OL. XXIII. No. 2. 25 Cents a Copy. FEBRUARY, 1922. At.. 111111011E „/he MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE and the BULLETIN OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

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BAILIN CLOSED DU 620 Consul General C. Yada, a Trustee of the Pan-Pacific Union. ,M5 wu Duo gommmusomumumuil.mosommuumuou1.3 1em mumuummouumummv uril I GU TATES AUSTRALASIA HAWAII ORIENT JAVA Am. News Co. Gordon & Gotch Pan-Pacific Union Kelly & Walsh Javasche Boekhandel VuttztAttstAttfttahttlattlatlat AttAtAttAtttO. thut-Parifir Union Central Offices, Honolulu, Hawaii, at the Ocean's Crossroads. PRESIDENT, HON. WALLACE R. FARRINGTON, Governor of Hawaii. ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Director. DR. FRANK F. BUNKER, Secretary. The Pan-Pacific Union, representing the lands about the greatest of oceans, is supported by appropriations from Pacific governments. It works chiefly through the calling of conferences, for the greater advancement of, and cooperation among, all the races and peoples of the Pacific. HONORARY PRESIDENTS Warren G. Harding ...... President of the United States William M. Hughes Prime Minister of Australia W. P Massey Prime Minister of New Zealand Hsu Shih-chang President of China Artht r Meighen Premier of Canada Takashi Hara Prime Minister of Japan 40) HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Woodrow Wilson Ex-President of the United States Dr. L. S. Rowe Director-General Pan-American Union Prince J. K. Kalanianaole Delegate to Congress from Hawaii Yeh Kung Cho Minister of Communications, China Frances Burton Harrison The Governor-General of the Philippines The Premiers of Australian States and of British Columbia. The Governor-General of Java. The Governor of Alaska. The Pan-Pacific Union is incorporated with an International Board of Trustees, representing every race and nation of the Pacific. The trustees may be added to or replaced by appointed representatives of the different countries cooperating in the Pan-Pacific Union. The following are the main objects set forth in the charter of the Pan-Pacific Union: 1. To call in conference delegates from all Pacific peoples for the purpose of discussing and furthering the interests common to Pacific nations. 2. To maintain in Hawaii and other Pacific lands bureaus of information and education concerning matters of interest to the people of the Pacific, and to disseminate to the world information of every kind of progress and opportunity in Pacific lands, and to promote the comfort and interests of all visitors. 3. To aid and assist those in all Pacific communities to better understand each other, and to work together for the furtherance of the best interests of the land of their adoption, and, through them, to spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of inter-racial cooperation. 4. To assist and to aid the different races in lands of the Pacific to cooperate in local aff2 irs, to raise produce, and to create home manufactured goods. 5. To own real estate, erect buildings needed for housing exhibits ; provided and maintained by the respective local committees. 6. To maintain a Pan-Pacific Commercial Museum, and Art Gallery. 7. To create dioramas, gather exhibits, books and other Pan-Pacific material of educational or instructive value. 8. To promote and conduct a Pan-Pacific Exposition of the handicrafts of the Pacific peoples, of their works of art, and scenic dioramas of the most beautiful bits of Pacific lands, or illustrating great Pacific industries. 9. To establish and maintain a permanent college and "clearing house" of in- formation (printed and otherwise) concerning the lands, commerce, peoples, and trade opportunities in countries of the Pacific, creating libraries of commercial knowledge, and training men in this commercial knowledge of Pacific lands. 1 0. To secure the cooperation and support of Federal and State governments, chambers of commerce, city governments, and of individuals. 1 1 . To enlist for this work of publicity in behalf of Alaska, the Territory of Hawaii, and the Philippines, Federal aid and financial support, as well as similar co- operation and support from all Pacific governments. 1 2. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly

and commercial contact and relationship. C)

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CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD

Volume XXIII No. 2

CONTENTS FOR FEBRUARY, 1922

Art Section 101 Sugar Production With Special Reference to Experiment Station Work 117 By H. P. Agee The Need of Latin-American Countries - - - - 123 By rirgilio Rodrigue.s. Beteta The Story of Alaskan Agriculture 127 By C. 1. Kastengren. Journalism in Australia 131 Br J. B. Davidson Boroboedoer, Java 139 Br Garner Curran Shooting the Wanganui River - - - - - - 143 By Nelson Wood China's Problem in Relation to National Polity - - 147 By Dr. Sidney K. Wei --.- Journalism in Korea 151 By I. Yamagata A Korean Newspaper 153 By Kim Doug Sung Miyajima and the Inland Sea As Seen With the Con- gressional Party of 1920 155 By Hon. Henry Z. Osborne, Representative from California Road Building in America 159 By Maurice Bailey

The Trees of Honolulu 165 By W. .1. Bryan Manila Nights 171 By B. B. Cannon Flying Over South Sea Isles 175 By Lieutenant G. .4. Ott Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union 181 New Series No. 28.

Tip II; th-Farifir Magazine Published by ALEXANDER HUME FORD. Honolulu T. H. Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. Yearly subscriptions in the United States and possessions, $2.50 in advance. Canada and Mexico. $2.75. For all foreign countries. $3.00. Single copies, 25c. Entered as second-c!ass matter at the Honolulu Postoffice.

Permission is given to republish articles from the Mid-Pacific Magazine.

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llllllllllllllllllllllllllll 11101M1110111111411.1. The coast of the Island of Molokai rises sheer from the sea. During the winter season this side of the island is ap- proached by mountain trails as it is too rough here to make a landing. Water is the source of all wealth in Hawaii. The mountains are tunnelled for water that is then led down to the cane fields to produce sugar and dividends. There are but twenty thousand full-blooded Hawaiians left but the young girls are growing up with a charm of their own that is winsome to all. This is a bit of now "ancient" Ainahau,- for this garden of the Princess Kaiulani has been cut up into town lots, and the ancient palace at Waikiki recently burned to the ground. In Korea and in Japan life is not always easy. The hours of the peasant worker are long and unrentunerative; still these people are happy and oft-times contented with their lot. The Japanese peasant woman in Hawaii corks ten hours a day, makes a good wage and shares in the bonus, which, when sugar is high, gives her a good nest egg.

Sugar Production With Special Reference To ExperimentStation Work-

By H. P. AGEE Director of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Experimental Station.

The nations of the Pacific differ in this connection to know that the normal few respects more than in their appe- Chinese sugar ration is less than one- tite for sugar. New Zealand possesses half that of the war-time sugar ration the greatest sweet-tooth in the world, of France. consuming per capita about 130 pounds This discrepancy in the use of sugar of sugar per year. Expressing this between the various countries of the figure otherwise, it shows an average Pacific is all the more strange when we daily ration of about five and one-half consider that sugar is one of the cheap- ounces of sugar per day for each New est, if not the cheapest, of food com- Zealander. modities in the world's markets. Sugar Australians consume only slightly is the only food of which more than less sugar than the New Zealanders. 99% per cent is nourishment. It con- The United States uses 85 pounds an- tains less than one-half of one per nually per capita, or, roughly, three cent of water. Comparing the food and one-half ounces per day. Russia's value of sugar with other food pro- consumption is much lower, being but ducts, from the standpoint of calories 22 pounds yearly, or about one ounce of energy, we find that sugar has 1750 daily. Japan consumes a little more calories per pound, against 1546 in than one-half that of Russia, that is polished rice, and 1675 in wheat flour. thirteen and one-half pounds per year, Taking the population of the world or one-half an ounce per day. as a whole, 1,700,000,000 persons con- The Chinese eat less sugar than any sume on the average about the same other people, their annual consumption amount of sugar as did Russia in pre- being only three and one-half pounds, war years, that is, one ounce a day. which is scarcely one-fifth of an ounce This demand calls for a sugar produc- per day. tion of 20,000,000 tons yearly. The statistics used here are mostly A few years ago the world's produc- pre-war figures. It is of interest in tion was about equally divided between

117 *A paper based on a lunch talk. Pan-Pacific Educational Conference, August, 1921. 118 THE MID-PACIFIC

cane and beet sugar. Since the be- the Royal Hawaiian Agricultural So- ginning of the war in Europe, beet ciety in 1850. The group of men which sugar production has fallen off rapidly, met in Honolulu at that time is shown and the latest statistics show that about from its deliberations to have been 75 per cent of the world's sugar is pro- broad-minded and far-sighted in laying duced frcim sugar cane. plans for the agriculture of the Islands. Hawaii ranks fourth among the cane The crying question of the day, in sugar producing localities. The area fact, the question which brought these men together for consultation, was the devoted to cane in Hawaii is compara- shortage of labor. The meeting in tively small, being but 225,000 acres, Honolulu in 1850 discussed and looked and the success of the sugar industry with much favor upon the introduction is dependent upon intensive cultivation. of Chinese agricultural labor into these The industry here is a striking exam- ple of co-operative business enterprise islands. and science applied to industry. In 1860 we are told that the industry Since the days of earliest history, produced one thousand tons of sugar. Ten years later the production had sugar cane has been grown in these increased to ten thousand tons, and in islands. The plant was being used by the natives when first visited by the/ 1880, fifty thousand tons were pro- early explorers, Cook and Vancouver. duced. In 1890 the production was The first attempt to manufacture 135,000 tons, and by another ten years sugar from cane in these islands is re- this had increased to 300,000 tons. ported to have occurred about the year The development of sugar production 1820, but the name of the pioneer is in Hawaii which followed annexation not on record. The first plantation of to the United States received a severe any size on the Island of Oahu was setback in the early years of this cen- started by a man by the name of Wil- tury. The canefields became infested kinson. In 1835 he planted one hun- with the sugar cane leafhopper. In dred acres of cane in Manoa valley, fact, the industry was threatened with Honolulu. The crop was never harvest- ruin by this pest, which wrought havoc ed. The endeavor was a failure owing throughout the four islands of the to the high price of labor, which then group. demanded twenty-five cents a day. The sugar planters turned for advice About the same time, the first success- to R. C. L. Perkins, an entomologist ful sugar plantation was established with the British Museum, who was at Koloa on Kauai. at that time in the islands studying Statisticians accord Hawaii a produc- their insect fauna in the interest of tion of two tons of sugar in 1836. The the museum collection, and with little development of the industry was slow, thought of the economic phases of but gained considerable impetus with entomology. Dr. Perkins was ac- the discovery of gold in California and quainted with A. Koebele, an entomolo- the extension of the territory and gov- gist of California, who knew of this ernment of the United States to the leafhopper in Australia and thought it Pacific Coast. was held in check there by some natur- The signal co-operation which has al enemy. played such important part in Hawaiian At the instance of the sugar planters, affairs appears to have had its formal these two entomologists proceeded to beginning in a meeting which founded Australia, where the prediction of Prof. THE MID-PACIFIC 119

Koebele proved to be true. They found It was not a simple matter to bring it there, and succeeded in transporting from New Guinea to Honolulu. It and establishing in Hawaii, a minute failed to survive the long journey in egg parasite of the leafhopper, so small captivity, and it was only by establish- that it cannot readily be seen with the ing a series of relay stations that the naked eye. This tiny parasite, known work was accomplished. The first lap as Paranegrus optibilis, finds the eggs of the journey was from New Guinea of the leafhopper which it punctures, to Australia. Here a new generation placing its own egg within that of the was bred which sustained the trip from hopper. The young parasite develops Queensland to Fiji. From this point, at the expense of the leafhopper egg, the third generation completed the jour- thus reducing the numbers of this pest ney to Honolulu, which had been be- to a small fraction of what they other- gun by their forefathers from their wise would be. The welfare of the New Guinea home. The entire trip sugar industry here in Hawaii is en- was in the hands of trained entomolo- tirely dependent upon this egg parasite gists, on shipboard and at the breeding introduced from Australia. stations. Encouraged by this success, the sugar Once in Honolulu, colonies were bred planters adopted the proposal of Fred- and established in various places rick Muir, one of the entomologists who throughout the Islands. The work of had assisted Dr. Perkins, to set out in caring for introduced insects, after they search of a natural enemy for the sugar have reached Hawaii, has been, to a cane borer, a pest which for many years large extent, handled by 0. H. Swezey, had exacted a heavy toll from the plan- one of the entomologists of the Experi- tations. ment Station, who has been associated After several adventurous years ex- with this work since the early days of ploring the islands of the South Seas, the leaf hopper menace. Mr. Muir found that the same borer A third significant piece of economic which attacks sugar cane in Hawaii entomology was the control of the Ano- also had its habitat in the wild canes mala beetle. In this case a new pest of New Guinea. But there it was held was accidentally introduced from Japan, in check by a Tachinid fly. This fly but was overpowered and completely might be mistaken by the layman for routed before extending its bounds be- the ordinary house fly, being of much yond two plantations. The natural the same size and conformation. enemy was a small wasp obtained in Its habits, however, are entirely dif- the Philippines under the leadership of ferent, its life cycle being intimately Mr. Muir, after much effort and many associated with that of the sugar cane disappointments. borer. The female of this species These endeavors are of the sort that finds the channels in the cane stalk that could hardly be undertaken by indi- the borer has made. Here she places vidual plantations, but the Hawaiian the larvae, or young flies. These find planters many, many years ago learned the larvae of the borer, drill their way the wisdom of cooperation. The begin- into the body, and live at the expense ning, as before mentioned, dates back of their host, which finally succumbs. to the organization of the Royal Ha- The introduction of this fly into Hawaii waiian Agricultural Society. has meant the saving of millions of In 1880 the Hawaiian Planters' Labor dollars. and Supply Company came into being 120 THE MID-PACIFIC and continued its endeavors until 1895, of the mainland United States that in- when the wider scope of action brought dependent studies have been necessary. about a reorganization resulting in the From the early work of Walter Max- Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association. well down to the investigations of Guy l't was in that year that there was R. Stewart, who is today working to founded, in effect, an Experiment Sta- establish definite correlations between tion. Walter Maxwell, an agricultural soil analyses and fertilizer requirements chemist, was then engaged. The use of of cane lands, the plantations have re- commercial fertilizer on the sugar lands ceived much assistance and guidance had begun as early as 1878 and the from the soils laboratory. problems arising in the use of these The chemical control of sugar factor- materials called for expert advice. ies is a very necessary part of the pres- From a report by a planter, dated ent day routine of sugar production. 1883, we read : "The question of fer- The Experiment Station maintains a de- tilizers for our fast exhausting soil is partment headed by W. R. McAllep becoming a very serious one. When it which, by inspection visits to the plan- is realized that from twenty to sixty tations, does much to maintain a high tons of cane per acre is a common yield standard of manufacturing. of our plantations, it requires no pro- No mention is made here of the part phet to foretell the decline of even our played in this development by mechani- richest soils." cal, electrical, and civil engineering, as The story of how the Hawaiian plant- evidence of this may be seen on every ers have continued to crop these "fast hand on every plantation, as well as in exhausting soils" of 1883 year after year, the irrigation projects of the moun- cane crop following cane crop, with lit- tains. tle or no relief in the way of fallowing Not only had the fields suffered from or green manuring—how in doing this insect pests, but plant diseases have they have not only maintained, but have also reaped a heavy toll. Investigations steadily increased, the yield per acre of the cause and character of these until the record yields of these lands sugar cane diseases have led to relief, are not those which sprang from the both by the choice of resistant cane va- virgin fertility of many years ago, but rieties and the modification of agricul- the crops of today after continuous cane tural practices to meet the situation. cultivation—this is a story with few The study of foreign diseases in Java, parallels in the history of agriculture. Fiji, Australia and other parts by H. It is a story of industry, persever- L. Lyon has resulted in much informa- ance, cooperation and applied science. tion in this respect. Sugar cane pathol- It has its dark chapters of struggle and ogy is primarily concerned with pre- discouragement, it tells of many serious ventive measures. problems and of how the laboratory, Following the leafhopper disaster in technical library, and trained specialists 1903-04, stringent quarantine was es- have dealt with them, sustaining and tablished against the introduction of upbuilding the sugar industry of these cane from abroad, and almost simul- islands. taneously the Station began the pro- Some of the earliest investigations of pagation of new seedling varieties. Of the planters' Experiment Station dealt the first five thousand seedlings propa- with the chemistry of Hawaiian soils. gated by C. F. Eckart, then director of These soils are so different from those the station, about 1905, there is one The town of Wailuku surrounded by sugar cane.

cane, H-109, that is being adopted by tween the plantations and the agricul- the plantations of the irrigated dis- tural department. There are more than tricts. These are spreading it very a hundred of these field tests located on rapidly. Fortunately it is a variety that the plantations with a view to solving thrives where the old Lahaina cane suc- the questions that arise as to the best cumbs to root disease. There are now field practices. The extensive use of probably 25,000 acres planted to this commercial fertilizers and the most seedling and it promises to be a great profitable way of utilizing these expen- boon to the industry. sive plant foods is still a very perti- There are about ten varieties of cane, nent issue. These tests are conducted having areas of more than one thousand under the direction of J. A. Verret. acres of land. Some of the old stand- Attracted by the success of the ard canes are gradually giving away to orange, grapefruit, and lemon growers the promising seedling varieties, thou- of Southern California in improving sands of which are propagated by the their standard varieties by bud selec- Station every year for the sake of the tion, through the method developed by occasional one which shows superior A. D. Shamel, the sugar planters in- properties. vited Mr. Shamel to the Islands two An important feature of the work years ago. The cooperative work now that has been expanded rapidly during under way between the Experiment Sta- the past few years is the field experi- tion and Mr. Shamel promises similar ment—a cooperative undertaking be- striking results in cane to those already 121 122 THE MID-PACIFIC obtained in citrus fruits. The selection and plants from foreign countries, and of superior strains of the standard va- Dr. Lyon, who heads the work has al- rieties already gives indications of pros- ready brought together a very rare and pective higher yields. valuable collection of plants, some of Another important line of work that which will no doubt lend themselves to has recently been taken up is forestry. strengthen the forest cover. There are The watershed forests of the Islands, so several hundred thousand acres of for- vital to sugar production, are deterior est land to be cared for and the project ating rapidly, partly on account of a is one whose fulfillment will take gen- none too distinct separation of grazing erations. and forest lands, and partly owing to The sugar agriculture of Hawaii is the changed environment to which the not one of exploiting the primeval fer- native flora is subjected by the en- tility of the soil, to be followed by the croachment of introduced grasses. abandonment of wasted areas as has The sugar planters have recently ex- been the case with so much of the tended their cooperation to the Terri- world's agriculture. True, there are to- torial Board of Agriculture and Forestry. day some who feel the same degree of to remedy this situation, and are now alarm as the planter who spoke of his formulating ways and means of pro- fast exhausting soils in 1883. The con- tecting and improving the watersheds tinuous cropping and intensive use of which mean so much to the future of chemical fertilizers strike terror to the Hawaiian agriculture. A branch of this hearts of many students of agriculture procedure is that of introducing trees who visit these shores.

A sugar mill in Hawaii, an oasis in a sea of cane. The Pan-American building. tc The Need of Latin-American Countries By VIRGILIO RODRIGUEZ BETETA Representing the Press Association of South America

Being one of the fundamental pur- significance at this time when the eyes poses of the Press Congress to establish of the world are turned expectantly on and maintain closer relations between the development of this section of the the publishers of newspapers and maga- globe. zines in every country, nothing could be The papers presented on the occasion better than the formation of subdivisions of the inauguration of this Pan-Pacific of this Congress, in such a way that this Press Congress widely show how prac- may be the big organization which will tical can be the promotion of under- preside over all subdivisions and these standing between the Pan-Pacific coun- will serve with greater concentration on tries to secure better means of communi- sectional problems, and particular atten- cation between them and above all, to tion to relations between peoples of one advance the cause of world peace. section of the globe. The organization I will refer now only to what this of a Pan-Pacific Press Conference to be section of the Press Congress can ac- a part of the Press Congress of the complish in the case of Latin America. World is, in consequence, not only a All of the Latin American Republics logical step in the development of the have coastlines, both on the Atlantic and functions of the Press Congress of the the Pacific, with the exception of Uru- World, but a step of more than ordinary guay, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and

123 124 THE MID-PACIFIC

Bolivia, but even these countries have how the racial problem has been solved considerable interest in the Pacific ; inso- in countries like Argentina and Ura- far as the first four are concerned they guay, how the extension of a great popu- are interested because of the establish- lation of Negroes in Brazil does not ment of railroad facilities between Chile constitute the problem there, and how and the Republic of Argentina by means the problem of a large native Indian of the Transandean Railway. In refer- population, by means of its slow assimi- ence to the last named of these republics, lation with the white populations is be- Bolivia, which has no coast, either on ing solved. You of the Orient will be the Atlantic or the Pacific, has its natur- very much interested in knowing of the .al outlet, however, toward the Pacific. magnitude and intensity of the fight in In spite of the many commercial inter- which these countries have been engaged ests which Latin America has on the in their struggle to adopt the most ad- Pacific it can be said that there are but vanced principles of representation and very few relations maintained between democracy in spite of poor preparation these countries and those of the Ha- by the masses and a national indepen- waiian Islands, Japan, China, Korea, dent life when these countries obtained New Zealand, the Philippines, Australia their independence from Spain. Finally and other countries bordering the Pa- you will be astonished when you know cific in the Old World, countries which the progress, the figures of natural trade are known to Latin America through and some other striking results achieved by some of these countries. While a name only. group of them have achieved great re- There are in Latin American countries sults, all the others are in different bordering the Pacific not less than degrees of development, all tending to- seventy wireless stations, among them ward the same results. The size of the one of high power located in Chile, but Latin American - territory which is at no news is sent there directly from the least four times that of the United Orient. It is relayed to California by States and is capable of a population wireless, from there it is sent to New of four hundred million people, and the York, thence to South America by cable stupendous number and variety of natur- from Galveston on the Gulf of Mexico, al resources foreshadows that Latin going to Vera Cruz, Mexico, crossing America is destined to occupy a great then the isthmus and going from there position in world affairs. And now it is through all the Pacific countries of Cen- interesting to know how the Orient will tral and South America. be benefited from the position which The main task of the Pan-Pacific Con- Latin America holds. gress in connection with the interchange of news in Central and South American From the beginning of the develop- newspapers should be directed to obtain- ment of the practical works of the Pan- ing direct means of communication at Pacific Congress in Latin America I sug- the lowest possible rate. The dealings gest the necessity of starting the rela- which rapid development of this Con- tions with it by means of a center of gress is maintaining are of great interest communication established at a point in to the Orient because of the rapid America which is to be in direct con- growth which these young countries tact, both with Latin America and at the have made in their fight for advance- same time with the Orient. There is ment against so many handicaps. The but one way to begin, that is to say, to Orient would be interested in knowing take advantage of an intermediate point. THE MID-PACIFIC 125

The situation is similar to that of two of disinterested countries. Neither the persons, who, in order to become ac- Pan-American Congress, started nearly quainted need the services of a third thirty years ago with the purpose of person to make the" introduction. bringing together the American coun- Through this point you will speak to tries, both of Saxon and Spanish origin, Latin America and Latin America will for the settlement of international quar- speak to you, it being the center of dif- rels and disputes and adopting a common fusion and the source of the information point of view in regard to. international contained in your newspapers, maga- policies, or the efforts of prominent men zines and pamphlets, and vice versa. Of of thought and good will in North and course this point which is selected must South America have succeeded in stop- be one which has the best and most ping this acute quarrel which represents rapid means of communication by cable, the most perplexing problem confronted wireless, steamer and mail with both the by the people of Latin America. Orient and Latin America. Through Bolivia expects, naturally enough, an this center there would be developed the outlet to the sea, of which she was de- mutual relations between the Orient and prived at the time of the treaty after that Latin America, until the time when such war. Peru demands the return of two communications could be put on a direct provinces which Chile retains in her basis. hands. Chile argues that she has the That is the way for the Pan-Pacific right for doing it and the other says that Congress to promote a better under- the main condition of that treaty, which standing between the Pacific countries was to put the disputed provinces under of Latin America and the Pacific coun- the test of a plebiscite, was not fulfilled. tries of the Orient, and especially of The settlement of the problem involved establishing better understanding be- is the main purpose of any attempt to tween the journalists by means of com- maintain peace in the Latin American munication. In so far as the high pur- Pacific. If the Pan-Pacific Press Con- poses of advancing the cause of the ference could do something that would peace of the Pacific, a phrase of deep gain the attention of the most influential significance for securing the peace of the journalists of both countries in order to world, this branch of the Press Congress bring about a common point of view should make the task of Latin America a which would result in arranging a cove- very important one. There are in the nant, it would be an achievement which most southwesterly part of America big would excel any other one accomplish- problems which concern the international ment made by the many tentative Pan- policies of all Latin America. The "War American Congresses and courts of arbi- of the Pacific," so-called, is the name tration. given by history to the war between Another point to which the side of the Chile on the one side, and Peru and Pan-Pacific Press Congress could be ad- Bolivia on the other side during the last dressed is Central America. The separa- third of the eighteenth century. This tion of these five small republics which at war left as a legacy a bitter( dispute as the time of its independence and some to frontiers and provinces which has been twenty years after, were constituted a impossible to settle amicably in spite of sole nation, is a Latin American interna- the many efforts used, as much on the tional problem which in a certain way part of politicians and diplomatists of the opposes the prestige and harmonious de- contending nations as by the mediation velopment of the American continent of Lima, the capital of Peru.

Spanish speaking countries. Since its in- and Latin American press has offered at dependence the most intelligent and patri- different opportunities its support, and otic public men have been engaged in recently most of the papers of the United fighting at first for maintaining the unity States, especially the papers and maga- of the Republic of Central America and zines of New York, have become inter- afterwards for the establishment of it. ested in this affair and have applauded Since 1885, on which date Rufino Barrios that effort. Should the Pan-Pacific Con- fell in battle, fighting gloriously for these gress take upon its own account the task of using its influence for securing a ideals, the attempts to secure this union definite moral support of the press of the by means of force were stopped, and has Pacific it would be very opportune and been changed by means of a policy of it would signify that they would help the diplomacy and other peaceful means. five countries occupying the center of the In 1911 a league of Central American New World, through which the oceanic journalists was attempted for the same communication was opened and which is purpose. At present they are not en- the point at which not only the communi- gaged in re-uniting the governments, but cation of the Atlantic with the Pacific mainly the peoples. Big things are being was consummated, but which represents performed worthy of the help and support the bridge uniting the great portions of of all honorable people. The Spanish North and South America.

126 Prospective farmers, to the manner born, in Alaska.

The Story of Alaskan Agriculture By C. F. KASTENGREN ec" To most people the above caption degree, for he is Doctor of Science ; would suggest the title of a story of was professor of agriculture in the state fiction, based on the writer's imagina- agricultural college of Texas ; Professor tion instead of facts. The story is one in the Imperial University of Tokio. of achievement, and is as much the Japan ; Professor in the agricultural col- story of the last twenty years of the lege of Kansas, and later employed in the life of Professor C. C. Georgeson as it Department of Agriculture doing spe- is of the primary subject of agriculture. cial work. In 1898 he was ordered by A thumbnail sketch of Professor the then secretary of agriculture, James Georgeson's life may not be out of Wilson, to proceed to Alaska to study place. As a young man he learned the agricultural possibilities of that vast practical gardening in all its branches ; territory. He accepted the commission studying the theory and science of with considerable reluctance, but with plants and domestic animals ; took his an appropriation of ten thousand dol-

127 128 THE MID-PACIFIC lars he soon found himself in the beau- the blossoms at the same time. The tifully situated old Russian village of result of the first cross was about fif- Sitka, the former capital of Alaska. teen hundred hybrid seedlings which in On the outskirts of the town he took due course were planted out in a field. up 110 acres of government land, in all From these were selected fifteen vari- respects like other millions of acres of eties that promised well, and it was land in Alaska. The land is gently the writer's privilege to pick ripe, lus- rolling and is partly covered with dwarf cious berries in that field in October, birch, spruce and blueberry bushes, with 1914. Their fragrance was really mar- a large assortment of other scrub vege- velous, and a single berry crushed be- tation. On this he set to work to de- tween the fingers filled a whole room velop agriculture in "Seward's big with perfume. Since that time even chunk of ice." Various root plants better berries have been produced by such as turnips, etc., had already been crossing with the wild variety growing tried out by settlers, with considerable in the interior of Alaska. Six of the success. Wild berries such as rasp- first varieties have been tried out in berries, etc., grew to perfection so far the writer's garden in Seattle, and the as flavor was concerned, but such last batch to arrive had flower buds set strawberries as grew on the mainland, when they arrived, packed in moss. while of delicious flavor were small They were planted immediately, and in six weeks had ripe fruit. and not suitable for cultivation. Vari- ous trials had been made with varieties When the professor arrived in Alaska cultivated in the states, but most of he was met with plain skepticism, and them winter killed, and that is true of often with hostility. His skill and all small plants. From a lady at Hollis, knowledge was not enough, and it took Prince of Wales Island, Mrs. Althouse, grim determination to succeed in spite be obtained a few plants that had part- of the hostility of the climate and the ly defied the frost, and in the meantime "interests," for there were such. A he had also collected a few of the wild good fighter is always modest, and that strawberry plants that grow wild along holds good with Professor Georgeson. the very seashore of Yakutat Bay. The He is to edit this article as to facts, latter he planted in good soil prepara- but his blue-penciling as to himself tory to crossing the two varieties. In will have to be disregarded in the fin- that good soil they became what is ished copy. That he is the Father of known as voluptuaries, that is, they Alaskan Agriculture no one would for went in for high living without paying a moment deny. attention to reproducing their species, Mention has been made as to tur- and produced no blossoms. The cure nips. In the town of Haines the for that was to put them in a soil that writer was presented with a rutabaga was composed of nearly sterile volcanic weighing twenty-four pounds, solid and ashes. One year was lost, and the fol- free from woody fiber, and he saw two lowing summer it was discovered that cabbages weighing thirty-four pounds there was a difference of four weeks in apiece after they were properly the blossom season of the wild berry trimmed, and a potato two pounds and and the cultivated. After another year two ounces. Rhubarb grows three feet had passed the laggards were put in high in Sitka and Skagway. They also the greenhouse while the others were grow sweet peas eight feet high, and kept out of doors so as to bring out California poppies not surpassed in THE MID-PACIFIC 129 their native California. All small fruits provement on the Champion in point do very well in the coastal regions, but of earliness. It proved undesirable be- apples and pears have not yet been cause the heads were brittle and broke adapted to the climate, with the excep- off in handling. But this hybrid was tion of the Yellow Transparent, an made the mother plant of a cross with early summer apple that has matured a beardless and hull-less variety called to perfection in exceptionally favorable the Hull-less. The result was a won- seasons in southeastern Alaska. A derful beardless and hull-less barley crabapple also gives some promise. with very large heads, stiff straw, and But it is in the interior region where yet early enough to fully mature at the really solid agricultural develop- 65°30' North Latitude. This is known ment is taking place. At the Rampart as "19B" in the station records. In Experiment Station, Latitude 65°30' oats there have been made a number North, the grain breeding is carried on of improvements on the parents, but exclusively. Then the resulting hybrids as yet there have not been enough pro- are planted in "increase plats," at the duced to make a general distribution to Fairbanks Station, but it may be well the farmers. to emphasize that all the experiments are It is recognized all over the world carried out under actual field condi- that the alfalfa plant is of great eco- tions, and not in unusually favored sit- nomic importance, but to get it to stay uations. A large number of grain hy- in the ground during the Alaska spring brids have been produced at Rampart thaw was a considerable problem. Com- station. From M. Pissareff, of the Rus- mon alfalfa is killed by the cold, sian experiment station at Irkutsk, Si- whether it is heaved out or not. There beria, a very early spring wheat was are native, yellow flowered varieties obtained, which, crossed with the Mar- that grow on the high, windswept and quis wheat has produced a hybrid that frosty steppes of Turkestan, Siberia, promises to become of much economic and Thibet in Asia. It was inferred importance. The farmers of the Fair- that as they were native in such inhos- banks district have started a co-opera- pitable regions they were able to with- tive flour mill of twenty-five barrels stand extremely low temperatures. A daily capacity for grinding flour of the Professor Hansen went there on a col- locally produced wheat. Alaska will lecting tour and brought back a rela- soon produce all the breadstuffs they tively large quantity of seed, and this need, and it is not a far cry to where seed has produced bright green alfalfa Alaska will be an exporter of large fields in the interior of Alaska. What quantities of food stuffs. that means to stock raising can easily Hull-less barleys and oats have been be imagined, and that brings us to the produced of a quality not surpassed in subject of animal husbandry. The any grain growing section of the standard breeds of dairy cattle do not world. In fact, the first hybrid grain thrive in the cold climate, and what is produced was a barley. The mother more, the settler needs an animal that was a six rowed beardless variety is a fair milk, producer as well as a called Champion which was pollenated beef animal. It is a combination ani- with a very early six rowed bearded mal that is desired. The Galloway variety called Pamir because obtained breed promised most, but an improve- from a high plateau in the Pamir ment of that stock is contemplated by Mountains. The offspring was an im- crossing it with the Siberian yak. After 130 THE MID-PACIFIC years of exasperating delays a pair of the growers can guarantee an annual these animals have been obtained from yield of forty thousand tons of beets, the Canadian government from a yak or about five thousand acres in beets, herd kept as show animals at Banff a sugar factory will be established. Park. How long would it take to produce a The experiment station devoted to surplus over their own needs? The this branch is located on Kodiak Island. future is pregnant with possibilities, The native vegetation consists mostly of and with improved transportation fa- tall grasses, but the wet climate makes cilities and the social handicaps in part it difficult to properly cure the hay. removed there seems to be no reason The silo has proved the solution of why Alaska should not loom big as a the difficulty by providing food for food producer, and to a considerable tiding over periods of heavy snow falls extent knock the Malthusian doctrine when it is difficult for the animals to into a cocked hat. make a living out of doors. When The interior of Alaska is not the the Katmai volcano blew its top and dark, gloomy country that most people sides off it sent volcanic dust and imagine it to be. The great, moisture ashes over the biggest part of the hem- laden clouds, as they come in from the isphere. On Kodiak Island the pas- Pacific Ocean are compelled to cross tures were covered to a depth of the great Alaskan coast range, culmin- eighteen inches, and it became neces- ating in the highest peaks on the North sary to send the whole herd to the American continent, where most of the state of Washington until the grass moisture is precipitated leaving bright ranges in the north had recovered suf- skies in the interior. In fact there are ficiently to support animal life. The vast stretches in the interior having a elements are hard task masters, but rather dry climate. In the coastal re- man's ingenuity can overcome many of gion the precipitation varies all the way the handicaps. It is an even break that frdm one hundred and sixty inches an- the ashes may improve the soil in nually in Ketchikan, to about twenty- many instances. The rains have washed six inches at Haines, and ninety inches down a part of the deposit to the flats in Juneau and Sitka. and gulches, but where only a few In putting raw land under cultivation inches are left, and it can be turned many difficulties are met with that the down and mixed with the original top ordinary pioneer is not acquainted with. soil by the plow the result is a distinct A large portion of the land suitable improvement. for tilling is covered with a dense To advance the claim that Alaska stand of spruce. may conceivably become a great sugar With a considerable assortment of producing country would easily expose grains, fodder plants, vegetables for man the writer to the charge of pipe dream- and beast, .and a large number of flowers ing. But the Tanana Valley is forty to cheer the home garden, Alaska is not miles wide and six hundred miles long. the forbidding country it is often sup- The Matanuska Valley is also a large posed to be. With laws that aid in de- piece of real estate. In the latter the veloping the country instead of exploit- experiment station has raised sugar ing it Alaska will soon rise to be an beets containing as high as 21.4 per agricultural giant, not merely able to cent of sugar. If that is not the world's support itself, but to aid in feeding the record it is not far behind it. When millions engaged in industrial enterprise. Journalism In Australia

By J. E. DAVIDSON

Managing Director of "The Barrier Miner," Broken Hill, Australia, and first president of the Australian Journalists' Association.

Eight hundred and forty-five news- the practice of excluding pictorial feat- papers supply Australia's five and a half ures. Several of the most successful millions of people with news and jour- evening papers are now following the nalistic comment. Australian journal- example set by the American press in ism compares favorably with that in that respect. On special occasions the any other part of the globe. From the morning papers use photographic work, editorial and commercial points of view, but not so generally as their evening the bulk of the newspapers are ably contemporaries. Line illustrations as conducted. In a social system in which used in the United States are rarely the newspaper must necessarily be a seen in Australian newspapers. commercial success in order to live, they A lack of humor is perhaps one of maintain the highest ideals. There has the outstanding features of Australian never been ground, so far as I know, journalism. One rarely gets a laugh for suspicion that any newspaper of out of our daily press, unless it be a standing has ever been actuated in -its laugh at the intense seriousness of policy or advocacy by self-seeking or some of the political articles. Conscious corrupt motives. Bribery of the Aus- humor is studiously avoided, so studi- tralian press is unheard of. Its honesty ously avoided, that not infrequently un- of purpose is beyond question. The conscious humor is abundantly present. leading and special articles are vigor- The Australian newspapers were orig- ously written. The news on the whole inally modelled on the British type of is set out fairly and impartially. The journalism, to which type they still style employed is generally crisp and closely adhere. True to the British pithy, but without any attempt at elab- type, the Australian journalism is staid, orate display. In the last ten years weighty and serious. It worships at the evening newspapers, which have the shrine of dignity, and therefore in made rapid progress, have to some ex- many of the leading daily newspapers tent broken away from the unwritten humor is taboo. That is not to say law in regard to the non-display of there are no humorists among Austra- news, but the morning papers still rig- lian newspaper men. As a fact, there idly conform tc, it. In the same way, is as high a percentage of them on the the evening newspapers have abandoned inky way under the Southern Cross as 131 132 THE MID-PACIFIC

.among journalists elsewhere, but most in the headline. In the case of one of the witty newspaper matter and newspaper which departed from that headings are only,published in clubs or formula the managing editor received other places where the Australian news- numerous letters from readers to the paper men congregate. Several bright effect that they objected to him turn- writers in Australia have, at different ing "all the reports in the paper upside- times, nearly lost their jobs, because in down." unguarded moments, they let a joke Until the Australian States federated creep into their "copy". and the Commonwealth of Australia On this phase of journalism many was created, the newspapers devoted an proprietors and managers have a per- inordinate amount of space to politics. fect horror of what they call "Ameri- This again was one of the journalistic canizing" their newspapers. A remon- traditions handed down from the British strance to one manager in respect to type. The political writers were always the dull seriousness of his newspaper the best paid men, and the editors of drew the remark, "My dear fellow, dul- the great daily newspapers were selected ness and seriousness pay me. Tell me mainly on their political acumen. In how to make my paper more solemn those days most of the work in what and serious and I'll listen to you." And Americans call the "human interest" there was wisdom in that apparent domain was entrusted to the junior topsyturvy observation. There is noth- members of the staffs. While the States ing the Australian public resent more remained entirely separate entities, the quickly or more emphatically than in- big metropolitan newspapers wielded novations in its newspapers. enormous political power, and on that The Australian newspaper reader likes power they flourished in a financial sense. his paper to have exactly the same ap- pearance from day to day. He wishes Over fifty percent of the Australian to find its several features—the wool population is centered in the State cap- market, the mining news, the financial ital cities, and that enabled the great articles, the cabled and local news—all newspapers to build up their immense in precisely the same part of the paper political influence. Each paper strove each day. Further, he expects all the to become a sort of political director, reports and articles to follow a stereo- and the more powerful of them were typed form. For that reason what is indeed able to make and unmake State called the "lead" in American journal- Ministries at their own sweet wills. The ism is unknown in Australia. In Aus- success of these papers led others to tralia a newspaper story must start at strive after similar effects, with the the "beginning" and work up to a cli- result that the real news side of journal- max like the old three-volume novel. A ism was neglected. The aim of every police court story must first of all set proprietor was to, make his publication, out when and where the court was held, not a first-class newspaper, but what who occupied the bench, the name of some were pleased to term an "organ". the accused, and the charge. The evi- In other words, a force in the formation dence tendered in the case must follow of public opinion. in the order submitted, and the fate of When the Commonwealth was inau- the person concerned must be carefully gurated, however, national matters be- concealed until the last paragraph is gan to overshadow State affairs. Aus- written ; unless perchance it is disclosed tralia on the whole displaced the indi- THE MID-PACIFIC 133

vidual States in the minds of the peo- won a decisive victory. In the first two ple. Realizing that fact, the newspapers Commonwealth Parliamentary elections began to devote less space to State poli- after the States had federated, the free tics and more to Commonwealth politics ; trade party was completely routed ; since but they had not nearly the same in- then, the fiscal issue has played a very fluence of power over the Federal (Com- insignificant part in Australian journal- monwealth) Parliament or in Federal ism. Even in New South Wales the political matters as they had enjoyed in contest against the policy of protection State matters. This was inevitable. has been abandoned. The big metropolitan newspapers, while Meanwhile, as secondary industries all-powerful in their own States, could had multiplied, there had grown up in do nothing to influence the electors of the big cities, almost unheeded by the other States, simply because they have newspapers, a large wage-earning popu- no circulation there. Therefore, since lation—artisans and factory operatives. the establishment of the Commonwealth That class of the population was aug- in 1900 the newspapers have devoted mented by the masses of unskilled la- much more attention to general news borers, created and encouraged to re- as distinguished from political news. main unskilled by the expenditure by In the early days of Australian jour- the State Governments of enormous nalism the newspapers were divided in sums of loan money borrowed from the political field along a line some- Great Britain. The steady growth of what similar to that existing in Great this proletarian population silently Britain. They belonged to one of two worked a tremendous change in the groups—Conservative or Liberal. The political thought of Australia, which Conservative papers stood for the pres- again had its effect on political journal- ervation of vested interests, chiefly ism. For a time the proletarian class those of the landed proprietors, men swung in behind the Liberal Party, as it who had come to the new land from did in Great Britain for nearly two cen- Great Britain and taken up large areas turies. This meant a vast accession of of pastoral country. These men were, power to the Liberal newspapers. But and still are, known as "squatters". On about 1890—the year of the great hard- the other hand, the Liberal newspapers fought strike in the shipping industry favored the breaking up of the holdings in Australia—the proletarian of work- of the squatters into small areas with ing class population began to organize the object of absorbing the population a political party of its own. This be- which had been attracted to Australia came, and is still, known as the Aus- by the gold discoveries, and in other to tralian Labor Party. It was at the provide land for other immigrants. time wholly without newspaper support. Later on, as secondary industries be- For ten years the work of organization went on steadily, and ultimately changed gan to grow up, the division was along the fiscal issue, except in New South the whole aspect of Australian political journalism. Wales, the Australian home of free trade. The Conservative newspapers Conservative and Liberal newspapers, took up the cudgels on behalf of free which had hitherto been fiercely fighting trade and the importing interests, while each other, began to find a common the Liberal journals supported a policy cause in hostility to the new party and of protection for the new industries. In its socialistic policy. Almost uncon- this battle the Liberal papers eventually sciously, they joined forces to oppose 134 THE MID-PACIFIC sternly the now rapidly rising party. and more attention is being paid to the There was still here and there a slight world's news, received by cable, and to difference in the tone adopted toward happenings affecting the general life of certain measures proposed by the Labor the community. In short, the Austral- Party, but in the broad sense both Con- ian newspaper is becoming less of a servative and Liberal journals were political machine, and therefore truer unanimously anti-Labor. Despite their to name. combined efforts, they failed utterly to In addition to the weekly Labor stem Labor's oncoming tide. papers already referred to the Labor Assisted, but not much, by three or party now publishes five daily journals, four small weekly propaganda sheets, one each in Hobart (Tasmania), Ade- published in State capital cities, the La- laide (South Australia), Brisbane bor Party eventually secured a majority (Queensland), Ballarat (Victoria) and in two or three of the State Legislatures Broken Hill (New South Wales). and in the Commonwealth Parliament. There is no Labor daily press in The political power and influence of the either of the two chief cities—Mel- Australian newspapers were dealt a bourne and Sydney, although at the staggering blow, from which they have outbreak of the war the Labor party never recovered in a political sense. had a modern plant ready in Sydney This was unmistakably demonstrated to produce a daily newspaper. Owing during the war period. On two occa- greatly to the narrow lines and nar- sions during that period the Common- row views which characterize the La- wealth Government submitted to a refer- bor papers as compared with their non- endum of the electors (adult suffrage) Labor opponents—which, again, is the question of whether the Australian owing greatly to the fact that the lead- army fighting abroad should be rein- ers of the party have not yet learned forced by means of military conscrip- the first essentials of newspaper man- tion. The Labor Party opposed mili- agement—little journalistic or financial tary conscription and was supported by success has yet been achieved by any five small and feeble daily newspapers Labor daily paper. All of them are which it had meanwhile established. dependent on constant—and grudging— The whole of the powerful anti-Labor financial support from the Labor and non-Labor newspapers, numbering unions. The circulations too, are ex- 700 throughout Australia, strongly ad- ceedingly small, even among the work- vocated the principle of and need for ing class, in comparison with those of military conscription. On both refer- non-Labor papers. One explanation of endums there were substantial majori- the poor circulations is that the Labor ties against conscription. Clearly the publications are not newspapers in the old-established newspapers had lost their proper sense of that term. They may power to sway the people at will. be described generally as propaganda Though doubtless the element of strong sheets disguised as newspapers, and self-interest and family interest in the they are therefore neither one nor the conscription question was beyond the other. They try to be both, and fail reach of newspaper argument in the both ways. Another drawback to suc- case of vast numbers of the electors. cessful Labor journalism is that there One result of this loss of influence is are wide divisions within the party that the political side of Australian itself. These divisions cover sections journalism is gradually losing much of such as the revolutionary communists, the importance it once possessed. More of the Karl Marx school ; guild social- THE MID-PACIFIC 135 ists ; State socialists and constitutional New South Wales. It is the nearest democrats. All these sections issue approach that Australia has to a na- small weekly, fortnightly, or monthly tional paper. In, its make-up and range newspapers which have little or no in- of matter there is nothing quite like fluence on the mass of the proletariat. it in the whole world of journalism. From the offices of most of the prin- Founded by an extraordinarily brilliant cipal daily papers bulky general weekly Australian, whose outlook was essen- newspapers are issued. There is usual- tially that of the average Australian, it ly one such weekly paper connected has done much to mould national with each big daily paper proprietary. thought and character, and at the same These publications are a distinctive time it is an admirable mirror of that feature of Australian journalism. They thought and character. Seizing the are not mere weekly enlargements of field of humor and satire left largely the dailies, but they are entirely sepa- untouched by the daily newspapers, the rate publications under separate titles. founder of "The Bulletin" produced a They contain summaries of the week's paper brimful of those qualities. After news, special agricultural, pastoral, hor- the usual struggle, owing to insufficient ticultural and sporting articles, short capital, it was a complete success. It and serial stories, and an illustrated handles politics, finance, art, literature, section printed on art or supercalen- and the topics of the day from a broad dared paper. Many of these are high- national viewpoint, and all its articles, class productions and have large circu- paragraphs, cartoons, caricatures and lations, chiefly in the rural districts. drawing are given a witty turn typically Australia, however, is deficient in first- Australian. The humor is so adroitly rate magazines and reviews, the reason mixed with sound common sense, good being that its population is too small taste, solid argument, and lofty nation- to carry them. al sentiment that "The Bulletin" makes delightful reading. It is as popular Except at Sydney, in the State of with women readers as with men. Its New South Wales, there are no Sunday contributors are to be found in all papers in Australia. In that city, how- classes of the community, and in every ever, three Sunday papers are published remote corner of the island continent. regularly, two of them from the offices It has done more to encourage and of evening newspapers . and one inde- build up the short story writers and pendently. All are built more or less the black and white artists of Australia on the lines of American Sunday than any one paper in any other coun- papers. In several of the States the try has done for its writers and artists. publication of regular Sunday papers It is popular in city, town and country. is expressly forbidden by law. In Indeed it has been said that if, on the those States it is provided that estab- long, lonely back country tracks of lished newspapers may publish three Australia, you meet a solitary swag- Sunday editions during any one year, man, bush worker, or sheep or cattle but then only if the matter contained droven, he may ask you for a pipe of in such editions is of national impor- tobacco, but he is sure to ask for a tance. copy of "The. Bulletin." And withal it Among the weekly publications there is in the hands of practically every is one which is known in most. parts financier and statesman, investor and of the English-speaking world. This business man in every part of the Con- is "The Bulletin," published in Sydney, tinent. 136 THE MID-PACIFIC

As is natural in a country so de- in the eyes of his fellow-citizens. Under voutly devoted to all forms of sport, the it a newspaper has no greater rights or sporting papers are numerous. These privileges in commenting on public af- follow closely the lines of the British fairs, or in criticizing public men or and American sporting publications. other persons, that are possessed by The great handicap under which the the ordinary citizen. The courts of Australian newspapers suffer is the cost justice are very strict on this point, and of obtaining the world's big news. The the libel law is resorted to by persons bulk of this news is cabled from Lon- who consider themselves aggrieved don, England, and in comparison with much more frequently in Australia than the cable charges to other countries, is the case in America. The Australian the rate per word is high. Two cable citizen is much more sensitive in re- lines touch Australia—the Eastern Ex- spect to what is said about him in the tension and the Pacific cables. The press than is his American cousin. The news is transmitted through those lines, following instance, from my own ex- but the heavy cost is a drain on the perience, will illustrate the nervous con- resources of the newspapers. The dition of the Australian newspapers as whole of the Australian press is de- regards the printing of libels. During pendent on three cable news organiza- the Broken Hill strike of 1919-20, tions. One of these is controlled by when the whole city was laid idle for the morning newspapers of _Sydney and 18 months, "The Barrier Miner" dis- Melbourne, formed into an association covered that three of the strike leaders, for that purpose. This Association while drawing strike pay coupons, were uses its own service, and also sells it secretly receiving seven pounds a week to the other morning papers in the for alleged services in procuring the capital cities, and to one or two eve- attendance of union members for exam- ning papers in the capital cities and ination by a medical commission spe- to one or two evening papers in the cially appointed by the Government, at capital cities as well. The other two the union's request, to enquire into the cable news organizations are at present health conditions at the mines. The working together under an agreement. leaders were suspected of opposing the They consist of a service controlled by work of the health commission, and so one evening paper in Sydney and an- they were secretly paid salaries by the other in Melbourne, and of the Reu- commission to counteract their adverse ters' Service. These services are sold intensions—a scheme which proved suc- to other newspapers throughout Aus- cessful. "The Barrier Miner," having tralia on a contributory basis which got the men to unsuspectingly convict gives the contributors no voice in the themselves out of their own mouth, tele- management. graphed the facts. as specially good With slight variations the laws, copy, to all its correspondent news- libel and otherwise, governing news- papers, and to all the other leading papers in Australia are the same in all newspapers in Australia. But although the States of the Commonwealth. They the strike was a matter of great na- are based on the British laws dealing tional concern, scarcely any—if any— with newspapers. So far as the law dared to reproduce the exposure. The of libel is concerned, the principle is guilty men had published a threat of that nothing must be printed that is libel actions against any newspapers calculated to injure or damage a person that should reprint the facts, and that THE MID-PACIFIC 137

sufficed to terrify the Australian press in the issue requiring a signature under into silence. The men did begin suits the law, "Brown Smith, "Smith Brown," against "The Barrier Miner" but they and Jones Robinson" are responsible. did not proceed to court. Meanwhile Consequently it is exceedingly doubtful one of them was hounded out of office whether the law has had the effect de- over the matter, and the others went sired by its framers. It has been the out of their own accord. This is an means of satisfying some idle curiosity example of the paralyzing effect of the as to the identity of the political writ- libel nightmare on the Australian press. ers, but that is about all. One law, peculiar to Australia, has For the last ten years the working been enacted by the Commonwealth journalists of Australia have been or- Parliament: This is contained in the ganized in a trade union, registered Electoral Act, a law relating to and under the industrial law of the Com- governing the election of members to monwealth. This union is known as the Commonwealth Parliament. In it the Australian Journalists' Association. there is a clause providing that between Any person the major portion of whose the date of the issue of a writ for an income is derived from Journalism, not election, and the date of the return of being a managing editor or chief of the writ to the President of the Senate staff, is eligible for membership. Prac- or the Speaker of the House of Rep- tically every working journalist is a resentatives every article appearing in member of the organization, which has any paper commenting on matter re- obtained by appeals to the Arbitration lating to the election must be signed Court created under the Industrial law, by the writer thereof. This provision awards fixing the minimum wages, and was brought forward by the Labor the hours and conditions of labor for party, and was intended as . a blow at all its members. These awards have the influence of the anti-Labor news- substantially increased the wages of. papers. It was considered that if the journalists on the regular newspaper names of the writers of political articles staffs throughout Australia, and at the were attached to them, it would de- same time they have decreased the tract from the weight of such articles. hours of labor. Separate agreements The underlying idea was to detach the have been made by the. Journalists' force and influence of a paper from the Association with city and country articles published in it, and . to give newspaper proprietors. In the capital them the appearance of expressions of cities, the Melbourne (Victoria) and mere personal opinions by obscure Sydney (New South Wales) wage rates writers. are taken as a basis, and percentage re- The intention of the law, however, ductions are provided in the wages has been fairly generally defeated paid in the smaller capitals like Bris- whenever desired. This has been done bane (Queensland), and Perth (West by attaching to each article the names Australia), Hobart (Tasmania), and of the whole of the persons composing Adelaide (South Australia). At first, the editorial and leader-writing staff, where the journalists were fighting for by appending a statement that the the formation of the Association and article was written, after consultation, for their awards from the Arbitration by "Brown Smith," or by printing a Court, there was some friction with statement in some part of the news- the newspaper proprietors, who resented paper to the effect that for any matter the application of trade union princi- 138 THE • MID -PACIFIC

pies in the working of their literary the leading metropolitan dailies had staffs. Now, however, the position has come to an agreement not to compete been accepted, and the scheme is op- with one another, otherwise, within 20 erating smoothly and, on the whole, years of federation, surely one, if not satisfactorily. more, of them would have published an The need for a national Australian edition simultaneously in each State. daily newspaper is crying aloud for That opportunity will not be left un- recognition. The great dailies of the seized forever ; for though it would large cities are all parochial. Even take large capital to initiate a new daily the greatest of them—and they include newspaper on national lines, with a na- newspapers that would bear comparison tional policy, and published simultan- with the world's best—give surprisingly eously in each of the six states, such a little space to Australian affairs out- paper would really have no opposition side the State in which they are pub- in its own wide sphere. Three-fifths of lished. Indeed, after eliminating the the population would be reached by purely metropolitan news and the such a paper before breakfast every foreign cables, there is little left. Aus- morning. Well and patriotically con- tralian happenings of far greater im- ducted, such a journal would indeed be portance than much of the news cabled a power in the land, and a power for from the other side of the world are great good. Perhaps such a paper will often overlooked if outside the boun- soon appear. Until it does, it cannot daries of the State in which the paper be said that the Australian press has is published. One would think that attained its majority.

Boroboedoer, Java

By GARNER CURRAN

At last we have reached a real an- immense garden, nearly every foot cient ruin, something worth seeing, under intense cultivation. You can see something I have longed to see all my the tall, stately coconut trees, the bam- life. The great Tjandi Boroboedoer, boo, banana and other varieties of which means the shrine of many Budd- trees, the rice fields, many under water, has. It was erected in the 9th century, the running brooks, irrigating ditches, when King Asoka was distributing the all at your feet, and extending for supposed remains of Buddha, and a miles and miles. part of those remains were brought The old priests certainly knew where here, for Boroboedoer has been the to locate their temples. The climate is center of Buddhist influence in Java much cooler here than down on the ever since the 7th century. sea coast. The shrine is built of porous This shrine still stands as evidence trachyle or lava rock, and no plaster of the once great influence of Budd- or cement was used to hold the im- hism in Java. Although not as large mense edifice together. as some of the great shrines of .India, yet its great symmetry of design im- The foundation is in the form of a pressed me more than any shrine I square, with steps leading to the top have seen in China or Japan. through a series of arches, from the The temple or shrine is 47 metres four points of the compass, N., E., S., high and stands on a hill rising from and W. an almost level valley, surrounded on As you climb, you pass five large three sides by majestic mountains, some and four small tiers or galleries, which old extinct volcanoes at least 6,000 are polygons of 36 angles, and then or 7,000 feet high. The valley is one the last three tiers are circular.

139 The temple of Boroboedoer, Java.

- Each of the upper tiers contains a from their slumber after a night's rest. series of round bell-shaped towers, 72 The sun came up between two old vol- in all, and in each tower is an image cano peaks, one called Merapi, the of Buddha. The towers are latticed, other Merbaboe, each at least 6,500 so that one can look within. Most of feet high, almost due east from Boro- the statues are without heads, and many boedoer. These peaks were partly hid- of the hands are broken. It is said den in clouds, and in the dim early that anyone who touches one of these morning light, you could hardly dis- statues will have good luck. Of course tinguish between the clouds and the we both touched a statue. mountain peaks. As the sun rose The walls below the bell towers are higher and higher, the mountains and covered with wonderful carvings, sup- the valleys were flooded with light, the posed to tell the story of the life of mists evaporated, the natives began to Buddha, and illustrate this teaching. go out into the fields to work, the birds The total number of bas-reliefs is struck up a lively chorus and another 1,504, most of them six feet high and day began. from ten to twenty feet long. If they I could hardly tear myself away to were placed in a straight line they go to breakfast, but did, and returned would extend three miles. So you see in another hour with my faithful kodak that one can get tired even walking and took almost two dozen pictures. around these galleries. As you examine the panels and study I was up at six o'clock this morn- them, you marvel at the detail and ing and saw the sunrise from the top of wonder how the workman managed to the shrine. It was a glorious sight. do such clever work in this hard vol- The mist was hovering over the valley canic rock with the crude tools which below with the tall coconut trees poking they must have used. From an artistic their heads above, like giants arising standpoint the shrine is a marvel. The 140 THE MID-PACIFIC 141

figures of birds, animals, flowers and stroyed and buried by the Mohamme- trees, all symbolize the teaching of dans when they supplanted Buddhism Buddha, such as honesty, purity, self- in Java, you wonder how the shrine control, humanity, or events in the life was ever restored. of Buddha. Sir Stamford Raffles, at the time In all of the bell-shaped towers, 72 England occupied Java, had the beau- in number, and in arched niches, sur- tiful ruins excavated and later the rounding all the terraces below, 432 in Dutch government restored the temple number, are excellent stone statues of as much as possible. Many of the Buddha, about four feet high. All statues were broken, and many stones alike, in face and figure, remarkable. have been lost or carried away by the duplicates in peaceful, exquisite expres- natives. sion of countenance, but the hands are in five different postures, representing, The figures resemble Hindoos or teaching, receiving, thinking, promising, Greeks, none resemble Javanese, so the giving. This reminds one very much of work must have been done by others the three monkeys of Japan, which than the natives. symbolize three virtues, namely, "think What Nikko is to the Japanese, the no evil, speak no evil, hear no evil." Temple of Heaven to the Chinese, It would take a book to tell the en- Boroboedoer is to the Javanese, and no tire story of the beautiful bas-reliefs, matter what his belief, whatever your and when you consider that this entire belief, you cannot fail to be inspired structure was practically totally de- by a visit to Boroboedoer.

On the road to Boro. 142 THE MID-PACIFIC Shooting the Wanganui River

By NELSON WOOD

The Wanganui River is to New Zea- stream we encountered an endless num- land what the Rhine is to Germany or ber of rapids or cataracts. To success- the Hudson to New York. We made fully navigate the boat over these steep the wonderful voyage and are proud narrow and stony parts seemed an im- of it. possibility until experienced. The good judgment displayed won the apprecia- Taumarunui is the township on the tion and admiration of all the passen- main trunk line at the head of this gers. The level of the Wanganui drops great scenic river, where we rested the over six hundred feet in its course of night previous to an early start. The one hundred and fifty miles. In parts boat which we found at the wharf was the descent is distinctly noticeable, the quite a toy looking thing about sixty water gathering a great speed and feet long and eight feet wide and drew foaming over the shallow cataracts. So no more than ten inches of water. The low had the river become at the time passengers sat on a top deck in chairs of our trip that at one bad part a steel all facing downstream. Starting to cable was run out to the shore by a time the early morning journey soon Maori lad who waded from the boat, and kept our eyes well occupied. A heavy fastened it to a tree, then our steamer fog hung over the river and as this was successfully hauled into deeper rose and cleared it gave the bank waters. In the intervals between the scenery an added charm. The river rapids would be stretches of beauti- was very low and the gravelly bottom fully calm stream and in it the bank forever in view, not more than a couple scenery would be reflected exactly as of feet in depth at any time and in distinct as itself, even to the smallest parts as little as six inches. Conse- detail. Then another rapid would be quently in these shallows the boat sighted perhaps half a mile ahead and scraped on the stones underneath for on nearing it ripples occur and grad- quite a distance and in going down ually the reflections vanish altogether 143. 144 THE MID -PACIFIC

until after the rapid was crossed and tentiveness. We noticed the bereaved then as clear as ever again. This alter- relatives who squatted on the ground nate water effect continued for about under a rug awning, the women were one hundred miles. These are two dressed in ragged black skirts and main stopping places ; first the "House- -blouses, and to specially denote their boat" and later at "Pipiriki." It bereavement wore strands of weeping is really between these points for the willow tree wound around their brows. distance of seventy miles that the They continually wailed an unintelli- glories of nature are revealed in tower- gible chant of grief. The remainder ing cliff and beautiful bush scenery of of the crowd seemed bent upon an al- indescribable charm. After leaving the most riotous revelry to celebrate the houseboat the wonderful scenery of occasion. Groups of Maoris arrived this famous river grew more magnifi- from different directions of the district cent every mile in endless charming and entered the pa singing whilst laden scenes, the middle, and far distances with numerous bags of provisions, hot being remarkable for their tones of in- meat, fish and vegetables. The average tense aerial blues. The banks on either Maori is possessed of an enormous ap- side are walls of solid rock reaching up petite. We saw tables spread in one to over seven hundred feet and covered large meeting house awaiting the com- with an enchanting bower of tree fern pany and the feast proceeded at inter- and dense native bush, providing ex- vals day and night. quisite reflection effects in the stream below. Unrivaled are the romantic In bygone days at these festivities river scenes that surround visitors down the corpse was soldered down in a the Wanganui. metal coffin provided with a glass win- At Pipiriki a large and modern hostel dow over the face. The tangi would has been erected, and here a halt was last for days and weeks until the pro- made from 3 p. m. until early morning. visions failed or the corpse became putrid when it was buried and the next The particular attraction during our death awaited. The Maoris' religious stay at Pipiriki happened to be a Maori beliefs prompt him to forego any work burial ceremonial or Tangi which we' or engagement to attend a tangi and found in full swing on arrival. At- give to it freely of his best. The jolli- tracted by the shouts and loud voices fication we witnessed was further en- from the local Maori settlement we ob- lightened by a display across the pa, tained permission to enter the large and high up, of several immense New open air assembly ground and viewed Zealand and other British flags each the strange proceedings. Several hun- bearing in 6-inch white letters the names dreds of Maoris were present and while of the visiting tribes. Three extraordi- one warrior held forth in his native nary titles noticed were : tongue evidently extolling the virtues of the departed (whom they had buried TANEWHAORANGI that morning) the audience stood or UENUKUNUIAWATIHUA sat around smoking and listening to TAMA KEHUNUIA TEATORUITI his address with varying degrees of at- RUA KA TAUI RA. THE MID-PACIFIC 145

On resuming the trip downstream the broadened and gradually weakened, ag- next day a great number of the Maoris ricultural and sheep farming districts were on board, and the good fellowship being passed on either side. We en- among them was remarkable to watch: countered both wild boars and red deer On passing villages even at a consider- on the banks of the Wanganui. The able distance the natives on shore would famous skulling course where Webb, all turn out men, women and children. Arnst and others raced before we With great excitement they waved their reached the town of Aramoha. Here arms and yelled to the boat, while the train may be joined for Welling- the Maoris on board would yell in re- ton. The town of Wanganui is a turn, smiling with apparent gratifica- couple of miles further and proved to tion. As the boat proceeded the ex- he a most charming township with all change of greeting died away until the facilities of a big city condensed another village was reached and a repe- into a country center. The length of tition would then be enacted with equal the river is fully iedeemed by a few vigor. The scenery below Pipiriki days spent in captivating Wanganui. 146 THE MID-PACIFIC f%, ,e" ,

China's Problem In Relation To National Polity

By DR. SIDNEY K. WEI

Official delegate to the First Pan-Pacific Educational Conference.

%. %,

Following the example of Professor nent educators. Some say that educa- Harada, I would present to you the tion is for the training of socialized in- problem as we have it in China in re- dividuals. So you see on the one hand lation to our national policy and our in- you have cultural education, on the ternational problems. other hand you have nationalistic edu- I think the issue is between culture cation. and internationalistic education. I don't Old and New Education Contrasted know how many of you have studied During the Manchu dynasty the aim the ancient system of education in of education as declared by the Imperial China, which was largely cultural. That edict, was the training for loyalty to is to say, we emphasized in training the the emperor, devotion to public welfare, human mind, we emphasized in the reverence for Confucius, admiration classics, mathematics and literature, a of the martial spirit and respect for in- tradition that was similar to the tra- dustrial pursuits. You can see at once ditions that you had in the west. But that aim of education was for the main- since the political reform in China, we tenance and safety of the old dynasty. realize more and more the need of na- The first thing to be put was loyalty to tionalistic education. What do I mean the emperor, then devotion to the pub- by nationalistic education? It is the lic welfare. emphasis on training our citizens to I am very glad to tell you since the meet our national needs, training for Republic we have entirely reversed our citizenship. aims in education. The aim of Chinese Now I know that in America you education as set forth by Dr. Tsai Yuan have the same tendency, you have what Bei when he was minister of education, you call the social theory of education. was the development of the morals and It has been variously put by your emi- intellectual character, supplemented by 147 148 THE MID-PACIFIC

physical culture, practical training and etc. Why talk about the development of esthetic appreciation. The aim of edu- intellectual and moral character in such cation, and I think most of you will general terms. Now you see we have agree, as to an ideal education, is the another problem in China, and that is development of the moral and intellec- the problem of those men who were tual character supplemented by practical putting too much emphasis on practical training and physical culture and es- education against those who would have thetic appreciation. democratic ideals supreme in education. Difficulties in Receiving Democratic Then we have another problem, which Education was more serious than our international problem. Now I want to be realistic in ,But in China we have had difficulties my explanation, so that I don't want intrying to put through our aims, be- just to say in a diplomatic way as to cause in recent years we have had con- our relation to Japan and America and stant political troubles. I would not to the other countries. take time to explain to you our poli- Relations to Japan. tical troubles, because that would take at least an hour. However, I want to I first want to correct the impression point out to you that our object is to that some of you may have about Japan. develop the moral and intellectual char- Some of you may say of Japan that they acter, but at the same time not all the are all military people, whereas that is people in China agree that we shall not the case. Before I tell you about have that kind of aim. The old im- the military party in Japan, I want you perialists, and militarists, will not tol- people to have the impression that there erate such an education. But the edu- is a group of Japanese who are quite lib- cators would not follow them. So we eral, who are quite in sympathy with the are in China on the one hand fighting Chinese, who are quite in sympathy with against those imperialists who are try- America, but unfortunately the liberal ing to put the old education through. party in Japan is not strong, be- Now. you must remember that the dura- cause if you are familiar with Japan, tion of the Chinese republic has been Japan has been built up by the hands very short. We have thus far only ten of the imperialists, militarists, so that years of existence. Now in that ten the liberal men have had very little years, I may tell you in passing, that chance to work out their own problem. of the ten years, about eight years of The problem in China has been that our republic administration were con- one military party in China working trolled by the old imperialists and mon- with some of the militarists in Japan try archists, we have had just two years for to control Chinese politics. They be- those democratic leaders working in come friends, they discuss their own China. You can imagine our task in problems, they support their own aims. trying to bring about democratic educa- So you see in China we have one inter- tion in China. national problem. The militarists in Then in the second place, we have China and the militarists in Japan work great needs for vocational education. together against the democratic leaders The idea of training the moral and in- in China. The present struggle in China tellectual character seems too idealistic. is not a struggle between the south and Some say we ought to train our citizens the north ; it is a struggle between the to be good engineers, good politicians militarists on the one hand supported THE MID,-PACIFIC 149

by a political clique in Japan as against the Japanese liberal leaders will do the the democratic leaders in China. same thing; they are beginning to do so Those in the main are our educational I have talked to many of them, and problems in relation to our national and they are beginning to give us their sup- international polity. If I may be port. And I think in all countries, in permitted, I will give you a few sugges- America, more emphasis should be put tions as to how the problems in China on educational ideals that they may work may be solved. I hope at this conference together with national politics. More we have some time to devote to the dis- must be done in China, and more must cussion of the problems in China and be done in America, and I think some Japan in relation to America, because of our American friends are too self- that seems to me to be the issue of to- confident in regard to the ,question of the day — China and Japan in relation to democratic ideals working together with America. our educational ideals. Our problem in China has been in re- Another suggestion is that in an in- lation to our control of education. How ternational community like the Hawaiian those educational leaders, how the dem- islands, there is a good opportunity to ocratic leaders can overcome the influ- see that democratic education shall hold ence of the old monarchists and impe- sway. You know that you have the rialists in China, In the last three years problem of the foreign schools in the we have done this quite successfully in Hawaiian Islands. Since I have been some respects. I am sure you are famil- here I have tried to get information, I iar with the student movement in China. have been trying to be a student of your That student movement was the attempt problem here, and I think this problem of the educational democratic leaders to is good democratic education as against control our national politics, and, as you the other systems of education in these know, because of the effort of the stu- Islands. That problem has been misun- dents and the professors in the national derstood, I think it has been very unfor- university of Pekin, some of their stu- tunate that the problem in this Territory dents and teachers in other parts of Chi- has been the problem of the foreign na have combined in an united effort schools. I think emphasis ought to be that actually drove out the traitors of put in the content of your text books, China, so-called. That was the militar- no matter whether in English, Chinese, ists working together with Japan to per- Japanese, Portuguese or in Spanish, it is petuate their imperialistic aims, and if democratic ideals, democratic education, you are familiar with the student move- that should receive first attention. It ment in China, you know that we did it is not so much whether so many hours very successfully, at least in that matter. of foreign language are taught in for- But our problems are still coming up, eign schools. So I hope that in these because the militarists and imperialists Islands it will be possible under your in both of those countries will not give American leadership to have democratic up until the democratic forces are much ideals support these mediums of educa- stronger. tion. In China we are trying to work out Need of An International Language. this problem as to how the educational- Another suggestion that I have in ists and democratic leaders may exercise mind is the question of an interna- a tremendous influence in politics and in tional language. I know our delegate, our national life. I am expecting that Dr. Tsai, is very much disappointed- 150 THE MID-PACIFIC because he knows French and German, language. And you have heard about but not English, and because of this many different proposals, and it seems to handicap he cannot talk to you, to me that the Esperanto language is the many of you people, but that gives best for international purposes. It is you an idea of the language prob- really an international language, true to lem from an international standpoint. its name, because it is made up of dif- No matter how many languages you ferent languages, all the good points of know you have this difficulty sooner the different languages being included or later. So that I think there is in Esperanto. So I would propose to need of an international language. this Conference that we would at least Some of you may say that the English discuss the problem of an international language ought to be the ideal one language. because so many study the language. For I hope that I have presented to you some time I had the same opinion, but I first all the problems in China, and the discovered more and more that the Eng- suggestions that I have in mind, and it lish language is a very difficult lan- is my sincere hope that this Conference guage, and I know of some professors will actually plan out some definite in China who have spent years studying things to be done so that when the Chi- it and yet it is difficult for them to speak nese delegates go back to China they can it. It is too difficult a task. So I think tell them what to do to bring about in- we must have a simpler international ternational peace.

Journalism In Korea I. YAMAGATA Editor "Seoul Press". Delegate to the First Pan-Pacific Press Congress.

I am a Japanese and have come from my readers with complaints against the Seoul in Korea where I am the pro- high price of my paper and with de- prietor and editor of a little daily paper mands for a reduction of it. I lowered called the Seoul Press. Although my the price to only a half a dollar a paper is a humble publication of only month a few years ago and though this four pages, yet Dr. Williams, the Pres- trebled the circulation of the Seoul ident of the World Press Congress, Press I am not getting so much profit when he visited Korea several years ago as I did before. This makes me think took notice of it and afterwards in a that we journalists should combine yar- pamphlet he prepared on the press of selves to maintain a reasonably high the world, included it among the hun- price for our papers. Newspapers are dred representative papers of the world. now a thing of necessity, as indispens- I am not so self-conceited as to think able as our daily food. They are a that Dr. Williams gave my paper this necessity, or it may be a necessary evil. distinction and honor because it was a People simply cannot do without them. good standard journal. On the contrary Why should not we ask from them for mine is very poor stuff, containing not more pay for our work and labor. much cablegrams and highly paid spe- As I said, I have come from Korea, cial articles and giving only local news a country which is still little known by written in the poorest English. Never- the people of the rest of the world. theless it is the only daily paper pub- If any of you, ladies and gentlemen, lished in English in the whole of the would like to know about the real con- Korean peninsula and besides at the dition of Korea I should only be too time Dr. Williams visited Seoul it was glad to supply you with correct infor- the highest priced paper in the world, mation as best as I can. As this is a the monthly subscription being one dol- congress of journalists, permit me, how- lar and a quarter gold. These two, I ever, to tell you something about jour- think, are the reasons which induced or nalism in Korea. It is charged that the compelled Dr. Williams to mention the Japanese government restricts the free- name of my paper in the list of a hun- dom of the press. This charge is true dred great papers of the world. Our to a certain extent. No cities except distinguished president was simply such big cities as Seoul and Fusan were forced to give my paper the Seoul Press permitted to have more than one news- this great honor for there was no other paper. In other words, one paper for competitor in the field for the laurel. one city was the rule. This policy was By the way, a few years ago I was enforced by the government partly for obliged to abandon the distinction of political reasons and partly in considera- publishing the highest priced paper in tion of the interest of the people at the world. I was constantly assailed by large. For some time after the annex-

151 152 THE MID-PACIFIC ation of Korea by Japan was carried cated young men. It is a great educa- out, there prevailed much political un- tional power and influential moulder of rest, which induced the authorities to Korean public opinion, and though its think it prudent and expedient to con- utterances occasionally displease the trol the press. At the same time the Japanese authorities, as outspoken and authorities thought it beneficial to the radical opinions of young men do older people at •large, not to permit the publi- men, it is a great help to the govern- cation of too many newspapers, because ment because through its columns the when there are many newspapers pub- authorities can sound and learn the de- lished in a small place it is always the sires and ideas of the Korean people, public that suffer much in consequence so that they may frame such a policy of the competition and struggles for of administration as will please them existence between them. Keen can- and promote their general interest. vassing for soliciting advertisements and Journalism in Korea is still in its subscriptions must be kept up so that young days of development. There are they may live on and the result is that published in Seoul, capital of the penin- the general public are victimized. sula, three Korean, three Japanese and one English dailies, besides a number As a matter of fact, before annexation of monthly magazines, Japanese and Seoul" had four or five Japanese and Korean. In the provinces about a dozen four Korean daily papers, all of which daily papers are published. Most of were but poorly supported and had to those metropolitan and provincial papers live, so to speak, from hand to mouth. are rather poor stuff and their financial The result was that not a few instances conditions are anything but good. The occurred in which the public were Korean masses are still too ignorant made to lose. In view of this evil the and too poor to be able to support any government put restriction on the num- big papers, in running which much ber of newspapers making one news- capital is needed. Besides, Korea being paper for one city a general rule. This an agricultural country and her com- policy, as you will see, was taken with merce and manufacturing industries be- the best of intentions, but I do not ing still undeveloped, the papers in think it was a wise one. The govern- that country cannot as yet collect many ment should have left the matter alone, advertisements and cannot obtain any leaving the public to manage it by itself. big income from that source. Both sub- The government was too paternal and scription and advertising rates are low this was resented by the public. The and editors are very poorly paid. As I government has since seen its error in said, the Donga Ilpo is the Korean this respect. paper enjoying the largest circulation, Two years ago when the Government- issuing, as I understand, some forty General of Korea was reformed and re- thousand copies a day. Even this paper, organized, one of the first things the however, cannot be said to be finan- new authorities did was to permit the cially very well off. As I understand, publication of three Korean and two it is run with little or no profit. Japanese newspapers in Seoul. One of Nevertheless, the Korean papers have a the Korean newspapers is here repre- great future. Education is rapidly sented by my friend Mr. Kim. His spreading among Korea's rising genera- paper is Donga Ilpo, or Eastern Asia tion and along with the economic ad- Daily News. It is the best paper with vance the people are steadily making the largest circulation in Korea, being today, there is no doubt that the position edited by some of Korea's best edu- of journalism will be improved.

A Korean Newspaper D. S. KIM Delegate to the First Pan-Pacific Press Congress.

The average English reader knows by which means the man in the compos- little of the Korean newspaper in the ing room may know how many words making. It is a happy occasion to in- to the line or the whole article at a form this great gathering briefly how glance. the modern Korean paper is turned out. The Korean language is like the Koreans use the Chinese characters Chinese, read up and down and from as well as the alphabet or the phonetic right to left, so the first page is really syllabary, which is composed of eleven the last of a four-page paper. It is a vowels and fourteen consonants 'which decided rule, that each page has its is considered the simplest written lang- separate departments : The first page is uage in the world. Anybody can learn editorial, by all means the most im- to read and write within a week. For portant ; the second, telegrams, politics this reason there is no illiteracy in and commercial news ; the third, the so- Korea, but a Korean journalist must be cial or city news, the written picture of a scholar in .Chinese classics which form Korean life ; and the fourth page has the basis of all written language in the fiction and correspondence from all Orient. The English papers have pass- corners of the nation. Advertisements ed the stage when the reading public en- go at the foot of the first and last joyed a long editorial, but in Korea it pages. The third page is written en- is still in demand. tirely by the Korean alphabet, that at- tracts more readers than the other con- History tells us that the Koreans in- servative pages. vented the iron movable types long be- The Dong-A Daily has a rotary press fore Gutenberg ; those old types are that turns out twenty thousand copies still kept at the royal museum today. per hour, and the press rolls almost The Korean alphabet has been already three hours daily to turn out fifty thou- adapted to the linotype with which the sand copies that reach every corner Koreans in America are publishing their and nook of the country. papers, but on account of the Chinese The local news is gathered by re- characters it is not practicable in Korea. porters who have been assigned to cer- Now, take the Dong-A Daily, the tain places and also by news agencies, leading newspaper in Korea, it has four but the foreign news is supplied by the pages with sixteen members on the edi- Reuter and Kokusai, that tell very little torial staff which is too crowded for an about the news of the different races English paper of the same size. One bordering the Pacific. might criticise for the waste of labor, The Koreans want to know more but actually the writing is all done by about the news concerning the Pacific. hand, and it must be carried out by a In view of this fact the Dong-A Daily bigger force than an English paper. has been rendering all possible assist- The manuscript papers are ruled so as ance and publicity to the Pan-Pacific to write one word in each square space Union. 153 154 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Inland Sea is beautiful both by land and by water, for the .railway now skirts its border and here we see a bit of the Inland Sea and Miyajima across the water.

Miyajima and the Inland Sea as Seen by the Congressional Party of 1920

By HON. HENRY Z. OSBORNE Representative from California.

Late in the afternoon of Thursday, kyo as a part of the welcoming com- August 26, after crossing the historical mittee of the Imperial Diet, equivalent Tsushima Straits, we sighted land on to our Congress, to meet the party. All the Japan side and were soon in the ex- these are very cultivated gentlemen, and cellent harbor of Shimonoseki. We were all speak good English. We were taken met several miles out by a considerable into the Oriental Hotel, which is close convoy of launches gaily covered with to the dock, and served with refresh- large and small American and Japanese ments, in the meantime being bom- flags and full of Japanese and Ameri- barded by a battery of cameras in the cans belonging to the welcoming com- hands of newspaper photographers. The mittee, who had come out to welcome Japanese photographers are very adept. our party. There was much waving of They seldom ask you to pose, but just hats and handkerchiefs, I thought I shoot away at any old time. The entire discovered a familiar figure well in welcoming committee of the Imperial front of the crowd at the landing, and Diet was as follows : I asked a Japanese near me if that was House of Peers: Prince Yoshihisa Toku- gawa, Marquis Masaaki Hachisuka, Count not Baron. Kanda. It was, and I hailed Seiichiro Terashima, Count Nagayoshi Oga- him before we landed. He had changed sawara, Viscount Tadashiro Inouye. Mr. but little in the eleven years since I had Toshitake Okubo, Baron Naibu Kanda, Bar- on Tanetaro Megata, Baron Yoshiro Saka- last seen him. He and Count Terashi- tani, Baron Chuzaburo Shiba, Baron Renpei ma, of the House of Peers, and three Kondo, Mr. Tetsukichi Irurachi, Mr. Tsukei Sugawara, Mr. Soroku Ehara, and Mr. Eiki- members of the House of Representa- chi Kamata. tives—Mr. Takezawa, Mr. Higushi, and House of Representatives: Mr. Teijiro Ya- Mr. Tanaka—had come down from To- mamoto, Mr. Toshiro Shimada, Mr. Gohei 155 156 THE MID-PACIFIC

Matsuura, Mr. Kiroku Hayashi, Mr. Fusa- In the morning of Friday, August 27, jiro Ichinomiya Mr. Motokichi Takahashi, Mr. Koreshige Tsunoda, Mr. Taichi Take- we were steaming through a most en- zawa, Mr. Wachi Seki, Mr. Kotaro Mochi- chanting scene of calm waters, dotted in zuki, Mr. Takeo Tanaka, Mr. Hideo Higu- every direction with islands of emerald chi, Mr. Etsujiro Uychara, Mr. Shigemasa Sunada, Mr. Minori Matsuda, and Mr. Kosai green, large and small. Some of the Inouye. islands rose to heights of 500 to 1000 Baron Kanda make a very clever feet above the water, and whenever it speech of welcome and I made the re- was possible they were terraced and cul- sponse. I was received like an old tivated to the very top. Not only were friend, Baron Kanda having made spe- they cultivated wherever possible, but cial reference to my kindness to the to me it seemed that they often accomp- commercial commissioners of Japan in lished the impossible. Rice was the 1909, when I spent more than two principal crop, and its very vivid green months with them. outlined the cultivated acres, while the terraces looked like successive stair- The harbor and city of Shimonoseki ways on the mountain sides, often very were the scene many years ago of a his- close together. Such care to utilize torical incident well remembered in Ja- every rod of available soil is noticeable pan of interest to Americans. It was all over Japan. at a time when the feeling in Japan against all foreigners, following the The Inland Sea is so full of small opening of the country by Commodore shipping, generally sailing craft, that Perry, was still very strong. There it is rare that some of them are not in were several wooden warshipg in the sight, and often a great many. They Shimonoseki Harbor—American, Brit- are quaint in design, but more have ish, and French, and possibly otheis. canvas sails than in Chinese waters, The Japanese fired upon them from the where the sails are mainly of matting. adjacent hills without, however, doing There are great numbers of fishing much, if any, damage, and their fire craft, the Japanese waters being very was soon suppressed. In punishment of prolific in fish of many varieties and of this attack Japan was compelled to pay excellent quality. They fish both with large indemnities in money to the va- nets and with hook and line. rious countries—several millions to each After winding our way among these one. This was at a time when Japan enchanting islands until about ten was very poor and the payment was o'clock, we stopped for the day at the difficult. All the nations received their "sacred island" of Miyajima (pronoun award, but the United States returned ced mee-adj-ee-mah) and the little town its portion—$3,000,000, I think—on the and summer resort of the same name, ground that no actual damage had been one of the most noted of the many in sustained, and it was expended in bet- Japan. Many of these islands have tering the port of Yokohama. This act Buddhist and Shinto temples and of our Government gave America great shrines, and the peculiar gatelike-look- credit for fairness in Japan, which has ing structures, which are often seen in not altogether worn off yet. Japanese pictures, called "torii," are About 9 o'clock we returned to the often seen on the beaches and along the Shiraga Maru, and during the night roadways. I think that "torii" means traversed the least interesting part of gate, but they are'not real gates in the the voyage through the Inland Sea of sense that they open and shut, but they Japan. are intended to signify gates, and they Miyajima—the great water Torii. have some religious significance as well. for hundreds of years. Often a tree We were transferred from our steamer has stood in the line of an elaborate to a good-sized launch .and made the and costly wall, or perhaps the wall complete circuit of the island, about 10 would partially take in the tree. Does miles, before landing. It was a most the tree come down? Not at all. The delightful and picturesque trip, notwith- wall is built around it, so as to inclose standing much of it was made in a and preserve it, or is partially built rainstorm. We were well covered, and around it, as the case may be. This the gentle rain added to the beauty of love of trees and the works of nature is the scene. While we traveled close to most pleasing, and it seems to be a na- our own island we passed dozens of tional trait of character. No tree is smaller ones, all interesting and beauti- ever destroyed when it can be pre- ful. served. A little before noon we landed at the In the park about the hotel were little wharf at Miyajima and walked many deer, quite tame, and so accustom- through the main street parallel with ed to being well treated and petted that the beach about a mile to the very ex- they would come right up to one to be cellent hotel set in a grove of fine old fed rice cakes, sugar, and dainties. trees. The street was lined with neat One of the sacred rules governing little shops, most of them devoted to Miyajima is that no human being shall the sale of curios, postal cards, pictures, be born or shall die on the holy island. and all sorts of things, but with a suf- This rule is rigidly enforced. Pros- ficient number selling foods, fruits, pective mothers are promptly removed. vegtables, rice cakes, and fish. All the Death is not so easily controlled. Very fish were strange to me. sick people are taken away ; but I was One delightful thing is noticeable all confidentially told that if the grim reap- over Japan, that trees are planted, cul- er stole a march, his victim was not tivated, and protected in the most care- considered legally dead, until the re- ful way, and this must have been done mains were well clear of the island. 157 158 THE MID-PACIFIC

Along the beach for a couple of miles lights in the town and on the beach, at regular intervals of about 100 feet duplicated by the reflections in the were stone structures of pleasing shape water, composed a fairy-like scene as that excited my curiosity. They proved we steamed away in the darkness. to be street or beach lights, but are The Inland Sea is about 300 miles called "stone lanterns." They are about long, mainly between the two larger 4 or 5 feet high and have a little reser- islands of the Japanese Empire, varies voir inside near the top for oil. In the in width from 2 or 3 narrow straits to evening we were taken back to the ship 40 or 50 miles, and laterally extends by two transfers, first in small launches east and west, or a little northeasterly to a larger one and from the larger and southwesterly. The great sea is launch to the steamer. The town was divided into several smaller seas where well illuminated and the hundreds of the waters widen out, named respec- stone lanterns along the beach were tively the Seas of Suo, Iyo, Aki, Huch- lighted in honor of the Americans. The inada, Bingo, and Harima. Road Building In America

By MAURICE BAILEY Of the Pan-American Union Bulletin Staff.

OAD building was started in the accounting, and the result was the first United States in the early colo- State aid given to road building. R nial days and was acknowledged Previously the county had been the a need in the first years of the Federal largest unit directly interested in build- Government. These roadways generally ing and mantaining roads. The result followed Indian trails and cow paths was, in the great majority of instances, and. the ways of the wild animals, as little building and no maintenance, with the settlers pushed farther west and the inevitable consequence that even were compelled to have outlets. Even those roads which had been well con- at this time the young country ad- structed fell into ruin. The farmer vanced funds for the building of its made his way through dust, sand, ruts,. roads, and up to the time of the Civil and rocks in summer, and through mud War the need of this movement was and swamp holes in winter. Farms fell recognized and to a moderate extent into decay and farmers into discour- attended to. Following the great con- agement. The average county official,. flict between the .North and the South, however well intentioned, knew noth- however, road building was entirely ing about road building, and the em- forgotten in the reconstruction prob- ployment of an engineer in county road lems, the farmer was lost sight of in matters was unheard of except in the the maelstrom of sudden commercial, very small minority of rich agricul- mercantile, and mining activity. tural sections. To convince the public Finally, however, New Jersey, a State that the roadway problem is not and whose farms far outweigh other con- never has been a local one has been a siderations from development and area difficult matter. England clung to the standpoints, discovered that she was local theory for centuries despite re- going backward. Her legislators took peated logical attacks upon it. Our 159' 160 THE MID-PACIFIC forebears adopted this method because road close to a farm had been the it was the only one they knew. The farmer's only hope of greater pros- United States held to it with a tenacity perity. The impracticability of run- worthy of a better cause, a condition ning rails to the innumerable farm created by her pOlitical limitations, vicinities did not impress the farmer. which have dwarfed so many of her His experience with road improvements great projects. had been of such a character that the New Jersey's bombshell into the railroad had come to mean his only tie camp of road-building precedent, how- with the outside world. ever, created a profound effect, espe- Not theoretical in this recounting of cially when two years later her agri- road benefits, the Agricultural Depart- cultural offerings to the country had ment of the United States Government, about doubled, new farm lands were vitally concerned in all matters per- being cultivated, waste lands reclaimed, taining to agricultural development, ob- and her farmers were buying automo- tained actual figures showing results biles. From neighboring States auto- from sections where improved roads mobilists began journeying into New were in actual use. Land which had Jersey to try out the new roads. From been quoted at $7 an acre with no buy- fines and licenses this enterprising com- ers, jumped to $15 and $18 with no monwealth had quite a sum to apply sellers. A study of farm values in to her road improvements. The visit- eight counties with improved market ors went home, to their States and com- roads, showed an increase in the price plained of their own roads. The result of tillable land amounting to three times was that in the next 12 years 40 States the cost of the improvements. The in- of the Union had appointed State high- crease in the volume of shipping traffic way commissions, and the movement amounted to 70 per cent. The church for good roads was on a steep down and school attendance went up 25 per grade and gaining momentum with cent. Mentally, morally, socially, and every turn of the legislative wheels. financially, the good-roads movement Behold then, the springing into ex- had proved itself. istence of State highways and the But it was not alone in the matter of broadening of the viewpoints of the agriculture that the good-roads prob- people of the remote sections. They lem assumed huge proportions. Forestry began to think in terms of distances to shipments had fallen to such a lethargic be covered at least expense and of condition that the situation presented doubling their hauling power. Loads grave aspects. In 1913, the whole sub- could be brought home over good roads, ject was brought forcibly to the atten- after the output had been sent on its tion of the Federal Government. State way marketward. No longer was the aid had accomplished such wonders winter with its road bed streams that that it demonstrated plainly the course buried the wagons up to the hubs or the Nation must pursue. Still it took the deep ruts and jagged rocks to be three years to break down the barrier considered in the size of the loads to which States' rights had erected and to be sent to the shipping point. It was which the country has clung in spite of worth while to begin the cultivation of its all too evident restrictive tendencies. idle acres. Mortgages began to lose However, the State of Maine alone dis- their horrors—the future brightened. covered that she had lost $10,000,000 For many years the coming of a rail- in one year because of the bad condi- A roadway near Seattle. tion of her roads. This took no ac- ments. In some of the. States good- count of the losses to farmers and man- road schools have been established, in ufacturers. Other States began figur- connection with other institutions of ing. Senator John H. Bankhead, chair- learning chiefly. The course includes man of the Committee on Postoffices care of roads, maintenance, construe- and Post Roads, who had been prac- tion, drainage, road systems, planning tically standing alone in his fight for and location, grading and alignments, road legislation, found the good wind highway bridges and culverts, and a veering in his direction and began to study of the differing soils and other fight anew. It was estimated that the features of economic road construction, parcels post and rural free delivery including labor and the standardizing routes could be doubled and a saving of roads and road materials. Governors of $300,000,000 annually be secured, if appointed good roads days during the roads of the country were put in which the men labored on road im- good condition. provement and the women in the white- Figures and facts prevailed. The washing of walls and fences and the Federal Aid Road Act was passed, putting of gardens in trim. Plans for carrying with it an $85,000,000 appro- road construction in every direction priation, $10,000,000 of which is to be sprang into being and, strange to say, devoted to forestry roads. roads began to appear, bad stretches to At the subsequent meeting of their disappear. In the past very few years legislatures, road building was taken —hardly three—seven trunk highways out of the jurisdiction of the county across the continent from New York and vested in State highway commis- to San Francisco have come into exist- sions, with an engineer to direct the ence and are practically completed and actual construction, and to consult with six overland routes from the North to the Federal department. The impetus the South. this has given to the movement can be Of the great trunk lines from East best demonstrated by citing accomplish- to West, the Lincoln Highway is the 161 162 THE MID-PACIFIC

nearest to full completion, offers the coach and prairie schooner. It opens greatest scenic values, and is the most up marvelous insight into mountains, marvelous example of the subduing of lakes, valleys, plains, forests, and desert. Nature to man's desires that can be It displays to a beginning' comprehen- found. It leads from New York to sion the vast possibilities of the various San Francisco, via Philadelphia, Pitts- industries scattered between the border- burg, Omaha, Denver, Cheyenne, Og- ing oceans, really only in their infancy. -den, Salt Lake City, and Reno, thence Yet the Lincoln Highway is only across the State of California. Where- one of seven to guide the traveler as, before the European war not more through the Nation and introduce its than 50 tourists a year essayed this marvels. The Pike's Peak Ocean-to- trip, which was really one of consid- Ocean Highway starts at New York able danger and required a real love of City, leads through New Jersey, adventure, last year upward of 10,000 through Pennsylvania via the William enjoyed a fairly comfortable trip with Penn Highway, and thence to the West nightly hotel accommodations if they so via Kansas City and over the Rocky desired, and daily views of scenic splen- Mountains through newly constructed dors not to be surpassed anywhere in roadways. The Sunset Trail leads from the world. Descriptions are impossible Chicago southward, following the Santa in a limited account, but some idea may Fe Trail, through Arizona, New Mex- be gained of the enterprise when it is ico, and to Southern California, thence known that the altitude of the Lincoln northward to San Francisco. The Highway in .some parts is over 11,000 Northwest Trail-2,416 miles from Chi- feet. In the three years of its building, cago to Spokane—crosses dairy farms, hills have been dumped into valleys, the wheat belts, gold, copper, and silver sides of gigantic mountains shaved to mines, passes the Yellowstone Park- leave a ledge for the hanging of a a trail made by the prairie schooner of roadway. Man's ingenuity has over- the early Northwest settler. The Dixie come all barriers saving the one of Overland Highway, one of the newest mud. The greatest difficulty the road of the trunk road projects, is being builders have had to contend with in closely watched by the Federal Govern- the great middle western sections has ment and is enthusiastically supported been the heavy rains which sometimes by the people of the South. It passes in a night have destroyed thousands of through Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, dollars of road work which had to be Louisiana, Texas, and Arizona to Cali- done over again when the roads had fornia. dried out. Every facility, therefore, is placed at These things, however, will be over- the disposal of the States for their road come in good time. Through the farm- building. Engineers in Federal employ ing country of the States of Indiana, are at the disposal of the State high- Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska the road- way commissions and the people for ways are nearly all natural dirt, al- consultation purposes. The department though the people are beginning to ap- is ready at all times to suggest the preciate now that this is the most ex- best kind of road for the needs of the pensive kind of road. The Lincoln various sections of the country. Ex- Highway has followed the famous periments are being made and experts "Overland Trail" very closely, going are traveling throughout the land with in the pathway of Indian and stage illustrations of good and bad roads, THE MID-PACIFIC 163 and explanations of advantages of good The roads now being built which are roads. The director of the United States expected to withstand time and traffic office of public roads and rural engineer- are gravel, macadam, bituminous mac- ing has written to the highway commis- adam, rock-asphalt macadam, cement sions urging the placing of road building concrete, bituminous concrete, asphalt on a sound economic basis and the crea- block, and brick roads. tion of well-organized forces for building The coming of the motor vehicle and maintenance and improved road made it necessary to devise some management. The chief engineer of the method of dust prevention. Numerous United States Army has notified builders methods have been tried to devise of highways that the needs of roads in a lasting road surface reasonably warfare do not differ materially from free from dust within the financial those in time of peace. Bridges and means of main-line country roads. The culverts should be able to sustain 15 best method has been found to be that tons. of broken stone bonded by a bitumi- nous material which coats the frag- Most of the new roads fill these re- ments and fills the interstices. Refined quirements. The roads of the South tars, oil asphalts, and fluxed natural are almost uniformly of sand and clay, asphalts are the usual binders em- some of them surfaced with gravel. ployed, and there are two methods— California has constructed most of the penetration and mixing—either one of road connecting with the proposed which gives excellent satisfaction. Dixie Highway—from Los Angeles to It is wonderful to find that the road San Diego and from there to Yuma— question has brought the people of the of concrete, an expensive construction United States more closely together. which those States not so thickly pop- that it has taught them to think na- ulated could scarcely afford. The Gov- tionally rather than of matters bounded ernment has expressed the necessity for by the back fence. Marshal Joffre said having more massive foundations than that the corps of United States Engineers this country has considered necessary who went to France for road-building heretofore. purposes were worth an army.

164 THE MID-PACIFIC

I

The yards in Honolulu become gardens without effort. The palms grow, the bougainvillea spreads, tropical shrubbery springs up, and the yard boy tries to keep it all in. order. The Trees of Honolulu

By W. A. BRYAN

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OOK where one will in Honolulu he will find but little that really belongs to the native flora. The few species to be seen that pass as native trees are for the most part those brought here from Polynesia by the natives them- selves. However, there are a few of these that are of common occurrence and especially striking in appearance. The kukui or candle-nut tree is always identified by its conspicuous' pale yellow- green, almost silvery foliage. It is one of the most beautiful and abundant trees of the group from sea level up to 2000 feet. In sheltered nooks and shady ra- vines the silvery-green foliage can be made out far out at sea, and is usually proudly pointed out to the stranger from the deck of the steamer as one of the natives to serve in many useful ways. most beautiful and picturesque trees of The shell of the nut is hard and black Hawaii-nei. It is a luxuriant shade tree and capable of taking a very high polish. and is well worthy of a larger place in They were strung into leis and fashioned the parks, private grounds and streets into other ornaments. The oily kernels of the city than it now occupies. were strung on splinters of bamboo to The wood is soft and white and is form torches, whence the name candle- useless for building purposes ; but the nut. The acrid juice contained in the nuts, which are similar in shape and size covering of the nut was the base for to a black walnut, were made by the a black dye for tap and also served as 165 166 THE MID-PACIFIC an ink in tattooing the skin. The nuts, of forty to sixty feet. The wood is a roasted and mixed with salt, form a saffron color, very durable and not liable very pleasant side dish at native feasts. to split. Elsewhere it has been used to The oil, was pressed from the kernels some extent in the manufacture of and burned in stone lamps of native wheel hubs, but in Hawaii it is not used manufacture. It also made a water- commercially. The Hawaiians used the proof coating for tapa, and was occas- leaves for polishing, the bark as a medi- ionally used among the old-time Ha- cine, and the gum for capturing birds. waiians to oil the body for various pur- Like the kukui, the breadfruit has ac- poses, especially to render it slippery companied the Polynesians on all their in evading their opponents in physical wanderings wherever the climate would encounters. The gum which exudes allow it to live. from the bark also had several uses. The tree is exceedingly difficult to It is of interest in this place to note propagate. As the Hawaiian variety that all branches of the Polynesian race rarely, if ever, produces fertile seed the know the kukui by the same name. plant has been distributed by root sprouts Though the kukui is generally dispersed and by layerings. It is not as important over the islands, and forms a large part here, however, as in Tahiti, where the of the forest up to the upper edge of its fruit is made into a breadfruit poi. range, it has but few enemies among The mango is a strikingly beautiful the Hawaiian insects. This fact is taken tree and is as much prized for its shade to indicate its being of comparatively as for its delicious fruit. It forms one recent Hawaiian introduction, and sug- of the most stately trees to be seen in gests that there has not been sufficient the city or about the islands. Its com- time for it to attract serious insect pests. pact growth and its dense foliage of Another native importation of much large, dark-green leaves serve to iden- value is the breadfruit, or ulu, of the tify the tree, but the rich purple-red natives. It is planted singly about the or red-brown young leaves, usually gardens in the city and is quite com- grouped on opposite sides of the tree monly met with in groves of some size at different. seasons, make it especially in the various valleys of the group. conspicuous and worthy of remark. Wherever grown it adds materially to Most of the trees bloom in January the beauty of the landscape and in addi- and the fruit ripens along in July and tion it has a great utility value. The August. However, these dates vary young tree usually grows in the form greatly and are frequently reversed, of a perfect cone. The leaves are often so that there is hardly a day in the year two feet or more in length, dark, vig- when ripe, fresh fruits may not be found orous green in color and deeply lobed. in the city. The bearing trees make but: The tree always has a thrifty look which little growth owing to the heavy fruit- it retains long after it has lost the charm age which bends the sturdy branches. of perfect form. The large green globu- Often only one side of a tree will be in lar fruits are three to five inches in di- fruit at a time. ameter and are especially esteemed by The fruit of the mango is of the most natives and Europeans as food. When exquisite shape and color. It is about very ripe the baked fruit has a flavor the size of a pear, ovoid, slightly flat- suggesting sweet potato. When cooked tened with the two sides developed un- green the flavor is less pronounced and equally, giving it a thick comma shape. less pleasing. The tree attains a height When ripe the fruit is a rich yellow THE MID-PACIFIC 167 with apple-red cheek on the side turned aside from the litter of the discarded toward the sun. But they vary in size, leaves and pods and a slightly ragged shape and color as much as apples do, appearance during the winter season it for, like the apple, they seldom come is highly desirable as an ornamental tree. true from the seed. As a tree to be planted along the side- The tree is supposed to have original- walks it is hardly to be recommended, ly come from India. It is the'only one as it grows at such a furious rate that of thirty or more species belonging to it is liable to lift the walk and injure the genus Mangifera that has any value. the curbing. It is therefore a tree bet- As many as five hundred varieties have ter suited for ample lawns, open spaces been reported from India, and perhaps and parks. forty or fifty of the best sorts to be Of all the introduced trees the alga- found are established in Honolulu. While roba is the favorite. It is a mesquite, usually grown from seed they may also perhaps of the southwestern United be propagated by budding. This, unfor- States and Mexico, and has been greatly tunately, is a somewhat difficult process improved and modified by the change of involving much care and skill. Within environment. The original tree in Ha- the last few years the trees have been waii grew from a seed planted in 1837 affected with a blight not common else- on. Fort street, near Beretania, by Father where. It is due to a fungus disease Batchelot, founder of the Roman Catho- that is thought to be aided in spreading lic mission. It is thought that the seed by the blue-bottle flies and other insects was brought from Mexico, though this carrying the spores from flower to point is far from being settled by the flower. It will be noticed that the sooty historians of the islands. The tree was mould, when severe, often gives the until recently in a thrifty condition and whole tree a blackened appearance. is the progenitor of more than 60,000 In almost every yard and square about acres of forest distributed over the en- the city, and indeed over the whole tire group. At first it grew only at the group, will be found one or more lower levels, but, little by little, succeed- monkey-pod trees. The better name for ing generations have crept higher and the tree is samang; although it is some- higher until now they thrive from the times called the rain-tree, since it blos- sandy sea beach to 1,500 feet elevation. soms at the beginning of the rainy sea- The lee coasts of Oahu, Molokai, and son in its native home in tropical Ameri- parts of Hawaii have been changed from ca. It is an exotic, having long been deserts to forests by the algaroba alone. introduced. It belongs to the great Curiously enough, the land which it has group of acacia-like plants, and has com- taken possession of is usually arid or pound or multi-compound leaves. Like stony, or so steep that it was considered most of its relatives it has the habit of worthless. If left alone they shade the closing its leaves in sleep at night. After ground with a dense growth and attain sundown it presents a wilted appearance a height of fifty to sixty feet. When and does much toward changing the as- trimmed and thinned, as they are in the pect of the whole city after nightfall. city, their delightful shade moderates Trees of this species that are several the heat of the tropic sun, allowing the feet in diameter at the girth and spread- growth of the lawn grass beneath, and ing shade over a space 150 feet across, in dry seasons protecting it from the are to be commonly seen about the isl- direct rays of the sun. Their slender, ands. It is a permanent shade tree, and brittle branches are often too much in 168 THE MID-PACIFIC evidence to be aesthetic in themselves, one of the closely allied species or varie- but nevertheless they have a weird pic- ties. The common species grown here, turesqueness of their own. The trunk at known as the "flame tree" or "flamboy- first seems uncouth, but there is a grace ant tree," has been so well named as and poise to the slender vine-like to scarcely require further description. branches and feathery leaflets as they Though it is a fairly rapid grower it is toss to and fro in the trade wind, that not a large tree as a rule. The smooth over-balance the ruggedness of the trunk is expanded at the base in a curi- gnarled and twisted trunk. ous way, forming buttresses that corre- In addition to its aesthetic qualities the spond with the principal roots. This algaroba is one of the most useful of peculiarity in connection with its rich- trees. Besides yielding an enormous green foliage arranged in horizontal amount of wood of splendid quality, spreading layers of fine pinnate leaves, they are valuable for the pods that are makes it a tree so dainty as to attract produced with great regularity after the attention at all seasons. But when it tree is three years old. The pods ripen bursts into full flower it is one solid gradually during the summer months, mass of crimson, the admiration of all, and, next to the grasses, form the most and without doubt it is one of the most important stock food. They are eaten striking of tropical trees. Although it by horses, cattle and hogs with great sheds its leaves at certain seasons, it is relish. The hard, horny seeds which are at such times almost as remarkable for embedded in a sweet pulp are not di- its large pods as for the blossoms which gested by the stock, and hence are in preceded them. The generic term, which prime condition for growing and are is the one commonly used as the name scattered broacast in this way. of this species, was given in honor of The algaroba is also our most impor- Governor-General Poinci, who wrote on tant honey-producing plant. Bees are the natural history of the West Indies exceedingly fond of the nectar of the during the middle of the seventeenth flowers and the sugar of the beans. century. The species and varieties com- Many apiaries in algaroba groves pro- mon in warm countries are found here. duce honey of attractive appearance and The Banian (or Banyan) tree, a name superior flavor. derived from the fact that it furnished The tree exudes two different kinds shelter for the open markets of the ban- of gum. The most valuable collects in ians, or Hindu merchants, and there- clear, amber-colored, tear-like masses on fore literally a "market place," is a the bark. It resembles the gum arabic common tree in Honolulu. The family of commerce. As it contains no tannin to which it belongs is well represented and dissolves readily in water the gum in the gardens and parks of the city, has elsewhere been used in laundries and there being at least a dozen or more to some extent in the manufacture of of the large arboreal species that can gumdrops. In Mexico it is also valued be easily recognized, usually, though not for certain medical' properties. In Ha- always by the pendant aerial roots. The waii it has never been collected or used, Banians all belong to the great order though large quantities of the gum could to which the common fig, the Indian be secured. rubber plant, the Bengal banian tree, and Turning to the purely ornamental the creeping fig on our garden walls, as trees, first place is usually given to the well as some six hundred other similar scarlet-flowered royal Poinciana, or to species scattered throughout the tropics, THE MID-PACIFIC 169

are referred. The most ornamental A favorite especially suited to stone plant, perhaps, is the India rubber plant. walls and to some extent as a climber in But the great spread of the banian tree, trees, is the Bignonia or bird-claw vine, which sends down some of its branches The Bishop Museum is literally over- or aerial roots that in time take root in run with this rich, glossy-green climber, the soil, is one of the largest and most and at certain seasons the beautiful yel- thrifty-looking trees in Hawaii. Many low blossoms transform its otherwise of the related species have the same uninteresting exterior into a palace of or similar methods of reproduction. gold. The masses of this flowering vine The black wattle and the silver wat- as they hang pendant from the tallest tle have been cultivated in Hawaii for trees about the city produce a vision of nearly half a century, and these or their airy, golden loveliness that lingers long numerous relatives are common in the in the mind's eye. More prized perhaps city and constitute the chief trees planted than any of the foregoing, but unfortu- in the Tantalus forest. Likewise the nately less common, is the Stephanotis, Australian oak or silk-oak, is common in known as "Kaiulani's flower." Its frag- parks and gardens and is easily recog- rant white blossoms at certain seasons nized by its fern-like leaves and sweet- transform the trellises of the city into scented golden-yellow trusses of flowers. veritable banks of snow. With the The most conspicuous of all are the Stephanotis will often be seen a frag- Bougainvilleas. Magenta, scarlet-red, rant climber, known as the wax-plant, and brick-red are among the common so named on account of the thick, waxy forms, and as to abundance they occur leaves and wax-like star-shaped flowers. in the order mentioned. Of the magenta Here and there in old gardens one colored species there are two common sees various species of Convolvulus, giv- varieties, one of which is an ever-bloom- ing a touch of the familiar morning- er. Throughout the year this species is glory blue to the scene, or with as much one continuous mass of purple, and is ease a dash of yellow from India and one of the most striking of the intro- the Orient. The pretty climbing Mexi- duced plants. The salmon, brick-red, can creeper or mountain rose, "Rosa de orange and scarlet varieties are to most la Montana de Mexico," with its deli- people more pleasing than the brilliant cate sprays of pink blossoms and the magenta species ; but when a blaze of more obscure though wonderfully frag- color is required, the Bougainvillea of rant Chinese violet with greenish yellow any shade will never be a disappoint- blossoms, are both always in evidence. ment. The curious thing about them is Several species of jasmine are com- that it is not the blossoms after all that mon. The beautiful climbing snow- are so remarkable. An examination white is a favorite, as is the perpetually shows that it is only the bracts that en- blooming Arabian jasmine, with hand- close the inconspicuous flowers that are some white flowers that turn purple as so highly colored. All told there are they die. The beautiful purple wreath is perhaps a half-dozen or more of these one of the most striking of the rarer South American shrubs from which sev- climbers ; the five-pointed deep-lilac flow- eral varieties have been propagated. The ers hang in graceful racemes and come name was given in honor of Bougain- into full bloom in April and May, last- ville, an early French navigator. ing several weeks. 170 THE MID-PACIFIC

The real Filipino may-still be seen, even near Manila, in his native garb, and this is far more artistic than the half Spanish dress of the educated Filipino citizens of Manila. Moonlight on Manila Bay.

Manila Nights • By E. B. CANNON.

Breeze, the nights are too lovely for words ; they Like spirit hands, surpass description. Tapped, tapped on my shutters. Late in the afternoon it had rained— Outside, coca palms just a - shower that was over almost as Beckoned with long green fingers. soon as it began. Clouds rolled togeth- er, though they did not obscure the sun. Mellow moonlight let the way; One great drop splashed ; then another ; Stars blazed, then, with a roar, fell the deluge. For Foliage sighed, five minutes the drops came down so Perfume rose. straight and so large as to form a crys- I went out. tal beaded curtain against a background of glistening green foliage. Little iri- It was one of those magical tropic descent bubbling pools collected in the nights when the moon pours from out tawny hollows of the road. Suddenly, limpid blue-blackness a light that dif- without perceptible slackening of volume, fuses the sheen of romance over land the rain stopped, and the sun, shining and sea. Nowhere, excepting near the brightly from the cloud-patched sky, equator, are there such nights, and in made misty rainbows in the acacia trees. Manila, at certain seasons of the year, From the grateful, greedy earth that was 171 172 THE MID-PACIFIC sucking up the last vestige of moisture, moss in the chinks. Occasionally the rose a sweet scent, intoxicating and en- walk narrowed and dwindled to a mere ergizing. footpath. After the rain, the sunset was glor- To one side of the Luneta lay the resi- ious. The sky was deep orange flecked dence district of compact, though cool, with cerise. High overhead jade and one-story American bungalows, and big, turquoise blue merged with a radiant airy two-story houses built in the Span- amethyst. Across Manila Bay it ap- ish style. On the other side of the peared as though the brassy sun dropped Luneta was a smooth expanse of turf without warning into the China Sea. and the ancient city wall enclosing the The pink and azure heavens turned rose district known as Intramuros. and lavender, and, as slowly, faded to As usual of an evening, within the pearl. Evening breezes rippled the placid walls everyone was awake. Where dur- waters of the Bay and brought the faint ing the heat of the day houses had been music of tolling bells and the evensong shuttered and silent, now blinds were of birds nesting in the rounded mango furled and electric lights showed merry- trees. making. Perhaps there was cards ; more In a lilac mist that hung over purple often, dancing, while a Filipino orchestra hills and dusky palms, low on the horizon picked out the most popular American appeared a great round moon like a tunes. Grace was manifest in every disk of silver paper. One by one stars step of the native couples—the man in pricked out—stars which looked much crisp white duck, the women in the at- larger than those seen in America ; which tractive Filipino dress of filmy, starched scintillated as stars never do in the blouse with billowing sleeves, wide neck- States. . erchief, long trained skirt and high- The Filipino band on the Luneta play- heeled slippers having only vamps for ed a farewell, and the crowd streamed uppers. What if one pretty, dark-eyed away over the grass. Out on the dining maid did lose a chinela whose black porch of the Hotel Manila lights flicked velvet vamp she had been holding on on, and parties grouped about tables set with four bare toes inside and the little with gleaming plates and glasses. Out toe hooked outside? Because of the ac- on the porches of private homes, fami- cident, the merriment waxed the more lies, who had already dined within, gath- gleeful. ered to enjoy the coolness of the gloam- In the next house a concert was going ing. on. The stringed band was five ( as al- Down stone steps set with porcelain most always), and the instruments were pots of flowering plants, women trained of the particular varieties upon which white embroideried dresses. This was Filipinos are so proficient. All through the hour for the daily promenade. Sil- Intramuros was melody, for the Fili- houetted like spectres against mossy old pinos are a musical people. Behind iron walls, men in white suits strolled, their window gratings bulging from the fronts after-dinner cigars dipping and circling of the porchless plaster houses, men, like glowing fireflies. women and children sat and listened to Despite the rain of the afternoon there the music of the streets. was under my feet a powder of dust Further on, beyond the wall and be- that made soft the concrete. Sometimes yond the city limits of Manila, was I stepped upon warm earth. Again, I music of a different sort—in the dance- trod flagstones, uneven, tilting, with halls where negroes discoursed the latest The Luneta—Manila.

"jazz." To these dance-halls (immense, pinos. Equipped with widely separated handsomely decorated, brilliantly illumi- cane-seated chairs, this balcony is so nated, strictly proper places) all classes high above the street that windows and of Manila society, white and brown, may lattices in the wall may be left open, repair. A lattice through the middle of and a free circulation of air secured.) the out-door pavilion separates "high But when one goes to Manila's single caste" from low. The slim, graceful legitimate showhouse, one arrays as for balarinas (Filipino dance-hall girls in the Metropolitan in New York. national costume) are not allowed to The Manila Grand Opera House prob- cross to the side reserved for army of- ably ceased to be "grand" when it fell ficers and other chosen people, although from its high estate as "opera house." It no exception is taken when a man in a is difficult to conceive of a more remark- dinner jacket one-steps with a balarina able contrast than is offered by that among the enlisted men and the low- theatre and its audience. Ladies in class Filipinos beyond the pale. toilettes that are the last word in Paris- Came nine o'clock and it was theatre ian elegance, men in high hats and time. broadcloth clawhammer coats — people Had I been going to a motion picture whose apparel and jewelry would not be show I should not have had to retrace out of place at the Metropolitan—are my steps home to dress. One does not shown to rusty folding seats plastered put on formal evening dress to attend over with the remnants of old play the movies in the Philippines. (And, it bills, and, between acts, gaze out over may be remarked in passing, that one the wreck of a playhouse that in its does not burden oneself with a fan. The palmy days could never have been much several first-class picture houses in Ma- better than an indifferently equipped nila are delightfully cool and breezy in barn. In the near future Manila is to the reserved section, patronized by the have a new and up-to-date theatre. It Americanos and the elite among Fili- surely will be appreciated ! 173 174 THE MID-PACIFIC

There is something infinitely pathetic cific Coast of the United States. In in the spectacle of the old rattletrap of a retrospect, the blank emptiness of the theatre, dusty and musty, crowded with day becomes only an interlude between elegantly dressed folk, so eager for en- lovely night and lovely night ; in retro- tertainment that they hang upon every spect, it is the nocturnal peace of the word of the actors and applaud every bit tropics that one longs for when "he of passably clever acting. hears the East a'calling." After the play there may be supper And it is the dreamy, quiet nights that and dancing at one of the popular halls hold the American in the Philippines ; on the outskirts or in town. But, after that makes him loath to leave the lotus a day of torrid heat, I preferred to land ; that makes him softly repeat the motor or drive (by calesa) to some se- lines that the Chinese poet, Chang Shih cluded veranda, to sit in the scented sil- Lo, penned so many centuries ago : very moonlight, to sip iced drinks (soft "The Lady Moon is my lover, or otherwise!) "My friends are the Oceans Four ; It is at twilight that one really begins "The Heavens have roofed me over "to live" in Manila ; that one forgets "And Dawn is my golden door. the monotony of the long, hot day and the thousands of miles of sapphire sea "I would liefer follow a condor that rolls between the palm-fringed "Or seagull soaring from ken ; shores of the Philippines and the sky- "Than bury my Godhead yonder scrapers of the waterfronts on the Pa- "In the dust and whirl of men."

A gateway in the old Spanish wall.

Flying Over South Sea Isles

By LIEUT. G. A. OTT

Intelligence Officer Naval Air Station, Pearl Harbor.

The trip from Honolulu down to Pal- Commander Kirkpatrick, despite their myra on Eagle 40 was filled with amus- pleadings, ordered the two returned to ing incidents. At its very beginning Honolulu. the cruise gave promise of adventure, The first day out was passed without for within two hours of sailing Lieut. incident and with little food being used, Glick, the Eagle's skipper, discovered though much was misused. At noon of two pseudo stowaways in the crews' the second day some live member gath- quarters aft. ered together such of the crew as were Newspaper men are usually credited able to maneuver and who had four bits, for the purpose of making a pool with much cleverness. However, we to enrich him who could give the most are in a position to know, and it be- plausible answer to the question: Why hooves us to undeceive a long suffering did they name this ocean the Pacific?. public. These two were undoubtedly The ordinary seaman who walked off built for comfort, for it was their dili- with the gravy claims that the middle gent search for a bunk which led to class Spanish bird who discovered it their swift undoing. was not familiar with the English By all rules of sea and fiction, stow- tongue, and, therefore, chose a word aways are supposed to • remain hidden from a Greek dictionary while blind- until almost starved or eaten by rats. folded. We are inclined to look with But, then, one could hardly expect a favor upon this explanation. The ocean star reporter to remain in eclipse for itself gives no good reason to raise a any such length of time. doubt. The third day was passed by 175 An atoll island.

the officers in the exciting business of son, Bobbie, may some day doubt the increasing the wrinkles around Lieu- prowess of his dad. tenant Glick's eyes. And on the morn- Shortly after our arrival at the an- ing of the fourth day, thanks to the chorage the quartermaster reported a abilities of the navigating officer, Lieu- sail making towards us from the island. tenant Smith, Palmyra lay spread be- This soon became visible to the naked fore us. Doc Steele claims Smithy eye, and, with the palm-fringed shore takes his sextant to bed with him. We as background, we all slipped into the are not familiar with all his little idio- spell of romance. I felt we were living syncrasies, but no one seems to be able the pages of Morgan Robertson and to locate the sextant during Smithy's Bob Stevenson. watch below. Colonel Meng, Edward Benner and While getting the plane over, many Mrs. Meng were soon scrambling up large red snappers and ulua were caught the sea ladder, sunburned and weather- by the crew. The writer claims the dis- beaten, to be sure, but far from starv- tinction of hooking the largest fish, ing, as had been reported. They had but must share the honor of landing it been out of fresh provisions for some with two others. After playing it for time, but one could hardly starve on about 30 minutes or more, during which Palmyra with Mrs. Meng at the helm time no one could be certain as to of the culinary department. They were whether I had the fish or the blasted overjoyed to see us and to get the large thing had me, some one sent word mail and new store of provisions we to Commander Kirkpatrick that Lieu- had brought. tenant Ott was in difficulty. The boss On Our Isle, a sanded and coconut hot-footed it to the scene of action and shaped wee bit of coral on the edge of gave me much needed relief, and finally, Central lagoon, stood the mansion of with the assistance of Skipper Glick the pioneers, and here Colonel and Mrs. and a handy boathook, 133 pounds of Meng and Edward Benner, after a year silver ulua was gasping and flopping of isolation, were at home that after- all over the deck. Of course the photo- noon to visitors. grapher was gotten on the job immed- Their home consists of a long lean-to iately. It is to be expected that Kirk's with the closed side in the direction of 176 In the pandanus tree. the prevailing winds. This is divided The plane lay at anchor off the edge into three sections by partitions, the of the shallows, a strange affair amid front being left entirely open except stranger surroundings. Eagle 40, like for curtains, which, in the raised posi- a painted ship on a silver ocean, swung tion, make quite efficient awnings. All to the tide off the outer reef, and be- cooking is done in the open over a mud tween her and the beach came a string and tin fireplace. Our Isle is just of boats towing carefully through the coral heads, with provisions and more large enough to contain the shelter and visitors for the self-exiled trio. to provide, in addition, a front yard of about 40 square feet. For our benefit, dinner the first night was to be a typical Palmyra meal. None The decision by several of the officers of the new provisions were used in its to remain on the island during the stay preparation. It was eminently success- of the expedition was heartily indorsed ful. The fish were excellent, the coco- by our hosts, who indicated quite clear- nut vegetable was delicious, and, if we ly that the watchword on Palmyra was are to take Kirkpatrick's word for it, "The more, the merrier." the meat of the coconut crab was a Colonel Meng and Lieutenant Meck- knockout. After this, the first meal, lenburg, our noted caster of flies, went we were willing to record the fact that to spear mullet in the lagoon shallows. our hostess was some cook. At the The rest of us lay in the sand and mar- present writing we can all swear that veled as much at the beauty of the she's a regular fellow and a good sailor, scene as we did at the ability displayed too. We are glad to bring her back by Ed Benner in surreptitiously disap- to civilization with us. pearing with a certain packet of letters It is needless to state that the moonlit while the sun, in the west, slowly evening passed quickly. The C. 0. dropped into Eagle 40's smokestack. soon discovered that Mrs. Meng is also 177 178 THE MID-PACIFIC

a Texan. One is led to wonder how so ered with wild heliotrope, and it is in much of interest to talk about ever this that the larger sea birds build their found Texas. However, the rest were nests. Birds of all species remain un- soon engrossed in the tales of Colonel afraid at the approach of man or fly Meng, and the moon was well on its curiously in circles just above one's downward course before the beds were head. The almost unbelievable story of filled. It was noted that Ed Benner a bird that balances her eggs upon a and the mysterious package were con- tree limb is proven here to have founda- spicuously absent most of the time. tion in fact. Pictures were obtained Some one reported him disappearing in of the eggs of the lovebird so balanced the jungle of Cooper isle just after din- without the aid of glue or nails. ner with a lantern in his hand. The lagoons contained between the The second day on the islands was arms of the horseshoe are very deep spent in a tour of the group, a proceed- and teeming with rainbow splashed ing which caused the lavish use of sun- fish. Specimens were observed which burn lotion that night. outstripped our wildest imagination, and Pictures were taken of everything one, which we named the American, that didn't move too fast. Lieutenant carried on his flat back three superim- Kilmer, with our photographer, Poe, posed shields, one red, one white and took to the air at noon and secured one blue. numerous pictures from which will be My first hunt for the coconut crab constructed a mosaic map of Palmyra. was a period fraught with strange The C. 0. and I decided it would be less qualms and heart tugging terrors. The strenuous to look 'em over from above time of day chosen for my initiation than by tramping afoot, so when the was just right to bring into play all plane returned we went up for a bit the fearful strangeness of the proceed- of sightseeing. ing. Colonel Meng called to me just Palmyra consists of about 50 small as the sun was slipping below the hori- islets, spread east and west in the shape zon and the shadows were getting deep of an elongated horseshoe and en- in the bush. He was armed with a cane circling three deep lagoons. Our Isle, knife and lantern. I was to carry a the home of the Mengs, is the smallest bucket and follow him into the jungle. of all, and from 2000 feet above looks Everything went fine for about 50 like the rubber on a lead pencil. The yards, with me tagging along quite picture from the air was beautiful, in- closely. Suddenly the colonel loosed a deed, and well worth the trip down on wild warwhoop and made a vicious the shimmying Eagle 40. lunge at something up forward with the Each island is connected to the next machete. Now I had never seen a by water shallow enough for wading. coconut crab, but I had gathered in At the ebb tide one can walk from one several remarks relative to their size to the other dry-footed. They are cov- and fighting abilities. I'm sure my cap ered with the usual forms of tropical held my hair down, but my shoes just foliage, each island being a veritable grunted a few- times and the lantern jungle in itself. Coconut trees are so flickered eerily. As I peered fearfully thickly packed that in many cases they forward to get a glimpse of the battle lean far outward and form a canopy a palm frond brushed my cheek, and over the water. Where there are right there I would have headed for beaches the soil line is luxuriantly cov- the beach had not the colonel called THE MID-PACIFIC 179 loudly for the bucket. Only the claws "Forty's" retreat was rapid and com- were taken, but as two claws make a plete, even if it did appear dignified on meal we had the bucket full after just the surface. Thereafter "Forty" amused five intense actions. I didn't see any of himself with the legs dangerous occu- the crabs whole, however, as it required pation of chasing curlew on the beach. all my time to keep the bucket from The evening was spent in much the streaking for the open. same manner as the one before. No Dinner on the second day was a regu- one got to bed until 2 a. m. At 3 a lar Thanksgiving affair, with turkey 'n terrific rainstorm swept into the lean- everything. The size of the bird put to to and brought us all up standing, shame the open-air cooking facilities of that is, all but Lieutenant Kilmer, who Our Isle, so the meal was cooked remained in the land of shuteye even aboard the Eagle and brought ashore in while his bed was moved. The storm boats. Though this was the first fresh didn't last long, but the precipitation meat to reach their table in many made a record in the first five minutes. months, the appetites of the marooned Conversations which started during the islanders seem to have suffered some- rain continued almost to dawn, which what from the constant fish diet, for indicates to what extent these people the most of the turkey found the were starved for company and news of paunches of the visitors. The Mengs' the outside world. dorg, "Friday," and the cat, "Jerry," in As all good things must end, Thurs- fact, became so sick after partaking of day ushered in departure. The plane this strange food that neither would was taken for one last flip around the perform any more that evening. islands and then landed alongside Friday had been brought to Palmyra Eagle 40, to be hoisted aboard and when a very small puppy, so this first clipped of its wings. sight of another of his species came The colonel, Mrs. Meng and Ed Ben- when "Forty," the Eagle's mascot, ven- ner, with "Friday" atop Mrs. Meng's tured ashore. The disgusting indiffer- trunks, accompanied the boats to the ence of Forty almost broke the heart ship. Mrs. Meng, who for the past of "Friday." It seemed that no man- few weeks had been feeling ill, was to ner of coercion or footplay on his part remain with us for passage to Honolulu. could ruffle "Forty's" sophisticated Eagle 40's anchor came slowly up to calm. However, with Jerry it was dif- the hawse. The engine telegraph ferent. "Forty" caught one glimpse of jingled, and with many shouts of fare- the cat out of the corner of his eye and well, two men waving their hats and a then almost disrupted the camp in his dog wagging a tail from a skiff, were efforts to get at her. "Friday" immed- soon merged by distance into the back- iately lined up with the cat and ground of their lonely isle. 180 THE MID-PACIFIC

•

A good catch in the South Seas. BULLETIN :vr,E PAN-PACIFIC UNION

CONTENTS New Series No. 28, February, 1922. PAGE Principles of the Pan-Pacific Union 2 Activities of the Pan-Pacific Union 3 The Pan-Pacific Clubs and Associations Abroad 4 The Pan-Pacific Club Honolulu 5 The Pan-Pacific Association in Hawaii 6 Some Functions of the Pan-Pacific Union 7 Tentative Scope of the Pan-Pacific Commercial Congress 15

OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION HONORARY PRESIDENTS Warren G. Harding President of United States William M. Hughes Prime Minister, Australia W. F. Massey Prime Ministet New Zealand Hsu Shih-Chang President of China Arthur Meighen Premier of Canada Takashi Hara Prime Minister of Japan Chao Fa Maha Vajiravudh King of Siam HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Woodrow Wilson Mc-President of United States Dr. L. S. Rowe Director-General Pan-American Union Prince J. K. Kalanianaole. Delegate to Congress from Hawaii Yeh Chung Cho Minister of Communication. China Leonard Wood Governor-General of the Philippines Thos. Riggs, Jr. Governor of Alaska The Governor-General of Java. The Premiers of Australian States. The Premier of British Columbia. President—Hon. Wallace R. Farrington..Governor of Hawaii Director—Alexander Hume Ford Honolulu Secretary—Dr. Frank F. Bunker Honolulu

Prince J Tokugawa—President House of Peers, Tokyo President Pan- Pacific Association of Japan Tong Shao 11—Ex-Premier of China....Pres. Pan-Pacific Association of China Prince Park—President Pan-Pacific Association of Korea, Seoul. Sir Arthur Rickard—Director Pan-Pacific Association, Australia, Sydney Dr. S. P. Nikonoff—President Pan-Pacific Association, Siberia, Vladivostok

HONOLULU Published by the Union 1922 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION Is an organization representing Governments of Pacific lands, with which are affiliated Chambers of Commerce and kindred bodies, working for the advance- ment of Pacific States and Communities, and for a greater co-operation among and between the people of all races in Pacific lands. Its central office is in Honolulu at the ocean crossroads. The Pan-Pacific Union is incorporated with an International Board of . Trustees, representing every race and nation of the Pacific. The trustees may be added to or replaced by appointed representatives of the different countries co-operating in the Pan-Pacific Union. The following are the main objects set forth in the charter of the Pan-Pacific Union : 1. To call in conference delegates from all Pacific peoples for the pur- pose of discussing and furthering the interests common to Pacific nations. 2. To maintain in Hawaii and other Pacific lands bureaus of information and education concerning matters of interest to the people of the Pacific, and to disseminate to the world information of every kind of progress and opportunity in Pacific lands, and to promote the comfort and interests of all visitors. 3. To aid and assist those in all Pacific communities to better understand each other, and to work together for the furtherance of the best interests of the land of their adoption, and, through them, to spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of inter-racial co-operation. 4. To assist and to aid the different races in lands of the Pacific to co- operate in local fairs, to raise produce, and to create home manufactured goods. 5. To own real estate, erect buildings needed for housing exhibits ; pro- vided and maintained by the respective local committees. 6. To maintain a Pan-Pacific Commercial Museum, and Art Gallery. 7. To create dioramas, gather exhibits, books and other Pan-Pacific material of educational or instructive value. 8. To promote and conduct a Pan-Pacific Exposition of the handicrafts of the Pacific peoples, of their works of art, and scenic dioramas of the most beautiful bits of Pacific lands, or illustrating great Pacific industries. 9. To establish and maintain a permanent college and "clearing house" of information (printed and otherwise) concerning the lands, commerce, peoples, and trade opportunities in countries of the Pacific, creating libraries of commer- cial knowledge, and training men in this commercial knowledge of Pacific lands. 10. To secure the co-operation and support of Federal and State govern- ments, chambers of commerce, city governments, and of individuals. 11. To enlist for this work of publicity in behalf of Alaska, the Territory of Hawaii, and the Philippines, Federal aid and financial support, as well as similar co-operation and support from all Pacific governments. 12. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly and commercial contact and relationship. TRUSTEES President Hon. Wallace R. Farrington, Governor of Hawaii Vice-Presidents: Hon. Walter F. Frear, William R. Castle F. C. Atherton Chung K. Ai Treasurer F E. Blake Mayor of Honolulu J H. Wilson G. P. Denison G. N. Wilcox J. M. Young Dr. W. T. Brigham Vaughan MacCaughey John Guild John C. Lane F. J. Lowrey C. Yada Dr. Iga Mori F. F. Baldwin R. H. Trent K. Yamamoto Richard A. Cooke D. H. Hitchcock C. J. McCarthy Director Alexander Hume Ford Executive Secretary Dr. Frank F. Bunker and Consuls in Honolulu from Pacific Countries PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 3

Some Activities of the Pan-Pacific Union

AUTONOMOUS BRANCHES The Pan-Pacific Clubs and Associations abroad. The Pan-Pacific Association in Hawaii. The Pan-Pacific Club in Honolulu.

THE PAN-PACIFIC PRESS CONFERENCE

COUNCILS AND COMMITTEES APPOINTED BY THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION 1. The Pan-Pacific Community Center Council. 2. The Pan-Pacific Educational Council. 3. The Pan-Pacific Scientific Council. 4. The Pan-Pacific Information Bureau. 5. The Pan-Pacific Publicity Council. 6. The Pan-Pacific Athletic Council. 7. The Pan-Pacific Health Research Council. 8. The Pan-Pacific Conservation Council. 9. The Pan-Pacific Art and Musical Council. 10. The Pan-Pacific University Council. 11. The Pan-Pacific Good Citizenship Club. 12. The Pan-Pacific Aloha and Entertainment Committee.

UNDER ORGANIZATION BY THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION The Pan-Pacific Board of Trade. The Pan-Pacific Junior Chamber of Commerce. The Women's Auxiliary of the Pan-Pacific Union.

AT WORK The Pan-Pacific Commercial Conference Committee. 4 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

The Pan-Pacific Union

The Pan-Pacific Union is now in the ther, they suggested the organization midst of a series of conferences that in Honolulu of a Hands Around the are bringing together into personal ac- Pacific Club to bring into closer ac- quaintanceship the leaders quaintance the men of all Pacific races The Pan- in practically all lines of in Hawaii. With the aid of the visit- Pacific thought and action in Pa- ing delegates the formation of this Union cific lands. organization was brought about. The The heads of Pacific Gov- Hands Around the Pacific Club in Ha- ernments are the heads of the Pan- waii functioned until 1917 when the Pacific Union. Delegates are sent to Pan-Pacific Union received its charter its conferences by the Governments of and succeeded the local club. The Pacific lands and at their expense. Union has accomplished far broader Many of the Governments of the Pa- work, having the backing of practically cific, including that of the United all of the Pacific Governments. States, have made appropriations to- In Australia in 1912 the Hands ward the expenses of these conferences. Around the Pacific Club of Sydney was The Hawaiian Legislature and the founded. Later this organization Trustees of the Union, as hosts, con- changed its name to tribute about $30,000 a year. The Pan-Pacific the Millions Club of The actual tangible results of the Association New South Wales. good work the Union has done in Its president, Sir establishing personal points of con- Arthur Richard is the representative tact between the leading minds of the of the Pan-Pacific Union in Australia, Pacific, are becoming apparent. under the Premier, who is an honorary president of the Union. In 1915 the Pan-P a cif i c organizations, as Millions Club of West Australia was branches of the Pan-Pacific Union are organized by the Director of the Pan- springing up everywhere around the Pacific Union ; also the City Club of Pacific. In the growth and vigor of Manila, both as parts of the Hands these around the Pacific organizations Around the Pacific Movement. In lies the future strength and value of 1918 Hands Around the Pacific clubs the work of the Pan-Pacific Union. were organized in both Australia and THE PAN-PACIFIC CLUBS AND New Zealand as branches of the Pan- ASSOCIATIONS ABROAD Pacific Union. These organizations were officially encouraged by the Gov- When in 1911 the first Pan-Pacific ernments, the Premiers of Australia Conference was held in Honolulu, the and New Zealand both being Honorary delegates from Australia, New Zealand, Presidents of the Pan-Pacific Union. and other Pacific lands voted to make Both Australia and New Zealand have Honolulu the conference city of the appropriated funds toward the expenses Pacific because of its convenient situ- of the Pan-Pacific Union and have sent ation at the ocean's crossroads. Fur- their delegates to its conferences. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 5

In Shanghai in 1920 the Pan-Pacific for Japan. The Japanese Government Association of China was organized has sent official delegates to the Pan- and soon grew to a membership of Pacific Scientific, Educational, and thousands. Such men as ex-Premier of Press Conferences held in Honolulu. China, Tong Shao Yi, Dr. Sun •Y at Sen, In San Francisco a Pan-Pacific Club and Dr. Wu Ting Fang, were officers was founded in 1917 and merged with of the association. When the ' con- the San Francisco Foreign Trade Club, gressional party visited China during which holds the annual Balboa, or Pan- the summer of 1920 this organization Pacific Day, banquet in that city on tendered a banquet attended by 500 September 17. members, to each of whom was pre- In Washington as well as in San sented a carefully prepared history of Francisco and in Los Angeles, the dele- China gotten out by the Pan-Pacific gates who have attended any of the Association for this occasion. Later Pan-Pacific Conferences in Honolulu, the association launched a good roads have organized to meet each other from campaign for China that swept the time to time and to attend the annual country. This association has sent its Pan-Pacific banquets, which are a fea- delegates to the Pan-Pacific Conferences ture of all the Pan-Pacific Clubs and called by the Union. Associations, on September 17 of each In Peking, where the President of year ; this in commemoration of the China is an Honorary President of the anniversary of the discovery of the Pan-Pacific Union, a Pan-Pacific Asso- Pacific by a European, Vasco Gomez ciation was organized during the visit de Balboa. These branch organizations of the congressional party. President help to carry forward one of the chief Hsu-Shih-Chang of China sent his per- objects of the Pan-Pacific Union as set sonal check to the Union for $1,000, forth in its charter : "To maintain a and China has sent delegates to the permanent clearing house of informa- conferences called by the Union. tion concerning the lands, commerce, The King of Siam is another Hon- peoples, and trade opportunities in orary President of the Union who has countries of the Pacific?' liberally contributed funds towards its support. In Siberia there is a flour- THE PAN-PACIFIC CLUB ishing Pan-Pacific Association with Honolulu headquarters at Vladivostok. In Honolulu the Pan-Pacific Club has In Seoul; Korea, there is a Pan- had a varied career, many of the proj- Pacific Association organized as a ects it has inaugurated locally having branch of the Union, some of its offi- been taken over by the Pan-Pacific cers have attended the conferences held Union. in Honolulu. It was the Honolulu Pan-Pacific In Tokyo, the capital of Japan, mem- Club that assumed the expenses and bers of the House of Peers were as- responsibility of the Pan-Pacific build- sisted by Senators and Congressmen ing at the San Diego from the United States in organizing The Pan- Exposition which it in- the Japanese Pan-Pacific Association, Pacific Club vited the countries of the with Prince I. Tokugawa, President of Pacific to occupy as its the House of Peers, as president. guests. The Pan-Pacific Club of Ho- Premier Hara accepted an Honorary nolulu conducted the annual carnival Presidency of the Pan-Pacific Union in Hawaii in 1917, preparing a hun- 6 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

dred floats illustrating the history and Pacific lands may be shown nightly progress of each Pacific country. It for the education of all It will aid also erected a pavilion some three hun- locally in carrying out a provision in dred feet in length in which was the charter of the Pan-Pacific Union: brought together the nucleus of a per- "To aid and assist those in Pacific manent Pan-Pacific Commercial Mu- countries to better understand each seum and Art Exhibit. other, and to work together for the The Pan-Pacific Club turned its .urtherance of the best interests of the clubhouse in Honolulu over to the Pan- land of their adoption, and through Pacific Union for the uses of its cleri- them to spread abroad about the Pa- cal forces. Here were held the daily cific the friendly spirit of inter-racial lunches of the different branches of co-operation." the Club and the Union. The Pan- THE PAN-PACIFIC ASSOCIATION Pac,ific Foreign Trade Club held its IN HAWAII weekly luncheon meetings here, as did The Pan-Pacific Association was or- the Pan-Pacific Artists and Architects ganized in Hawaii carrying out a pro- Club until this branch of the work vision of the charter of the Pan-Pacific outgrew its quarters and built a house Union. of its own. In the Pan-Pacific club- "To secure the co-operation and sup- house the Club and the Union planned port of Federal and State Govern- many of the banquets and pageants ments, Chambers of Commerce, city that were given in honor of visiting governments, and in- dignitaries from Pacific lands. The Pan-Pacific dividuals." There has been a distinct cleavage Association Delegates from each of the lines of action of the Club and in Hawaii and every civic body the Union, the officers of the Union in Hawaii were in- having been moved to the Alexander vited to meet, confer and organize the Young building until such time as the Pan-Pacific Association of Hawaii. This proposed Pan-Pacific palace be erected was done and the organization has suc- as its permanent home. cessfully functioned for several years. The Iolani Royal Palace, now the Recognizing that many tryouts of Executive building in Hawaii, is used remedies for interracial problems must as a meeting place for the delegates to necessarily be made in Hawaii, the the Pan-Pacific conferences, the sessions social experimental laboratory of the being held in the old throne room and Pacific, before the results could be the conferences called to order by the recommended to other lands, the asso- Governor of Hawaii as President of ciation has done excellent pioneer the Pan-Pacific Union. work. In Honolulu are organizations The Pan-Pacific Club, now an en- made up entirely of either Chinese, tirely local organization, but affiliated Japanese, Koreans, Filipinos, Hawa- with the Union, contemplates the cre- iians, Portuguese, Russians, or Amer- ation of a roof garden commodious icans. The delegates from all of these enough to take care of a large mem- meet in the Pan-Pacific Association on bership from all races. Here it is pro- An equal footing and plan for the wel- posed to have a meeting place where fare of the city or the territory. These each Pacific group may have its own meetings of the leaders of all races liv- restaurant and entertainment halls, and ing in Hawaii have resulted in a better where free educational films of all understanding. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 7

Some Functions of the Pan Pacific Union

The chief function of the Pan-Pacific lowering of trans-Pacific table and ra- Union as expressed in the first clauses dio rates to a point so moderate in of its charter is : charge . that every Pacific people may "To call in conference delegates well afford through its press to be fully from all Pacific peoples for the informed and educated of all other Pa- purpose of discussing and further- cific lands and peoples. ing the interests common to Pacific It is bringing together the com- nations." mercial giants of the Pacific, it is plan- "To bring all peoples and na- ning for a meeting of the medical men, tions about the Pacific Ocean into and proposes to call together the men closer friendly and commercial con- of all Pacific lands who best understand tact and relationship." the subject of conservation in all its The Pan-Pacific Union has for years phases. set itself to the task of establishing The scientists have declared that with points of contact between the leading proper knowledge of the migration of men of all lines of thought and action fish in the Pacific and their proper in Pacific lands. In this it has been protection by international law, the splendidly successful. Pacific Ocean might be made to feed It has brought together the scientists the world. They have also expressed , of the Pacific and those unlearned in the a belief that the bulk of the future food solution of the scientific problems of the supply of the world may be made to come from Pacific lands. These state- Pacific for united effort and has or- ments are made in the face of the fact ganized them into a council that is to that about the Pacific already live nearly continue the work begun. two-thirds of the population of the It has assembled the leaders in edu- globe, some in regions which it is claim- cation from Pacific lands and has or- ed are overpopulated. ganized them into a friendly working The Pacific is at least the future, if body that will meet to- not the present, theatre of the world's Functions gether every few years to commerce. Honolulu is at the cross- of the suggest plans for Pan-Pa- roads of the Pacific and for that rea- Union cific Educational work that son was chosen as the Conference City the Pan-Pacific Union will of the Pan-Pacific Union. The heads be expected to carry into effect. of all Pacific Governments are officials It has brought the Press men of the of the Pan-Pacific Union and it is hoped Pacific together for discussion ; they that a conference of the Presidents effecting a permanent organization that and Premiers of Pacific lands may be co-operates with the Pan-Pacific Union held in Honolulu in the not very dis- in the dissemination of truthful reports tant future, and a beginning made A of and between Pacific lands. Both or- toward the erection of a permanent ganizations are seeking the immediate home for the Pan-Pacific Union. • 8 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

A Pan-Pacific Community Center the community at large. It should be Council is being founded for this def- a joint proposition of the Pan-Pacific inite project. Union and of the Pan-Pacific Associa- There is needed in Honolulu, a cen- tion. tral building or place to house the The Pan-Pacific Club gave in its various activities of the Pan-Pacific building fine quarters to the "Boy Union. A Pan-Pacific art ex- Scouts" and to other useful civic bodies Pan- hibit was to have been held of workers. A building is needed that Pacific in Honolulu, but the date will give a permanent home -6 the Boy Building has been postponed until a Scouts, the several chambers of com- sufficiently commodious art merce and merchants' associations of fireproof building can be created. It the different races and to all the civic is the purpose of several of the Pacific bodies, of all races in Honolulu that countries to send art exhibits to this need homes or headquarters. central exhibit, including those of their A civic auditorium is needed for the commercial arts, while it is the desire splendid choral and instrumental or- of organizations in other Pacific lands ganizations of men and women of all to select from these exhibits the most races that are in Hawaii, the home of suitable examples and exhibit them music. An open air theatre is needed over a period of two years in the large for the visual educational work that is cities of America, and perhaps in other understood by all races alike, for it Pacific countries, and even in Europe. speaks to the eye in all languages. Already a nucleus of a Pan-Pacific An auditorium is needed for the con- Commercial Museum has been gathered, ference gatherings of the Pan-Pacific but it has outgrown its quarters, and a Union, halls are needed for the collec- large museum building is needed for tions for the Pan-Pacific commercial this purpose. Among the objects of museum, and for its collection of art the Pan-Pacific Union, as set forth in materials from Pacific lands as well as the charter, appear the following for a permanent Pan-Pacific library. clauses : To co-ordinate this project a Pan- "To assist and to aid the different Pacific Community Center Council is races in lands of the Pacific to co-oper- appointed to bring together the leaders ate in local fairs, to raise, produce, and of all racial groups in Hawaii with the to create home manufactured goods. heads of all civic bodies a•nd the Trus- "To own real estate, erect buildings tees of the Pan-Pacific Union. Out of needed for housing exhibits : provided the workings of this council, it is hoped that the proposed Pan-Pacific Palace and maintained by the respective local may take actual shape and grow into communities. being. "To maintain a Pan-Pacific Com- The Pan-Pacific Educational Council mercial Museum and Art Gallery. has grown out of Resolutions and Rec- "To gather exhibits, books, and oth- ommendations passed by the First Pan- er Pan-Pacific material of educational Pacific Educational Con- or instructive value." Pan-Pacific ference. The first resolu- Particularly in Honolulu is needed a Educational tion of the First Pan-Pa- great storehouse and assembly build- Council cific Educational Confer- ing. Not only is this needed for the ence reads as follows : use of the Pan-Pacific Union, but for "Therefore be it resolved, That this PAN-PACIFIC UN ION BULLETIN 9

Conference recommends that the Pan- special department in the Union to deal Pacific Union establish an Educational with international publicity. Council, as a permanent department of The secretary of the First Pan-Pa- the Union." cific Educational Conference was re- Among the suggestions made as to tained as secretary of the Pan-Pacific the possible field for the work of the Union with instructions to organize the Council the Conference recommended : necessary force to carry through the "That it offer a co-ordinating agency recommendations made. Proper ap- to stimulate education to common ends propriations for this work were voted in the various Pacific nations. by the Trustees of the Union. "That it arrange future educational The Pan Pacific Scientific Council is conferences and carry out the interim made up of about fifty of the scientists work. from Pacific lands who attended the "That it stimulate various lines of First Pan-Pacific Scientific scientific investigation and education. The Conference, and it is pro- "That it establish at Honolulu an Pan-Pacific posed to secure the serv- educational library on Pacific topics. Scientific ices of an internationally "That it obtain from the various Council known scientist familiar Pacific nations the data of history, with the scientific problems geography, science, etc. of the Pacific to serve as the salaried "That it undertake directly or in- secretary and organizer of the work to directly a thorough scientific investi- be carried forward by this branch of the gation of the cause of war. Pan-Pacific Union. "That it provide for exchange of The Pan-Pacific Information Bureau teachers and successful teaching meth- has functioned through the Bulletin of ods." the Pan-Pacific Union and other publi- It also recommended the erection in cations and activities. It was planned Honolulu of a Pan-Pacific building, previous to the European war to com- containing, if possible, a great theatre, bine the efforts of all Government Intel- auditorium halls, commercial museum, ligence Bureaus in Pacific lands and or- art gallery, etc.—to serve as a perma- ganize a Pan-Pacific Intelligence or In- nent home, repository and international formation Bureau that would function experiment station in the problems of abroad for all Pacific countries. That the Pacific and which would serve to is, where Intelligence Bureaus were al- give continuity and stability to the ready established in any city, they successive Pan-Pacific conferences which would act for all ; but that in San Fran- have been held and will be held. cisco and other cities where no such This Conference passed further reso- body existed, the Information Bureaus lutions, one that a Pan-Pacific Con- of Pacific lands would maintain a joint ference be held for the purpose of or- office where information of any kind ganizing a scientific survey of the popu- concerning any Pacific land might be lation problem of the Pacific ; another, secured by the enquirer, that the Governments of the Pacific be Pan-Pacific either by mail or in per- asked to promote the production of edu- Intelligence son. The furtherance of cational films, that the Roman alphabet Bureau this project is now being be adopted by Pacific countries, and a taken up by the Pan-Pa- series of resolutions and recommenda- cific Union. One of the objects set tions concerning the establishment of a forth in the Charter of the Pan-Pacific 10 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

Union is : "To maintain in Hawaii, and tablishing a Pan-Pacific School of other Pacific lands, bureaus of informa- Journalism. tion and education concerning matters of "To collect and interchange films and interest to the peoples of the Pacific, and pictures that portray accurately the life to disseminate to the world information of the people.. of every kind of progress and opportu- "To assist the movement for the nities in Pacific lands, and to promote adoption of the Roman alphabet. the comfort and interest of all visitors." "To secure permission for delegates traveling on foreign vessels to make The Pan Pacific Publicity Council has - stop over visits at Honolulu." done yeoman work for more than a de- The first work of the Pan-Pacific cade in the matter of bringing Pacific Press Council has been to bring about affairs to the attention of the world. the reconvening of the Pan-Pacific Press Both the Educational and Press Con- Conference in Washington at the time ferences have passed resolutions up- of the Disarmament Conference there. holding this work and urging its ex- The recommendations made to the tension. The Pan-Pacific Press Con- Union it will seek to carry out. ference having organized as a perma- One of the objects set forth in the nent body is now affiliated with both charter of the Pan-Pacific Union reads : the Pan-Pacific Union and the Press "To enlist in the work of Publicity Congress of the world. The Publicity Federal. Aid and Financial support as Council of the Union and the Pan-Pa- well as similar co-operation and support cific Press Conference body will work from all Pacific Governments." in union, both organizations having one and the same secretary. A permanent The Pan-Pacific Athletic Council has Pan-Pacific publicity bureau is being been appointed primarily to co-operate organized and will seek to carry out the with those who contemplate the hold- recommendations made to the Union. ing of a Pan-Pacific Olym- Among those made by the Pan-Pacific Pan-Pacific piad of sports in the cross- Press Conference, are the following : Olympiad roads city of the Pacific. It "That it act as an agency through is proposed to revive the its Press Council for interchange among old Polynesian games as well as those the newspapers and magazines of the of the aborigines of other Pacific lands, Pacific region of accurate in addition to the holding of Olympiad Pan-Pacific information about the peo- games familiar to the modern athlete. Publicity ples of the Pacific and It might be well if in Honolulu dur- Council their problems. ing the period of the Pan-Pacific Olym- "To arrange for future piad sports there is held the proposed Pan-Pacific Press Conferences. Conference of Young Men's Christian Association workers from Pacific lands. "To take the necessary steps to se- The Union has taken up the matter of cure cheaper service for telegraph, ca- this conference with the proper authori- ble, and wireless messages. ties and sanction has been granted, but "To entertain representatives of the probably the wiser course will be for Pacific Press as they pass through the International Y. M. C. A. to con- Honolulu. duct this Pan-Pacific Conference, which "To investigate the feasibility of the is religious in its scope, and for the exchange of Journalists. Union to co-operate by placing its fa- "To consider the practicability of es- cilities for operating conferences at the PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 11 disposal of the International "Y." Many A Pan-Pacific Health Conference is of the "Y" leaders are also athletic planned and a Pan-Pacific Pan-Pacific Conference of Red Cross leaders in Pacific lands and can aid Health workers to be held in Ho- greatly in the program of the Olym- Council nolulu has been authorized piad. The Pan-Pacific Union has also by the Red Cross Council been requested by the American head- in Geneva. The co-operation of the quarters to issue a call for a Pan-Pa- Hawaiian Medical Society has been se- cific Conference of Boy Scout workers, cured as a local committee to outline the tentative scope of the first Pan-Pa- and it seems that the period of the cific Health Conference. When it is Olympiad sports in Hawaii is again considered that medical research in Ha- an opportune time for the- Conference waii has perfected a remedy for to be held. It is even problematical leprosy, the possibility of the medical whether the health conference might men of the Pacific discovering remedies not well fit in at this period. for tropical diseases does not seem un- likely. The health of animals in Pa- Boys' and men's sports have done cific lands might well come under the more in the Pacific to bring people of consideration of this Council ; certainly,. all races together to a better knowl- so far as they transmit disease to hu- edge of each other than have all other mans. agencies combined. In the public schools The Pan-Pacific Conservation Coun- of Hawaii the boys of all Pacific races cil will be made up largely of scientists grow up, side by side, and athletic and others whose investigations in Pa- sports, such as football, baseball and cific lands are of known basketball, bring them together in close Pan-Pacific value. Perhaps under this co-operative friendship. Sun Yet Sen, Conservation Council will be arranged first president of China, was born in Council the details of the "Satu- Hawaii and learned to play ball at ration" Conference, which school in Honolulu. His boyhood might well be a section of the Pan- friends helped finance his work in Pacific Conservation Congress. The China and he worked at first through Educational Conference suggested the the athletic bodies there that had their calling of a conference to study the birth in the schools of Honolulu. Ha- Pacific immigration problem, and this waii is sending literally thousands of is but a problem of "Saturation." It boys and youths to the Orient annually is predicted by some that America will who have learned democracy through reach the "Saturation" point for the the influence of .athletics in the school Anglo-Saxon, with his standard of liv- yard. ing, when that country has a popula- tion of a quarter of a billion, Anglo- The Pan-Pacific Athletic Council has Saxons or whites of Anglo-Saxon liv- a distinct and important mission to ing standards. The saturation point in perform in the general plan of bringing America would not be reached, it is all races of the Pacific into co-operative pointed out, if the present Japanese effort for their advancement in all lines standard of living were adopted, at least of thought and action. until America gave homes to a popula- The Pan-Pacific Health and Research tion near the billion mark, or if the Council also has a great duty before it. present Chinese standard of living be- 12 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

came that of America under such con- of data that will lead to an announce- ditions, it is prophesied, life might be ment of the scope of the first Pan-Pa- supported within the area of the United cific Art Conference and Exhibition, as States by nearly two billion always well as suggesting the most suitable half-hungry workers. dates for the conference and exhibit. A Conservation Congress might point This Council will act with the Pan-Pa- out the means of developing the pro- cific Community Center Council in car- ductive power of Pacific lands so that rying forward plans for a permanent their "saturation" point might be in- home for the general exhibits and definitely postponed. Scientists have storage space for the loan exhibits. stated that the workers of the Pacific In the matter of music, Hawaii offers under proper conservation laws and a wide scope. The Hawaiians have de- methods, could be made to feed the veloped a school of music of their own. world ; they even extend a hope that Pa- They have in operation massed choruses cific lands might be made to be equally that are probably not excelled by any in productive. With proper conservation Pacific lands. The Chinese, Japanese, of forests, adequate international laws Koreans, Filipinos, and others are de- for the protection and propagation of veloping musical tendencies that are fish in the Pacific, a good beginning full of promise. might be made toward the carrying out It has been the custom of the Pan- of a scientific conservation of food re- Pacific Union in Hawaii to begin its sources and production in Pacific lands Pan-Pacific work of activities in Sep- that might lead to the support of far tember of each year with a musical con- larger populations than those at present test in the open air between the massed and so solving for some time the immi- choruses and orchestras of Pacific races gration problem. Able men and think- in Hawaii. It is proposed now to work ers are now at work on the tentative with these musical bodies throughout scope a Pan-Pacific Conservation Con- the year to develop regular schools of ference should cover. They might take music and bring nearer the time when into consideration the fact that Java a Pan-Pacific Musical Contests may be century ago with a population of six held on a large and comprehensive million was overcrowded, while today, scale. The distinct school of music as a result of scientific methods of cul- that the Hawaiians have developed, be- tivation, methods taught by the Dutch, ginning with a gamut of but four notes, with a population of 36,000,000, there is is of world-wide fame today. Who can a shortage of labor in Java. We learn foretell what future the singers of Aus- much from our neighbors. tralia may not produce or what trend The Pan-Pacific Art and Musical the development of oriental music will Council will have to do with the col- take. Art in painting and in carving lection of paintings and commercial art is undergoing a transition. The old and exhibits to be gathered to- the new might well be studied side by Art and gether in Honolulu and sort- side, for the old has much to teach the Musical ed there for the outfitting of new. Council traveling Pan-Pacific art col- One of the objects of the Pan-Pacific lections that will be exhibit- Union, as set forth in its charter, is : ed in many of the countries about the "To promote and conduct a Pan-Pacific Pacific, and even further abroad. It Exposition of the handicrafts of the will also have in charge the collection Pacific peoples, of their works of art PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 13 and scenic dioramas of the most beauti- Pan-Pacific Good Citizenship Club will ful bits of Pacific lands, or illustrating be to teach everyone how to interest the great Pacific industries." himself in the welfare of the com- The Pan-Pacific University Council munity of which he is a member. will keep in touch with the incorpora- Splendid work has already been begun tors of the Pan-Pacific University. It in this direction in Hawaii, so that to- is planned to inaugurate day in every community drive, each Pan-Pacific in Hawaii a system of race strives to accomplish more than is University night school education on asked or expected of it, and usually Council the larger sugar estates. with marked success. If this project is carried The Pan-Pacific Aloha and Entertain- out it is hoped that the oriental labor- ment Committee has in charge the wel- ers may be taught not only the English coming and entertaining of the dele- language, but given practical courses gates to the Pan-Pacific in modern sanitation, house building, Aloha conferences held in Ha- railway construction, road building, and Committee waii. "Aloha" in Hawai- modern intensive agriculture ; this with ian, means "Welcome" and the hope that when they return to their even more. This committee has done oriental homes, it may be as foremen splendid work in the past. It ar- who will lead the way in teaching the ranges the interisland excursions for untold millions of Asia modern methods the visitors, plans the pageants, super- of living that will raise the Asiatic intends the public banquets, and even standard of living upward toward that arranges for the people's entertain- of the Occidental. In this way the ments of the visitors. It is the branch Oriental will be more content to remain of Union in which the influence and at home, and less unwelcome, should he work of the women predominate. go abroad. The idea of a Pan-Pacific A Women's Auxiliary of the Pan- University of Labor in Hawaii has the Pacific Union is in process of organi- active co-operation and approval of zation and will seek to accomplish in leading legislators and thinkers in Ja- its field what the organ- pan, China, and America. Women's ization has accomplished. The Pan-Pacific Good Citizenship Auxiliary So far the leading men of Club will have some interesting prob- of the all Pacific races in Ha- lems before it, in Hawaii, at least. The Pan-Pacific waii have been brought object of the organization Union to work together through Good is to make of its members the efforts of the Pan- Citizenship good possible citizens of Pacific Union. Once a month there Clubs any country to which they is a meeting of twelve of the represen- migrate. In Hawaii an tatives of each race. At these meet- Oriental not born in America cannot ings are discussed in confidence some become an American citizen. An Ori- very intimate topics. It was through ental born in America of Japanese pa- these meetings that the Language rents, is subject to dual citizenship, an School problem in Hawaii was amicably American in America, a Japanese in Ja- settled ; the Japanese themselves draw- pan. It is hoped that some new agree- ing up a bill to control the language ment may be arrived at between Japan schools. This bill passed the legisla- and America that will settle this an- ture and became a law with the ap- noying problem. The purpose of the proval of all civic bodies in Hawaii. In 14 PAN-PACIFIC UN ION BULLETIN

like manner at these meetings the sub- Therefore it is proposed to bring the ject of the Foreign Language Press in young men of all races in the rising Hawaii was thrashed out and a bill was generation together for a better ac- agreed upon that has become a law. quaintance, as well as to gain a work- Weekly meetings of racial branches of ing knowledge of each other's business the Pan-Pacific Union in Hawaii are methods and operation, thus prepar- held, in the vernacular language, but at ing themselves for their civic and com- the monthly meeting of the leaders only mercial duties to the community in English is spoken. The Women's Aux- which they live. iliary of the Pan-Pacific Union will have its senior and junior members and The Pan-Pacific Commercial organizations and will co-ordinate with Conference the work of the men's discussion. The First Pan-Pacific Commercial The Pan-Pacific Board of Trade or Conference, its preparation, and the a Pan-Pacific Chamber of Commerce carrying of this project through to has long been mooted, and the project success is the immediate is again being taken Pan-Pacific task to which the Pan- Pan-Pacific up by the Pan-Pacific Commercial Pacific Union has set Board of Trade Union. At one time it Conference itself. seemed as though The calling of a Pan- through American mainland initiative Pacific Commercial Conference to meet that a Pacific-wide Chamber of Com- in Honolulu, at the ocean's crossroads, merce body would be established. It was the joint suggestion of Viscount is better perhaps that the experiment Shibuzawa, the foremost merchant of be tried out first in Hawaii where all Japan, and Thomas W. Lamont and Pacific races meet, mingle, and co- J. P. Morgan, two of the leading bank- operate without racial prejudice or ers and business men of America. misunderstanding. With the prepara- The Pan-Pacific Union is issuing the tions in progress for the Pan-Pacific call for this conference and has ap- Commercial Conference in Honolulu, a pointed a committee on local arrange- helpful Pan-Pacific Board of Trade or ments in Hawaii composed of a ma- Chamber of Commerce might well be jority of the board of directors of the organized, with dues set at a figure Chambers of Commerce, American and that would make it a matter of sur- Oriental, but also including the chief prise if any business man of any race officers of all of the commercial organ- in Hawaii neglected to co-operate by izations in Hawaii. enrolling himself as a member. A Junior Pan-Pacific Chamber of This committee has been actively at Commerce is also contemplated, this work for some time and has suggested perhaps under the jurisdiction of the a number of tentative topics for dis- Pan-Pacific Good Citi- cussion. This tentative "scope" has Junior Pan- zenship Club. It is a been sent to the leading commercial or- Pacific Work trait of the Orientals ganizations about the Pacific for sug- that the younger men gested changes or amendments. will not disagree with their elders. It It is expected that following the is also a trait of the elder Occidental precedent of the Educational and Press that he objects to the very young dis- Conferences the State Department of agreeing with his given and set views. the United States will forward the PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 15 invitation of the Union to the various The following is the tentative scope governments of Pacific lands to send of topics to be discussed at the First their delegates to participate in the Pan-Pacific Commercial Conference. deliberations of the First Pan-Pacific The topics so far suggested for discus- Commercial Conference. sion are herewith set forth : Tentative Scope of the Pan-Pacific Commercial Congress Discussion (Honolulu, Hawaii, August or September, 1922)

SUBJECT No. 1. Transportation and Port food, uniformity of laws regulating same Facilities: which will insure protection and propa- (a) Study of present facilities with gation and where advisable, standard- idea of enlargement or improvement ization of units of commercial handling where necessary or acquisition of new and packing to facilitate commerce. facilities where not now existing and (b) Fuel Supplies. Survey of pres- found to be needed. ent fuel supplies, where located, quanti- (b) Study of Trade Routes. In con- ties, control, methods of handling prices nection with supplies of raw material (in general terms), desirability of addi- and points of accumulation and the tional supply, new sources of supply, adaptability of present trade routes to new forms of control, regulation of the needs of commerce. Also the possi- price, and guarantee of universal avail- bilities of developing new routes. ability, i.e., availability to all transpor- (c) Standardization or unifying of tation lines of all nations without dis- transportation practices such as bills of crimination. lading, wharfage, literage and water (c) Creation of an international labo- charges ; supply of stevedores and ratory for commercial research. wages ; pilots and their charges. (d) International discussion as to (d) Warehouse and terminal facili- methods of conservation of natural' re- ties and their effect on trade routes and sources. transportation interchange between land and sea transportation. SUBJECT No. 3. Communication (Cable (e) Rates and regulations surround- and Wireless): ing the interchange of commerce be- (a) Survey of present facilities, ca- tween rail and ocean transportation. pacity of same, control of same, tolls, (f ) Trans-shipment between ocean service, etc. carriers, when necessary. Conditions sur- (b) Suggestion as to new lines or in- sounding present practice and safe- creased facilities, requirements as to guards which might be created to im- service, tolls, or control. prove present trans-shipment practices. (c) Establishing lower special rates (g) Packing requirements for world for the press and time schedule re- commerce. served for same. Classification of serv- SUBJECT No. 2. Food and Fuel Supplies, ice and rates for same. Fixing respon- Land and Sea: sibility for correctness of messages. (a) Food. Development of and com- SUBJECT No. 4. Banking and Exchange: merce in food supplies native to the countries surrounding the Pacific, includ- (a) General review of present situa- ing the development of fishes and sea tion with its many complications, unifi- 16 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN cation of meaning of common trade SUBJECT No. 7. International Trade: terms. (a) General aspect. (b) Suggestions and remedies for (b) Present governmental aids and some of these complications with view of making trade interchange easier, possibilities of additional and more co- simpler and surrounded with better operative aid by governments. guarantees without restricted require- (c) Establishing international trade ments. press. (c) Discussion as to possibilities of SUBJECT No. 8. Possible Recommenda- lessening present exchange fluctuations tions for Legislation: by Governmental conventions, commer- Helpful suggestions will be welcom- cial guarantees or whatever processes ed, either for' the further expansion, or might result in greater standardization of values. any contraction of this tentative scope of discussion at the First Pan-Pacific (d) Study of question of uniform re- Commercial Conference in Honolulu. lations between banking and commerc., There is room in the Pan-Pacific i.e., between the bank as a financial insti- Union, and its varied activities, for all tution and the merchant as a developer who believe that there should be a of business with the view to greater love for, and a patriotism co-operation between the two along Pan-Pacific of the Pacific. simpler lines. Patriotism Such a patriotism can (e) Standardization of trade certifi- best be developed by cates. How to insure reliability of cer- working toward a better interracial tificates. Standardization of description understanding that will bring about of grades and terms. co-operative effort, regardless of race SUBJECT No. 5. Raw Materials: or creed, toward the attainment of those advancements that are to the (a) Survey of present conditions as benefit of all who live in Pacific lands. to source and character of supply and The Pan-Pacific Union is seeking to their interchange. create points of contact that the firm (b) The establishment of a Pan- ground of common interest may be dis- Pacific Commercial Museum and a trade covered; for such a foundation must clearing house which will facilitate and be built for the edifice that will house increase the interchange of raw ma- the ambitions of those who would see terials and manufactured products and the Pacific take her destined place and will make more readily available the leadership in this world of ours. source of supply to the point of need. In the belief that those we know best SUBJECT No. 6. Standardization of we understand best, the Pan-Pacific Weights, Measures, Coinage and the Union is seeking to make personally Protection of Patents and Trade- acquainted with each other those who marks: have achieved honorable prominence in all lines of thought and action in Pa- (a) The use of gold as the standard cific lands, for they are the leaders of coinage. and guides of the people. This is the (b) Encouraging inventors by uni- beginning and foundation work of the form protection for patents and trade- structure that is to be reared during marks. the years that are to come. Advertising Section

Haleiwa, "The House Beautiful," at Waialua, 30 miles by auto from Honolulu and on a line of the Oahu Railway. The most ideal hotel in Hawaii.

The Moana Hotel, Waikiki. The Alexander Young Hotel, Honolulu. The Seaside Hotel, Waikiki, under one management. 2 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Philippine National Bank in the Philippine Islands

The Philippine National Bank was es- the Philippines, the bank endeavoring at tablished in 1916 with an original cap- all times to assist the small farmer in italization of twelve million pesos, Phil- his endeavors, as well as making the ippine currency, opened by the Philippine necessary loans needed to tide over the government, which holds the controlling enormous sugar and hemp crops. interest in the bank, and the bank was immediately made the sole Government Mr. E. W. Wilson, formerly of the Depository for the Philippine Islands. Paris, London National Bank of San Branches were then opened in New York Francisco, has lately joined the Philip- City and Shanghai, China, for the bet- pine National Bank and taken over the terment of banking facilities of the general management. The capitalization numerous large business concerns in the fully paid up now amounts to thirty-five Philippine Islands who have connections million three hundred thousand pesos, also in New York and Shanghai. Philippine currency, with an authorized Twelve agencies or branches are main- capital of fifty million. The bank at all tained throughout the Philippine Islands times endeavors to extend its business at Iloilo, Cebu, Corregidor, Apparri, throughout the Pacific ports and main- Cabanatuan, Legaspi, Bacolod, Vigan, tains a special department for the aid Davao, Naga and Lucena, all of which and information of any one wishing to are centrally located large towns in make business connections with the Phil- some important agricultural district of ippine Islands. THE MID-PACIFIC 3 The Island of Kauai

TO SAN FRANCISCO AND JAPAN. The Matson Navigation Company, maintaining the premier ferry service between Honolulu and San Francisco, and the Toyo Kisen Kaisha, main- taining palatial ocean greyhound service between San Francisco and the Far East via Honolulu, have their Hawaiian agen- cies with Castle & Cooke, Ltd. This, one of the oldest firms in Hono- lulu, occupies a spacious building at the corner of Fort and Merchants streets, Honolulu. The ground floor is used as local passenger and freight offices of the Matson Navigation Company. The ad- joining offices are used by the firm for their business as sugar factors and in- surance agents ; Phone 1251. sravir Castle & Cooke, Ltd., act as agents for 49 1,1 oca4ion many of the plantations throughout Ha- of , .11awariarz " waii, and here may be secured much isla_ncls varied information. Here also the tour- ist may secure in the folder racks, book- lets and pamphlets descriptive of almost Maps by courtesy of Castle & Cooke, Ltd. every part of the great ocean.

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Exterior.

Interior. The Home Building in Honolulu of the American Factors, Ltd., Plantation Agents and Wholesale Merchants. THE MID-PACIFIC The Island of Maui

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4111■111111■ Map by courtesy of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd.

The firm of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., ance Co., The Home Insurance Co. of (known by everyone as "A. & B."), is New York, The New Zealand Insurance looked upon as one of the most progres- Co., General A. F. & L. Assurance Cor- sive American corporations in Hawaii. poration, Switzerland Marine Insurance Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents Co., Ltd. for the largest sugar plantation of the The officers of this large and progres- Hawaiian Islands and second largest in sive firm, all of whom are staunch sup- the world, namely, the Hawaiian Com- porters of the Pan-Pacific and other mercial & Sugar Company at Puunene, movements which are for the good of Ha- Maui. They are also agents for many waii, are as follows : other plantations and concerns of the Islands, among which are the Haiku W. M. Alexander, President ; H. A. Sugar Company, Paia Plantation, Maui Baldwin, First Vice-President ; J. Water- Agricultural Company, Hawaiian Sugar house, Second Vice-President and Man- Company, McBryde Sugar Company ager; W. 0. Smith, Third Vice-Pres- Ltd., Kahului Railroad Company, Kauai ident; John Guild, Secretary ; C. R. Hem- Railroad Company, Ltd., and Honolua enway, Treasurer ; F. F. Baldwin, Direc- Ranch. tor ; J. R. Galt, Director ; A. L. Castle, This firm ships a larger proportion of Director. the total sugar crop of the Hawaiian Besides the home office in the Stangen- Islands than any other agency. wald Building, Honolulu, Alexander & In addition to their extensive sugar Baldwin, Ltd., maintain extensive offices plantations, they are also agents for the in Seattle, in the Melhorn Building; in following well-known and strong insur- New York at 82 Wall Street, and in thol ance companies : Springfield Fire & Ma- Alaska Commercial Building, San Fran- rine Ins. Co., American Central Insur- cisco. 6 THE MID-PACIFIC The Trust Company in Hawaii I

In Hawaii the functions of a Trust with foreign markets and world condi- Company embrace a business of a very tions. wide scope. The Waterhouse Trust It has been slower to arrive in Hawaii, Company has made a specialty of real perhaps, than elsewhere in the United estate and has developed some of the States, but, it is a noticeable fact that the most prominent sections of Honolulu, day of the individual as Executor and many of which it still manages, so that Trustee is fast waning, and thinking the Tourist finds it of great assistance, men, men of brains and ability, are nam- when arriving in Honolulu, to get in ing Trust Companies in their wills to touch with its real estate department, handle their estates. This is due to the where he will receive expert, prompt and perpetual character of a Trust Company, courteous advice and service. its experience in every line of business, Another prominent qualification of this and the practical assurance that the company is its stock and bond depart- estate will not be wasted or dissipated. ment. It is not only particularly qualified The Waterhouse Trust Company handles to advise its clients as to local securities, some of the largest estates in the Terri- but, by means of correspondents in the tory and it particularly qualifies for these principal mainland cities is in close touch duties.

zation includes the trust department, stocks and bonds, investments, real estate, rentals, general insurance and safe deposit.

According to the latest report filed. the Trent Trust Co., Ltd., shows a capitalization of $100,000; undivided profits and surplus $253,300.72, and gross assets $953,004.10.

The Trent Trust Company, Limited, OCATED in Fort Street, 916-920, the principal business through- uses the banyan tree as its symbol, with fare of Honolulu, the Trent Trust Com- the inscription, Serving—Protecting- pany, Ltd., has recently doubled its of- Enduring. fice space by taking over the adjoining premises. During its fourteen years of existence, it has won to a remarkably high place in the confidence of the com- munity. Its success in handling estates has been especially notable. Its organi- THE MID-PACIFIC 7 Banking in Honolulu

The Bank of Bishop & Co., Ltd., the oldest bank in the Hawaiian Islands, was established in 1858, and until its incorp- oration in 1919, was known as The Banking House of Bishop & Co. The Bank has a Capital, fully paid, of $1,000,000.00 and a Sur- plus Fund of $593,626.10. The deposits on June 30, 1921, ex- ceeded $15,000,000. The operations of the Bank began with the encouragement of the whaling business, at that time one of the leading indus- The Yokohama Specie Bank, Limited, tries of the Islands, and has ever been a a branch of the famous Japanese insti- power for Commercial and Industrial tution, with a subscribed capital of Progress. yen 100,000,000, or about $50,000,000, and a reserve fund of yen 50,000,000, The institution conducts a general occupies its magnificent building at the banking business and through its corre- spondents located in all of the principal corner of Merchant and Bethel streets, cities of the world can handle any for- opposite the postof fice and Bishop & eign or domestic business entrusted to it. Co. It is the most up-to-date fire-proof The Bank pays special attention to the building iv Hawaii, the interior being needs of visitors. finished in bronze marble.

THE LIBERTY HOUSE. dry goods and fashions, but also for The Liberty House succeeds the firm patriotic displays, dioramas of the war's of B. F. Ehlers & Co., which was estab- progress, or realistic settings illustrating lished in Honolulu as far back at 1852, the actual work of the Red Cross nurses growing from small beginnings to be- on the field. War Posters sent from the come the largest dry goods store in Ha- Pan-American to the Pan-Pacific Union waii. After an honored career under are displayed here as are exhibits from the old name it bore for sixty-five years, the Pan-Pacific Commercial Museum, so on July 4th, 1918, the name was changed that everyone stops at The Liberty House. to The Liberty House, and under this title in future will be known Hawaii's The people of Hawaii know The Lib- pioneer dry goods house. erty House through all its various floors The Liberty House is in fact a de- and departments, it is the first place to partment of the American Factors Co., attract visitors. This firm makes a Ltd. It conducts the retail dry goods specialty of ladies' apparel and of bring- business of this concern and being backed ing the latest fashions to Hawaii. by one of the greatest financial p(*wers The year round silk and woolen suits, in Hawaii, it can afford to carry the skirts, waists and all the wearing apparel largest stock and variety of dry goods of women are rushed through at fre- in the territory. quent intervals from New York by Wells Recently The Liberty House has been Fargo Express, being only twelve to reconstructed ; its spacious windows on fourteen days in transit, so that the fash- Fort Street, really extensive stages, are ions on Fort Street are only a few days used not only for remarkable displays of behind those of Broadway. 8 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Catton, Neill Building, Honolulu. Also the home of the General Electric Company in Hawaii. Honolulu is known around the world Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended for the manufacture of sugar mill ma- to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and chinery. Much of this is made by Cat- Renny Co., Ltd., 20 South Queen Street. ton, Neill & Co., Ltd., Engineers, who Men of almost every Pacific race are build and erect sugar mill machinery. employed by this firm, and the men of The works are on South street, Hono- each race seem fitted for some particular lulu, while the offices and salesrooms part of the work, so that quick and effi- are located in a new concrete building cient is the loading and unloading of on Alakea and Queen streets, erected vessels in Honolulu. recently for this purpose. Here are seen the displays of the General Electric Co., A monument to the pluck and energy of which Catton, Neill & Co., Ltd., are of me C. K. Ai and his associates is the Hawaiian agents, as well as for the City Mill Company, of which he is leading gas engines, water wheels, treasurer and manager. This plant at steam plows, pumps, condensers and Queen and Kekaulike streets is one of tools manufactured in the United States. This is one of the oldest engineering Honolulu's leading enterprises, doing a firms in Hawaii. flourishing lumber and mill business.

The Honolulu Construction & Dray ing Co., Ltd., owns more than one hundred and fifty vehicles ranging from Ford trucks and small wagons to five cubic yards dump trucks and drays, and trucks capable of hauling up to twenty-five tons. The company does a large percentage of the freight hauling, baggage, furniture and piano moving and storage business. Its quarries supply most of the crushed rock used in the construc- tion of roads and large buildings on the Island of Oahu. It also manufactures con- crete brick and pipe. The offices of the company are at 65 to 71 South Queen Street. TIIE MID-PACIFIC 9

SHOE STORE ADOPTS POLICY THE HAWAIIAN NEWS CO. AND UNUSUAL IN THAT BUSINESS THRUM'S LTD. Sometime in your life you've bought a pair of shoes that seemed to fit all The largest of the very fashionable right in the shop, but made you miser- shops in the Alexander Young Building, able after you had worn them awhile. occupying the very central portion, is that The dealer offered you no relief ; the of the Hawaiian News Company and shoes had been worn, so they couldn't Thrum's Ltd. Here the ultra-fashionable be returned or exchanged. stationery of the latest designis kept in But the Regal Shoe Store, 1031 stock. Every kind of paper, wholesale Fort Street, Honolulu, does things dif- or retail, is supplied, as well as printers' ferently. George A. Brown, manager and binders' supplies. There are musical of the Regal, has always felt that the instruments of every kind in stock, even chief function of a store is to satisfy its customers. A customer can't be to organs and pianos, and the Angelus satisfied if his shoes hurt. Very well, Player Piano, and this concern is con- take 'em back and get a comfortable pair. stantly adding new features and new If there are none on hand to fit you, stock. The business man will find his you get your money back. Makes no every need in the office supplied by the difference whether you've worn the Hawaiian News Company merely on a shoes a day or a week. No extra charge, no embarrassing questions, just shoes call over the phone, and this is true also or money. of the fashionable society leader, whether her needs are for a bridge Which seems to us about as far as party, a dance, or just plain stationery. one can go with a guarantee. Our The exhibit rooms of the Hawaiian News greatest asset is satisfied customers. Company are interesting Honolulu from the Trolley Car

The Trolley Car at the Judiciary Building and Statue of Kamehameha "the Great." 10 THE MID-PACIFIC

FERTILIZING THE SOIL. Millions of dollars are spent in Hawaii fertilizing the cane and pineapple fields. The Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Com- pany, with large works and warehouses in Honolulu, imports from every part of the Globe the many ship loads of ammonia, nitrates, potash, sulphur and guano that go to make the special fertilizers needed for the varied soils and conditions of the is- lands. Its chemists test the soils and then give the recipe for the particular blend of fertilizer that is needed. This great industry is one of the results of successful sugar planting in Hawaii, and without fertilizing, sugar growing in the Hawaiian Islands could not be successful. This company began operations in Mid- way Islands years ago, finally exhausting its guano beds, but securing others.

That Delicious Hawaiian Pineapple

Perhaps you've tried it sliced, as shown This is the real Hawaiian fruit, below ; you know, then, its incompar- grown and ripened on the sunny up- able flavor and lusciousness. But have lands of the Paradise Isles and prepared you tried it in crushed or grated form, in the fourteen canneries of the Asso- for pies, cakes, tarts, for fixing salads, ciation of Hawaiian Pineapple Packers. sherbets and countless other dainty des- serts ? Try it and see how good it really is serve it as a dessert just as it comes from the container. It is a most de- licious dish, excellent for growing chil- dren. THE MID-PACIFIC 11

THE BUILDERS OF HONOLULU. hama Specie Bank Building, Honolulu, are engineers and constructors of build- Honolulu still relies for building ma- terial on the mainland. For many years ings of every kind, from the smallest pri- the firm of Lewers & Cooke maintained vate residences to the large and imposing its own line of clipper schooners that business blocks. Being made up of some brought down lumber from Puget Sound of the most prominent men in the Islands with which to "build Hawaii." Today it is not surprising that it secures some the firm occupies its own spacious block of the large and important contracts. on King Street, where every necessity The Y. M. C. A. building in Honolulu needed for building the home is supplied. was the work of this firm. In fact, often it is this firm that guaran- tees the contractor, and also assures the With the wood that is used for building owner that his house will be well built and in Hawaii, Allen & Robinson on Queen completed on time. Things are done on Street, Phone 2105, have for generations a large scale in Hawaii ; so it is that one supplied the people of Honolulu and those firm undertakes to supply material from on the other islands ; also their buildings the breaking of ground until the last coat and paints. Their office is on Queen of paint is put on the completed building. Street, near the Inter-Island S. N. Com- A spacious and splendidly equipped hard- pany Building, and their lumber yards ware department is one of the features extend right back to the harbor front, of Lewers & Cooke's establishment. where every kind of hard and soft wood The Von Hamm-Young Co., Importers, grown on the coast is landed by the Machinery Merchants, and leading auto- schooners that ply from Puget Sound. mobile dealers, have their offices and store in the Alexander Young Building, at the The city's great furniture store, that of corner of King and Bishop streets, and J. Hopp & Co., occupies a large por- their magnificent automobile salesroom tion of the Lewers & Cooke Block on and garage just in the rear, facing on King Street. Here the latest styles in Alakea Street. Here one may find almost home and office furniture arriving con- anything. Phone No. 6141. stantly from San Francisco are displayed The Pacific Engineering Company, on several spacious floors. Phone No. Ltd., with spacious quarters in the Yoko- 2111.

AM. 12 THE MID-PACIFIC Dairy, its ice cream, eggs and milks are pure and fresh almost hourly. For the shopper there is no more enticing cafe in Honolulu than the Quality Inn.

The leading music store in Hawaii is on King and Fort Streets—the Berg- strom Music Company. No home is com- plete in Honolulu without an ukulele, a piano and a Victor talking machine. The The Land of the Lanai. Bergstrom Music Company, with its big store on Fort Street, will provide you with these—a Mason & Hamlin, a Chickering, a Weber for your mansion, The Halekulani, Hotel and Bunga- or a tiny upright Boudoir for your cot- lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach tage; and if you are a transient it will at Waikiki." Famous hau tree lanai rent you a piano. The Bergstrom Music along the ocean front. Rates, from $3.00 Company, phone 2321. per day to $75.00 per month and up, American plan. Clifford Kimball. Love's Bakery at 1134 Nuuanu Street, Phone 1431, is the bakery of Honolulu. Its auto wagons deliver each morning Child's Blaisdell Hotel and Restaurant, fresh from the oven, the delicious baker's Fort Street and Chaplain Lane, Hono- bread and rolls consumed in Honolulu, lulu, occupies a modern concrete build- while all the grocery stores carry Love's ing, the cleanest, coolest hotel in Hono- Bakery crisp, fresh crackers and biscuits lulu—within two blocks of the center that come from the oven daily. Love's of the shopping, business and amuse- Bakery has the most complete and up to ment district. In the restaurant, clean- date machinery and equipment in the liness, service and reasonable prices are Territory. the main endeavor in this department. We strive to give the maximum in food and service at a minimum cost, and that The Sweet Shop, on Hotel Street, op- we are doing so is attested to by our posite the Alexander Young, is the one constantly increasing patronage. reasonably priced tourist restaurant. Here there is a quartette of Hawaiian The Pan-Pacific Gardens, on Kuakini singers and players, and here at every street, near Nuuanu Avenue, constitute hour may be enjoyed at very reasonable one of the finest Japanese Tea Gardens prices the delicacies of the season. immaginable. Here some wonderful Japanese dinners are served, and visitors are welcomed to the gardens at all times. Honolulu is so healthy that people Adjoining these gardens are the wonder- don't usually die there, but when they do ful Liliuokalani gardens and the series they phone in advance to Henry H. Wil- of waterfalls. Phone 5611. liams, 1374 Nuuanu St., phone number 1408, and he arranges the after details. If you are a tourist and wish to be inter- The Quality Inn on Hotel Street, red in your own plot on the mainland, near Fort, is aptly named, not quite a Williams will embalm you ; or he will ar- restaurant, it serves dainty lunches and range all details for interment in Hono- afternoon teas as well as light breakfasts. lulu. Don't leave the Paradise of the Its candies and soft drinks are the best, Pacific for any other, but if you must, let and dealing directly with Rawley's your friends talk it over with Williams. THE MID-PACIFIC 13

South Manchuria Railway Company I

Operating All Lines in South Manchuria and Chosen (Korea) East of Mukden.

A street scene in quaint old Seoul, the Korean Capital, now being modernized.

11 is a wonderful railway ride from Mukden and Seoul. There are six Japan to Peking by the South Man- trains daily each way on the Man- churia Railway Company trains, or vice churia branch lines to Port Arthur versa. There is a ferry service between (including non-stop express) Yingkou the Japanese Railway service and that (Newchwang) and Fushun (the col- of Korea, Manchuria and China. A liery town), and several trains daily night on the ferry boat and then the each way on the Chosen branch lines. ride through Chosen or Korea to the There is a Dairen-Tsingtao-Shanghai capital Seoul, and on through Northern Steamer Service two trips each way per Korea into and across Manchuria, visit- nine days. ing the quaint capital Mukden and into There are modern hotels at all im- China. portant centers and cheap Overland and There are dining and sleeping cars on Circular tours over the entire system, these trains and all the comforts of and from the cities of Japan to the modern railway travel. cities on railway lines in China. From Dairen, the great commercial The head office of the South Man- port, at the top of the Liao-Tung Pen churia Railway Company is at Dairen. insula, there are three trains a day to The cable address is "Mantetsu" or Changohun via Mukden, and two trains "SMRCo," the codes used being A.B.C. a day from Changohun to Fusan, via 5th, 6th, Ed., Al., Liebers & Bentley's. 14 THE MID-PACIFIC

South Australia and Tasmania

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SOUTH AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. From San Francisco, Vancouver and Tasmania is one of the finest tourist from Honolulu there are two lines of fast resorts in the southern hemisphere, only steamships to Sydney, Australia. ten hours' run from the Australian main- From Sydney to Adelaide, South Aus- land. Between Launceston and Melbourne tralia, there is a direct railway line on the fastest turbine steamer in Australia which concession fares are granted tour- runs thrice weekly and there is a regular ists arriving from overseas, and no service from Sydney to Hobart. visitor to the Australian Common- The island is a prolific orchard country wealth can afford to neglect visit- and has some of the finest fruit growing ing the southern central state of tracts in the world. The climate is cooler Australia ; for South Australia is than the rest of Australia. The lakes and rivers are nearly all the state of superb climate and unrivalled stocked with imported trout, which grow resources. Adelaide, the "Garden City to weights not reached in other parts of the South," is the Capital, and there is of Australia. a Government Intelligence and Tourist The Tasmanian Government deals Bureau, where the tourist, investor, or directly with the tourist. Hobart, the settler is given accurate information, capital—one of the most beautiful cities guaranteed by the government, and free the to all. From Adelaide this Bureau con- in the world—is the headquarters of ducts rail, river and motor excursions to Tasmanian Government Tourist Depart- almost every part of the state. Tourists ment; and the bureau will arrange for are sent or conducted through the mag- transport of the visitor to any part of nificent mountain and pastoral scenery of the island. A shilling trip to a local South Australia. The government makes resort is not too small for the Govern- travel easy by a system of coupon tickets ment Bureau to handle, neither is a tour and facilities for caring for the comfort of the whole island too big. There is a of the tourist. Excursions are arranged branch office in Launceston performing to the holiday resorts ; individuals or the same functions. parties are made familiar with the in- The Tasmanian Government has an dustrial resources, and the American as up-to-date office in Melbourne, at 59 well as the Britisher is made welcome if William Street, next door to the New he cares to make South Australia his Zealand Government office, where guide- home. books, tickets, and information can be The South Australian Intelligence and procured. The address of the Sydney Tourist Bureau has its headquarters on office is 56 Pitt Street, and Tasmania King William Street, Adelaide, and the also has its own offices in Adelaide, government has printed many illustrated Brisbane and Perth. books and pamphlets describing the scenic For detailed information regarding and industrial resources of the state. A Tasmania, either as to travel or settle- postal card or letter to the Intelligence ment, enquirers should write to Mr. and Tourist Bureau in Adelaide will se- E. T. Emmett, the Director of the Tas- cure the books and information you may manian Government Tourist Dept., desire. Hobart, Tasmania. THE MID-PACIFIC 15 Wonderful New Zealand

Native New Zealanders at Rotorua.

Scenically New Zealand is the world's throughout the Dominion for the benefit wonderland. There is no other place in of the tourist, for whom she has also the world that offers such an aggrega- built splendid roads and wonderful moun- tion of stupendous scenic wonders. The tain tracks. New Zealand is splendidly West Coast Sounds of New Zealand are served by the Government Railways, in every way more magnificent and awe- which sell the tourist for a very low inspiring than are the fjords of Norway. rate, a ticket that entitles him to travel Its chief river, the Wanganui, is a scenic on any of the railways for from one to panorama of unrivalled beauty from end two months. In the lifetime of a single to end. Its hot springs and geysers in man (Sir James Mills of Dunedin, New the Rotorua district on the North Island Zealand) a New Zealand steamship com- have no equal anywhere. In this district pany has been built up that is today the the native Maoris still keep up their fourth largest steamship company under ancient dances or haka haka, and here the British flag, and larger than any may be seen the wonderfully carved steamship company owned in America, houses of the aboriginal New Zealanders. with her ioo,000,000 population, or in There are no more beautiful lakes any- Japan with her 50,000,000 population. where in the world than are the Cold New Zealand is a land of wonders, and Lakes of the South Island, nestling as may be reached from America by the they do among mountains that rise sheer Union Steamship Company boats from ten thousand feet. Among these moun- Vancouver, San Francisco or Honolulu. tains are some of the largest and most The Oceanic Steamship Company also scenic glaciers in the world. In these transfers passengers from Sydney. The Southern Alps is Mt. Cook, more than Government Tourist Bureau has commo- twelve thousand feet high. On its slopes dious offices in Auckland and Wellington the Government has built a hotel to which as well as the other larger cities of New there is a motor car service. Zealand. Direct information and pam- New Zealand was the first country to phlets may be secured by writing to the perfect the government tourist bureau. New Zealand Government Tourist Bu- She has built hotels and rest houses reau, Wellington, New Zealand.

a ► 16 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Attractions of Canada from the Atlantic to the Pacific

Canada is rich in attractions to tourists Mountain Goat, Big Horn Sheep and of all sorts and conditions. Among the Bear are to be found. countries of the world, none are richer The total railway mileage in operation either in variety or extent. is about 39,000 miles—of this 22,354 are The natural resources of the Do- operated by the Canadian National—the Largest Railway System in the World. minion are remarkable. The Continental Limited operated from To the manufacturer and agriculturist the Atlantic to the Pacific by the Ca- no country offers greater opportunities. nadian National is the finest train in Some conception of the attraction Canada, which means one of the finest Canada affords the Sporting Hunter in the world. may be realized from the fact that with- Further information gladly furnished in her borders are still over half a mil- by Osborne Scott, General Passenger lion acres of forest lands in which such Agent, Canadian National Railways, game as Moose, Elk, Caribou, Deer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

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