Page 13 ROMP 29A (670-690 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 670

ACE

W LAND SURF SB Large L Lepidocyclina 680

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Ocala Limestone

Large Lepidocyclina 690

Appendix I Page 14 ROMP 29A (690-710 FEET)

Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 690 L N 4 ?

ACE

W LAND SURF

700 L

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Ocala Limestone

Non- bedded

L N

710

Appendix I Page 15 ROMP 29A (710-730 FEET)

Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 710 L N

Non- bedded

Bedding preserved

ACE

Alternating light and dark layers (pelagic W LAND SURF bedding) from 715 to 732 feet 720

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Ocala Limestone

730

Appendix I Page 16 ROMP 29A (730-750 FEET)

Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 730

N L

ACE

W LAND SURF

740 N

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Ocala Limestone

N 750

Appendix I Page 17 ROMP 29A (750-770 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 750

ACE

W LAND SURF

N 760

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Ocala Limestone

N 6

CS-SB 7 OCALA 770 AVON PARK

Appendix I Page 18 ROMP 29A (770-790 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 770

ACE

W LAND SURF

Soft

780

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO M

Avon Park Formation Park Avon

790

Appendix I Page 19 ROMP 29A (790-810 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 c s 50 iskel

Thin section vl 790

ACE

W LAND SURF

800

10 M

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon

810

Appendix I Page 20 ROMP 29A (810-830 FEET)

Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug 810 horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel

HFS-MFS

ACE

W LAND SURF

820 ?

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon

13 M M

830 M

Appendix I Page 21 ROMP 29A (830-850 FEET)

Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 830 M

ACE

soft

W LAND SURF

840

soft

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon SB

850

Appendix I Page 22 ROMP 29A (850-870 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 850 s

ACE

W LAND SURF

860

soft

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon

15 M

870

Appendix I Page 23 ROMP 29A (870-890 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 870

ACE

16 Clay laminae

Soft sediment deformation

W LAND SURF

880

Clay laminae

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon

Clay laminae 890

Appendix I Page 24 ROMP 29A (890-910 FEET)

Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 890

17 M D

ACE

W LAND SURF

900

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon

HFS-MFS Chlorite 18

910

Appendix I Page 25 ROMP 29A (910-930 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 910

HFS Firm ACE ground

19 DM

W LAND SURF

Soft sediment deformation 920

20 D M D

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation

930

Appendix I Page 26 ROMP 29A (930-950 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Tops m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln mold brec ig

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 50 iskel

Thin section vlc s 930 21

22 D M

Chloritic ? clay 23 laminae

ACE

W LAND SURF

940 Thinly bedded

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon

Thinly bedded CC-MFS

24 D

950

Appendix I Page 27 ROMP 29A (950-970 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b featuess (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 950

Soft

ACE

W LAND SURF

Healed fracture likely not transmissive 960 at core scale

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon

Soft sediment deformation

970

Appendix I Page 28 ROMP 29A (970-990 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 970

26 HFS-SB

ACE

W LAND SURF

980

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon

990

Appendix I Page 29 ROMP 29A (990-1,010 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- DBI HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 990

HFS-MFS 27

ACE

W LAND SURF

M F 1,000 D

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon

HFS-SB

1,010

Appendix I Page 30 ROMP 29A (1,010-1,030 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 1,010

ACE

W LAND SURF M

1,020

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon

HFS-MFS 30

M 1,030

Appendix I Page 31 ROMP 29A (1,030-1,050 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 1,030

? 31 Intraclast gypsum xyl micrite M D

? 32 ? F

M D

ACE

W LAND SURF

1,040

M 33

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon 34

M F

No planktonic forams M 35 F

1,050

Appendix I Page 32 ROMP 29A (1,050-1,070 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 1,050 F M

F M

ACE

CS-SB Leached clasts, 36

W LAND SURF fenestral clasts, clasts with gyp molds

1,060

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon

1,070

Appendix I Page 33 ROMP 29A (1,070-1,090 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 1,070 F Vug M

M 37

ACE Vug 38

W LAND SURF

1,080

? 39 M

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO F D Avon Park Formation Park Avon Small fault Small fault

Vug M

not vuggy

1,090

Appendix I Page 34 ROMP 29A (1,090-1,110 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 c s 50 iskel

Thin section vl 1,090 Small fault

Small fault

Microkarst?

ACE

F ?

W LAND SURF

Small fault M

1,100 40

Vug

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon

Small fault HFS-MFS Small fault

M D

1,110

Appendix I Page 35 ROMP 29A (1,110-1,130 FEET)

Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 1,110

M D

Vug

ACE M M

Vug W LAND SURF ?

1,120

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon

1,130

Appendix I Page 36 ROMP 29A (1,130-1,150 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 1,130 45

Vug ?

ACE

Vug ?

W LAND SURF

1,140

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon

Vug 46 M Anhydrite

1,150

Appendix I Page 37 ROMP 29A (1,150-1,170 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 1,150

47 M

M D 48

Small fault HFS ? ?

ACE

HFS ?

W LAND SURF

Vug

1,160

Small fault

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon

Small fault

1,170

Appendix I Page 38 ROMP 29A (1,170-1,190 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%) 50

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s iskel 1,170 Vug

Vug M

ACE

W LAND SURF

1,180 D

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon Vug

50 Anhydrite

1,190

Appendix I Page 39 ROMP 29A (1,190-1,210 FEET) Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI (%) graphic Top m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 c s 50 iskel

Thin section vl 1,190

HFS-MFS

ACE

W LAND SURF

1,200 M

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon

Small fault LD 53 M

1,210

Appendix I Page 40 ROMP 29A (1,210-1,230 FEET)

Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI HFC Top (%) graphic m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 1,210

ACE

W LAND SURF

1,220

Small fault

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

Avon Park Formation Park Avon

Vug

1,230

Appendix I Page 41 ROMP 29A (1,230-1,244 FEET)

Sequence Texture Pore Computed Dolomite strati- HFC csm vf f m c g p Type Significant Caliper (inches) Natural Gamma vuggy porosity DBI Top (%) graphic m w p g f r b features (counts per second) (%)

frac fene 0 8 0 100

mxln

mold brec

Thin section

ic ir vug horizons 100 0 vlc s 50 iskel 1,230 57 M

ACE

W LAND SURF

D 58

1,240 Formation Park Avon

DEPTH, IN FEET BELO

1,244

Appendix I Page 42 APPENDIX II

Digital photographs of core box samples (0–1,244 feet) Appendix II Page 1 Appendix II Page 2 Appendix II Page 3 Appendix II Page 4 Appendix II Page 5 Appendix II Page 6 Appendix II Page 7 Appendix II Page 8 Appendix II Page 9 Appendix II Page 10 Appendix II Page 11 Appendix II Page 12 Appendix II Page 13 Appendix II Page 14 Appendix II Page 15 Appendix II Page 16 Appendix II Page 17 Appendix II Page 18 Appendix II Page 19 Appendix II Page 20 Appendix II Page 21 Appendix II Page 22 Appendix II Page 23 Appendix II Page 24 Appendix II Page 25 Appendix II Page 26 Appendix II Page 27 Appendix II Page 28 Appendix II Page 29 Appendix II Page 30 Appendix II Page 31 Appendix II Page 32 Appendix II Page 33 Appendix II Page 34 Appendix II Page 35 Appendix II Page 36 Appendix II Page 37 Appendix II Page 38 Appendix II Page 39 Appendix II Page 40 Appendix II Page 41 Appendix II Page 42 Appendix II Page 43 Appendix II Page 44 Appendix II Page 45 Appendix II Page 46 Appendix II Page 47 Appendix II Page 48 Appendix II Page 49 Appendix II Page 50 Appendix II Page 51 Appendix II Page 52 Appendix II Page 53 Appendix II Page 54 Appendix II Page 55 Appendix II Page 56 Appendix II Page 57 Appendix II Page 58 Appendix II Page 59 Appendix II Page 60 Appendix II Page 61 Appendix II Page 62 Appendix II Page 63 Appendix II Page 64 Appendix II Page 65 Appendix II Page 66 Appendix II Page 67 Appendix II Page 68 Appendix II Page 69 Appendix II Page 70 Appendix II Page 71 Appendix II Page 72 Appendix II Page 73 Appendix II Page 74 Appendix II Page 75 Appendix II Page 76 Appendix II Page 77 Appendix II Page 78 Appendix II Page 79 Appendix II Page 80 Appendix II Page 81 Appendix II Page 82 Appendix II Page 83 APPENDIX III

Geophysical and image logs, 1:360 scale U. S. Geological Survey, Center for Water and Restoration Studies, Miami, Florida

WELL ROMP 29A PROJECT Sequence-stratigraphic Analysis DATE OF COMPLETION December 2000

LOCATION 27-30-00.0 N ELEVATION 125 FT (Estimated from TOPO map) WELL DEPTH 1244 FT 081-25-19.0 W Depth 1:360 ROMP 29A FM Caliper Resistivity Gamma Ray (Natural) Computed Vuggy Porosity OBI 40 Digital Image 08INCH 0OHM 4000 0 CPS 400 100% 0 0° 90°180° 270° 0° Temperature

76DEG F 80 0.0

25.0

50.0

75.0

100.0

125.0

150.0

175.0

200.0

225.0 Hawthorn Group 250.0

275.0

300.0

325.0

350.0

375.0

400.0

425.0

450.0

475.0 Limestone Suwannee

500.0

525.0

550.0

575.0

600.0

625.0

650.0 Ocala Limestone

675.0

700.0

725.0

750.0

775.0

800.0

825.0

850.0

875.0

900.0

925.0

950.0

975.0

1000.0

1025.0 Avon Park Formation

1050.0

1075.0

1100.0

1125.0

1150.0

1175.0

1200.0

1225.0

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Geophysical and image logs, 1:60 scale U. S. Geological Survey, Center for Water and Restoration Studies, Miami, Florida

WELL ROMP 29A PROJECT Sequence-stratigraphic Analysis DATE OF COMPLETION December 2000

LOCATION 27-30-00.0 N ELEVATION 125 FT (Estimated from TOPO map) WELL DEPTH 1244 FT 081-25-19.0 W Depth 1ft:60ft Avon Park Formation (ROMP 29A) FM Caliper Resistivity Gamma Ray (Natural) Computed Vuggy Porosity OBI 40 Digital Image 08INCH 0OHM 2000 0 CPS 100 50% 0 0° 90°180° 270° 0° Temperture

79DEG F 80 750.0

755.0

760.0

765.0 Ocala Limestone

770.0

775.0

780.0

785.0

790.0

795.0

800.0

805.0

810.0

815.0

820.0

825.0

830.0

835.0

840.0

845.0

850.0

855.0

860.0

865.0

870.0

875.0

880.0

885.0

890.0

895.0

900.0

905.0

910.0

915.0

920.0

925.0

930.0

935.0

940.0

945.0

950.0

955.0

960.0

965.0

970.0

975.0

980.0

985.0

990.0

995.0

1000.0

1005.0

1010.0 Avon Park Formation

1015.0

1020.0

1025.0

1030.0

1035.0

1040.0

1045.0

1050.0

1055.0

1060.0

1065.0

1070.0

1075.0

1080.0

1085.0

1090.0

1095.0

1100.0

1105.0

1110.0

1115.0

1120.0

1125.0

1130.0

1135.0

1140.0

1145.0

1150.0

1155.0

1160.0

1165.0

1170.0

1175.0

1180.0

1185.0

1190.0

1195.0

1200.0

1205.0

1210.0

1215.0

1220.0

1225.0

1230.0

1235.0

1240.0

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