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'Combatting Terrorism' ‘Combatting terrorism’ A comparative analysis of the counter-terrorism strategies of Australia and the UK. Nina Pilmeyer ANR 239032 Bachelor’s Thesis Liberal Arts and Sciences Major Law in Europe Faculty of Humanities and Digital Sciences Tilburg University, Tilburg Supervisor: mr. E. Filius Second Reader: S.R.B. Walther June 2019 Acknowledgments Throughout writing my bachelor thesis, I have received a lot of support and assistance. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor mr. E. Filius, whose expertise and feedback were invaluable in the structuring of this thesis and who was always there for me to help me, answer my questions and give me feedback. Your guidance has been very valuable and you helped me in successfully completing my thesis. Moreover, I would like to acknowledge Mr. Hurley, who was one of my professors when I was studying in Australia, for his help in formulating a research topic and for offering his help at all time. Your expertise and support have greatly helped me in writing this thesis. In addition, I would like to thank my parents for giving their wise advice and supporting me. I can always count on you. Finally, there are my friends and family, who were of great support in giving me advice, encouraging me and providing happy distraction to the rest of my mind outside of my thesis. 1 Abstract This bachelor thesis addresses the problem of terrorism and countering terrorism in the context of the siege that happened in Sydney in 2014. It is questioned and examined whether Australia can use the United Kingdom’s procedures and policies related to countering terrorism as a source of information and inspiration to improve and reinforce their counter-terrorism strategy. Terrorism is not uncommon in the world and goes back for a long time. After the terror attacks of 9/11, the fear among society increased, and countries all over the globe reinforced and intensified their counterterrorism measures. States adhere to different procedures and policies to counter terrorism. Although the changing nature of international terrorism is covered by a lot of academic literature, there is a lack of academic research and analysis on comparing different countries’ counter-terrorism strategies.1 Studies that do address this issue are often more interested in the strategy and policies of America than with other international counterterrorism strategies. Therefore, this thesis will examine the counter-terrorism strategy and procedures of a country which has been mostly ‘free’ from terrorism: Australia. The hypothesis is that Australia’s counterterrorism strategies and policies in practice do not function as effectively and smoothly as policymakers and the government intended when comprehending them. Close examination and analysis of Australia’s organisation, structure, policies, and intelligence agencies will disclose problematic issues in their counter-terrorism strategy. By means of analysing the United Kingdom’s approach, the counter-terrorism strategies of these two countries will be compared and analysed in a legal comparison and it will be researched whether Australia, in order to improve and reinforce their counterterrorism model, can use the United Kingdom’s procedures and policies related to countering terrorism as a source of information and inspiration. 1 Andrew O’Neil, ‘Degrading and Managing Risk: Assessing Australia’s Counter-Terrorist Strategy’ [2007] 42(3) Australian Journal of Political Science 471. 2 List of Abbreviations AFP: Australian Federal Police AIC: Australian Intelligence Community ANZCTC: Australia-New Zealand Counter-Terrorism Committee ASIO: Australian Security Intelligence Organisation CT&STC: Counter Terrorism and Special Tactics Command ECHR: European Convention on Human Rights ECtHR: European Court of Human Rights EU: European Union GCHQ: Government Communications Headquarters IGA: Intergovernmental Agreement on Australia’s National Counter-Terrorism Arrangements IGIS: Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security ISA 1994: Intelligence Services Act 1994 ISC: Intelligence and Security Committee JAG: Joint Analysis Group JCTT: Joint Counter-Terrorism Team JIG: Joint Intelligence Group JTAC: Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre MI5: Military Intelligence Section 5 NATP: National Anti-Terrorist Plan NCTP: National Counter Terrorism Committee NSH: National Security Hotline NSW: New South Wales NSWPF: New South Wales Police Force OSCT: Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism PTG: Police Tactical Group RIPA 2000: Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000. SAC-PAV: Standing Advisory Committee on Commonwealth/State Cooperation for Protection against Violence SBs: Special Branches SIS: Secret Intelligence Service 3 SOP: Standard Operating Procedures SSA 1989: Security Services Act 1989 TFEU: Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union UK: United Kingdom UNOCT: United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism 4 Table of Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................. 1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 2 List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 7 1.1 Problem introduction ............................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Introduction to concepts ........................................................................................................................ 8 1.2.1 Definition Terrorism .............................................................................................................................. 8 1.2.2 Counterterrorism................................................................................................................................. 10 1.2.3 Counter-terrorist strategy Australia .................................................................................................... 10 1.2.4 Counterterrorism in the United Kingdom ........................................................................................... 12 1.3 Research aim and questions ................................................................................................................. 14 1.4 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................ 15 1.5 Reading guide ....................................................................................................................................... 17 2. Australia ............................................................................................................................................ 18 2.1. Introduction to terrorism and counterterrorism policies and arrangements in Australia and New South Wales ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 2.2 National bodies and arrangements ...................................................................................................... 20 2.3 Domestic legislation ............................................................................................................................. 24 2.4 Intelligence and intelligence agencies .................................................................................................. 26 2.5 Counter-terrorist initiatives in New South Wales ................................................................................. 30 2.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 33 3. The United Kingdom ......................................................................................................................... 35 3.1 Introduction to terrorism and counterterrorism policies and arrangement in the United Kingdom ..... 35 3.2 National bodies and arrangements ...................................................................................................... 38 3.2.1 PURSUE ................................................................................................................................................ 39 3.2.2 PREVENT .............................................................................................................................................. 43 3.2.3 PROTECT .............................................................................................................................................. 44 3.2.4 PREPARE .............................................................................................................................................. 44 3.3 Domestic legislation ............................................................................................................................. 45 3.4 Intelligence and intelligence agencies .................................................................................................. 48 3.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 56 4. Legal assessment
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