A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

Vol. 31, No.lO March 7-13, 1988 Diplomat's Recollections of Springer-^rlag and the People's Republic of China A CHRONICLE OF GOOD RELATIONS

1973: China National Publications Import & Ex• 1983: In cooperation with Shanghai Scientific port Corporation invites Dr. Heinz Gotze to Bei• and Tfechnical Publishers, the first Springer book jing. It is the first time a publisher of the West in Chinese, "Manual of Osteosynthesis," is has received an invitation to China. One year published. later, Dr. Gotze acts upon this invitation in order to conduct negotiations in concerning August 1983: Exhibitions in the Exhibition Cen• the expansion of existing business relations. ter of Behai Park in Beijing and in Shanghai. 1984: Exhibitions in Beijing, Hefei, and 1S78: Springer-Verlag participates in the first in• Urumqi. — Since the establishment of closer ternational book exhibition in Beijing. contacts 10 years ago, Springer has published From the end of March to May 1979: Springer about a dozen books by Chinese authors. is the first science publisher in the Wfest to organize exhibitions in Beijing, , Nanjing, November 1984: The first issue of Springer's Hangzhou and Chengdu. At the opening, Dr. journal in Chinese "Deutsche Medizin"appears. Gotze emphasizes that,"Not only do we want to April 1986: In the Library of the University of be suppliers and agents of Western scientific lit• Peking, academic librarians are introduced to erature but we also want to acquaint the \*st the list of Springer publications. with contributions of Chinese scientists through our publications!' In the same year, Springer-Ver• 5.-11. September 1986: Springer-Verlag partici• lag concludes a treaty with Science Press to pub• pates in the first "Beijing International Book lish in English works in mathematics written by Fair." Chinese authors. December 1987: About 150 books and journals originating in the People's Republic of China August/September 1980: Book exhibition at have been published or are currently in the pro• the International Mathematics Symposium in cess of being published. Furthermore, for the Beijing. first time, legal arrangements have October/November 1981: Exhibition been made between Springer-Verlag of medical tides in the Fine Arts and the People's Republic of China to Gallery (Meishugan) in Beijing and reprint approximately 120 Springer- in Shanghai. \ferlag books.

Introduction to Humher Theory

Springer-Vferlag , 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 (212) 460-1500 BeijingR^r HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

VOL. 3!. NO. 10 MARCH 13, 1988

CONTENTS Zhou Enlai Remembered NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 • To mark the 90th anniversary of Zhou Enlai's birth, Xiong Prices and Economic Xianghui, a veteran diplomat, recalls in his book H^e Always Situation Miss Him how Zhou dealt with diplomatic issues, from EVENTS/TRENDS 5-9 planning the entertainment schedule of a foreign dignitory to Chinese Capital on the handhng of a major international incident, all in his own Hepatitis Alert unique, intelligent way (p. 18). Curbing Births Key to Future Business Women Receive Praise Contract .System: a Key Reform Students Helped to F'ace Looking Back, Looking Ahead Pressure Slocks and Bonds a Hit • Congratulations from , general secretary of in Shanghai the , Li Peng, acting premier of the Weekly Chronicle State Council, and our readers on the 30th anniversary of the (Feb. 22-28) publication of Beijing Review (pp. 14-15). Yang Chengfang, our INTERNATIONAL 10-13 editor-in-chief in the early years, recalls how the magazine was Thailand-Laos: Ceasefire launched under the guidance of the late Premier Zhou Enlai, Opcn.s Door for Negotiations and its achievements in the past 30 years. also points out its COCOM: Embargo Policy main weaknesses and makes suggestions for its improvement Behind '["he Times (p. 16). The Balkans: Ministers Pledge To Promote Co-opcralion Huropcan Community: Pact Women Play an Equai Role In Politics Clears Way to One Internal Market • There being no woman member of the CPC Central Greetings From Chinese Leaders 14 Committee Political Bureau and few women in leadership Greetings From Our Readers: positions does not mean the Party and government have On the 30th Anniversary changed their policies on women. Women are encouraged to Of "Beijing Review" 15 play their due role in Chinese politics (p. 23). Looking Bacft, Looking Ahead 16 Zhou Eniai a Remarkable Statesman 18 Price Hike and Economic Situation Why Fewer Women at Leading Posts? 23 • Although the overall economic situation was quite good Statistics for 1987 Socio-Economic last year (see the State Statistical Bureau communique, Development (Centrefold), the price rises aroused great concern in society. (Centrefold) Notes From the Editors examines the causes of the inflation FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 28-29 BUSINESSARADE 30-31 and outlines the State Council's measures for keeping prices CULTURE/SCIENCE 32-34 stable (p. 4).

COVER: Wu Yi (third from right). Party secretary of the Yanshan Petrochemical Co. in Beijing, was rccenlly elected deputy mayor of Beijinsi. Sun YI

Published every Monday by Subscription rates (1 year): USA.. US$24.00 BEIJING REVIEW General Editorial Office Tel 8314318 Australia A.$24.00 Canada Can.$23.00 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, English Dept Tel: 831 5599 Ext. 546 New Zealand NZ.$33.00 Beijing 1 00037 Distributed by China International Book UK £13.00 The People's Republic of China Trading Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN) P O Box 399, Beiiing, China m NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

Prices and Economic Situation

by Ge Wu

hina's price index rose by 7.3 deficit dropped. China's economy an increase in the prices of other Cpercent last year. The figure has been developing well and its goods. The pricing • system in was even higher in the capital, Bei• economic strength continues to China has been irrational for a jing, and other big cities. The rises grow. long time, prices of goods were particularly steep for non-staple Demand, however, still out• fixed by the government and foods, meant a drop in the living strips supply, and shortages have remained fixed. The prices of standards of 20 percent of city led to price rises. Food suffered many goods bore no relation to dwellers. The rise in the prices of the biggest rise, 10.1 percent, with their value. The prices of key raw materials led to an increase in vegetables and pork at the top of agricultural and sideline products, production costs and in losses for the scale. The price of pork in some minerals and raw materials certain enterprises. The inflation some big cities increased by 20 were quite low, and prices for has aroused great concern in percent, and of vegetables by 30 goods of vastly different qualities society, and suggests that there are percent. were almost the same. This pricing unstable factors in China's system is linked to the "same big economic development although pot" distribution system and has the overall economic situation was many shortcomings. It has quite good last year. Price rises have caused a suppressed the economy and held productivity back. According to the communique drop in the living standards of issued by the State Statistical The pricing system has however Bureau (see Centrefold) China's 20 percent of city dwellers. been undergoing reform since GNP reached 1,000 billion yuan Stabilizing prices is the top 1979 and unified prices have been for the first dme last year, a 9.4 priority for this year, says loosened step by step. The law of percent increase over the year Acting Premier Li Peng, and value has been applied through a before. The year's industrial the State Council is studying measure of market regulation. Prices that were too low have been output value rose 14.6 percent subsidies to consumers. (not counting village-run' raised. Since 1979 the price of enterprises). The light and grain has risen by 120 percent, of textile products and export goods mined minerals by 55 percent and developed rapidly last year. Farmers, as independent com• of raw materials by 45 percent. Energy, raw materials and pro• modity producers, seek to make a Price reform has promoted ducts for agricultural production profit. They know that grain is less commodity production. However, also increased. Agricultural out• profitable than work in rural there is a long way to go before the put value last year rose 4.7 industry, transport and trade, and law of value prevails throughout percent. The grain output topped so grain production is neglected, the pricing system. 402.41 million tons, second only to which accounts for the slow Acting Premier of the State the record year of 1984 (5 million development of grain production Council, Li Peng, recently de• tons less). Cotton output was 18.4 in the last few years. Pigs also clared the stabilization of prices as percent more than in 1986. Rural bring in comparatively little. One the top priority for this year. To industry, building, transport and farmer put it thus: "Pig raising achieve this, the old method of trade also developed swiftly and brings in less profit than chicken controlling prices purely through non-agricultural output value farming which brings in less than administrative means will not do. in China's rural areas out• mushroom cultivation which We must, in accordance with the stripped agricltural output brings in less than fishing." It needs of the development of a value for the first time. Commod• seems raising three chickens is as commodity economy and the law ity retail sales increased by 9.6 profitable as one pig. As a result of value, adopt comprehensive percent (after allowing for the pig headage dropped rapdily last measures which will further price infiation). Foreign trade also year. reform and promote productivity, flourished last year, and the trade The rise of food prices has led to but not damage people's living

4 BBIJlNO-WyiEW, MARCH 1-mim EVENTS/TRENDS

Chinese Capital on Hepatitis Alert

he Beijing municipal govern• Beijing and health inspectors have Tment has taken a series of examined not only low-price measures — and has called on all restaurants and street food stalls residents to make their own in their areas but also luxury efforts — to prevent the spread of hotels. hepatitis A in the capital. The Chunyanlou Restaurant, An epidemic of hepatitis A which was found to be unsanitary, struck Shanghai in January, was fined 1,000 yuan (about infecting thousands of people in a US$270) and ordered to close for a few weeks. The epidemic was of week to improve its standard of great concern to Beijingers, many hygiene. "It is important to of whom have relatives or friends prevent hepatitis A from spread• standards. The State Council is living in Shanghai. ing. It is irresponsible of people to studying subsidies to consumers to Travel between the two cities sell unsanitary food to con• cover food price rises. increases during the Spring sumers," Chen said. The mayor Other measures will be adopted Festival (Chinese Lunar New praised the Minzu (Nationalities) to keep prices stable: Year) holiday season. Travellers Hotel for its high standard of food • Increasing commodity arriving from Shanghai are being hygiene. supply, especially of goods in great asked to go to hospital for health Deputy Mayor He, along with demand. Preferential terms are checks when they get to Beijing, staff from the sanitation and anti- being offered to grain, pork and and not to visit public places for a epidemic stations and the in• vegetable production centres in specific period. Those found to dustrial and commercial admini• order to increase the production of have contracted hepatitis have stration, checked the standard of these products. been confined in Beijing's isol• hygiene at the Donghuamen and • Controlling demand. First ation hospitals. Dongdantoutiao evening markets. of all it is necessary to ciit down The Beijing government has She told a pedlar selling investment in capital construc• held meetings to discuss preven• traditional Wenzhou fast food tion. Over-investment in this field tion measures, and a deputy that the more popular the food, causes shortages of raw materials, mayor. . spoke to Beijing the greater the need for a high which will give rise to more residents on the issue via television standard of hygiene. inflation. Besides, it is also and radio on February 19. Experts Four pedlars were fined for necessary to control the purchas• are spreading basic information selling substandard food and one ing power of work units and about hepatitis and its prevention had his certificate confiscated. All similar "social groups." Extra• through TV, radio and were ordered to improve the vagance and waste have been newspapers. hygienic standard of their food universal among such government So far, there has been no sign of within a set time. organs over recent years. Their an epidemic in the city. The Beijing's sanitation and purchasing power has outstripped number of isolated cases dropped epidemic prevention authorities production increases. The State by about 40 percent in the first 40 recently made 245 spot checks of Council has decided to cut their days of this year compared with the city's water supply. All the purchasing power by 20 percent the same period last year. results were satisfactory. They this year. But the government of Beijing also inspected some units which • Improving market man• warned residents against lowering have their own water sources. agement. This has lagged behind their guard. The city's health These units are required to install China's implementation of the authorities have launched a city- disinfection devices by the end of open policy. Arbitrary price rises wide sanitation inspection to this month. and speculation and profiteering prevent the spread of hepatitis A The authorities have also by some people are another reason from elsewhere in the country. checked 240 hotels, barber shops for the price index rise. The state Mayor Chen Xitong, accom• and public bathhouses in Dong- government has issued regulations panied by health officials, visited cheng, Xicheng, Chongwen and on price management and on hotels, restaurants and private Xuanwu districts. Of those punishing speculators. • food pedlars on February 22. inspected, 87 percent were up to I^gaiiprs of every^Jjstrict of^ jtandard and 20 were penalized

BKiimG REVIEW, MAKCW7^J.3,'198g 5 m EVENTS/TRENDS for being unsanitary. In the 1950s, Ma Yinchu, a extra births will be strictly On February 23, the admini• population specialist, warned controlled. strative bureau of the State about the consequences of Some people, especially people Commission of Education and overpopulation. But Mao Ze•from the West, argue that China's Beijing's Bureau of Higher dong, who was then the chairman one-child policy is a violation of Learning held meetings to discuss of the Chinese Communist Party, hurrxan rights. But Norwegian how to prevent the spread of ignored Ma's warnings and Prime Minister Gro Harlem hepatitis among college and insisted on his own policy of Brundtland, who visited China in university students. "more people, more power." The January, expressed a different Measures adopted include the implementation of this policy led opinion on the quesfion. Speaking isolation of possible sources of to a baby boom in the 1960s, at a press conference in Beijing, infection. All teachers and stu• which made China's polulation she said, "We studied China's dents returning for the new term base too huge to reduce. experience and pointed to China's from infected areas, especially "We have already missed two experience as one example of Shanghai, were asked to have chances to control population having a policy which was related health examinations at a hospital. growth in the 1950s and the to a country's environmental and Several colleges have prescribed a 1960s," said Wu Cangping, the resource framework." six-week isolation period for secretary-general of China's She added. "The decision and students back from infected areas. Population Society. "We should policies on the population issue College kitchen staff members not repeat the mistake as China should be made by each country. returning from Shanghai were enters a new population growth The situation of eSch country is asked to stop working for a fixed period." different in many parts of the period. Wu proposed several ways to world. And 1 think we should The Dongcheng District Educ• control population, such as respect the efforts that have been ation Bureau also took measures observing the state marriage law, made by China in this area." to prevent the spread of hepatitis following the "one child" policy, by Yang Guohua among students of primary and abolishing feudal ideas, introduc• middle schools and kindergarten ing sex education in middle children. • schools and improving the social Business Women benefits for families that conform to the population control policies. Receive Praise Curbing Births A survey of child-bearing and Key to Future birth control, covering more than 2 million people, is planned to ifty women directors and start on July 1, an official of the F managers have been selected as verywhere in China you can State Family Planning Com• outstanding examples following a E hear people complain about mission said. The aim of the nationwide campaign to discover the crowds. Housing shortages are survey is to get a clear picture of women who have succeeded in a major problem in the big cities. general population's use of business. People are forced to queue up to various birth control methods and They include Guan Guangmei, buy pork, eggs and sugar. to ascertain the country's fertility general manager of the Dongmin China already has the biggest and population growth rates. Commercial Group in Benxi, population in the world. At the Liaoning Province, who achieved end of 1987, the country had The contract responsibility national recognition last year for about 1.07 billion people. And system will be carried into her successful leasing of state- since 1986, China has been national family planning, a owned shops. experiencing a baby boom, said commission official announced on The 50 women come from 27 of Liang Jimin, director of the February 15 in Beijing. He said mainland China's 29 provinces, general office of the State Family that local family planning organiz• autonomous regions and municip• Planing Commission. ations will be required to sign alities under central government In 1988, 8 million more women contracts with child-bearing control, the campaign's organiz• will reach child-bearing age, women to ensure that they have ing committee said at a press bringing the national total to 297 only one child. Penalties will be conference in Beijing on February million, Liang said. The situation levied against those who break 25. is serious and requires close their contracts while social About a third are directors or attention from the commission, he benefits will be provided for those managers of collectives, township added. who fulfil them. He stressed that and private: JD^iisvnesses or joint

6 BEIJING'ttBVIEW. MARCH 7-13,1^8 ventures with foreign companies. involved in retailing, catering and play to the initiative of the workers The rest are from state-owned tourism to hire more women and is of top importance. enterprises. offer a more fiexible work The method, created by Zhang Their fields include electronics, structure. • Xingrang, director of the No. 1 light industry, textiles, finance and Plastic Factory in Shijiazhuang, trade, chemicals, machinery and capital of Hebei Province, aims to medicines. Half are involved in Contract System: raise productivity. export industries. Li also called for experiments in The campaign was sponsored A Key Reform leasing, the transfer of property by the All-China Women's rights, shareholding, and joint and Federation, the Central Ministry raising the role played by co-operative management. of Agriculture, Animal Hus• Pthe contract system in enterpr• He described China's draft bandry and Fisheries, and other ise management in 1987, Chinese Enterprise Law, and a series of organizations. Acting Premier Li Peng said that decrees and regulations on the In China social prejudice this year will witness the further contract system to be issued later, against women still exists. A development of the system. as factors which will promote survey of 660 factories with 15,000 "Practice in recent years, favourable conditions for carrying workers conducted by the especially last year, shows that the out the contract system. The state women's federation in 11 pro• contract system conforms to will also speed up related reforms vinces, autonomous regions and China's actual conditions and the in planning, investment, goods municipalities last year, showed realities of Chinese enterprises," supply, finance and foreign trade, that only 5.3 percent of the Li told a national forum on the he said. employers were willing to hire contract system on February 12. Besides further developing the women for jobs that can be done He said the system links the contract system, Li outlined three by either sex. Of the 89 textile mills interests of the enterprise, its tasks for this year's economic surveyed, 75 percent said they director and staff closely to work: first, implementing the preferred not to hire women. economic results. Thus, the full economic development strategy for coastal areas; second, solving Concerning job assignments for potential of enterprises can be the price problem in a way that graduates of universities and lapped and technical advances encourages production and leads technical secondary schools, some ensured. to improved living standards; and employers said they prefer less- "The economic reform should third, strictly controlling the qualified men to fully qualified focus on stimulating enterprises purchasing power of groups so as women. and improving economic results," to cut financial expenditure and "This dual standard has created he said, adding that the realization ease pressure on the market. • a crisis for working women who of these goals depends on the are of marriageable and child- contract system. bearing age," said an official of the He called for more efforts to All-China Federation of Trade improve the system in the next two Students Helped to Unions who is in charge of or three years. women's affairs. Competition should be intro• Face Pressure "Many enterprises feel the state duced into enterprises; the factory policies governing maternity leave director responsibility system hina is setting up consulting are a burden, because they think it should be extensively adopted; Ccentres to help the increasing affects the firm's economic and reforms in the administrative, number of college and university efficiency." personnel and distribution sy• students found to be suffering The official called for better stems of enterprises should be from mental problems. And the policies to protect women working carried out, Li stressed. country is exploring new methods in the country's urban areas. "The Where conditions permit, he of preventing, detecting and whole society needs to be aware of said, the "full-load operation treating mental illness among this problem and help solve it," method," and other effective and young people. she said, suggesting the state modern managerial methods By the end of 1986, 30 colleges should give more breaks to should be instituted. and universities in China had enterprises which employ a lot of The full-load operation method started psychological consulting women, and allocate more funds is designed to make full use of all services for their students. Beijing to subsidize maternity leave. available manpower, equipment, now has four. She also called on businesses money and materials. Giving full "Last year seven out of the

BEIJING REVIEW. MARCH 7-13, 1988 7 m EVENTS/TRENDS

1,100 graduates from my univers• you have many friends? Do you could be even larger if the private ity were found to be mentally often pretend to know something holdings of self-employed big- disturbed and were rejected by the you don't know? Are you sensitive money earners are taken into units to which they were to trivial things? Can you enjoy account. People are no longer assigned," said Wang Zhenjia, yourself at a party? Do you satisfied to deposit their savings in vice-president of the Beijing carefully close your doors and banks, and buying and selling Normal University. windows before you go to bed? Do securities is becoming common. you have a kind mother? Do you Lu Lin, head of the Mental Shanghai local television pre• often feel lonely? Have you ever Health Centre in Beijing's Haidian sents daily information on stock thought death is the solution to all District, which houses half of the and bond prices. A single notice your troubles? capital's institutions of higher giving the date and place for a new learning, said the centre is seeing "The doctors and psychologists stock or bond issue, carried in the an increasing number of students. can judge what kind of character most-read local newspaper, Xin- Experts attribute students' the student might be. And we will min Wanbao (The New Folk mental problems to weekend take special care of students who Evening News), can send people of loneliness, frustrated love affairs tend to get excited or depressed, all ages and walks of life flocking and anxieties over their studies. said Zhang Zhiming, an assistant to securities business offices to Peng Hui, 18, a freshman at to BPTC's president. wait for hours or even the whole Qinghua University, committed An official from the Beijing night in the cold until the doors suicide last July 31 because he Higher Education Bureau sug• open. failed an English exam. gested that special courses be The largest of the seven OTC At the Beijing Post and created to help improve students' (over the counter) offices is the Telecommunications College ability to adapt. Neuro- Jingan Business Office of Shan• (BPTC), one male student wrote psychiatric departments should be ghai Trust and Investment Co., a more than 20 letters to an set up in college clinics and more unit of the Industrial and imaginary girlfriend during his psychological consulting centres Commercial Bank of China. lonely weekends before he was established, he added. • According to Hu Ruiquan, deputy hospitalized. Another student was manager of the office, only six obsessed for months with the stocks—issued by six state or hallucination that he had a Stocks and Bonds collectively owned industrial crooked face. A Hit in Shanghai enterprises—are currently on To help these students and sale. Five of the stocks are chiefly others like them, BPTC set up an handled by the office, and more everberations from the "Black than 70 percent of the total advisory centre. So far more than RMonday" stock markejt crash 1,200 troubled young people have securities market in Shanghai is on Wall Street last October are effectively under its control. The sought the centre's advice. still being felt in Western financial A male student from Heilong- other counters belong to four markets. But the crash does not banks and two trust and jiang Province became depressed seem to have hurt China's when he found that he was no investment corporations. Most of fledgling securities industry, their business is related to bonds. longer at the top of his class after which is mainly centred in he entered BPTC. His classmates Shanghai. "Stocks are always in great sent him to the advisory centre. A China's largest open port city demand. The pity is that we only doctor at the centre asked some was once a leading Asian financial offer six of them," said Hu. It is top senior students to encourage centre. Today such terms as difficult to become a shareholder, him by telling about their own "stocks" and "bonds" have because few people who own experiences. The doctor also quietly come back into use. And shares are willing to let them go. In arranged for him to visit his old while some people talk about the China, the interest rate on bank school, where he was admired by Western stock market as if it were deposits is 7.2 percent annually, hundreds of people. The student something on another planet, while the lowest rate of interest on mustered up the courage to go on thousands of Shanghai residents shares comes to 12 percent, with his studies, and now he has have spent their savings on stocks including bonuses, and is usually become a postgraduate. and bonds. much higher. On bonds, the rate In addition to the work of the It is estimated that at least 300 would be no less than 9-10 percent. advisory centre, the regular BPTC million yuan (about US$ 80 The stocks of the two businesses clinic asks students to answer yes million) is lying idle in the hands of that pioneered the current round or no to 100 questions such as: Do Shanghai residents. And the figure of share issues remain best sellers.

8 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 Shares in Feile Sonic Engineering Weekly Chronicle CULTURAL Co., for example, have changed (February 22-28) hands at a price that exceeds their February 23 face value by some 60 percent. POLITICAL • The Chinese film Red Sorghum, February 22 directed by Zhang Yimou, wins The stock-issuing enterprises • During his meeting with Zain the "Golden Bear" award, the top are all known for their efficiency, Noorani, the visiting Pakistani prize at the 38 th West Berlin film reliability and credibility. minister of state for foreign festival. Moreover, unlike in the West, affairs, Chinese Acting Premier Li A total of 21 feature films and government guarantees virtually Peng says the occupation of seven short films from 15 eliminate any risk attached to Afghanistan by Soviet troops is countries competed for prizes at buying stock. At the same time, one of the main obstacles of the festival. there are strict limits on share improved Sino-Soviet relations. ownership and on the amount of Referring to the Soviet Union's SOCIAL stock an enterprise can issue, February 8 promise to pull out its February 24 making it impossible for indiv• troops from the country, Li says • The State Council has called iduals to gain control of an China wants to see whether the for a nationwide campaign to enterprise by buying up all its withdrawal is "real." basically eliminate illiteracy in stock. China within five years. • A Chinese Foreign Ministry Asked why there are so few In a circular, the council urges spokesman refutes Vietnamese stocks and what the stock market all levels of government to take charges concerning normal survey will be like in future, Zhou effective measures to accomplish and patrol activities by Chinese Jiayuan, deputy chief auditor in the historic task. The campaign is naval vessels around the Nansha the finance administration depart• mainly aimed at people between Islands. ment of the Shanghai Branch of the ages of 15 and 40. • He says the Nansha Islands, like the People's Bank of China, said the Xisha, Dongsha and he does not expect to see a major February 25 Zhongsha islands, have always expansion soon. Although the • The annual grand summons been Chinese territory, and China ceremony, the most important stock issue by the Shanghai has indisputable sovereignty over religious festival in Tibet for the Electronic Vaccum Device Co. — these islands and their adjacent past 579 years, begins at the a major state-owned enterprise — waters. This is known to all. is seen as marking the successful Johkang Temple. The festival will last 11 days. start of the trial operation of the February 25 shareholding system in the city More than 2,000 lamas from seven • Referring to the new South major monasteries and Buddhist and an important step in the African state of emergency economic reform, it will still take theological colleges in Tibet regulations which ban 17 anti- attend the ceremony. time to perfect the system, both apartheid organizations and the therotically and practically, Zhou South African Congress of Trade FOREIGN RELATIONS said. Unions from conducting any political activities, a Chinese February 27 Last year, Shanghai raised 1 Foreign Ministry spokesman says, • In an interview with Toich- billion yuan (about US$270 "This is another crime committed iro Hitotsu Yanagi, publisher of million) by issuing securities. Of by the South African authorities in the Japanese newspaper Asahi the total, 300 million yuan worth suppressing the struggle of the Shimbun, Zhao Ziyang, general were for public sale, with stocks South African people." secretary of the Chinese Commu• accounting for only 30 million nist Party Central Committee, yuan. There are some 40,000 ECONOMIC describes China's relations with shareholders in Shanghai out of Japan as on the whole good since the city's population of 12 million. February 24 they were established in 1979. He Because of the lack of stocks, • China's mainland and adds that any political or people turn to bonds. Five series logged HK$ 11.82 billion (about economic problems can be solved of bonds have been issued by the US$1.5 bilHon) worth of indirect as long as the two countries follow state, banks and local businesses. trade in 1987, up 58.6 percent from the principles of their joint Most of the funds raised through 1986, Xinhua reports. declaration and treaty. bonds have gone to the state or Trade across the Taiwan Strait He also says the senior leaders major local projects. via Hong Kong climbed at an of China and the Democratic annual average rate of 10 percent People's Republic of Korea will by Dai Gang between 1984 and 1987. exchange visits this year.

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 9 •1 INTERNATIONAL

THAILAND-LAOS pressed satisfaction with the outcome of the talks which they said laid the foundation for Ceasefire Opens Door for Negotiations political negotiations between the governments aimed at resolving the border dispute. The deleg• Thailand and Laos have signed a ceasefire agreement aimed at ations said they would re• ending the fighting along their border. The pact is the first step commend that their governments towards settling the border question. begin negotiations within 15 days from the start of the ceasefire. The UN chief welcomed the ilitary delegations from in an exchange of letters on ceasefire pact. In messages to the M Thailand and Laos held February 11 and 12 in which the two governments, he said he was talks on their border conflict at a prime ministers agreed to hold gratified to learn that Thailand military airport in Bangkok on talks between military and Laos had decided to put an February 16-17 and agreed to a representatives. end to the armed incidents on their ceasefire starting February 19. The Laotian delegation was led common border and expressed the The two countries' troops had by Army Chief of Staff Sisavat hope that the two countries would been fighting since last November Keobounphan and the Thai be able to constructively pursue over an 80-square-kilometre area delegation by Chavalit Yong- the process of dialogue and between two rivers adjoining the chaiyudh, acting supreme com• negotiations with a view to the Thai province of Phitsanulok and mander of the Royal Thai Armed peaceful resolution of their the Laotian province of Sayabo- Forces and commander-in-chief differences and restoration of ury. Both sides claim the area. of the army. According to a joint stable and friendly relations. The conflict gradually escalated statement, the two sides decided to The agreement was also well in the more than three months of disengage their troops 3 kilo• received by leading figures in both fighting. What began as a small- metres from their line of contact countries, who hope that the two scale clash developed into a battle within 48 hours of the start of the governments will finally find a involving sophisticated weapons ceasefire at 8 am on February 19. definitive solution to the border including F-5 fighter planes and A joint military co-ordinating conflict. ground-to-air missiles. group was to be set up To seek ways to solve the border Viet Nam intervened to pro• immediately after the ceasefire to problem and promote better mote its own interests at the strictly verify, inspect and co• relations between the two coun• expense of others. The Vietnamese ordinate the fulfilment of the tries, Thailand's army sent troops to help Laos fight agreement. The statement also commander-in-chief accepted an against Thailand, exacerbating said each country would instruct invitation from the chief of staff of the conflict between the two its troops along the border to the Laotian army to visit Laos on countries. As a commentator on avoid armed clashes and to co• February 23. It was the first visit Thai television said, Viet Nam was ordinate its actions with the other by a top Thai military figure to attempting to use the conflict to side in the spirit of understanding. Vientiane. shift world attention from its Both military delegations ex- by Liu Aicheng invasion of Kampuchea and to further its plan to set up an Indochinese federation. COCOM The fighting caused heavy casualties and substantial economic losses to both countries, Embargo Policy Beliind the Times and foreign affairs ministries had brought the situation to the Global economic and political developments have made the attention of the United Nations. embargo policy of the Co-ordinating Committee for Export UN Secretary-General Javier Perez de Cuellar delivered mes• Control increasingly obsolete. sages to the prime ministers of the two countries urging that they end he international press has been ordinating Committee for Export their border clash through peace• T carrying frequent reports Control (COCOM). The reports ful dialogue. This request resulted about the Paris-based Co- describe, on the one hand.

10 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 persistent zeal on the part of the which the United States uses to world economy. The developed United States for the original maintain its hegemonic position in countries need strategic resources provisions of COCOM and for the West. Washington is con• and the developing countries need strengthening the embargo on cerned that increased economic new technology. This interde• exports of new technology and and technological contact between pendence provides various coun• strategic goods to socialist coun• the East and the West might not tries with increased opportunities tries. On the other hand, they only benefit West European for economic development. Many convey demands by most West countries and Japan economically countries in both the East and the European countries for a relax• but also fuel their political West have adapted themselves to ation of COCOM's export independence. The United States demands of the times by opening limitations and a reduction in the attempts to maintain a two-pole dialogues and setting up number of items on the embargo system and rally others to its ideas economic, scientific and techn• list. The controversy reflects the under the banner of ideological ological exchanges. These initia• growing unpopularity of confrontation. tives not only benefit their COCOM's embargo policy in the But in the light of world economic development but also face of constantly increasing political and economic develop• promote peace and international world economic interdependence. ments, COCOM is increasingly an stability. COCOM is a product of the anachronism. A lot of high A stronger COCOM embargo, cold war. After World War II. in technology can have both military as advocated by the United States, the name of "common security," and civilian uses. The "Toshiba would sabotage the progress the United States forced its fellow case" caused a huge uproar towards a stable international members of the North Atlantic because the sophisticated Japa• environment and reinforce un• Treaty Organization to set up the nese milling machines which were equal relations between countries. committee as a means to carry out sold to the Soviet Union can As some enlightened people in the a technological and economic produce screws that greatly reduce West have pointed out, COCOM's blockade against socialist coun• a submarine's noise. But countless embargo policy is unsuited to the tries. Originally, the embargo kinds of technology can be used to current relations between the East covered weapons and military improve military equipment. As and the West. equipment, atomic energy tech• for high technology, it is difficult Profound changes have taken nology and equipment, and rare to say which kinds have no place in the world situation in the materials. Over the years, the list military applications. Absurdly, more than 40 years since the war. has grown until today it includes COCOM is expected to include Calls for easing the COCOM several hundred items. personal computers, digital tele• embargo will increase despite the The United Slates has three phones and Airbus planes on its warning that the United States major reasons for clinging to the forbidden list. issued through the "Toshiba embargo policy and trying to Interdependence among coun• case." ensure that other Western coun• tries is the main feature of today's by Dongfang Tie tries do the same. First, high technology is crucial in the US-Soviet contest for superior overall national strength. THE BALKANS The United States, rather than relying solely on developments within the country to maintain its Ministers Pledge to Promote Co-operation leading position in the new technology field, also seeks to The successful first meeting offoreign ministers from the six hamper its opponent's Balkan countries bodes wellfor the creation of an atmosphere development. of friendship and co-operation in a part of the world that has Second, because of the signing long been characterized by differences and conflicts. of the intermediate-range nuclear forces treaty and negotiations on reducing strategic nuclear he foreign ministers of Albania, in history, in the Yugoslav capital weapons, the race to develop other TBulgaria, Greece, Romania, of Belgrade on February 26 by military technology has become Turkey and Yugoslavia have laid adopting a communique pledging relatively more important. The the foundation for fruitful multi• to make "joint efforts" towards United States needs COCOM to lateral co-operation and good- broad co-operation. help assure its superiority in these neighbourly relations. Although the gathering pro• new areas. The ministers ended their three- duced no specific agreements, it Finally, COCOM is a tool day gathering, the first of its kind represents "a significant contri-

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 II INTERNATIONAL bution to the relaxation of ministerial conference • is an economic co-operation. These tensions and to the creation of a indication of the common desire positive developments set the friendly atmosphere and dialogue of the Balkan states to strengthen stage for .the success of the foreign in the Balkans," the communique regional stability and co• ministers' meeting. said. operation. The prevailing trends Most importantly, all partici• A follow-up meeting to discuss towards detente and peaceful co• pants at the meeting displayed a the proposals put forward at the existence in other parts of Europe, sense of responsibility and reality. foreign ministers' gathering and to as well as the recent rapproche• Acting in the spirit of mutual arrange the next one was ment between the two super• understanding and accommod• tentatively scheduled to take place powers, have also given a new ation, they agreed to put aside in Sofia, Bulgaria, before the impetus to Balkan co-operation. their bilateral disputes and second half of this year. Last August the Greek govern• Concentrate on finding a common ment announced its decision to basis on which to build their new The recent meeting was sug• end its 42-year-old state of war relationship of co-operation. They gested by Yugoslavia last April, with neighbouring Albania. At the stressed the need to respect each and the proposal was quickly end of January, Turkey and country's international status and accepted by the other Balkan Greece, two rival NATO allies, domestic social system, as well as countries. The Balkan Peninsula, agreed to work together to resolve the principles of equality, national situated at the crossroads of their long-standing disputes. Also independence, sovereignity, ter• Europe, Asia and Africa, has in January, Albania and Bulgaria ritorial integrity and non• proven to be a sensitive and decided to exchange ambassadors. interference in others' internal complicated part of the world. Of On the eve of the February affairs. It was thanks to the strict the six Balkan nations, Greece and meeting, the Bulgarian and observance of these principles that Turkey are members of the North Turkish foreign ministers signed the meeting was assured of Atlantic Treaty Organization an accord to set up two working success. (NATO), while Bulgaria and groups on bilateral political and by Zhou Xisheng Romania belong to the Warsaw Pact. Yugoslavia is a member of the non-aligned movement, and Albania follows its own diploma• tic path. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY For many years differences and quarrels over ideology and social Pact Clears Way to One Internal Market systems, as well as ethnic conflicts and territorial disputes have After a year of deliberations, the 12 member states of divided the Balkan countries and European Community have finally agreed to a programme of on occasion brought them into reforms aimed at creating a single European internal market. open antagonism. These dif• ferences not only obstructed the development of good neighbourly uropean Community (EC) to double the aid, called relations, but also threatened the Eleaders have finally reached a "structural funds," by 1992. But security and stability of the region. compromise on the Delors plan. France and Britain were opposed, The agreement eliminates the agreeing to only a 50 percent For decades the Balkan nations financial and political blocks that increase, while West Germany was have been making continuous have stood in the way of the prepared to increase the aid by 80 efforts to change this difficult community's goal to create a percent. The nations that benefit situation. Meetings have been held single internal market by 1992. most from the structural funds — among government officials and The reform package, dubbed Spain, Portugal, Greece and experts to discuss ways of the Delors plan, was designed to Ireland—insisted on accepting promoting co-operation. The inject new financial resources into the commission's suggestion. The general atmosphere in the region the 12-member bloc, thus enabling compromise specifies that the has improved with the realization the single market to be in place by funds will slightly more than that everyone would benefit from the target date. double from 6.9 billion ECUs co-operation and the peaceful Development aid to deprived (about US$8.4 billion) in 1987 by settlement of differences. regions was one of the stumbling the year of 1993, instead of the The quick and positive response blocks in the discussions of the Delors plan's original target of to Yugoslavia's proposal for plan. The EC Commission wanted 1992.

12 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 The increase in farm points, the compromise emerged departments and ,10 percent for expenditure — another problem at as a symbol of European unity. military departments. The total the heart of many community Addressing a press conference would amount to 20 billion ECUs. quarrels — was set at 74 percent of after the compromise was reached. Other savings would come from the growth rate of the EC's total Federal, German Chancellor Hel• eliminating duplication in gross national product (GNP), mut Kohl, who presided over the scientific research, and cutting based on a reference point of 27.5 two-day summit, said, "We have agricultural expenditure and billion ECUs. Including the cash put the EC on the solid financial governmental subsidies to indus• out laid to pay farmers to take basis. We have our hands free to try. Further co-operation in land out of production, this build a greater European market transportation and telecommunic• increase will be equal to 80 percent of 320 million people. We don't ations and stronger competitive• of GNP growth. want merely an improved free- ness would also benefit the The so-called "stabilizers," a set trade zone; we want a Europe community. of steps to curb agricultural which speaks with one voice." Besides aiding in the EC's overproduction, were the hardest After pointing out the many financial reconstruction, helping nut to crack throughout the difficulties lying ahead of the EC control agricultural spending and meeting on February 11-12 in before 1992, he stressed that enhancing unity among the Brussels. On one side, Britain and united efforts by all member states member states, the compromise the Netherlands demanded a will be required to overcome them takes into account the specific greater reduction in the produc• if a unified internal market is to be needs and problems of each tion of cereals. On the other. West established. member state. It partly satisfies Germany and France pushed for Jacques Delors, president of the the needs of Britain and the higher output. Both sides finally EC Commission, also expressed Netherlands to control agricul• came together on a 160-million- satisfaction with the results of the tural spending while easing the ton ceiling for production at summit. He said his plan for the guaranteed prices, with automatic election worries of France and realization of West European price cuts for any excess. West Germany by relaxing the integration had been accepted as a Hmits on agricultural production. The partial rebate of Britain's whole, in principle and in The comparatively underdevel• financial contribution to the EC methodology. The compromise oped countries have given up their will continue under the comprom• reached at the summit, he said, is stubborn stand on the growth of ise. The refund was agreed on at "a message of encouragement, structural funds, while Italy and the 1984 Fontainebleau summit, confidence and hope" to Euro• some other members will be which pitted London against peans, and shows that Europe is compensated for financial bur• Bonn. The decision to maintain now on the track to prosperity. the rebate is widely believed to be dens arising from changes in the apportioning expenses. the reason for Britain's softened EC experts say the success or stand on such key issues as the failure of the Delors plan means The Brussels summit, which had quota for cereal production and the gain or loss of 120 billion been regarded by many as EC's increase in structural funds. ECUs for the economic group last chance to survive, owed much The thrust of the Delors plan each year. After standards for of its success to the hard mediating was readily accepted by the 12 EC goods are ' unified and the efforts by Federal Germany. But it members when it was first differences between interest rates was the strong desire of all the suggested in February 1987. But on 11 currencies are lifted, 20 member states to reach agreement while the members ageed on the billion ECUs in the form of through compromise which urgent need for the reform and the expenditures on capital circul• played the key role. The meeting basic intentions of the plan, they ation and interest on public and was a triumph for the spirit of had serious differences over its private debts will be saved. cmpromise. implementation. The disagree• Economic integration will facili• by Zong Dao ments, especially differences over tate the economic development of costly agricultural spending and the member states, increasing their how to augment financial aid to economic growth rate by 1.2 the less developed member percent a year — or about 40 nations, led to the failure of the billion ECUs a year if estimated past two EC summits in June and on the basis of 1987. After all December last year. markets are open, the cost of j ! n With each of the member states government supplies will be -i|—' - having softened its line on various reduced by 5 percent for civilian

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 13 Greetings From Chinese Leaders

On the eve of the "Beijing Review's" 30th anniversary, Zhao Ziyang, generai secretary of the Party Central Committee, and Li Peng, acting premier of the State Council, sent messages of congratulations. Following are their greetings. Next issue we will report on our celebrations.

Timely and accurate reporting of developments in China, helping to promote people's understanding of China and enhancing their friendship with China.

On the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the publication of Beijing Review.

Li Peng Feb. 20, 1988

To Beijing Review: Congratulations on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the publication of Beijing Review. For the past 30 years, Beijing Review has been a window through which the world's people could come to understand China. I hope that through your continued efforts, Beijing Review will play an even bigger role in increasing the world's understanding of China, enhancing its friendship with China and promoting China's opening up.

Zhao Ziyang Feb. 26, 1988

14 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 GREETINGS FROM OUR READERS On the 30th Anniversary of 'Beijing Review'

ontinued positive communic• On behalf of Vanguard and March 5 will be the 30th Cation between the peoples of those associated with our paper, anniversary of Beijing Review, the world is. perhaps, the best we would like to take this which is a prestigious and assurance that peace amongst opportunity to wish you cont• interesting magazine. nations will be maintained. The inued success and congratulate Nobody doubts your people of China and the United everyone at Beijing Review on all magazine's seriousness, depth and States are separated by 12,000 your achievements in the past objectivity. Now you have ex• miles of ocean and land and years. panded with a North American several millennia of separate Throughout the years Beijing edition and the French monthly cultural development. However, Review has contributed greatly to Chinafrique. in the last few decades, bridges the development of friendship and Without doubt, Chinese thin• have been created by the steady understanding between our two king and economic reform exert a and resourceful publication of nations. This is an asset to be stronger influence by the day, Beijing Review. cherished and continually nur• especially in the Soviet Union tured. You can be sure that we will which also began important As a faithful reader of BR for continue to make every effort to reforms, and in hundreds of other the past 10 years, I have ensure that this relationship is third world countries such as ours. respectfully appreciated the hon• preserved and strengthened. Beijing Reveiw is an authoritative esty, breadth and changing Please convey our greetings and tool spreading the experience of approaches that the magazine has best wishes to all. May the reform to the whole world. displayed. Many expect that an celebrations for the Spring Manuel Delgado Bedoya official publication will routinely Festival and Beijing Review's Lima, Peru parrot governmental announce• founding date be a grest event! ments. It has been refreshing to I send my warm congratul• read the vast variety of factual Marcus Clayton & ations to Beijing Review on its 30th materials which continue to help Duncan Clarke anniversary. I give my respects to foreign readers understand how on behalf of Vanguard, all your staff for their hard work. China views itself, how it relates to Australia F"irm friendship comes from foreign nations and how it understanding and trust. Good relations between nations are built involves foreign industry and Beijing Review has indeed made on the peoples of different nations peoples in its own development. I great strides and I would like to understanding and trusting each have always enjoyed the feature congratulate you as well as all other. articles describing music, art, your colleagues on its 30th athletics, nutrition, tourism, medi• anniversary. I am sure that your Beijing Review has always taken cine, consumerism, food, etc. magazine as well as its sister strengthening mutual understand• They all contribute to a broad magazines will continue to have ing and friendship as its aim. With understanding of how China great successes. I have noted with its comprehensive, timely and heads for the 21st century. interest that Beijing Review accurate reports on China's published a North American politics, economy, culture and I congratulate the entire staff edition last October and that you education, as well as the policies for the contribution they are have just launched a French Party and government the maga• making to peace, understanding monthly for African readers zine plays the role of a bridge of and genuine friendship between entitled Chinafrique. I would be friendship. our two nations. Continue your grateful if you could send me a I take this opportunity of excellent work and let us all look copy of this magazine. Beijing Review's 30th anniversary forward to many years of peace to hope that your great cause of and friendship. Humayun Gauhar, friendship will grow quickly and publisher and president of flourish. Louis P. Schwartz South Toship Sato Baladwin. New York. London, England Yamagata, Japan

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 15 •i ARTICLES

Looking Back, Looking Ahead by Yang Chengfang*

hirty years ago, on March 4, Chinafrique, both launched within Room for improvement T1958. Beijing Review made its the past six months. debut before the reading public. Misunderstandings between na• Over the past 30 years, Beijing The 30th anniversary of the tions are a constant source of Review has accomplished a great journal is an appropriate occasion deal. But we also have a long way for reviewing what has been to go before we achieve our goal of achieved and for looking forward offering the best magazine we can. to see what needs to be done in the Beijing Review's main weakness, future. As one of the leading as I see it, is that we are still not members of Beijing Review in its paying enough attention to early years, I'm only too glad to do meeting the special requirements some stock-taking and express my of foreign readers. The choice of personal opinions. articles is one example — what appeals to Chinese readers may not necessarily make interesting The Credit Side reading for foreigners, simply because there are so many Since its inception, Beijing differences between Chinese and Review has aimed at keeping its foreign readers in backgrounds, readers abreast of political, interests and needs. economic, social and cultural developments in China and Presentation is another serious offering Chinese views on major problem. Writers may have very interesting subjects to write about, international issues. mutual mistrust, suspicion and but their success depends on how We've come a long way over the international dispute. Better they write. One basic rule of past 30 years. The English- understanding is crucial to journalism is to keep your language edition we began with friendship and co-operation be• audience in mind. This is was intended for English-speaking tween nations; indeed, world particularly important for a readers all over the world. But peace and security depend on close magazine like Beijing Review. readers' interests vary from co-operation between all nations, However, some writers get so country to country and from one large and small. By providing its wrapped up in their message that social or political group to readers with timely, accurate, they talk at their readers instead of another — what interests Third first-hand information on what's to them — the result is the World readers may not appeal to going on in China, Beijing Review- opposite of what they intend. those in the West, and vice versa. has helped promote understand• Facts and reason speak more Besides, more editions in different ing between China and the rest of eloquently than bombastic languages are needed if we are to the world. rhetoric, meaningless verbiage broaden our readership. So, we've and jargon. We must tell readers added new editions over the Over the past 30 years, all of us the truth of a matter, give them the years — first the French, then the at Beijing Review acquired valu• relevant facts and figures and let Spanish, Japanese and German able experience and learned useful them draw their own conclusions. editions. The newest additions are lessons. Now, a new generation of In my opinion, that is a better way our North American edition and editors, reporters and translators to win friends and influence the French-language monthly is taking over where senior colleagues left off. people than trying to force ideas down their throats.

* The author was editor-in-chief of So much for the credit side. Our practice of writing articles Beijing Review when it was launched in Now let's turn to the other side of first in Chinese and then having 1958. the ledger. them translated into foreign

16 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 languages needs improving if starting an English-language Beijing Review is to broaden its weekly for foreign readers was his. appeal to foreign readers. Expe• Upon his return from the 1954 rience has shown that articles Geneva Conference, the premier written in foreign languages read became keenly aware of the urgent better than translations from need for communication between Chinese. So we should train and China and the outside world, encourage our journalists to write especially the West. It was against in foreign languages. this background that Beijing China has embarked on the Review came into existence. The tremendous task of building birth and growth of the magazine socialism with Chinese character• was closely associated with the WHITE istics. This is a great experiment outstanding first premier of the SWAN full of hope and promise; it is also People's Republic of China, as the HOTEL fraught with difficulties, problems following three episodes reveal. member ol and even risks. But we know where From the beginning, there was we are headed and we are much discussion about what the cnjjeadin^otds confident that we can make it. magazine's editorial policy should ^^ofthtfWodd' In July 1959, I travelled to be. Premier Zhou was given a draft White Swan Hotel is located Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous document on the subject, but he in the tradefair city of Region, where I visited factories found it unsatisfactory and , rising over and farms. Summing up my appointed a committee of leading picturesque Pearl River. impressions of the trip, I wrote in comrades from government and 1000 rooms and suites Beijing Review (August 4, 1959): Party departments to study the 10 restaurants and lounges "Trial and Error. Learn on the ' problem. At a meeting held in his Complete meeting, job. Forging ahead in the face of office, the premier himself finally exhibition and business overwhelming difficulties and approved the guidelines developed facilities. temporary reverses till success is by the committee, and most of its Large staff of interpreters achieved. That, it seems to -me, is members were later appointed to and secretarial help the way we Chinese are engaged in the Editorial Policy Committee of building socialism in this vast Beijing Review. We can offer you On his state visit to India in unsurpassed elegance with homeland of ours." ultimate in comfort and I feel these words are still true. April 1960, Premier Zhou held a conveniences and is an ideal The most serious challenge Beijing press conference with foreign stop-over for your clients Review must meet in the years to correspondents in New Delhi. when they come by way of come is that of reporting Chinese When they asked for an official Hong Kong. news and views accurately and English version of his answers, he For reservation: authoritatively in this time of far- replied that the full proceedings of New York: (212) 838-3110 reaching change and sweeping the press conference would be Elsewhere in USA: (800) reform. But looking at what the published in the next issue of 223-6800 magazine has accomplished over Beijing Review. Canada: (800) 341-8585 the years, I believe that Beijing On March 5.* 1963, Beijing Direct inquiries invited. Review will give a good account of Review held a reception to itself. celebrate two events — the For information on tourism magazine's fifth anniversary and in China write to China the inauguration of the French National Tourist Office, Premier Zhou and and Spanish editions. Premier 60 East 42nd Street%3126B New Yorlt, NY 10165 Beijing Review Zhou headed a large group of state and Party leaders who attended. Shamian Island (N5) As I began thinking about He went from table to table Guangzhou, China writing this article, I could not greeting the staff, expressed Telex: 44688 WSH CN help remembering the late Premier appreciation for their hard work Tel: 0-11-86-20-886968 Zhou Enlai. Without his personal and toasted their health. (IDD) guidence and help, Beijing If only Premier Zhou had lived Extension: 30217 Review's publication might have to honour us with his presence been long delayed, or even again as we celebrate the 30th impossible. The very idea of anniversary of Beijing Review, m BEIJING REVIEW. MARCH 7-13, 1988 m ARTICLES

Zhou Enlai a Remarkable Statesman

To mark the 90th anniversary of the birth of the late Premier Zhou Enlai (1898-1976) on March 5, the Historical Documents Research Department of the CPC Central Committee published three books: "We Always Miss Him," "Selections From Zhou Enlai's Letters," and "Selections of Zhou Enlai's Manuscripts." The following is an abridged translation of an article from the first book by Xiong Xianghui. Subheads are ours—Ed.

n April 1954 Premier and meeting. Where is the menace of seek instructions from higher I Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai "two Chinas?" How could the authorities. Sometimes there is no led the Chinese delegation to the presence of a Central News time to do so, when you have to Geneva Conference. I was the Agency reporter create a make immediate decisions and get news liaison official. false impression of "two them right. For this, you shouldn't Chinas?" You should know rely just on your qualifications Rethink Your Attitude to Chiang Kai-shek. He has and experience, you must carefully been quite uneasy about this consider the issues. When the Taiwan's Reporter conference. Of course the United delegation held its preliminary States would keep him up to date meetings in Beijing, I asked When we held our first press with the conference, but he would everyone to imagine what possible conference, I turned down the not trust the United States. He situations might develop and what application of Wang Jiasong, a sent his own correspondent. It was possible problems might arise. reporter of the 's obviously his purpose to observe Then we discussed our reactions Central News Agency stationed in us and the United States. What one by one and worked out draft Paris, to attend the conference. harm is there in letting him get strategies. We were prepared. Of Later I reported this to the premier some first-hand knowledge? You course not everything could be and suggested that we seek to have shut the door on the reporter's anticipated and it is not natural to Wang's accreditation removed. face, this was unreasonable; you anticipate everything. However, if Premier Zhou asked me why. I even want to have his accredit• we failed to anticipate a situation answered that the Central News ation removed. What reason do we should be prepared for, that Agency was Taiwan's official news you have to do so? Would you say would be neglecting our duty. You agency and we should be vigilant he was an official representative of also devised draft strategies, but against Wang in case he might the Kuomintang? If you said so, you didn't anticipate that a take the opportunity to create the would you not be the one creating Kuomintang reporter would come false impression of "two Chinas." the impression of 'two Chinas?' " to Geneva. The premier said with a frown, "We should not speak of vigilance "Your criticism is right," I said. "Neither you nor I thought of in the abstract, but base it on facts. "I barred Wang without first this, so I also bear responsibility. Being vigilant without a factual reporting to you. Organization• But we are not discussing who basis is subjectivism, and we are ally and in terms of discipline I should bear responsibility. It is creating tension for ourselves, made a mistake." The premier impossible to avoid mistakes. If damaging our work. Chiang Kai- replied: "I just gave you a political we tried to find out who was to shek's own policy is his to insist on reminder. I didn't mean to say you blame wherever there was a fault, one China, albeit one 'Republic lack a proper sense of organiz• then everyone would be nervous, of China.' The United States ation and discipline, though, of and this would also not be good supports Chiang Kai-shek and course, that is important. But you for our work. However we must refuses to recognize the People's don't have to ask the leaders' learn the lesson well. I will Republic of China. And yet instructions on every matter. To mention this incident at the Switzerland established diploma• do so would mean you were briefing, and let everyone learn the tic relations with us long ago, and shirking your responsibility. For lesson. First of all we will review .lohn Foster Dulles has had to sit important issues or issues without our work over the past few days together with us in the same precedent, it may be necessary to and see if there were any errors

18 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 statistics for 1987 Socio-Economic Development

— Issued on Feb. 23, 1988 by the State Statistical Bureau of tlie Peopie's Republic of China DOCUMENTS

n 1987, under the leadership of the Chinese Jute, ambary heijip 960,000 -32.5 I Communist Party and the State Council, the Cured tobacco 1,640,000 19.5 Chinese people of the various nationalities further Silkworm cocoons 397,000 7.6 implemented the policies of reform and opening up Tea 497,000 8.0 to the outside world and launched a movement to Fruit 15,510,000 15.1 increase production and income and practise economy. As a result, production developed As the people's motivation for managing and steadily, the domestic market remained brisk, protecting forests was further enhanced, forest economic exchanges with other countries expanded management was improved. New achievements and new achievements were made in science, were made in the afforestation of the plains and in technology, culture, education, public health and the establishment of the "shelter forest belts" in sports undertakings. According to initial estimates, northwest, north and northeast China. New the annual GNP'" reached 1,092 billion yuan, an progress was achieved in the establishment of increase of 9.4 percent over 1986; and the national timber and fast growing forest bases. But, wanton income came to 915.3 billion yuan, 9.3 percent more felling of trees occurred in some places, and forest than the previous year. The major problems in the fire prevention remained weak. A devastating forest economy were demand outstripping supply, fire swept through the Greater Hinggan Mountains. shortages of some commodities, especially major In animal husbandry, the number of non-staple products, and excessive price rises. herbivorous animals increased steadily. The number of large animals and sheep at year's end was up over the beginning of the year. The output of milk, wool, poultry and eggs all rose. The number of I. Agriculture live pigs, slaughtered pigs, the output of pork, all sell by varying degrees. Agricultural production went up. The total The output of major animal by-products and agricultural output value in 1987 reached 444.7 livestock headage were as follows: billion yuan, up by 4.7 percent over 1986. Of the output of major agricultural products, 1987 Increase over that of grain reached 402.41 million tons, 10.9 1986 (%) million tons more than the previous year, Pork 17,800.000 tons -0.9 approaching the all-time high of 1984. The Beef and mutton 1,410,000 tons 16.9 downward trend in the output of cotton and oil- Milk 3.190,000 tons 1.0 bearing crops over the previous two years was Wool 208,000 tons 12.4 halted. The output of tea, cured tobacco, silkworm Pigs slaughtered 255,130,000 head ^ 0.8 cocoons and fruit went up, while that of sugar- Large animals at bearing crops and jute and ambary hemp went year's end 126.330.000 head 6.2 down. Pigs at year's end 326,400,000 head 3.2 Sheep at year's end 178,350,000 head 7.3 The output of major agricultural products was as Fishery kept up its high development rate. The follows; output of aquatic products was 9.4 million tons, up by 14.1 percent over the previous year — the total catch of freshwater products increased by 17.8 1987 Increase over percent, while that of marine products, by 11.5 (ton) 1986 (%) percent. Grain 402,410,000 2.8 Cotton 4,190,000 18.4 Investment in agricultural producfion in• Oil-bearing crops 15,250,000 3.5 creased and the construction of farmland irrigation Rapeseed 6,730,000 14.5 projects was strengthened, resulting in improved Sugarcane 46,850,000 -6.7 conditions for production. By the end of 1987, the Beetroot 7,970,000 -3.9 aggregate power used by the country's farm

II m DOCUMENTS machinery reached 247.2 billion watts, a 7.7 percent The output of major industrial products was as increase over 1986. There were 880,000 large and follows: medium-sized tractors, a 2 percent increase; 560,000 igsj Increase trucks, an increase of 11.8 percent; and the power over used by irrigation and drainage equipment was 67.9 1986 i"/o) billion watts, a 12.4 percent rise. A total of 20.1 million tons of chemical fertilizers were applied Cotton yarn 4,320,000 tons 8.7 throughout the year, up 4.1 percent from 1986. The Cloth 16,700,000 metres 1.4 total consumption of electricity in rural areas was Woolen fabrics 260,000,000 metres 3.0 65.9 billion kwh, an increase of 12.3 percent. But Machine-made the problem of not enough resources for further paper and paper agricultural development remained and the output board 10,080,000 tons 1.0 of major agricultural products still failed to meet the Sugar 5,110,000 tons -2.6 needs of the development of the national economy. Cigarettes 28,810,000 crates 11.0 Reforms in the countryside continued to Bicycles 40,910,000 14.7 deepen and the rural economy developed fairly TV sets 19,380,000 32.8 rapidly. The total social output value in rural of which areas*-' in 1987 was 904.1 billion yuan, 12.7 percent colour sets 6,720,000 62.1 more than in the previous year. Of that sum, the Tape recorders 18,630,000 6.0 total non-agricultural output value went up by 21.8 Cameras 2.390,000 18.2 percent, bringing its proportion in the total rural Household wash• output value up from 46.9 percent in 1986 to 50.8 ing machines 9,920,000 11.0 percent, over half the total output value in rural Household areas. refrigerators 3,980,000 76.8 Coal 920,000,000 tons 2.9 II. Industry Crude oil 134.000,000 tons 2.6 Electricity 496,000,000,000 kwh 10.3 In 1987 a balanced development of industrial of which production was witnessed. The total industrial hydro-electricity 99,500,000.000 kwh 5.3 output value for the year reached 1,378 billion yuan, an increase of 16.5 percent. In the figure is 1,182 Steel 56,020,000 tons 7.3 billion yuan if the output value of village-run Rolled steel 43,910,000 tons 8.2 industries is excluded, 14.6 percent over the Cement 180,000,000 tons 9,2 previous year. The output value of the state-owned Timber 68,430,000 cubic metres 5.2 sector went up by 11 percent; the collective sector by Sulphuric acid 9.620,000 tons 26.1 25 percent; the private sector by 48 percent; and that Soda ash 2,370.000 tons 10.5 of foreign-funded enterprises (Sino-foreign joint Chemical fertili• ventures, co-operative enterprises and wholly zers (100% foreign owned enterprises), by 98 percent. effective com• Light and heavy industries developed in position 17,030,000 tons 22.0 proportion. The 1987 total output value of light Chemical insecti• industry was 656 billion yuan, 16.8 percent more cides 260,000 tons 27.9 than in 1986, while that of heavy industry reached Capacity of power- 722 billion yuan, up 16 percent. The development of generating the power industry and the industries supplying equipment 9,600,000 kw 32.9 agriculture was noticeably accelerated, while the Machine tools 146,000 -10.6 basic industries, such as iron and steel, non-ferrous of which metal and chemical raw materials, expanded numerical con• steadily. In the consumer industry, the sector using trolled and high non-agricultural products for raw materials, precision especially makers of high-quality, brand-name machine tools 4.267 6.4 consumer durables, grew most rapidly. However, Motor vehicles 472,000 27.7 the contradiction between the structure of industrial Tractors 40,000 39.2 production and demand still remained, and the Locomotives 909 11.1 supply of energy and some raw materials was Steel ships for sometimes inadequate. civilian use 1,920,000 tons 12.7

III Industrial production combined well with or key projects and planned investment while marketing which meant better economic results. curbing non-productive or unimportant projects Profits and taxes of state-owned industrial and outside-plan investment. The investment enterprises totalled 130.7 billion yuan, up 9.9 structure was also improved. In state-owned units, percent over the previous year. The turnover period investment in capital construction came to 132.4 for working funds was shortened from 109.1 days in billion yuan, up 12.6 percent over 1986. Of the total 1986 to 105.4 days. Per-capita productivity investment in capital construction, 30.9 billion yuan increased by 7.6 percent. Overall product quality went into energy industrial departments, up 25.5 was stable and in some cases improved. Energy percent over the year before; 20.4 billion yuan into consumption dropped and industrial departments transportation and communications departments, saved over 20 million tons of energy, raising the up 7.9 percent; 19.4 billion yuan into raw materials energy saving rate to 4 percent. However, industrial departments, up 31 percent; and 6.7 production costs increased and losses among losing billion yuan into light and textile industrial enterprises rose 4.6 percent. Accumulation of a departments, up 15.9 percent. The proportion of small number of slow-selling products increased. investment in energy, raw materials and other basic Industrial reforms focused on the management industries rose from 33.5 percent in 1986 to 38 within enterprises. A full 68 percent of state-owned percent. industrial enterprises have introduced the director Construction of key projects was strengthened. responsibility system, 82 percent of the large and An investment of 36.2 bilhon yuan was put into 206 medium-sized state-owned industrial enterprises key projects organized by the state and given have instituted various forms of the contract reasonable construction schedules. All the major management responsibility system, and 46 percent construction of key projects, including oilfields, of the small state-owned industrial enterprises have power stations, coal mines, railway lines and ports, either been given over to collective management or proceeded satisfactorily. A total of 102 large and leased or contracted to individuals. Horizontal medium-sized capital construction projects and 193 economic associations developed, involving more single items attached to large and medium-sized and more areas in more diverse forms. By the end of projects were completed and put into operation. 1987, the number of horizontally associated Newly added production capacities in capital organizations made up chiefly of industrial construction projects include: 8.1 million kw of enterprises above the county level had reached power generating capacity (the highest annual total 6,780, involving investments of 12.57 billion yuan. since the founding of the People's Republic), 17.11 The output value and profits of these associated million tons of coal, 16.31 million tons of crude oil organizations rose 38 percent and 38.1 percent (including capacities added through oilfield respectively over the previous year, exceeding the renovation and transformation or other invest• overall industrial averages. ments), 272 km of newly built railways, 433 km of double-track railways, 204 km of electrified railways, 9.84 million tons of port cargo handling III. Investment in Fixed Assets and capacity, 300,000 tons of ethylene, 2.97 million tons Construction of cement and 3.9 million standard boxes of plate glass. Technological transformation of enterprises The growth of investment in fixed assets began advanced steadily. State-owned units invested 74.3 to slow down. In 1987. the country's investment in billion yuan in updating equipment, an increase of fixed assets totalled 351.8 billion yuan, 49.8 billion 19.9 percent. Of this amount, 25.6 billion yuan was yuan or 16.5 percent more than i-n the previous year. invested in enlarging production capacity, an This is lower than the 18.7 percent rate of 1986. Of increase of 21.3 percent; 10.6 billion yuan in the total, 226.2 billion yuan (up 14.4 percent) went increasing the variety of products, up 8.3 percent; to state-owned enterprises; 48 billion yuan (up 22.4 4.2 billion yuan in improving product quality, up percent) to collectively owned enterprises; 77.6 7.3 percent, and 2.8 billion yuan in reducing energy billion yuan (up 19.6 percent) was made by consumption, up 24.4 percent. A total of 42,000 re- individuals. The overall scale of investment was still equipment and transformation projects were too great and there was an excessive number of completed and put into operation, adding 54.9 outside-planned or newly opened projects under billion yuan to fixed assets. construction. Reforms in the building industry deepened. In capital construction, the various localities The contract responsibility system was applied to implemented the principle of supporting productive 117,000 projects undertaken by state-owned

IV DOCUMENTS construction enterprises, which covered a increase of 17 percent since 1986. Domestic express construction area of 160 million square metres, post was available in 196 major cities. accounting for 83.9 percent of the country's total. The railway department was conducting the Of these, 18,000 projects, covering a construction contract system for the.second year, and results area of 36.93 million square metres and accounting showed continued improvement. The average daily for 19 percent of the total were contracted through number of carriages moving on the rails was over bidding. Reform promoted the development of 70,000, an increase of 1.6 percent from 1986; their business. In 1987, the total industrial value of average daily productivity of each locomotive was the state-owned building industry increased by 7.7 821,000 ton/km, an increase of 1.9 percent from percent over the year before and the per-capita 1986; income and profits from the railways productivity rose 6.2 percent. increased 8.7 percent and 2.6 percent from 1986 Geological surveys made marked progress. A respectively; labour productivity of railway workers total of 366 mineral bases with 64 kinds of minerals rose 5.3 percent. Ships directly managed by the were discovered. Reserves of 31 billion tons of coal Ministry of Communications carried 50,100 were verified, as were considerable gold, metal, non- ton/km, an increase of 7.4 percent from 1986. metal ore and energy reserves. Deep-sea geological Container transport developed comparatively surveying made headway, obtaining rich marine quickly. In 1987, the volume of railway and sea geological data and opening up a new sphere for container transport was 14.38 million tons, an geological studies. A total of 8.18 million metres of increase of 27.7 percent from the previous year. tunnelling was completed in 1987. The number of passenger train carriages increased, and 40 new passenger trains were IV. Transport, Post and introduced. At the same time the railway service Telecommunications system was reformed and the number of sleepers for conductors, and conductresses, and freight carriages on express trains were reduced, allowing Further reforms were carried out in the transport for more seat carriages and thereby more industry, and technology was improved. The passengers. volume of passengers and cargo handled saw The highway transport department did all it remarkable progress. could to develop long-distance passenger transport to lighten the burden on the railways. Inter- Transport Services in 1987 were as follows: provincial passenger transport routes in China totalled 2,500. The volume of truck freight transport rose 10.5 percent from the previous year. 1987 Increase over Still services in transport, post and telecommuni• (billion ) 1986 (%) cations were inadequate, and the number of Cargo 2,190.9 ton/km 9.2 accidents was lamentably high. Railway 947.1 ton/km 8.2 Highway 240.9 ton/km 13.7 Waterway 939.7 lon/km 9.8 V. Domestic Commerce, Supply Air 0.66 ton/km 37.5 And Marketing Oil/gas pipes 62.5 ton/km 2.1 Passengers 535.0 persons/km 11.0 The domestic market remained brisk in 1987. The Railway 284.3 persons/km 10.1 value of retail sales totalled 582 billion yuan, a 17.6 Highway 212.9 persons/km 11.6 percent increase from 1986. In real terms the Waterway 19.2 persons/km 5.5 increase was 9.6 percent. Of the total retail sales, the Air 18.6 person.s/km 27.4 value of agricultural means of production was 70.5 Volume of cargo billion yuan, an increase of 22.4 percent, and of handled at consumer goods 511.5 billion yuan, up 16.9 percent. major seaports 0.397 tons 3.3 Because some government offices, organizations and enterprises were extravagant and wasteful, Post and telecommunications made even greater using government funds for unnecessary tours and progress. Business transacted by these departments banquets, consumption of social groups rose totalled 3.89 billion yuan, an 18.3 percent increase dramatically, and the value of retail consumables from 1986. The number of telephone users in urban bought by social groups reached 55.3 billion yuan, areas at years end amounted to 2.93 million, an an increase of 19.7 percent from 1986.

V The retail sales of all commodities increased went up 10.1 percent in 1987; the price of meat, since 1986. Retail sales in the state-owned sector poultry and eggs rose 16.5 percent; of fresh grew by 15.6 percent; in the collective sector, by 15.4 vegetables, 17.7 percent; aquatic products, 17 percent; in the jointly public and private-owned percent. The cost of clothes rose by 3.5 percent sector, by 26.3 percent; and in the individual sector, (pure wool rose 18.1 percent); household goods, 6.1 by 24.2 percent; a 24 percent rise was registered in percent; medicine and medical apparatus, 4.6 transactions between farmers and non-agricultural percent; fuel, 3.6 percent; and agricultural means of people. production, 7 percent. Besides pork, vegetables, sugar and some other The cost of living index for employees went up foods which were in somewhat short supply, the by an average 8.8 percent in 1987, and over 10 availability of food was sufficient, and in fact 18.1 percent in a number of big and medium-sized cities. percent more than in 1986 — with a value of 7.2 The general purchase price level of agricultural percent more in real terms. Clothes supplies and sideline products rose by 12 percent in 1987. increased by 13.9 percent and other necessities, 16.7 The main problems in managing the market percent. and prices were: monopolized trades or enterprises Structural reforms in commerce progressed. By arbitrarily raising the buying and selling prices of the end of 1987, over 60 percent of the large and •some scarce goods, and profiting a great deal by medium state-owned commercial enterprises had acting as business go-betweens. Not a few stores implemented the contract management responsi• and pedlars raised prices in disguise by offering bility system; and 80 percent of the small state- second-rate goods as first-rate, or giving customers owned commercial enterprises were handed over to less goods than they paid. collectives and collective ownership, or leased to individuals. Over 90 percent of the supply and marketing co-operatives carried out some form of VI. Foreign Trade and Tourism responsibility system. The number of urban and rural fairs increased from 68,000 in 1986 to 69,000 in 1987. Their business volume in 1987 amounted to 110 billion yuan, a 21.3 percent rise over the In 1987, China's exports grew, while the rise in preceding year. Commercial associations spread imports was controlled. According to customs continuously, numbering 6,792 by the end of 1987, a stafistics, China's 1987 international trade was 20.3 percent rise over 1986. Their turnover in 1987 worth US$82.7 billion, 12 percent more than in was 15.5 billion yuan, a profit of 650 million yuan. 1986. Exports totalled US$39.5 billion, up 27.8 percent; imports totalled US$43.2 bilhon, up 0.7 There was an improvement in the economic percent. Last year's trade deficit was US$3.7 billion; results of state-owned commerce and of supply and in 1986 it was US$12 billion. marketing co-operatives. Expenses for every 100- Invisible trade continued to grow. In 1987, yuan in sales dropped 1.4 percent in 1987 and invisible earnings stood at US$5.38 billion; with profits grew by 6.4 percent. The time for the spending standing at US$ 1.99 billion, earnings were turnover of working funds was shortened from 220 US$3.39 billion more than expenditure. days in 1986 to 203 days in 1987. In 1987, China absorbed US$7.57 billion in The scope of market regulation of capital foreign capital, 4.3 percent more than in 1986. This goods continued to expand, entailing a drop in the included US$5.33 billion in loans, 6.4 percent more proportion of materials distributed according to than in 1986; and US$2.24 billion in direct foreign state plan. The proportion of rolled steel distributed investment, the same figure as in 1986. under state plan dropped to 46.8 percent from 53.1 Further advances were made in economic and percent in 1986, and of cement, to 15.6 percent from technological co-operation with foreign countries. 16.2 percent in 1986. Sales of materials and capital Contracts for overseas projects and labour service goods departments totalled 156.7 billion yuan, a signed in 1987 were worth US$1.74 billion, 28.3 32.5 percent rise over 1986. Centres for trading in percent more than in 1986. In 1987, China fulfilled means of production handled 26.8 billion yuan of contracts worth US$1.11 billion, a 13.5 percent this, a growth of 69.6 percent. increase from 1986. Prices rose considerably. The retail price index The economic strength of all the special rose an average 7.3 percent (December's rise was 9.1 economic zones expanded as did their export- percent more than for December 1986). The retail oriented character. Statistics from Shenzhen, price index rose 9.1 percent in urban areas and 6.3 Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen showed that the total percent in the rural areas. The price of foodstuffs industrial output value of the four cities amounted

VI DOCUMENTS to 11.2 billion yuan last year, an increase of 52 26,077 applications for patent rights and granting percent over 1986. Their total export value reached 6,811 patents, more than twice the 1986 figure. US$2.74 billion, up 114 percent over 1986. More Meteorological and marine departments made foreign investment went into productive projects. fairly prompt and accurate forecasts on weather Last year saw over 100 foreign-funded factories go and ocean conditions, providing a great deal of into operation. A total of US$510 million was socially and economically helpful data. utilized by the four cities last year, a drop of 16 To boost economic construction and access to percent from 1986. resources, the cartographical department drew up The tourist industry also made great progress 26,000 maps. Altogether 223 maps were printed, and in 1987 China attracted 26.9 million tourists with a total run of 82.22 million. and visitors from 169 countries and regions. This The ranks of scientists and technicians con• was 17.9 percent more than in 1986. Foreign tinued to expand. In 1987, a total of 8.68 million exchange earned through tourism during the year natural scientists and technicians were employed in amounted to US$1.84 billion, up 20.3 percent over state units, 430,000 more than in 1986. By the end of 1986. last year, China had 5,580 independent, state- owned research and development institutes above county level, with a total work force of 1.05 million. VII. Science, Technology, Educa• Education developed in reform. Institutions of tion and Culture higher learning enrolled 40,000 postgraduates in 1987. There were 120,000 postgraduates studying, Structural reform of science and technology 28.000 of whom received postgraduate degrees. continued to develop steadily, and science and Universities and colleges enrolled 617,000 students technology played an increasingly significant role in last year, and the total student body was 1.959 China's development. In 1987. a total of 225 million, .up 4.2 percent from 1986. Last year, inventions and 807 technical advances won state 532,000 students of higher education graduated. prizes, and another 9,902 scientific and Institutions of adult higher education registered technological research results won ministry or local 498.000 new students in 1987, and thus had a total prizes. Of the technical advances, the mini-type enrolment of 1.858 million. neutron producer pile, the state laser wave length The structure of secondary education headed standard scries, the ultraprecision axis series and the for rationalization. The various vocational and ultraprecision lathe were up to advanced world technical schools had an enrolment of 5.169 million levels. To join the world's high-tech development, students, 377,000 more than in 1986. The figure nearly 800 research programmes were approved last constituted 40 percent of the total number of year, involving a total investment of 200 million students in senior middle schools. In 1987, there yuan. The programmes fall into seven fields were. 1.68 million studying at adult vocational including biological engineering, information schools and 7.36 million at adult technical schools. technology, new energy resources and new Elementary education was further strength• materials. Nearly 4,000 contracts, as part of the key ened. In 1987 there were 41.74 milUon pupils in research projects for the Seventh Five-Year Plan junior middle schools and 128.36 million pupils in period (1986-90), were decided upon by the end of primary schools. The attendance rate of school- last year. The State Fund for Natural Sciences, aged children increased from 96.4 percent in 1986 to devoted mostly to supporting basic theoretical 97.1 percent in 1987. Some 1,240 counties were research and part of applied science projects, recognized as popularizing elementary education. subsidized 2,777 projects last year, to the tune of 130 Much headway was made in special education for million yuan. The "sparking programme" which is the physically disabled and mentally retarded. meant to boost economic development in the rural The nation's culture flourished. In 1987, China areas, made good progress in 2,800 projects in the produced 146 feature films and released 195 new last two years. Scientific and technological activities full-length films. The country boasts 163,000 among the masses were extensive. The technological cinemas and film projection teams, 3,089 market was blossoming and a total of 132,000 performing art troupes, 2,980 cuUural centres, 2,432 contracts were signed for transferring technology public libraries, 826 museums and 3,238 archives. In worth 3.35 billion yuan. addition, there were also 385 broadcasting stations, 624 radio transmitting and relay stations, 365 Patent work also developed last year. The year television stations and 719 television transmitting witnessed the Chinese Patent Office receiving and relay stations each with a capacity of more than

VII 1,000 watts. Some 20.6 billion copies of national, Employment increased and reforms to the and provincial newspapers, 2.64 billion copies of labour system progressed. In 1987, 3.49 million magazines and 6.25 billion copies of books were people found jobs in urban areas. The nation had published last year. 131.90 million employees by the end of the year, 3.81 milhon more than at the end of 1986. Of them, contract workers numbered 7.26 million, up 2.02 VIII. Public Health and Sports million. Self-employed workers in the cities and towns totalled 5.67 million, 840,000 more than in 1986. Medicine and public health services improved. Savings deposits increased greatly. By the end The number of hospital beds in China exceeded of 1987, individuals' bank savings amounted to 2.365 milhon at the end of 1987, 3 percent more than 307.5 bilUon yuan, 83.8 billion yuan or 37.5 percent in 1986. Professional health workers numbered more than the 1986 year-end figure. more than 3.609 million, up 2.9 percent since 1986. Housing for both urban and rural dwellers The total included over 1.482 million doctors, of improved. In urban areas 180 million square metres whom 777,000 were western medicine doctors'or of housing floor space were built in 1987, and 860 physicians practising traditional Chinese medicine, million in the countryside. a 2.6 percent increase, and 718,000 were nurses, up Social welfare services continued to improve. 5.4 percent. New successes were achieved in In 1987, the nation" had 37,000 social welfare preventing and controlling various infectious and establishments, providing for 482,000 people chronic diseases. The incidence of infectious throughout the country. Urban and rural collectives diseases dropped 20 percent from 1986. Still city provided for 2.33 million elderly, disabled or residents have difficulty getting an appointment, orphans. Families who were suffering great and the rural areas are short of doctors and hardships could find relief and support. Work and medicines: 12.2 percent of villages have no clinic. study opportunities and conditions for the disabled Notable achievements were made in sports. In improved. Great progress was made in supporting 1987, China's athletes won 69 championships in poor and remote areas. world tournaments. They broke 22 world records on 41 occasions; they also broke 171 national records on 392 occasions. At the Sixth National Games they achieved record results. X. Population

China's natural growth rate increased slightly. IX. Living Standards According to a sample survey of one percent of the population, the country's birth rate in 1987 was 21.04 per thousand, the mortality rate was 6.65 per People's incomes in both the cities and the thousand, yielding a natural growth rate of 14.39 countryside continued to increase. In 1987, China's per thousand, up from the 14.08 per thousand of gross payroH totalled 186.6 billion yuan, an increase 1986. The sample survey indicated that by the end of of 20.6 billion yuan, or 12.4 percent over 1986. A 1987 China had 1.08 billion people, 15 million more sample survey of urban employees' families showed than the 1986 year-end figure. an average annual per-capita income of 916 yuan in 1987, a 10.6 percent rise from 1986. If price rises are taken into account real per-capita income rose 1.7 Note: All the figures given in this communique are preliminary percent. A sample survey of farmers' families statistics, and do not include those for the Taiwan Province. The showed an average annual per-capita net income of gross national product, national income and the total output 463 yuan, 9.2 percent more than in 1986. Income value listed here are calculated in terms of 1987 prices, and the increased 5.3 percent in real terms. The total net rates of growth are calculated according to comparable prices. income included 419 yuan from productive (1) Gross national product refers to the increased value of both activities, a 11.7 percent increase. The income rise the material productive and non-productive sectors, and net for urban employees of different status was not income from abroad, not including the value of products and balanced, and the real income of 21 percent urban labour service consumed by intermediate units. families dropped because of price rises and other factors. In the countryside, the average annual per- (2) This includes the total output value of agriculture and of capita net income of 8.2 percent of farmer families collectively and privately owned rural industries, construction, was below 200 yuan. transport and commerce.

VIII made and then let's think what embarassing him, or worse, lead to proposed "three principles for new situation and problems might his losing his job. peace." They were to recognize arise and work out countermoves. only one China — the People's This will give us more confidence Republic of China; to recognize in the future." Sarcasm Is Not Our Way two Germanys — East and West; I said 1 would call a meeting of After his retirement from the and to withdraw armed forces to the news office right away to army, the British Field Marshal within their own borders. review and discuss our work Montgomery made a 5-day visit to Premier Zhou opined that according to the premier's instruc• China in May 1960. He was met by Montgomery was a sharp poli• tions. He said, "Add one more Chairman Mao, Premier Zhou tician. He asked me to be a subject to your agenda. Since the and Vice-Premier . He member of the reception commit• founding of the People's Republic, was deeply impressed but he found tee, as I was then the deputy we have opposed 'two Chinas,' the trip was too short. Therefore, director of the General Office of and this was necessary. But we he asked to pay a three-week visit the Foreign Ministry, and to lacked a concrete analysis of this to China in September 1961. In accompany Montgomery during problem. You should study this addition to meeting our leaders, he his tour of China. Zhou gave problem, make distinctions and hoped to visit several cities not yet instructions that Montgomery give me written recommendations opened to foreigners. His request should be allowed to see whatever for ways to deal with different was approved in principle by the he wished. Poverty and backward• situations." premier. The Ministry of Foreign ness left over from old China and The premier also told me to Affairs worked out an itinerary the achievements attained by New assign a reporter to contact Wang and a reception committee was China were all objective reality. Jiasong, clarify the situation to formed. During his tour of China He would draw his own conclu• him and welcome him to future the marshal was accompanied by sions after seeing with his own press conferences. We were also to Genera! Li Da, director of the eyes. During the visit we were to assist him if we could. This was to Sports Commission for National help him understand of New be done, however, with the utmost Defence. China as best we could. discretion. We were not to get On September 7, Montgomery Starting on September 9, carried away. We were to addressed a welcoming party Montgomery visited Baotou, remember his situation, avoid sponsored by Chen Yi where he Taiyuan, Xian, Yanan, San- menxia, Luoyang, Zhengzhou and Wuhan. He returned to Beijing on The late Premier Zhou Enlai (third, up) in discussion with foreign guests. Front the evening of September 20. At is Xiong Xianghui, the article's author. 2:00 a.m. the following day, the premier asked me to report to him.

My report was brief but the premier asked for details, parti• cularly on political issues. The briefing lasted two hours before the premier felt satisfied. I thought he should rest and was about to leave. But he stopped me and asked me what theatrical perfor• mances we had seen. I told him that in Luoyang, a special show was arranged for the marshal, but that he did not attend and instead asked to go for a walk through the streets. We came across a small theatre and he entered. A yuju opera Mu Guiying Takes Com• mand was being staged. The interpreter told him the story of the opera. During the inter• mission, he left. When we came back to the hotel he told me the

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 19 ARTICLES opera was not good; why let a shal. Lucky, I asked you, minister's visit to another country woman be a majshal? I said this otherwise he would think we three months ahead of time. The was based on a folk legend very arranged the programme on British side would have to make popular among the people. He purpose to hurt him." Premier up its own mind'what to do. The commented that men who liked to Zhou immediately called Yu British government announced see women marshals were not true Paiwen, who was in charge of the the news the next day. men, and women who liked to see Protocal Department and asked In October 1962, India once women marshals were not true him to cancel the opera, and again provoked armed confiicl women. I said there were women substitute mimicry, Grasping the along the Sino-Indian border, and fighters in the Chinese Red Army Chairs and Chinese magic, and China was forced to counter• and now there was a woman designated the performers. attack in self-defence. Some marshal in the Chinese People's British politicians and newspapers Liberation Army. He said that he In his book Three Continents took the opportunity to oppose always held the Red Army and the published in Britain in 1962, China. The Scotsman commented Liberation Army in high esteem, Montgomery described his visit to that the British government would but never knew there was a woman China and considered that in the reconsider the visit of the Chinese long term the key to world peace marshal. This counted against the vice-minister. I went to see Erroll lay in China. He said the rise of Liberation Army. I replied the immediately and asked him to China as a big power was British qiieen was a woman. clarify the matter. He said that the inevitable; that it would be in the According to the British system, report was wrong. The British interests of mankind, would be the queen was the head of the state government would not make any conducive to the building of a and the commander-in-chief of the change regarding the visit. peaceful world for all nations, and armed forces. He had no response. would be heartily welcomed by A few days later, Erroll ordinary people. He also de• summoned me urgently, saying "You went too far,"said the scribed the mimicry and Grasping the British government decided to premier. "You said this was a folk the Chaires acts he had seen in postpone Lu's visit indefinitely, legend, that was enough. He has Beijing. and would announce the news half his own views, why did you take an hour later. He personally issue with them? He acted thought this was not politically commendably in presenting the unreasonable. three principles of peace. You Impulsiveness Has No have been engaged in foreign I did my best to suppress my affairs for so many years, and you Place in Diplomacy indignation and briefly reviewed still didn't follow the principle of the previous two meetings with seeking common ground while In August 1962, I went to him and said I was astonished to keeping differences. You rendered London as charge d'affaires. In learn that the British government him speechless, do you suppose September I was informed by broke its word. The date of Lu's you won? The great Lu Xun once Frederick Erroll, president of the visit had been suggested by the said: 'Hurling insults and threats is Board of Trade, that the British British government, and agreed to no way of fighting.' Let me add — government wanted to invite Lu by the Chinese government. Now sarcasm and irony are not our Xuzhang, then Chinese vice- the British government one- way of diplomacy." minister of Foreign Trade, to visit sidedly decided to postpone Lu's His criticism was sharp but also Britain that December. After visit indefinitely and announce the convincing. I wanted to hear more receiving instructions from China news immediately without con• but he changed his tone and I informed Erroll that the Chinese sulting the Chinese government. I changed the subject. What was government was grateful for the expressed my regret at this Montgomery's favourite perfor• invitation, and Lu would visit abnormal way of doing things. I mances ? Acrobatics, especially Britain as scheduled. Erroll was said I would inform the Chinese mimicry, I replied. The premier very happy, saying that this would government and reserve the right asked; Did he see Grasping the be a major event in the Anglo- to make further comment. Chairs? I said no. Premier Zhou Chinese relationship. The British After returning to my office, I took out Montgomery's pro• government would announce the called a meeting of our top gramme from a file. When he news within three days. He hoped officials. I said that we should found there was no acrobatics nor the Chinese government would attack the imperialist attitude of mimicry, but an extract from the announce the news at the same the British government. We opera Mu Lan Joins the Army, he time. I replied it was not China's immediately cabled our Foreign remarked: "Another woman mar• customs to announce a vice- Ministry and the Ministry of

20 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 Foreign Trade, informing them of our government. Britain was "In China's construction we my meeting with Erroll and my decHning, but sometimes it put on have relied mainly on our own feehngs about it. I submitted three an air of imperialist arrogance. To efforts," said Zhou. "And it has proposals: 1) to lodge a strong meet their political needs, they been essential to develop our protest with the British govern• hastily announce the invitation of foreign trade on the principle of ment; 2) to announce the Lu Xuzhang to Britain. Then equality and mutual benefit. This cancellation of Lu's visit our• when it becomes inconvenient was announced at the founding of selves; 3) to cut imports from they unilaterally announce a the People's Republic. We import Britain. postponement. This gave the what we need. Ours is a planned patronizing impression that we economy. If we suddenly cut In response, the Foreign were at their beck and call. If we imports, we will be the first to Ministry agreed with my attitude cancelled Lu's visit, this would suffer. In Britain those who have and asked me to reaffirm this show our independence. Our dealings with us are all private feeling as representing that of the policy was to do things on our businesses, who are relatively Chinese government, but withheld own. We were not in need of their friendly to us. If we cut our orders, comment on the right to take help. The British economy relied they would suffer, too. And we further action; The cable said the heavily on foreign trade. Cutting would get a notoriety for not three proposals were not adequate imports from Britain could hurt it, honouring contracts. Did you and were not to be adopted, but thus aggravating its internal think of this? The event is long asked me to study the situation in contradictions. In dealing with a gone but I still mention it now. I light of our general foreign policy country Hke Britain, it was up to us hope you don't object." and policy towards Britain, and to choose whether to make friends The success of Lu's visit proved report back. Obviously my with it or to attack it. At that time I how wrong my original thinking proposals did not suit our foreign felt it was necessary to hit Britain and proposals had been, but I had policy and I was being asked to hard. This was tit-for-tat. not been clear exactly why. Now examine my mistake. I felt I could the premier laid out for me an not accept this. In a reply cable to The premier said that when we analysis using policy and prin• the Foreign Ministry I said my spoke of tit-for-tat, we should ciple, and things became clear to proposals were only for reference, weigh the overall situation. The me. It was a good lesson for me. but I would obey the decision of United States set up a blockade the ministry. In the future I would and an embargo against us, but enhance my understanding of our Britain invited our vice-minister foreign policy and policy towards Sovereignty Cannot for a visit. So there were Be Ambiguous Britain. differences here. India was an In the spring of 1963, Lu important member of the British Xuzhang visited Britain. The visit Commonwealth. China and India From July 7 to 11, 1971, Henry was a success. That autumn I were now warring. If Britain Kissinger, national security ad• returned to China on leave. When received Lu Xuzhang according to visor to US President Richard I visited Premier Zhou, he the original schedule, how could Nixon, paid a secret visit to China. mentioned that incident. He said, Britain face India? The British Premier Zhou asked me act as his last year you put forward three attitude had changed. Obviously assistant in his talks with proposals, and the Foreign they disagreed among themselves Kissinger. On July 15 China and Ministry and the Foreign Trade on this matter. They put off the the United States simultaneously Ministry agreed to them in the invitation indefinitely, because announced that Nixon would visit main, but I disagreed and let the they didn't know how long the the People's Republic of China Foreign Ministry pour cold water Sino-Indian conflict would last. before May 1972. on them and ask you to reconsider Britain spoke only of postpone• In October 1971 Kissinger led a the matter. From your cable, I ment, leaving room for further 14-member group to Beijing to could see you were not happy. consideration. Why did I want to make arrangements for Nixon's Now let me know why you put go to the extreme and cancel the visit. Premier Zhou discussed with forward the three proposals? visit? Of course,'Britain's actions Kissinger the content of what I said that originally I had were not faultless. I expressed became known as "Shanghai wanted to lodge a protest with regret, that was good and I Communique," and fixed the Erroll right away, but since my conveyed my feelings in the name dates of the visit for February 21 power was limited I just expressed of our government, that was to 28, 1972. my regrets. I was hoping to be able enough, why make a fuss by In January 1972, an 18-member to lodge a protest in the name of lodging a protest? advance party headed by Al Haig,

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 21 (Beijing, Shanghai and Hangzhou Xo be paid for by the United States. I answered that the Chinese government would pay for the stations but that we needed technical assistance from the_ US. We would reconsider renting the communication satellite. I reported to the premier that since the US government had already made the preparations, we would not have to go to the expense of hiring a satellite. The premier turned on me: "I asked you to discuss hiring a communic• ation satellite, and you are put off by the cost. It was not a matter of cost but of sovereignty. There must not be the slightest ambiguity regarding our Premier Zhou meeting President Nixon at the airport on February 21, 1972. sovereignty. Now you go and talk to Ziegler: First, ask him to hire a deputy assistant to the US its president is coming for a visit. communication satellite for the President for national security This is a historic transition. When Chinese government for the affairs, and including Ronald L. hundreds of millions of people in period from 1: 00 am on February Ziegler, White House spokesman, the United States and other 21 to 12: 00 pm of February 28 came to China to make the final countries see Nixon in China on Beijing time; secondly, during this arrangements. Ziegler said that the television, they will be made to time the satellite belongs to the during Nixon's visit many journa• think and thus enhance their Chinese government. If the US lists would come and want to send understanding and friendship would like to apply for use rights reports, transmit photographs and with the Chinese people. Is this in advance the Chinese govern• broadcast sound and pictures, and publicity for Nixon or for New ment will grant that; thirdly, the he hoped the Chinese government China? rent and the fee to use it must be reasonable, and I hope Ziegler will would facilitate their activities. "You tell Ziegler that the Premier Zhou asked me to call a provide us with the prices. In the Chinese government agrees in meantime, we will find out the meeting of the leaders of the principle to the request he made related departments to discuss this standard market price so we won't on behalf of the United States be fooled innocents." matter. This was during the media. We have never had satellite '"" when the communication,;'we should ask Ziegler was surprised after I put "gang 'of four" were still in power. him to help us rent one. As for this to him. After thinking a while, During the meeting, Yu Huiyong other transmission logistics, we he said: "This is the first time I've then in charge of cultural affairs should get American help, too." met such a negotiating partner. I took the floor first, saying we accept the first two points. Don't should absolutely not allow Nixon Ziegler said he had never rented worry, the rent will be reasonable. to publicize himself through a satellite, and believed it would be I don't know the actual price, but I television to the people of the expensive. Nixon would visit suppose there can be an equals United States and the world from China for eight days, he estimated mark between them. I admire your China. He added that this was also the rent would be US$1 million. smartness, and even more, your the opinion of the "leader." The But the Chinese government safeguarding of the dignity of the other participants remained silent, would not have to spend money on People's Republic of China. I will knowing that the "leader" was renting a satellite, because the US tell President Nixon, my col• Jiang Qing and her gang. government had already prepared leagues, relatives and friends 1 reported this to the premier. a communication satellite for the about this. I agreed fully with Dr. He said: "Stuff and nonsense! The use of the American reporters. Kissinger's view: Premier Zhou US government has for so long Ziegler only requested the Chinese Enlai is a great, rare statesman and been hostile towards China, now side build ground stations in diplomat." •

22 BEIJING REVIEW. MARCH 7-13, 1988 Why Fewer Women at Leading Posts?

by Our Correspondent Zhou Zheng

n November 2 last year when comrades would joint the Political Although there are quite a few Othe five members of the newly Bureau, but none were elected. women members in the Party elected CPC Central Committee's However, this doesn't mean we Central Committee, the Central Political Bureau Standing Com• have adjusted our policies on Discipline Inspection Commission mittee met with Chinese and women." and the Central Advisory Com• foreign reporters to cover the mission, some people are never• recently closed 13th National Different Reactions theless worried by the possiljility Party Congress, Zhao Ziyang was that their absence in the Political asked why there were no women Zhao's answer did not allay the Bureau could inevitably have an on the newly elected Political worries of all women. Yang adverse impact on elections for Bureau (the previous Political Yanyin, chairman of the Shan• leading bodies at the lower levels, Bureau had one woman alternate dong Provincial Women's Feder• resulting in a reduction of women member and the Party Central ation, said, "We have advocated leading members. This will not be Committee's Secretariat had one women's liberation for more than conducive to women's partici• woman member.) and if the a half century. But now there is pation in politics. policies on women had been not even a single woman in the In fact, the falling number of charged. Zhao answered, "It was new Political Bureau. This is too women leading members was the hope of us all that some female upsetting." already becoming evident before the 13th National Party Congress. He Luli, newly elected vice-mayor of Beijing, signs a congratulation card at a group A leading member of the All- wedding. xu XIANGJUN China Women's Federation re• vealed that in the 1987 re-election for leading bodies at the county and township levels, the number of women representatives was found to be down in 12 provinces and municipalities. In some areas, there was not a single woman in county and township govern• ments. Liu Liying, a standing commit• tee member of the Central Discipline Inspection Commis• sion, said that although many outstanding women writers, actresses, athletes and managers have come to the fore over the past few years, the need still exists for setting a quota for women members in leading bodies, since women, who were kept in the lowest stratum of the old society, still receive biased treatment and they have a poor attitude towards participation in politics. However, many women have different views. Qiu Qing, vice-

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 23 ARTICLES

separated from the conditions allowed by the level of develop• ment of productive forces in the primary stage of socialism. However, there are two opposing views regarding whether or not a quota should be set for women in elections. What merits attention is that, despite the absence of a woman Political Bureau member and the reduction in the number of women being elected to county and. township governments, the total number of women cadres has not dropped. A leading member of the Organizational Department of the CPC Central Committee recently pointed out that from 1983 to 1986 the number of women ministers and vice-ministers under the State Council increased from 10 to 12, while that of women provincial governors and vice-governors, prefects and county heads went up from 7, 114 and 775 to 10, 133 and 805 respectively. The number of women provincial, prefectural and county Party secretaries also increased from 15, 112 and 720 to 24, 146 and 803.

Men and Women Equality XUE CHAO Professor Xu Fengxiang at tlie Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College shows students how to measure the height of trees. At the core of state policies on women is the principle of equality president of the People's Bank of conditions for their active role in between men and women. The China, sees no need to make a fuss the state's political affairs. Chinese Communist Party has about the absence of a woman • At the recent second sym• always attached importance to the Political Bureau member; the posium on women held in strength and role of women. presence of women among the top Shanghai, the participants de• Equality between men and women policy makers should not be the bated fiercely over the question of was realized after the founding of sole criterion for judging the level women's participation in politics. New China in 1949. Chinese of women's participation in The consensus was that the women have played their part in politics. What is more important is woman's liberation movement building up the people's govern• that Chinese women enjoy the should be kept in step with the ment. Millions of them have same democratic rights as men, development of productive forces. become government employees including the right to air their This has two connotations — first, and quite a number have assumed views on major state affairs. In this woman's liberation movement leading posts at various levels in sense, all Chinese women partici• should promote the development the Party and government. In pate in politics. Moreover, in of social productive forces; and addition, many have become enacting principles and policies, secondly, the realization of the leaders of people's organizations, the Party and government place a goals of the movement, including enterprises, schools or research great deal of importance on women's demands, interests and institutes. women, thus creating favourable equality with men, cannot be The National People's Congress

24 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 Year Congress Number of Percentage Number of Percentage Women Deputies in Total Women Standing in Total Committee Members

1954 First 147 11.9 4 5 1959 Second 150 12.3 5 6.3

1964 Third 542 17.8 20 17.4 1975 Fourth 653 22.6 42 25.1

1978 Fifth 742 21.2 33 21 1983 Sixth 632 21.2 14 9

is China's legislature and supreme The All-China Women's Feder• Steel Company in Beijing. But 30 power organ. The following table ation aids the Party and percent of its leading members, shows the number of women government in linking women in including the general manager, are deputies to the various congresses various circles. Some of the women. Since 1985, eight women and women members in the federation's leaders hold concurr• have been made directors or standing committees. ent leading posts in the Party and deputy directors of research government as well as various institutes under the Chinese The State Council is the highest people's organizations. They re• Academy of Sciences. Gu XiuHan, state administrative organ, and it flect women's demand and wishes 51, was elected governor of has a woman state councillor and protect their interests while Jiangsu Province, which is (, who is also the helping the state enact laws, economically very developed, and president of the People's Bank of principles and policies. she has performed very well in the China) and 14 women ministers Large numbers of women have post. and vice-ministers. In addition, been elected to leading posts in In old China, the women of there is a woman vice-president of factories, institutions of higher minority nationalities received the Supreme People's Court. learning and research institutes, as even worse treatment than other Many women have taken up well as local governments. For women. After liberation, however, leading posts in the various local instance, women employees ac• they entered state political life and people's congresses and their count for 26 percent of those on played their part in building up standing committees as well as the the payroll of the Capital Iron and people's power on an equal people's governments. There are 268 women members Huang Xiancliun (third from left) was eiected a township Party secretary in in the Sixth National Committee Shangcheng County, Henan Province, after graduation from university, TAO JUNFENG of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, ac• counting for 13 percent of the total. , and are now serving as chairman and vice- chairmen of the CPPCC National Committee respectively. Women are also actively involved in the various democratic parties and people's organizations — 34 now hold leading posts in the eight democratic parties; and 27 are serving as chairmen or vice- chairmen of 10 national organiz• ations, including the All-China Federation of Trade Unions.

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 25 m ARTICLES

footing with women of the Han nationaHty. Out of the 632 women deputies to the Sixth National People's Congress, 108, or 17.1 percent, were from minority ethnic groups. Of them, two were elected members of the NPC Standing Committee. One, Ba Sang, a Tibetan woman born to a slave family, is also deputy Party secretary of the Tibet Autonom• ous Region. Many women of minority nationalities have also become county and township leaders. According to statistics collected in 1985, there were 7.48 million women cadres, 28.2 percent of the BAI LIANSUO total number, compared with 18.9 Jin Yanjing, (second from right), generai manager of the Xintong Computer percent in 1964. Technoiogy Co. in Beijing, discusses with her colieagues on the publicity of a new achievement. the number of women leading disagree with it. What will you do? Reasons members and is conducive to In response, 60.1 percent of the training women cadres and women and 51.3 percent of the Over the past two years, fewer bringing the role of women into men surveyed said they were only women have been elected to play. But, it also has some prepared to discuss it with family leading bodies. This situation has shortcomings. For instance, it and friends. Another 11.4 percent caught the attention of more and affects the free choice of the of the women answered that they more people. electors. We no longer decide the would say nothing. In contrast, While analysing the reasons for number of women members in 33.3 percent of the men surveyed this phenomenon, a leader of the leading bodies." and only 26.8 percent of the Organizational Department of the According to the official, the women said they would make their CPC Central Committee said, selection and training of women opinions heard by the government "The structure of the leadership of cadres is a long-term undertaking, through various channels. our Party and government bodies because China had been a feudal at various levels has changed from society for a long time and some The leader of the Organiz• time to time. It is not uncommon people still cling to feudal ways of ational Department commented for there to be more women cadres thinking, such as regarding men as that the reduced number of at one time and fewer at another superior to women. In addition, women members in leading bodies time. The reduction in the number women, shouldering the task of is nevertheless not a good thing of women to county and township reproduction, have less opportun• and Party committees at various governments re-elected last year in ity to receive education and join in levels should give the problem some places could have something social activities. close attention. To respect the to do with the reduced total Data collected in one survey wishes of the electors but also number of cadres and the method show that women have a poorer ensure the number of women of differential election (in which sense of participation in politics. members in leading bodies, some there are more candidates than This may be another reason for the supplementary measures should actual vacancies). decreasing number of women be contemplated in future. He "In the past," he added, "we set elected to leading posts. Recently, hoped the All-China Women's quotas for women in leading related departments, conducted a Federation would tackle the bodies and the vacancies for survey of 4,483 Beijing residents important task of recommending leading positions equalled the (2,049 were women). The quest- outstanding women to leading number of candidates. The ionaire included the following bodies at various levels. number of women cadres was question: The municipal govern• To train and recommend more therefore stable. This method has ment issues a policy affecting the women cadres and encourage some advantages — it can ensure everyday lives of people and you women to become more involved

26 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 in politics, an official from the All- provincial, municipal and auto• of the Yanshan Petrochemical China Women's Federation said nomous regional governments, Company. Her pioneering spirit in the federation will give more people's deputies have elected separating the functions of publicity to outstanding women in some outstanding women to government and Party organiz• various fields to raise awareness of leading posts. On February 3, the ations as well as her excellent work women's capabilities; promote the seventh people's congress of style won her the trust of the socialization of household chores; Anhui Province elected Zhang deputies. He Lull had been a and improve women's attitudes to Runxia vice-provincial governor. doctor for 27 years and deputy participation in politics. Initially, the congress presidum head of the for The central and local govern• had not listed her as a candidate, three years. She is an alternate ments have actively encouraged but she was named a candidate by member of the Central Committee the selection of women leading more than 30 deputies in of the Revolutionary Committee members. Take Henan Province recognition of her excellent work of the Kuomintang. Her father He for example. Now, 77 percent of as mayor of Tongling. Siyuan was the mayor of Beijing the province's county (district) On January 30, the ninth prior to the liberation of the city Party and government leading people's congress of the Beijing and he performed a great service bodies have women members, Municipality elected seven vice- to the peaceful liberation of the while 99 percent of the counties mayors. Among them are two capital. When some people and districts have at least one women. This is unprecedented in pointed to the coincidence. He woman in the Party committee, the history of the Chinese capital. Luli smiled and said, "My father government, people's congress The two women elected are Wu Yi had a good influence on me. But standing committee, or local and He Lull. Wu, with an engine• we are not the same. I will do my CPPCC committee. ering background, was formerly best to be a servant of the people.' In the current re-elections of Party Committee secretary

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BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 27 m FROM THE CHINESE PRESS I

(Muslim religious leaders). Party Party Members and Muslims leaders never interfere with the imams or envy them the respect they receive. wholeheartedly accept Marxism- "RENMIN RIBAO" Take Lu Fengxian, Party Leninism and be a genuine (People's Daily) secretary of the Pujiachuan materialist. Township, for example. One day, Ma Chengji, a 64-year-old he happened upon his friend farmer of the Baoan nationlity, Imam Wang Xiaozhi on the road. joined'the Party in 1959. He said, Muslim believers lined the road to arty organizations are develop• "In terms of theory, I cannot warmly welcome Wang, who was Ping in a healthy way and speak clearly about materialism riding a mule. Seeing his friend Lu, religious activities are flourishing and idealism. But I know clearly Wang hastened to get down from in Jishishan BaoaHj Dongxiang that Allah was a god and Marx the mule and asked, "Why are you and Salar Autonomous County in was a human being." Compared on foot?" Lu smiled away the the Ningxia Hui Autonomous to young Party members, his imam's embarrassment and re• Region. How do the atheistic understanding lacks depth. plied, "You accept your treatment Communist Party members and and I accept mine. Communists Ma Kezhong, secretary of the the Muslims coexist? should be the first to bear Juji Township Party committee, hardships and the last to enjoy Party Members Cannot Become said, 32 people in the township comforts." Islam Believers. The county has a applied for Party membership in total population of about 180,000. 1987, most of them young Mutual respect has brought About half of the members of the farmers. In their applications, all with it mutual support. To obtain Baoan, Dongxiang, Salar and Hui young people not only clearly a good grasp of the Party's nationalities believe in Islam. In stated their political convictions policies, the imams pay careful the rural areas the most beautiful but also their views on religion. attention to books and news• buildings are mosques. People of minority ethnic papers. They take the initiative to help the Party organizations and Since the Third Plenary Session groups who fervently believe in attend various kinds of meetings of the 11th CPC Central religion cannot be Party members. convened by Party organizations Committee in December 1978, the They must chose between Marx at the county, township and mosques in the rural areas have and Allah. The Party organiza• village levels. been allowed to handle religious tions in the county adhere to the activities. And with the imple• policy of allowing citizens the The county's Party organiz• mentation of the policies on freedom to believe in religion. ations at all levels also pay close nationalities and religion, a They have never made things attenfion to helping those invol• number of new mosques have been difficult for those who ask to ved in religious work. Township established. At the same time, the withdraw from the CPC and have Party secretaries often go to number of Communist Party never interfered in their religious mosques to learn about the living members reached 1,830 in this activities thereafter. and working conditions of those religious area. Mutual Respect. In places where employed there. In 1984, Muslims "A Party member cannot be a more people belive in religion, at the mosque in Shenggou believer in Islam," said Ma leading Party members must have Village, were having disagree• Wenxiang, a member of the Hui a particularly good understanding ments over interpretadons of nationality and head of the of the policies on nationalities and Islamic scriptures. The Party organizational department of the religion. Jishishan was established secretary of the township reported county Party committee. as an autonomous county in 1980. the situation to a higher level as soon as he learnt about it. Shortly The Party organizations in the The county Party leaders at afterwards, the county's religion county treat people of all various levels average 33.5 years of bureau granted his request to set nationalities equally and without age and have at least senior middle up a new mosque in Shenggou. discrimination in terms of recruit• school education. This led to a lessening of the ing new Party members. They The county's Party committee disputes, and the imams said strictly carry out the principle of teaches all Party members to gladly that the Party organiz• recruiting people as soon as they respect the policy of freedom of ations helped them uphold the are ready. The first requirement beUef. Most Party leaders in the unity of Islam. for a person to become a Party townships and villages have made member is that he or she must good friends with the local imams Equality. Party organizations at

28 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 all levels want to recruit new Party forward, winning prestige for the May 30th Movement in 1925 members and the imams want to Party among the masses. Today (launched after British police win over believers. When asked many Muslims do not interfere opened fire on a student how this contradiction can be with their children's beliefs. On demonstration in Shanghai) and resolved, Ma Deqing, Party the contrary, they are proud of was elected one of its leaders. secretary of the Liuji Township, their children being members of He took part in the August 1 said, "There is no contradiction the Party.' Uprising in 1927, between the Party organizations (January 3, 1988) which saw the first shot fired and the imams, because both the aganist the Kuomintang reaction• Party organizations and the Martyr Li Shuoxun aries and marked the beginning of imams have their own work to the CPC's independent leadership do." Li Peng's Fatiier of the revolutionary war. Later, he All the imams of the county was appointed the Party represen• understand the Party and govern• "ZHOU MO" tative and concurrently head of ment policies on religion. Nobody (Weekend) the political department of 25th does missionary work or preaches Division of the 11th Army. Not i Shuoxun, the father of Acting in public places other than places long afterwards, his troops Premier Li Peng, wrote a of worship. If religious doctrines L marched into Pro• testament to his wife Zhao Juntao contradict state law, the imams act vince. After they arrived at Dapu, before he died a martyr in 1931, in accordance with the policies the division was put under the "I've been arrested on Hainan and laws formulated by the Party command of Zhu De. It fought in Island and will be sentenced to and the government. For instance, mountainous areas in northern death in the next few days. At the the Islamic scriptures permit Guangdong and southern front, revolutionaries are mur• Muslims to marry too early. provinces under Zhu's leadership. According to Chinese law, the dered every day. I'm only one of them. Don't be overly sad about After 1928, Li successively held minimum age for marriage is 22 the posts of secretary-general of years for men and 20 years for my death. Take good care of yourself and get a good education the Jiangsu provincial Party women, and couples must go to committee, head of the organiz• the township government to for our son. Try your best to send him home and to support yourself ational departrrient of the register their marriage. Now, Zhejiang provincial Party com• imams ask young Muslims to Be sure not to come here to collect my body." mittee, secretary, of Shanghai's show their marriage certificates Huxi district Party committee, Li Shuoxun, also called Li Tao, when they are invited to chant and secretary of the military was born in 1903 in Qingfu scriptures at weddings. commission of the Jiangsu County, Sichuan Province. He Party members in Jishishan provincial Party committee. County actively propagate studied at the Chucai Middle School in Chengdu and was In May 1931, he received orders Marxism-Leninism and Mao to work in Hong Kong and be Zedong Thought. Ma Kebin, the elected to represent the students' union of the school when the May secretary of the military commiss- Party branch secretary of Gan- sion of the Guangdong provincial hetan Village, Dahejia Township, 4th Movement was launched in 1919. (The May 4th Movement Party committee. As a result of said, "This is a duty for each Party overwork and the effects of army member." Freedom of religious was an anti-imperialist, anti- feudal political and cultural life, he became seriously ill in belief includes freedom to believe Hong Kong. Still, he remained at in religion and freedom not to movement influenced by the October Revolution. It was led by his post. believe in religion and to Li went to Hainan island alone propagate atheism, he added. intellectuals who had mastered the rudiments of Marxism). for instructions when he learned Nobody has the right to interfere. that the guerrilla leaders on the Of more than 80 young people in Early in 1921, Li transferred to Sichuan No. 1 Middle School and island were preparing to convene a his village, 15 have joined the military meeting in July 1931. He Party over the past nine years. Of established a Socialist Youth League organization together with was arrested on July 9, as soon as the 25 young people who applied he went ashore. In prison, he chose for Party membership in 1987, 10 other students. He joined Communist Party of China (CPC) to die rather than submit. He died saw their long-cherished wish a hero's death on Septem,ber 16, come true. in 1924, while he was studying at Shanghai University. 1931 at the age of 28. At that time, By popularizing Party know• Li Peng was only 1 year old. ledge, communists lead people Li took an active part in the (November 28, 1987)

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13, 1988 29 Beijing Holding Co-operation in Animal Farming Trade Talks

alks are being held on Mongolia, undertaken with a foreign trade fair sponsored T establishing a lean-pork pig donation from the UN Develop• A by the Beijing Municipahty raising and slaughtering project in ment Programme; the dairy will be held in the Cultural Palace Hebei Province. The Bureau of production projects in Beijing, of Nationalities from March 3 to Animal Husbandry under the Tianjin, Nanjing, Shanghai, 11. Chinese Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan and Xian using financial In addition to discussing Animal Husbandry and Fishery aid from the World Food exports, other businesses will also and a competent department Programme. be considered, including imports, under the Ministry of Foreign joint ventures, co-operative enter• Economic Relations and Trade These projects have provided prises, advertising, transport, are discussing the project with China with advanced technology insurance, barter trade, processing Canada. Agreement is expected to and experience in improving grass and assembling with supplied be reached soon. seeds, fertility of grasslands and in materials and imported parts, and This is only one of a number of meat and dairy processing. They compensatory trade. Sino-foreign co-operations in have been models for the Of the more than 1,000 export lean-pork pig breeding. To development of China's animal products supplied by enterprises overcome the shortage of pork, husbandry. For instance, advan• in Bejing for the fair, over 300 are China plans to develop intensive ced technology imported from well-known on the international pig raising in Beijing, Tianjin and Australia has enabled the Nan• market, and 160 products are new. Shanghai, and establish some pig shan Animal Farm in Hunan to This fair aims to link production raising bases on north, east, raise its per-hectare grass output with sales. Business people may central and southwest China. In from 12,000 kg to 75,000 kg and make their style and quality addition, a comprehensive animal succeeded in keeping its pasture requirements on the spot, and they farming joint venture will be green all year round, so that one may also inspect the factories established in Hainan Island with cow requires only one hectare of concerned. extensive preferential terms. land. The products developed by Foreign economic and tech• the Beijing Sino-Swedish Dairy nological co-operative projects Since 1979, Chinese agricultural Training and Development Centre will also be high on the agenda. departments have built 12 im• have met international standards Beijing will offer over 300 co• ported projects, using a total of for nutrition and hygiene. operative projects at the fair. They US$110 million in foreign invest• by Liu Jianjun involve industry, agriculture. ment (including donations, finan• cial aid and loans). Chinese and foreign visitors are shown around the Sino-Swedish dairy technoiogy These projects include the training centre in Beijing. Nanshan Animal Farm jointly set up with Australia in Hunan Province; the Qianjiang Animal Farm in Guangxi Zhuang Auto• nomous Region, the Qinshui Animal Farm in Shanxi Province and the Dushan Animal Forage Grass Seeds Production and Processing Project in Guizhou, all joint set up with New Zealand; the Beijing Dairy Training and Development Centre jointly es• tablished with Sweden; the Huaan Cattle Co. and the Nanjing Angora Rabbit-Raising Techn• ological Training Centre, jointly set up with the Federal Republic of Germany; the animal farm for improving the grassland in Inner

30 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 7-13. 1988 technology, commerce, tourism Of the 2 billion pairs of various in China. and construction. Acceptable kinds of shoes made in China last The Bull Company has sold six forms for the co-operation include year, 12 percent were for export such computer systems to China in joint ventures, co-operative enter• and were worth more than recent months. This will con• prises, wholly foreign-owned en• US$300 million. They included tribute to the gowth of China's terprises, processing with supplied rubber, sports and leather shoes. information network. materials and design, com• Industrially produced shoes • The CITIC, Britain's Cable pensatory trade, co-operative have been made in China for over and Wireless Co. and Hutchison designing and contract projects. 20 years, but the work was still Telecommunications of Hong mainly manual. In order to Kong will form a consortium, In order to encourage foreign modernize itself, th^ shoe industry which will launch a communica• business people to invest in Bejing, began to import modern equip• tions satellite early next year. The the municipal government is ment in 1979 from Czech• satellite will serve the Asian preparing to establish a foreign oslovakia, Italy, Britain and region. The project, funded by all investment service centre. A Fecieral Germany. It was installed three partners, costs US$120 service desk has already begun in the larger factories in Beijing, million, and the satellite will be offering its consultancy services at Shanghai, Qingdao and Tianjin. launched on a Chinese Long the fair. By the end of 1987, the The Guangdong Lianhua Sports March III carrier rocket. municipal government had appro• Shoes Factory and the American • An international exhibition of ved 261 foreign-funded enterprises Nike Inc. established a joint forest fire equipment and tech• and over 1,400 technological venture in 1986. The Nike brand nology will be held in Beijing in import projects, whose total sports shoes have been sold on the December. The aim of the show is investment amounted to US$3.45 international market. to foster exchange with other billion. China has litUe by way of raw countries to raise China's ability Yu Xiaosong, director of the materials for export shoes; over 60 to fight forest fires. Exhibits on Bejing Municipal Commission of percent must be imported. China's display will include fire protection Foreign Economic Relations and footware industry hopes to halve and extinguishing machinery, Trade, said that so far none of the that figure by the end of 1990. chemical, telecommunications, foreign-funded enterprises in That should save about US$200 transport and medical facilities operation in Beijing is losing million in foreign exchange every will also be featured. The money. He added that the city year. exhibition will be sponsored by the hopes to create a better investment The footware industry has 5,000 China Foresty Machinery Society, environment to allow these factories and over 800,000 em• the China Fire Control Society enterprises to make even bigger ployees, and has great potential. and the Southwest China Energy profits. Demand is very high at the Joint Development Company Goods on offer this time are moment, while the number of under the China International more plentiful and the preparation countries and regions exporting Trust and Investment has been better done than last shoes has dropped, offering China Corporation. year, and the foreign business an excellent opportunity. community is quite interested in by Li Ning • The Sheraton Asia Pacific the talks. Corporation has signed an Yu also said that the trade agreement to manage the 500- volume at the fair this year is room Sheraton Guilin Hotel in expected to exceed last year's News in Brief China's picturesque city of Guilin figure of US$80 million. Beijing's • The Institute of Scientific which opens today. The agree• exports last year were worth Information under the Ministry of ment was signed last Saturday US$882 million. Chemical Industry will install two between Sheraton and joint by Han Baocheng sets of Bull DPS7000 computer venture owners Guiqing Hotel systems in its offices. The systems Organization Office of Guilin and Shoe Industry are made by the Bull Company of Tai Hing Mandarin Realty Set to Expand France, and cost USS1.2 million. Company Inc of California, The contract was signed on United States. hina expects shoes to be its January 31. • • International bidding opened C second biggest export pro• Installation of the two systems in Beijing last week for the duct this year and to continue will be completed in early 1989 to Yindaruqin irrigation project to developing its footware industry become the biggest repository of divert water from the Datong for the next fewi^tars. chemical and patent information River to Qinwangchuan.

>ljaHmNG REVIEW, MARCH, 7-13, 1)988 31 m CULTURE/SCIENCE ••••••••••••••••••••

Jia Zuoguang— A Dancer of Great Accomplishments

e moves his arms skilfully, like in which Mongohan dances are Mongohans. His great achieve• H a wild goose spreading its presented. ments in using Mongolian dance wings against the dark storm, and The "Oroqen Dance," choreog• won him the pride of the native gliding to the distant sun — the raphed in the late 1940s uses people. After 1978, he began to dancer's performance won the energetic, rough movements to give most of his time and energy to warm applause of the audience. convey the excitement of the dance teaching and cultural The dancer is Jia Zuoguang, a Oroqen hunters, without any exchanges. Apart from choreo• renowned 65-year-old dancer music accompaniment. It is a graphing new works, he has been giving a special performance to dance of work and harvest. invited to give lectures both in mark the 50th anniversary of his The female group dance, "Ha China and overseas. The lectures career. Apart from this well- Ku Mai," is a dance of the Daur include such topics as "How to known piece "Goose on the nationality. The word "Ha Ku Grasp the Dance Image," "On Wing," a limestonic work he Mai" is an onomatopoeia in Daur Dancing Art," "Life, Creation choreographed in the 1940s, there language. The dancers mimic the and Technique," "Tradition and are 15 of his other works movements of cuckoo and its Creation" and so on. performed by his colleagues to singings from various distances Jia not only creates new dances mark the occasion. and of different tones in an but also performs some of them Jia Zuoguang has made out• extremely vivid and charming himself. "I draw my inspiration standing achievements in per• way. from the national arts and, more forming, choreography, teaching The "Sea Wave" is "representa• important, from the lives of the and theory research in Chinese tive of Jia's choreography in the common people," he said. Many dance since he devoted himself to 1980s. The male solo dancer uses dancers have performed his this art form in 1938. During the movements to conjure an image of dances and people enjoy his past 50 years he has choreog• sea waves and a petrel in flight. works. They show the beauty and raphed more than 100 dances and The dance won an award in the vigour of Chinese national dance. many have won awards both first national dance competition in Jia is now vice-chairman of the within the country and abroad. 1980 and was warmly received Chinese Dancers' Association. Jia's dances are characterized whenever it was performed in the By Hong Lanxing by strong emotion, usually simple last seven years. but exquisite. Every movement Jia Zuoguang was born to a and posture has an amazing depth Manchu family in Shenyang city, of feeling. Jia's dances have a northeastern China. When he was Log Art Attracts strong Mongolian flavour, which a small child he began to show his stems from 30 years' spent in Inner interest in the folk performing Beijing Spectators Mongolia. arts. On New Year or during other The first dance of the special festival celebrations he used to hen Baiqiu and his helper Lu performance, "Erdus Dance," follow the performers of the CYuanming have found a won a gold medal at the Fifth Yangge dance or stilt walkers to powerful way to portray the World Youth Festival dance learn their techniques and skills. flavour of their homeland Gui- competition in 1955. Erdus is one At the age of 15, he began to zhou and the rough and honest of the poorest areas in Inner receive professional training, and character of its people. The two Mongolia. Jia's dance greatly soon after, to choreograph his young men use parts of trees and inspired the local people to own dances. In 1945 he came to other plants to create fine struggle against poverty. Jia drew Beijing and presented several solo examples of southwestern Chinese inspiration from the life of the dances, focusing on national spirit log art. native people, their religious and his love for the homeland. In The men who studied fine arts in ceremonies and folk dances. The 1947 he joined the Song and college and used to be members of vigorous steps and powerful Dance Ensemble of the Inner a geological team, use the bark, movements effectively represent Mongolian area and worked with branches, wood of different the bold, uninhabited character of the group until 1977. During these natural colours and growth rings the Mongols. Jia's "Erdus Dance" years he created many dances of the trees and plants of Guizhou has contributed much to the way presenting the life of the to produce strori^'arttstic effects.

32 SEOINd ^^6^, MARCH 7-n,'¥^ In January, Chen and Lu leaves and nuts of bamboo and are created not by showing things brought hundreds of their log art other trees and all sorts of woody, as they really are, but by works to an exhibition in Beijing. vine and herbaceous plants grown exaggeration and omission. By The show attracted a large in Guizhou Province to create this method, the artist was seeking audience. their log art works. to show that all things in the The works have no titles and are universe are connected. To identified only by number. "We The plant parts are cut up into emphasize the friendly relation• leave our works to the viewers' thousands of pieces of various ship of all things in the universe, imagination," one of the artists sizes and glued on to a plywood the female wears a good luck said. frame. The artists use about 30 charm — a longevity lock —with methods to shape the pieces, Chen and Lu discovered that a Chinese character meaning including sawing and slicing. the world under a microscope is a "harmony" on it. The 3-metre-high work dis• combination of geometric figures The No.050 work gives a sense played at the centre of the with various colours and shapes, of warmth and kindness, as well as exhibition hall showed how whose richness is no less than that being very decorative. Its back• powerful Guizhou local art can be. of the world we can see with our ground is made up of small pieces One side of it is a male figure and naked eyes. They also found some of bevelled wood. In the middle, the other a female, with 15 sprays interesting relations between these there is a nest built of several dry extending around the whole work. patterns and the designs used by branches, from which three small A small moon with a bright side China's minority nationalities in squirrels raise their heads to look and a dark side hangs on each their traditional folk art and outside. The work conveys a sense spray. handicrafts. Inspired by these that the small appealing animals discoveries, the artists started to At first glance, the piece looks are anxiously waiting for their use the bI;^cl^g(J^steIps, roots. abstract. Images of the two figures mother's return.

^ING REVIEW, MAfV2^ 7-13,,1,9^? 33 m CULTURE/SCIENCE

The No.044 work shows Cliff Paintings sive cultural exchanges were different aspects of various plants. carried out on the grasslands of Its background — inlaid with Along Altay Range north Asia in ancient times. They small slices of vine which have rich also provide a good opportunity and colourful rings — looks like a fter years of research, Zhao to study the rock paintings" fabric of wax printing. White spots AYangfeng has completed an emergence, form and content. in the middle of the slices look like important work entitled China's The Altay cliff paintings have cat's eyes. The background is Altay Cliff Paintings. The book is been found one after another since thickly studded with thorns, each about a gallery of ancient cliff 1982, and all of them are well about 10 centimetres long, sharp paintings, which was discovered in preserved. They reflect ancient and rough, conveying a feeling of 1982 by Zhao, a member of an social life, communal marriage, strength and power. archaeological team under the fights among the different tribes, The No.038 work tries to Centre for the Preservation of scenes of leisure after work, local express a certain philosophy. On Cultural Relics. dances, breathtaking acrobatics the background, covered with The gallery is about 1,000 performances, the worship of gods small round slices, a person with kilometres long and includes more and the solemn offering of dishevelled hair, showing half a than 10,000 rock paintings sacrifices to gods or ancestors. face, stretches two hands to grasp scattered in more than 40 places in In ancient times, the nomads of one of the branches above. The the Altay Mountains in north• the Altay region paid close branch is bent almost to the point western China. It is one of the attenfion to the rock paintings. All of breaking under the pressure. It largest groups of cliff paintings of the paintings show fine is easy to imagine that this ever found in the country. workmanship. Moreover, their "person" has just showed his head Most of these rock paintings are subjects were not only drawn from to see this new world but faces scattered in the deep gorges the life of the local people. For great danger because his support is which were passageways for example, they include one- going to break. nomads in ancient times. The rock humped camels, which had by Wei Liming paintings of the Altay Mountains disappeared from the area many and the Yinshan Mountains in years before. Inner Mongolia, as well as those in According to Zhao's analysis, the People's Republic of Mon• the earliest Altay paintings could golia and Siberia, generally share have been done in the 2nd century common topics and creative BC and the latest after the Tang methods. They show that exten- Dynasty (6l%mf). •

34 BEIJING ReV(IEW, MARCH 7-13, \9m Great Wall Research Station from afar.

The Chinese at the pole

Finding a whale's vetebra

South pole sketches by Chen Yadan, the first woman artist from the mainland of China to reach the pole. Her works was romantic and filled with sentiment. Born in 1 942 in Zhejiang province, Chen is now teaching in the Central Academy of Applied Arts. How do you do penquin Encyclopedia of -w New China

MB

The Encyclopedia of New China is the first truly comprehensive reference book on China since the founding of the 111 People's Republic.

3 The Encyclopedia of New China IS covers systematically every aspect of I China's development from its politics,

economy, society, culture, military affairs o and foreign relations to its art and z literature since the creation of New China to 1986. Emphasis is on the progress and accomplishments made in recent years.

Written concisely and based on reliable materials, the book provides many tables, maps, important documents, reference materials on foreign economic legislation, a brief guide to China's leading officials and a chronology of the events of 1949-85.

Hardback, 260 x 184 mm, about 1,000 pages, 200 colour and black-and- white pictures.

Publisher: Foreign Languages Press, Beijing (37), China y^UJy Distributor: China International Book Trading Corporation (Guoii Shudian), P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China