Smart Energy

Smart Energy Solutions for Home Area Networks and Grid-End Applications Meera Balakrishnan

Introduction Home Area Networks (HAN) Realizing long-term potential savings in a typical home environment through Local networking of electronic devices A home area network is a dedicated the means that technology, in houses and buildings offer benefits in network connecting devices in the home legislation and mindset must come a number of areas, ranging from safety such as displays, load control devices together to drive a permanent change and security to energy efficiency and and ultimately “smart appliances” in the way that energy consumption home entertainment features. Home seamlessly into the overall smart is perceived by consumers. Figure 1 area networks can be implemented via metering system. It also contains demonstrates how smart appliances are both wired and wireless solutions, using turnkey reference designs of systems interconnected within a HAN. multiple different standards, and can to monitor and control these networks. be remotely controlled and monitored Most of our high energy use today through a gateway to neighbor, wide comes from heating/cooling, cooking, HAN Market Trends area or smart grid networks. While lighting, washing and drying. These According to IMS Research, the smart grid deployments offer great home appliances are beginning to installed base of smart home networks opportunities for utilities to manage become smart with connectivity features will increase from 1.5 million homes and control energy distribution to their that allow them to be automated in 2009 to 14.7 million in 2014.1 A customers, it also gives homeowners in order to reap benefits that smart Pike research press release suggests the opportunity to better manage their metering and variable tariffs bring. that smart meters are increasingly energy usage through smart energy The utility companies are beginning to adopted by electric utility companies management. be able to better manage the energy for energy efficiency and management demand and perform load balancing and forecasts that the installed base of more efficiently. smart meters will reach 963 million units by 2020.2 Companies like Google and Microsoft are moving towards smart HomeFigure Area 1: Network Home (HAN) Area Network (HAN) energy by introducing devices such as Google power meters, Android@Home, Microsoft Hohm, etc.3 According to a Utility Companies: In-Home Home Displays, Energy Saving Services Pike Research estimate, the number Display TV, Computer Monitor and Alert Wind of home energy management users is Turbine expected to reach 63 million by 2020.4 Solar Home These numbers indicate that there is Panel Energy Residential Internet Gateway Gateway a strong growth potential in the HAN market at least for the coming decade, Light as concerns for using energy efficiently are spreading across the globe. Appliances

Consumer: Smart Smart Smart Temperature Breaker Valves Remote Control Water Gas Electric and Monitor Smart Energy 1 Gamble, John, and Michael Markides. “The World Market for Components in Utility Meters.” IMS Research - Electronics Market Research & Consultancy. IMS Research, 2008. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. imsresearch.com/ 2 “Global Installed Base of Smart Meters to Near 1 Billion Units by 2020 Pike Research.” Pike Research. Pike Research LLC. 9 Aug. 2011. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. pikeresearch.com/newsroom/global-installed-base-of-smart-meters-to-near-1-billion-units-by-2020 3 “Innovative Ideas Took Center Stage During Western Energy Institute Panel | The Burns & McDonnell World.” Burns & McDonnell. Burns & McDonnell, 26 Oct. 2011. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. burnsmcdblog.com/2011/10/26/innovative-ideas-took-center-stage-during-western-energy-institute-panel/ 4 “Home Energy Management Users to Reach 63 Million by 2020 Pike Research.” Pike Research. Pike Research LLC. 8 June 2011. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. pikeresearch.com/newsroom/home-energy-management-users-to-reach-63-million-by-2020

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Figure 2: Smart Networked Home Forecast Freescale Smart Energy Solution Smart Home Equipment Freescale’s smart energy solution

Energy Multimedia consists of a HAN with smart appliances Electricity Meters Set Top Boxes Gas Meters HDTV and electric meters on one end and Water Meters Hi-Fi Systems Appliances grid-end applications such as data HVAC Smart Plugs concentrator/aggregator, grid routers Lighting Systems HAN and grid power management and protection at the other end (refer Figure 3). The ZigBee smart energy application Security and Comfort Cameras profile addresses communication from Alarm Systems Monitoring Systems Medical meter to the HAN for purposes of load • Motion Detectors Health and Fitness • Door Locks, Key Fobs Chronic Disease Mgmt. control and demand response. Load • Window/Door Control Living Independently • Smoke/Flood/Alarm Detectors control provides the ability for the utility to turn off loads for short periods of time in the customer premises during peak Some of the key market drivers Challenges in Implementing loads, while demand response is the and influencers for home energy HAN ability for utilities to communicate with management are: The key challenge in implementing a home the changing utility rates during • Growing energy prices a HAN solution is to connect the peak times and similar details. The Reduce home energy consumption entire house/building network to the user will then have an option of taking Encourage smart consumption “external world” for remote monitoring voluntary actions to reduce personal • Service providers and control—and simultaneously consumption. Innovative services around energy to connect objects inside houses/ management and home security buildings to offer smart interoperability Utilities to take control of energy features (refer Figure 2). A key challenge usage from the consumer’s perspective is • Consumers remote controlling and monitoring Desire for monitoring/controlling for surveillance companies, while the Remote access to home challenge from the service provider’s perspective is remote metering for utility • Technology enablers companies and security monitoring for Commoditization of LAN/WAN surveillance companies. networks Maturity of low-power technologies One such example is connecting PIR (ZigBee®, Wi-Fi®, Z-Wave, etc.) sensors to heating, ventilation and • Standardization bodies air-conditioning (HVAC) and lighting Individual protocol alliances systems to turn off heating when (ZigBee, Z-wave, HomePlug, etc.) windows are open, or turn lights off when no presence is detected. • Application-oriented alliances: Summing up, the challenge in OpenHAN from UtilityAMI implementing a HAN solution is to AHEM interconnect different technologies to CECED from appliances offer smart services for: • Comfort • Automation • Security • Energy management • Health

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FigureFreescale 3: Freescale Smart Energy Smart Solution Energy Solution

Distributed Energy Resources • ZigBee® ® • GPRS • 802.15.4g • Wi-Fi Gas/Water • LTE • OFDM • M-Bus Water Heater • Ethernet • GPRS • PLM Thermostat • ADSL • WiMax • <1 GHz ISM Utilities Appliances

Utilities WAN NAN HAN Generation Distribution Solar Panels Metrology Energy Concentrator Gateway Electric Car Renewables Microgrid (Aggregator)

Power Generation, Grid Power Protection, Data Concentrator Neighborhood Area Metrology: Home Area Network (HAN): Transmission Relay/Switch Control (Aggregator): Network (NAN): Hardware that measures and Wireless/wired for load control and dynamic Monitoring and and Monitoring Sends collected data (or Wired/wireless connection controls flow of energy response by utilities to/from building Load Control: Meter communicates with Control Grid power supervision, commands) between the utility from meter to utility, either T-Stats, appliances, water heaters, pool control and network and the NAN or HAN directly or via a data System solutons for Low-End Meters pumps, electric hybrids protection system solutions, aggregator monitoring and control 8-bit MCU Demand Response: Send pricing signals to protective relays and control Data Concentrator • 9S08LL/LH/AC • MPC8308 NAN consumers for smarter energy consumption Monitoring and Control switches for the power grid • i.MX28 Wired Energy Gateway/Manager: interface to smart Systems Smart Single- and • P102x • G3 OFDM PLC on metering objects in home to monitor/control energy • MPC8xxx Power Protection Three-Phase Meters comms SoC • QorIQ • MSC9130 32-bit MCU Home Energy Management Systems Wireless • MK30 • i.MX, MPC8308, P10xx Relay/Switch Control • MC12311 • MCF51EM256 • MK30/MK10 • 8-bit MCU • Metering comms SoC • 32-bit ColdFire Water, Gas and Heat HAN Interfaces • 32-bit Kinetis • 9S08LL • ZigBee (MC13224/6) • MPC8xxx • 9S08GW64 • M-Bus (MC12311) • QorIQ • Wi-Fi, GPRS, HP-GP

Appliance Technology • 8- and 32-bit MCU and DSC • Touch sensor

RF4CE (wireless control)

Figure 4: Typical Data Concentrator Setup Energy Gateway Figure 4: Typical Data Concentrator Setup An energy gateway is the interface between the utility-controlled smart 100V AC Mains grid and energy-consuming in-house objects. Energy gateways, also known as networked smart gateways, can be Transformer RF Link designed by using either Freescale’s Concentrator low-end processors, such as the 100V MPC8308 using an e300 core, or high- AC Mains end processors, such as the QorIQ P1010/P102x using an e500 core. RF Link For further details on energy gateway solutions, please refer to the article, “Networked Smart Gateways for Energy Management and Control” in Beyond and reports vital data (Figure 4). It also Freescale offers a data concentrator Bits: Power Architecture Edition. helps synchronize the time and date reference design based on the data of utility meters to a central utility MPC8308, supporting the DLMS/ Grid-End Applications server and enables secure data transfer COSEM client/server stack. Data Aggregators/Concentrators of user authentication and encryption Data concentrator is an important information. Communication to utility component in automatic meter reading meters is comprised of an RF or (AMR). It creates the necessary network wired (power line modem) connection, infrastructure by linking several utility enabling data transfers to the central meters (electricity, gas, water, heat) to utility server via GPRS, Ethernet, GSM, the central utility server and captures POTS or UHF/VHF networks.

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Figure 5: Data Aggregator/Concentrator Implementation Using P1025

NAND/NOR DDR2 Flash

USB Local 32-bit ULPI SEC USB PHY 2.0 Bus DDR2/3

SPI e500 256 KB e500 3G Wireless Core L2 Core 2 SerDes I C 32 KB 32 KB 32 KB 32 KB I D I D (x4) UART DB9 RS232 DUART P1025 SD/ QE eTSEC1 eTSEC2 MMC

Dual SGMII SGMII Serial Line GE GE Drivers PHY PHY

DB9 DB9

Figure 6: Freescale’s Grid-End Solutions Using P1 and P2 Series QorIQ Processor Figure 6: Freescale’s Grid-End Solutions Using P1 and P2 Series QorIQ Processors

LED Status Engineering RS232 or RS485 Console

FSL-Defined Interface Utilities AMI WiMAX USB GPIO UART

FSL-Defined GPRS Interface RF Module UART UART RS485 SCADA Link Interface P2010/20 or (Optional) UMI Interface for P1020/11 Processor OFDM PLM Daughter Card TCP/IP Electricity Meter Cenetec Band A SPI FEC OFDM PLM G.hnem SPI UART SPI FEC M-Bus Gas Meter 868 MHz UMI Interface for UMI Interface for Daughter Card Daughter Card Homeplug AV Sub-1 GHz ZigBee 2.4 GHz Water Meter RF Module Interface RF Module Interface

868, 900-928 MHz 2.4 GHz

Smart Meter

The P1025, a QorIQ device built on platform for a fully featured operating Figure 6 showcases Freescale’s grid- Power Architecture® technology, system and hypervisor support for end solution for concentrator and grid offers a dual-core solution to allow a high-end data concentrator or router using P1 or P2 series QorIQ communications and applications to aggregator application. processors. coexist (see Figure 5). It provides a

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Grid Routers Freescale addresses two key concerns Grid Router Block Diagram for grid routers solution—connectivity Figure 7: Grid Router Block Diagram and security.

Local External 10/100/1000 Memory Memory Power Rail Power Connectivity Ethernet Boot Flash Boot Flash Management to 24/48V Depending on local needs, Freescale Diagnostics, xMII Control 10/100 offers a range of options for local Debug, Printer Processor MII, GMII, PHY communication that include short range GRMII, SGMII USB 10/100 wireless (around 900 MHz) through MDIO or PHY Wireless Freescale’s ZigBee alliance, power 200 to 1500+ SPI line communications (low frequency DMIPS 10/100 PoE Control PHY carriers typically below 500 kHz) using I2C Freescale’s power line modem solutions MMU for OS for local communications and options Console or from longer range communications Fieldbus UART SPI, PCI or PCI Express FPGA such as ZigBee, Wi-Fi, Ethernet, ISDN, Status Output >256 KB or ASIC HDMI, PLC, Bluetooth/BTLE, RF4CE, GPIO L2 cache or Switch Input HomePlug, Z-Wave and GPRS through Freescale’s strong alliance with several leading smart grid standards bodies Router Function and committees. For more details on Figure 7 demonstrates Freescale’s The router’s main function is to act as Freescale product families supporting grid router solution using QorIQ P1/P2 an interface between the smart meter the above alliances, please visit processors. Below are some of the key and the utility network, performed using freescale.com/smartenergy. a grid router (sometimes referred to as features that distinguish Freescale’s grid a concentrator). The role of the router is router solution: ZigBee and Smart Energy to provide a link from the utility company • High performance (100 up to 38,000 ZigBee is a low-power wireless to all local smart meters. At the heart of MIPs) communications technology designed a router lies a powerful 32-bit processor, • Built-in security functions supporting for monitoring and control of devices. ® such as QorIQ P2010/P2020 or P1020/ public and private key cryptography Based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard, P1011 multicore processors, usually ZigBee technology provides a robust • Wide range of communication ports, running a real-time operating system and reliable solution in noisy radio including Gigabit Ethernet and fast and providing high-level services such frequency (RF) environments. ZigBee serial ports, plus USB 2.0 for local features include energy detection, as communications stacks, prioritization on-board interfacing multiple levels of security, clear channel of messages, store and forwarding, • PCI Express® for FPGA interfacing assessment and the ability to cover network routing and discovery. large areas with routers and channel agility. These features help devices pick the best possible channel and avoid other wireless networks such as Wi-Fi Figure 8: ZigBeeZigBee® and TechnologySmart Energy and Smart Energy while the message acknowledgement feature ensures that the data was delivered to its destination. Freescale High-Performance Platforms MC13224 MC13226 also supports less than 1 GHz 2.4 GHz Platform 2.4 GHz ZigBee Pro ROM 32-bit ARM® frequencies using the MC12311 wireless transceiver. Today, the WMBUS stack is supported on this device. Freescale Cost Efficient provides the building blocks needed Platforms MC1321x MC13233 2.4 GHz SIP 2.4 GHz SoC for both ZigBee and ZigBee Pro feature 8-bit HCS08 8-bit HCS08 60 KB Flash, 4 KB RAM 82 KB Flash, 5 KB RAM sets including hardware, software, tools and reference designs. One solution, one provider—built, tested, compatible RF Transceivers and ready for integration. MC1320x 2.4 GHz RFIC

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Power Breaker Controller Block Figure 9: Power Breaker Controller Block Adding power meter functions in the power breaker provides more information on grid performance and Flash Display Power loading. MPUs run supervisory, control Management SRAM and data acquisition (SCADA) for substation control and must have fast

LCDC response times for the management of transient events (such as surges). Multiple Multiple Data Capture Communications ADC Op Amps and Data Process (Power Architecture/FPGA) Input (Power Architecture/FPGA) Highly Efficient Power

Ethernet Ethernet Low power operation is also an Multi-channel input important consideration for MPU choice. Fanless operation greatly improves Security Grid Power Management and overall system reliability as these units With so many forms of communication, Protection may be installed in remote substations security of these communications Electricity substations are under and have a long maintenance cycle. and that of the grid is paramount. increasing pressure to provide Power Architecture products are highly The PowerQUICC and QorIQ families functionality to actively manage the efficient and many are designed for support an expansive range of security local grid. Deployment of new, high- fanless operation delivering GHz class protocols and functions for both performance power controller systems performance in under 3 Watts. private and public key cryptography to is now common across all regions as help ensure these links are protected utility companies attempt to stay one Conclusion from external attacks. For low data step ahead of the technical challenges The need for more efficient use of rate communication, AES and DES they face. Power relay controllers energy has led to the growth of the are commonly used. Since these are must manage surges and loading on smart grid. Companies and government private key cryptography functions, the grid locally. Real-time control is are enabling this management through extra care is needed to help to ensure essential to maintain grid integrity. the deployment of devices designed to system integrity. QorIQ MPUs provide This is accomplished using the IEEE® efficiently manage power in the home secure on-board storage of the keys 1588 protocol, which is supported and on the grid network. With best-in- to provide enhanced security for local on many PowerQUICC and QorIQ class development tools, an extended communication. families. A move toward cost-effective range of connectivity solutions and a functional integration brings the focus broad partner ecosystem, Freescale toward multicore MPUs. Freescale’s offers the most appropriate solutions for QorIQ families provide processors smart homes. with up to eight cores. Today, dual core is adequate with products like the P1020 providing a cost effective, comprehensive range of fast serial communications and dual-core performance.

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