Report Resum'es

REPORT RESUM'ES

ED 013 979 24 AA 000 247 A SURVEY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH ON POLITICAL LEARNING AND SOCIALIZATION. BY- DENNIS, JACK WISCONSIN UNIV., MADISON REPORT NUMBER BR-5-..0216...0P-8 PUB DATE APR 67 CONTRACT OEC-5-10-154 EDRS PRICE MF-$0.25 HC..$1.24 29P.

DESCRIPTORS.... *POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION, SURVEYS, *BIBLIOGRAPHIES, *SOCIAL INFLUENCES, *RESEARCH REVIEWS (PUBLICATIONS), RESEARCH NEEDS, *POLITICAL ATTITUDES, *SOCIAL ATTITUDES

A GENERAL SURVEY WAS MADE OF RESEARCH AND LITERATURE IN THE FIELD OF POLITICAL LEARNING AND SOCIALIZATION, AND A GIBLIOGRAPHY WAS PREPARED. THE SURVEY WAS MADE TO PROVIDE AN INDICATION OF THE MAIN CURRENTS OF STUDY OF CHILDREN'S LEARNING OF POLITICAL CONCEPTS. THE SURVEY INCLUDED MAJOR SUBSTANTIVE PROBLEMS OF POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION RESEARCH(1) SYSTEM RELEVANCE, (2) CONTENT,(3) MATURATION, (4) GENERATIONS, (5) CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES, (6) GROUP DIFFERENCES, (7) THE LEARNING PROCESS,(8) THE AGENCIES, :9) EXTENT, AND (10) SPECIALIZED POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION. THE BIBLIOGRAPHY CONSISTED OF PUBLISHED AND FORTHCOMING WORKS ON POLITICAL LEARNING AND SOCIALIZATION. THE AUTHOR CONCLUDED THAT (1) THE RESEARCH AREA OF POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION EXHIBITED BOUNDARY INDETERMINACIES AND (2) ALTHOUGH THE BOUNDARIES OF THE AREA WERE SOMEWHAT BLURRED, IT WAS REGARDED AS AN IMPORTANT AREA OF RESEARCH FOR POLITICAL AND OTHER SOCIAL SCIENTISTS. (AL) ..t .

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1.01, WISCONSIN RESEARCH AND DEVELPPMENT el 0 Ptit CENTER FOR COGNITIVE LEARNING Occasional Paper No. 8

A SURVEY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH

ON POLITICAL LEARNING AND SOCIALIZATION

Jack Dennis Assistant Professor of Political Science With the assistance of Irvin H. Bromall and Margaret Colvin Tropp

Wisconsin Research and Development Center for Cognitive Learning The University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin April 1967

The research reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the United States Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, under the provisions of the Cooperative Research Program.

Center No. C -03 / Contract OE 5-10-154 .01 411,-. FINNINFM,

FOREWORD

To contribute to an understanding of, and theimprovement of educational practices related to, cognitive learning by children andyouth is the goal of the Wisconsin R &D Center. Of primaryconcern are the learning of concepts and the nurturing of related cognitive skills.Conditions within the learner and conditions within the learning situationare also relevant areas of research and development. In the study of children's learning of politicalconcepts, Professor Dennis and his assistants have compiledan extensive bibliography of published and forthcoming works as a first step in the synthesis ofthe existing knowledge in the developing area of political socializationresearch. The value of the bibliography alone to researchers and curriculum developersis considerable. By introducing the bibliography witha survey of political socialization research in which he identifies ten basic problem dimensionsand uses existing empirical hypotheses to illustrate the dimensions, Professor Dennisemphasizes the extent of research that has been completed while givingthe political and social scientist an introduction to the emerging field ofpolitical socialization and a foundation for ase of the bibliography. Herbert J. Klausmeier Co-Director for Research

iii PREFACE

The forms which synthesis of existingknowledge may take aremany, ranging from isolation of grand, unifying principles to the cataloguingof tested hypotheses.The present work attempts neither of these tasks, although itcould serve as a first step toward their eventual accomplishment. What is attempted here is to give an indication of the main currents ofa aewly developing aca- demic area.It consists of two parts: (1) a generalsurvey of the major substantive problems of political socialization research, (2)a bibliography of published workr, on political learning and socializationincluding those about to be published. The preparation of the generalsurvey has been the sole responsibility of the principal author.In the preparation of the bibliography, however, considerable assistance in investigating items of potential relevance has been given by Irvin H. Bromail and Margaret Colvin Tropp.Less extensive, but nonetheless valuable help has been providedat various points by Keith R. Billingsley, Reid R. Reading, and Sondra Thorson.

J. D. CONTENTS

page Abstract ix

I.Survey of the Political Learning and Socialization Literature 1

Definition of Political Socialization 2 Other Criteria of Inclusion 3 The Main Areas of Political Socialization Research 3 System-Relevance 4 Content 4 Maturation 5 Generations 5 Cross - Cultural Differences 6 Group Differences 6 The Learning Process 6 The Agencies Extent Specialized Political Socialization Conclusion 8 Notes

II.Bibliography of Published and Forthcoming Workson Political Learning and Socialization 11

Appendix 23

vii ABSTRACT

The newly developing research field of political socialization can be defined in terms of studies which focus upon individual acquisition and intergenerational transmission of political orientationsparticularly orientations which bear upon stability and change of the political system.The field has experienced remarkable growth in roughly the last fifteen years. Evidence of this growth is found in the bibliography presented herein.In addition, ten basic problem dimensions emerge from this literature, only a few of which have been explored in any but preliminary fashion.These dimensions are illustrated by some of the existing empirical hypotheses. Most of the work of the field still remains to be done; nonetheless, there has been a substantial degree of activity of which even the practicing researcher in this field is unlikely to be fully aware.

ix SURVEY OF THE POLITICAL LEARNING AND SOCIALIZATION UTERATURE

In the political and social science of the of the present survey and bibliography to com- last decade has emerged a new specializa- municate the developments that have appeared. tionthe study of political socialization.It It is hoped that this guide to the literature represents a shift in direction of scholarly will enable the student to trace the progress interest in the relation of the educational sys- made through 1966 and thus encourage new tem to the polity.The great philosophers of initiative s. politic s and education of the pastPlato, Aris- The study of political socialization as pre s - totle, Rousseau, Mill, deTocqueville, Freud, ently conceived is a natural meeting ground Dewey and othershad provided a rich lore for a number of social and behavioral disci- of speculation about the induction of new mem- plines.It blends the perspective of the be- bers into the political system and their learn- havioral political scientist with that of the ing of politically relevant concepts, values, general learning theorist.It depends also and expectations. But it is only recently that upon contributions from politic al sociologists, investigation of political socialization has be- anthropologists, psychologists, and special- gun to transform this speculation into a reli- ists in a number of educational and psycho- able understanding of what these phenomena logical specialties, such as child development are actually like. and social studies curriculum development. This is not to say that the present empirical Inpart, this richness of cross-disciplinary emphasis is without its forerunners. Precur- interest complicates life for anyone who at- sory efforts occurred as early as the turn of tempts, as here, to overview the field. Some the century, but none made any immediate or indistinctness of boundaries occurs no matter lasting impact upon scholarship.' They served how the area is defined.It is difficult, for neither to focus the field of inquiry, nor to example, to say just where general socializa- provide points of embarkation for subsequent tion stops and political socialization begins in research.The one series of investigations many concrete instances. There is a general made before World War II which might have assumption underlying much of this research turned investigation in its contemporary di- that political learning can be to a large degree rection was the series on civic training led by separated from other learning and that it may Charles E. Merriam. 2 But these studies lay proceed in ways unlike concept development dormant in scholarship for over a generation. in mathematics, grammar, or other subject Social scientists were too preoccupied with fields. In the published data there is much to other matters to follow the lead of Merriam suggest that this assumption is tenable in that and his colleagues. the young American child in the elementary Part of the latter preoccupation was perti- school, for example, has already learned nent to recent progress, howeverparticu- many things about the political system that are larly the development of new research methods quit e removed from his ordinary daily experi- and the growth of greater interdisciplinary ence and probably unconnected to other sub- awareness and cooperation.With new maps ject areas that he is learning about. 4 and machinery, what had for centuries re- To assert therefore that political learning mained an area of philosophical speculation is worth studying in its own right makes nec- began to be changed in the last decade into a essary a specification of its scope and limits. field of knowledge. This is especially important for a task such Progress has not yet gone very far. Never - as the present one. This introduction will give theless, advances have come about of which an "operational" definition of boundaries by both the student of politics and the learning specifying what is to be included in the field specialist are apt to be unaware. It is the task of political socialization research and thus

1 what is to be studied about political learning. and resocialization continue through the life This delimitation will involve three steps: (1) span of the individual. Because of this, polit- defining what is meant by "political sociali- ical socialization research must attend to zation"; (2) discussing other criteria of in- more than formal citizenship education and clusion which are relevant to this compilation early political learning in the family.The of studies; and (3) outlining the major prob- great emphasis throughout this literature is lem dimensions of the field of political social- upon the variety of formative periods and pos- ization research as it is developing, including sible influences on political behavior. with the outline some illustrative hypotheses To define socialization thus takes us some from the existing studies. distance in specifying criteria of inclusion. We still need to know what is meant by political, however. The working definition which DEFINITION OF POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION has been employed here is that of Easton, viz. ,"the authoritative allocation of values At the broadest leva, "political socializa- for a society. "8 The objects and relationships tion refers to the way in which society trans- which bear upon this allocation in some fairly mits political orientationsknowledge, atti- direct wayincluding both formal and informal tudes or norms, and valuesfrom generation institutions and processes of the political sys- to generation. "5The term socialization en- tem are included by the formula. It includes compasses more generally the special set of most of the things we ordinarily think of when teaching and learning processes which serve we talk about politics in the wider political to make the memberespecially the new mem- systemwhether international, national, ber fit for cooperative group life. It entails state, provincial, local, or even those more adjustment of the socializee's orientations and functionally specialized systems such as behaviors to conform to the needs of or- school districts and supra-national, limited dered social system, to other special demands political systems like the European of the culture, and to the individual's roles in Community. society.Thus, the content of socialization is One trichotomization of these system ob- culturally defined and societally approved. It jects and relationships which Easton provides assumes that new members do not automati- is important for the present identification of cally make their adjustment without society's the orientations and behavior to which political help, and it assumes that it is dysfunctional socialization is directed. These three levels to society and to the individual for him to at- of the political system are the government tempt to make a fresh adjustment every time (nr authorities), the regime, and the political a new social role must be played.The great community.The authorities are the day-to- emphasis is upon change, growth, develop- day occupants of the more important political ment, or learning of behavior patterns over roles. The regime is the structure of author- time.This learning may serve to preserve itythe form of the political order including traditional patterns and values, which is its norms and rules of the game which determine usual societal effect, or, when the young are the character of authoritative roles. And the brought up to a set of expectations different political community consists of a shared di- from those of their forebears,it can be a vision of political labor among a group of peo- primary vehicle of social change. 6 ple who settle their problems peaceably and In order to include studies which bear upon in common. 9 political socialization from the above per spec - In the bibliography below, items bearing tive, the present survey is focused especially on each of these three major areas of political upon research on development, growth, or the content are included. Hyman's synthesis, for process of attainment of political orientations example, bears m a inl y upon governmental and behaviors.The change, for the individ- level orientations, e.g. , party identifica- ual, from uninitiated to initiated member of tion. 10The two Easton and Dennis studies, the polity is crucial.A discussion of such "The Child's Image of Government" and "The development necessarily encompasses por- Child's Acquisition of Regime Norms: Polit- tions of the "youth" literature on politics be- ical Efficacy, " illustrate research relative to cause youth is a period during which political the regime level. 11 The Piaget and Weil ar- expectations and values develop rapidly and ticle on "The Development in Children of the widely among many sector s of the population. 7 Idea of the Homeland and Relations with Other Development does not stop on the threshold Countries" deals with recognition of the polit- of adulthood, however. Political maturation ical community.12These three levels are a

2 primary part of the overall definition of the texts are included. Also excluded is a subject content of political socialization as conceived closely connected to the study of political so- here; thus they are essential to the task of de- cialization in the minds of political scientists, tecting contributions to the field of inquiry. viz. , political recruitment.It is not always A major reason for this emphasis is that possible to disentangle th e two i n specific these three levels of the system (and of orien- pieces of research. Many works on political tation) are closely connected to a central the- elites deal with both topics more or less si- oretical problem of political socialization re- multaneously. The approach here has been to search: how the content and circumstances exclude the recruitment research except for of intergenerational transmission of political studies containing separate sections distinctly values, beliefs, concepts, and attitudes affect concerned with the processes of political support for the s: stem at each level.The learning. natural interest of the political scientist is in There has been an attempt, furthermore, supportive or disruptive influences upon given not to bias the collection either in favor of and assumed patterns of political organization. mass-oriented o r elite-orientedliterature. A central class of questions, therefore, con- The systematic empirical work done in the cerns what it is about political socialization field favors the former, however. It should be that constitutes either supportive or disruptive noted that the field is weighted on the side of influence on government, regime, or political studies of youthful political learning, more- community.These factors may have to do over.Thus, one finds relatively few pieces with political socialization' s content, patterns on adult, activist, or elite political socializa- tf individual development, agencies, or a va- tion except for rather informal, biographic, riety of other things that will he spelled out and impressionistic types. The dross rate in below.Students of politics are interested in the latter was too high,it was felt, for in- most of the questions other social scientists clusion here. would be conc erned with in studying these phe- The main interest has been throughout in nomena, but a primary political perspective quantitative empiricaStudies th o s e using is upon how collectivities of individuals grow- accepted social science methodology to arrive ing up in a political society become adjusted at generalizable and reliable conclusions. A or unadjusted to existing patterns of political few more speculative pieces are included, but organization and provide, therefore, condi- mainly because they advance empirically test- tions which, bolster or undermine the persis- able, theoretically worthwhile propositions or tence and stability of the political order. they summarize the empirical findings of others. This compilation like any other, therefore, OTHER CRITERIA OF INCLUSION will not serve equally well the interests of everyone who uses it.But, given some bias It is hoped that this survey will serve the toward the special interests of the political purposes and concerns of others in addition to scientist, it should be of some help to every- the political scientist. In surveying the jour- one who is interested in seeing what has been nals and other works from 1950-1966 (and the accomplished to this point. journals surveyed are listed in the Appendix), the works chosen for inclusion are of special interest to political science, even though po- THE MAIN AREAS OF POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION litical scientists working with a well-devel- RESEARCH oped concept of political socialization did not In collecting this literature, it has proved produce the majority of them.On the other convenient to identify the major problems of hand, there has been an attempt to expand def- political socialization research. This identi- initional horizons enough to take account of ficationhas been made in part from the topics interests in this subject outside political sci- the researchers have chosen, in part from ence.13 While a major purpose of the com- other attempts to lay out the field, and in part pilation is to inform political scientists about from an attempt to define more broadly the progress in this field, it is hoped that it has scope of the empirical endeavors. Ten pres- utility for other social scientists as well. ent, major questions or problem dimensions In general, items have been excluded which are identified.Except for the tenthwhich concern nonpolitical socialization, although a has come into focus more recentlythese have few of these topics such as growth or orienta- been spelled out in greater detail elsewhere.14 tions toward authorities in quasi-political con- Thus, description of them here can be brief.

3 They are presented because it is believed that the process of maturation. "16 These two are their recognition will aid seeing how the many linkage hypotheses of a most general type. bits and pieces of research in this area could A third, more limited hypothesis which at some future time add up to a cumulative makes this connection is one proposed by and more general understanding. The ten Converse and Dupeux. They say, relative to areas are: French political socialization:

1. System-relevance of political Partisan attachments appear therefore to socialization be weakly developed within the less politi- 2. Varieties of content of political cally involved half of the French electorate. socialization While undoubtedly a large variety of fac- 3. Political socialization across the life tors, including the notoriety which the cycle French parties had acquired in the later 4. Political socialization across stages of the Fourth Republic, have helped generations to inhibit their development, more basic 5. Political socialization across different discontinuities of political socialization in the French family appear to be making some political systems 17 6. Political socialization as it varies be- persisting contribution as well. tween subgroups and subcultures of a society Together these three hypotheses typify signif- 7. The political learning process icant generalizations connecting political so- 8. The agencies of political socialization cialization to the rest of the political system. 9. The relative effects upon different in- This kind of proposition may serve either as dividuals or the e xt ent of political a premise or as an ultimate goal of analysis socialization of political scientists who carry on this re- 10. Specialized (especially elite) political search. Sofar, suchpropositionshave served socialization more as theoretical frames of reference than as objects of empirical research. A given piece of research may fall into several of these analytically distinct areas. For example, a study which attempts to trace Content the age-related development of particular ori- Asecond broad dimension of political so- entations (say political issue sensitivity) falls cialization r e s e a r c h concerns its content. into Categories 2 and 3.If it then considers, What is transmitted from generation to gen- in addition, sex or social class differences in eration?Which values, attitudes,beliefs, this age-related development of orientations, expectations, concepts, motivations, skills, it is included also under Category 6. personality traits, etc. are articulated or re- articulated in the orientations and behaviors of new generations of members? There are System-Relevance two central aspects of this content: the kinds The most important aspect of political of objects and relationships to which orienta- socialization for many political scientists is tions or other learning refer and the types of its effects upon the rest of the political sys- learningknowledge, perceptions,evalua- tem. They ask, "What impact does it have tions, etc. upon political life?"One of the general hy- For example, one type of primary object potheses relative to this basic question is that of political 1 ear ning is political authority. "no system can attain or remain in a condi- The new member learns about the relation- tion of integration unless it succeeds in de- ship he is expected to have to chief executive veloping among its members a body of shared officers of the state, members of representa- knowledge about political matters as well as tive organizations, law enforcement officials, a set of shared politic al values and atti- administrative officials, judicial authorities, tudes. "15Another quite general hypothesis as well as to authoritative institutions such as of this same species is that "all political sys- the U.S. Congress or to the whole political tems tend to perpetuate their cultures and order represented, for example, by "the structures through time, and that they do this government." mainly by means of the socializing influences An illustrative hypothesis in the context of of the primary and secondary structures childhood socialization would be: through which the young of the society pass in

4 The New Haven findingsmay be summa- favorable opinions about such aspects of rized as follows:children are at leastas the political structure as the Presidency, likely as adults to perceive high political Congress,or "our government" in roles as being important; theyseem to be general. 19 m o r e sympathetic t o individual Ivaders (and, in g en e r al, to politics) thanare Chusixen clearly are first aware of federal adults; in at least somecases their actual and local government; understanding of images of political leadersare qualitative- state government ordinarily does not come ly different from the imagesone would ex- until s ixt1-_, grade and even among sixth pect adults to hold, 'specially in theem- graders there is le s s awareness of who phasis on be-lignancy; and most important, occupies the governorship than there is the widespread adult political cynicism and awareness of the incumbent president and distrust does notseem to have developed mayor among fourth graders. The federal by eighth grade. 18 level is the first at which there is "full" understanding in the sense of awareness of As one can readily understand,a great va- both the execuive (the President and his riety of objects and relationshipsserve as duties) and legislat13.re (Congress). 2° foci of political socialization,ranging from the most generale.g. ,the whole system, These are but two examples of a wide range its fundamental levels, its input, output,or of findings on the developmental sequence of conversionprocessesto the most specific political learning, another area where knowl- politician x or local issuey. Several types edge is beginning to accumulate. of political learningcome into play, ranging from general organizations of orientationsas in political ideology, personality,or culture Generations to specific p s y c h i c phenomenaattitudes, A. second temporal dimension of political cognitions, images, and the like.Only a few socialization is generational variation or sim- of the most important of these learningtypes ilarity. Whereas maturation refers to the have been explored to the present. But,rela- individual person's development of orienta- tive to most other dimensions of the overall tions throughout his life, generational varia- problem, this is one of theareas where knowl- tion is concerned with shifts in the state of the edge is presently richest. political system which become reflected in the adjustments to politics made by different age Maturation group:, or cohorts. Generational differences come about because of differences in experi- A third dimension is that of individual de- ence of members of society who are born at velopment across the life cycle.If the cir- diverse points in history, and these differ- cumstances of political learning are likely to ences become incorporated into the stream of affect greatly its character and relative tran- political learning. sience or permanence, then the developmental Such differences may in part overlap with staging of political socializationcomes to be other factors so that the generational effects of primary scholarly interest.The kinds of per se become difficult to untangle.This is questions that are usually asked in this regard particularly the case fpr such aging or life- are "When doe s political learning begin?" cycle phenomena as "t e e n-a g e rebellion. " "How rapidly does it take place?" "Whatare Such rebellion, if it occurs, does so both with- the most crucial developmental periods?" in the context of differences inexperience be- "When, if ever, does it terminate?" tween the generations and within the domain Some hypotheses that havecome out of de- of the life cycle, e. g., the loosening of famil- velopmentally oriented research include the ial bonds by the adolescent as part of growing following: up.It also overlaps in this case a special social agency relationship, that with the so- Our pre-testing suggests that, as withre- cializee' s family. gard to the political community, ina rela- The literature dealing with generational tively stable system s u c has the United phenomena E9r separtialling out effects of States firm bonds are welded to the struc- life cycle or family relationships- -is fairly ture of the regime quite early in childhood. sparse at this point, but some hypotheses have By the time children reach the 7th and 8th been put forward.One is:"Probably there grades, most of them have developed highly are (in the U.S.) fairly significant genera-

5 tional effects in the area of partisan affiliation ical groups in politics is that of subcultural that result from the impact of the Great De- or group differences in political socialization. pression and New Deal. "21Another similar Evidence has been generated, for example, hypothesis is: "The fact that the student group that the sexes in the U.S. exhibit different with which we are concerned has come of age patterns of political learning, which are ap- politically in a conservative period whereas parently reflected in later disparities between their parents came of age politically in a lib- male and female political behavior.Socio- eral period should operate to differentiate the economic, religious, ethnic, regional, or two generations. "22 This is one of the areas other groupings could also serve as bases of of political socialization research where least continuing variation in politico-cultural trans- is known. mission.Fred Greenstein reports findings of sex differences in political socialization from his New Haven study: Cross - Cultural Differences One of the "spatial" aspects of these phe- Here we see that sex differences in polit- nomena is their variability across different ical response of the same sort which have political systems. Cros s -cultural differences been reported since the turn of the century and similarities are perhaps one of the most were still present in 1958, in this group of readily fascinating features of political so- urban, Northern children.Not all of the cialization for the political scientist.If sys- questionnaire responses differentiate be- tematic differences among nations are found, tween boys and girls; but on those that do, then, on the more general theories relating boys are always "more political. "24 political socialization to s y s t em stability, change and persistence, an account can be There are many differences among various given of subsequent variations in behavior of strata or groupings which have apparent polit- these systems. ical consequence; but only a few, including The cross-cultural differences o r simi- sex and social class, have been given much larities may be of many kindsin fact, they attention in the published work on political could vary on all of the other aspects men- socialization. tioned above and below.In some societies political socializationmay play a greater supportive role relative to other means for allow- The Learning Process ing the system to persist than in others. The Another potential area of concern is the content of political learning is likely to be dif- more amorphous and untouched problem of ferent across societies as w e 11.Equally, how political learning takes place.It is not some systems mayput great stress upon ear- so much the question of which agencies are ly,school-related learningwhich appears responsible for which kinds of content at which to be the case in the U.S. whereas others point in the life cycle or across generations, say Britainappear not to do so. societies, or subgroups, so much as it is the An illustrative hypothesis from the limited, question of what the processes of teaching and cross-cultural literature would be the follow- learning look like relative to other subject ing: "In the United States, Britain, Germany, matters. Do people learn politics in the same and Mexico, on both levels of educational at- way that they learn arithmetic, spelling, or tainment, and in Italy among those with pri- grammar? What kind of model describes this mary education, remembered participation in learning's progressa gradual, incremental school discussions and debates is related to model or one showing abrupt changes?Is it an increased sense of political efficacy. "23 something which proceeds in set fashion; or Hypotheses of this kind which have an empir- is it essentially a random process? Are af- ical base are as yet difficult to find in the po- fective and cognitive learning processes quite litical socialization literature. This is one of different and separated in this area, o r is the areas, therefore, where most of the work there similarity and simultaneity b e t w e en still remains to be done. them? Is there simple transference from nonpolitical learning (e. g., aboutauthorities) to the political realm?Is learning mostly Group Differences indirect, latent and unconscious, or the re- Another type of variation of substantial in- verse? A host of questions are present here. terest to political scientists who are concerned The literature unfortunately leaves most of with the role of different status or geograph- them unanswered.

6 One hypothesis that has been advancedis As we see, progress has been made here, that several d' fferent learning modelsare in- but a great deal needs doing on this issue as volved for a complexarea of learning such as well as on a number of other agency-related this. Robert Hess proposes threemajor mod- questions. els "unit-acc retion, " "interpersonal-transfer, '1 and "c og ni t iv e-developmental"and suggests that each applies to differenttypes Extent of political learning. 4 3 Hesuggests that the A ninth general set of issues concerns what unit-accretion model would apply,for exam- we might term the "politicization" aspect of ple,to the acquisition of information about political socialization.The basic question the political system, that theinterpersonal- here is how great is the impact of the political transfer model would pertainto patterns of system, its agencies, or external events upon interaction with authorities, andthat the cog- individual members. Many continua of effects nitive-developmentalm ode 1 would apply to could be postulated:highly socializedun- more abstract institutions such as the Supreme socializeda lienate d; parochialsubject- Court.Elaboration of and tasting such mod- participant; etc.We could ask in this con- els is still at an early stage. nection about the relative intensity of political socialization (b etw e en different members, The Agencies societies, agencies), its coverage in terms of the numbers and types of political orienta- "Who teaches the politicallessons tions, its spread over segments of the popu- iearned?" has been of foremostconcern in lation, and the like. It has been hypothesiz3. this research. Those who transmitthe polit- that some societies such as the U.S. or the ical culture are inevitably ina strategic po- U.S.S.R. expend considerable resources in sition to influence its content,sequence of formal citizenship education28 whereas others presentation, reinforcement, and thelike. seemingly spend little, e. g.,Great Britain. 29 Everyone who has thought about theproblem A comparison of the U.S. and U.K. on par- has g en e r ally regarded the family andthe ticipant orientations reveals, however, only school as among the most basic and influential a small difference in the respective outcomes, forces acting upon thenew member' s inculca- even though the U. S. does tend to show slightly tion in political values.The other agencies greater politicization in these terms. 30 The which are also often considered includepeer general problem, of course, is to connect in- groups, relatives, friends and neighbors, the tensity and scope of training (or other social- mass media, secondary groups of many kinds, ization) to individual and aggregate outcomes. and even the government itselfas it acts out So far, this has remained essentially implicit its more dramatic rolesas inpresidential in these researches. elections in the U.S. A classic hypothesis about the relative role of various agencies is Hyman's: "Foremost Specialized Political Socialization among agencies of socialization into politics A final area that can be distinguished for is the family. "26 A somewhat opposinghy- present purposes involves the transmission pothesis is provided by Jennings and Niemi. of knowledge and expectations to prospective From analysis of th e ir national sample of occupants of less general political roles, es- American high school seniors and theirpar- pecially in elite socialization.Students of ents, they propose: politics from Plato to modern day public administration specialists have concerned them- Parent-student correspondences differ selves with the question of leadership training widely depending upon the values consid- and motivation. Empirical perspectives upon ered, with party identification standing this specialist training as it either meshes highest, though even that value represents with or differs from general political roleso- a distinct departure from perfect trans- cialization is very sparse, however.One of mission. Parent-child congruences for the few works of direct relevance was the other values taper off from this high,rang - early Eulau, Buchanan, Ferguson, and Wahlke ing from moderate at best tovery low. study on "the political socialization of Ameri- This is true of attitudes on specific issues, can state legislators. "31 They concluded the ratings of socio-political groupings, following: political cynicism and political cosmopolitanism. 27

7 What do our data tell us about the polit- it is one oz the least developed areas of political socialization of state legislators?In ical socialization research. general, it seems that a great many sources are operative in initiatingpolitical interest. Perhaps the most significant finding is ten- CONCLUSION tative support for the hypothesis that political socializationthe process by which L'ke any new field, the research are,A. of political interest is acquiredmay occur political socialization exhibits boundary in. at almost any phase of the life cycle, e determinacies.For all of its blurriness, it among men and women who se concernv,,,ch neverthelesshas quickly come to be regarded public affairs is presumably more intense as animportant area of researchfor political and permanent than that of the average cit- and other social scientists.Although prob- izen.But it seems to takelace more ably none of the other workers would define often at a relatively early age..52 and specify the field's major problem dimensions in preoisely the way presented here, it Although a few recent contributions such is hoped that there is enough commonness of as Barber's or Kornberg's andThomas' have purpose to make the bibliographywhich fol- carried this inquiry forward,33 in general lows generally useful.

NOTES

1. See, for example, some of the early studies Vol. XV (January, 1966), pp. 3-23; John on exemplars cited by FredGreenstein in J. Patrick, "Political Socialization of Children and Politics New Haven, Conn. : American Youth" (mimeographed, no date), Yale University Press, 1965), Chapter 7. High School Curriculum Center in Govern- Another example would be the two 1902 ment, Indiana University, Bloomington, studies edited by Earl Barnes (cited below Indiana; Richard E. Dawson, "Political So- in the bibliography) concerning the develop- cialization" in James A. Robinson (Ed. ), ment of children's political ideas. Political Science Annual: An International 2. See, for example, The Making of Citizens: Review, Vol. I, 1966, pp. 1-84. A Comparative Study of Methods of Civic 4. See, for example, Greenstein, 22:cit. , Training (Chicago: University of Chicago or the reference in note 5 below. Press, 1931). 5. David Easton and Jack Dennis, ''TheChild' s 3. Some other stocktaking efforts of diverse Image of Government, " in Roberta Sigel types in this field i n c 1 u d e: Herbert H. (Ed. ), "Political Socialization: Its Role in Hyman, Political Socialization (Glencoe, the Political Process, " The Annals of the Ill. : The Free Press, 1959); David Easton American Academ of Political and Social and Robert D. Hess, "Youth and the Polit- Science, Vol. 361 (1965), page 40. ical Sy stem" in S. M. Lipset and Leo 6. Some useful reviews and perspectives on Lowenthal (Eds. ), Culture and Social Char- the quite large socialization literature in- acter (New York: The Free Press of Glen- clude: Irvin L. Child, "Socialization" in coe, 1961), pp. 226-251; JackDennis, "A Gardner Lindzey (Ed. ), Handbook of Social Working Paper on Nine Basic Problems of Psychology, Vol. II (Cambridge, Mass.: Political Socialization Research Relevant Addison - Wesley Publishing Company, to the Study of the Role of the Schoolin Inc. , 1954), pp. 655-692; Frederick Elkin, Civic Education," Theory and Research The Child and Society: The Process of So- Working Committee on Political Socializa- cialization (New Y o r k:Random House, tion, The Lincoln Filene Center for Citizen- 1960); William H. Sewell, "Some Recent ship and Public Affairs, Tufts University, Developments in Socialization Theory and Medford, Massachusetts, March 30, 1965; Research," The Annals of the American Fred Greenstein, 22: cit. , Chapter 1; Academy of Political and Social Science, Stephan L. Wasby, "The Impact of the Fam- Vol. 349 (1963), pp.1 6 31 8 1; John A. ily on Politics: An Essay and Review of the Clausen, "Research on Socialization and Literature," The Family Life Coordinator, Personality Development in the United of Political Science, Vol. 6 (1962), page States and France: Remarks on the Paper 240. by Professor Chombart de Lauwe, " 20. Fred I. Greenstein, Children and Poli- American Sociological Review, Vol. 31 tics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University (1966), pp. 248-257; and Orville G. Brim, Press, 1965), pp. 60-61. Jr. and Stanton Wheeler,Socialization After Childhood: Two Essays (New York: 21. John Crittenden, "Aging and Party Affili- John Wiley & Sons, 1966). ation, " Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 26 (1962), page 657. 7.See, for example, Easton and Dennis, 22. Eugene Uyeki and Richard W. Dodge, 2.. cit. , or Greenstein, 22.. cit. "Generational Relations in Political Atti- 8. The Political ystem (New York: Alfred tudes and Involvement," Sociology and Knopf, 1951). See also A Framework for Social Research, Vol. 48 (1964), page Political Analysis (Englewood Cliffs, N. 156. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965) and A Systems 23. Gabriel A. Almond and Sidney Verba, The Analysis of Political Life (New York: John Civic Culture (Boston, Mass. :Little, Wiley and Sons, 1965). Brown and Company, 1965), page 291. 9. See Easton and Hess, 22.. cit. ; Easton, 24. "Sex-Related Political Differences in A Systems Analysis of Political Life; and Childhood, " The Journal of Politics, Vol. Easton, "An Approach to the Analysis of 23 (1961), page 360. Political Systems, " World Politics, Vol. 9 (1957), pp. 383-400. 25. Robert D. Hess, "Models of Political Socialization, " a paper prepared for the 10. Hyman, op.. cit. Theory and Research Working Committee 11. Easton and Dennis, 22..cit. ,and The on Political Socializacio,-, of the Council American Politic al Science Review, on Civic Education, Lincoln Filene Center Vol. 61 (March, 1967), pp. 25-36. for Citizenship and Public Affairs, Tufts 12. Jean Piaget and Anne-Marie Weil, "The University, Medi o r d, Mass. , May 3, Development in Children of the Idea of the 1965. Homeland and Relations with Other Coun- 26. Herbert Hyman, Political Socialization tries," International Social Science Bul- (Glencoe, Ill. :The Free Press, 1959), letin, Vol. 3 (1951), pp. 561-578. page 69. 13.It should be noted in this connection that 27. From the abstract of M. Kent Jennings some students of politics have a rather and Richard G. Niemi, "Family Structure broader definition of political socializa- and the Transmission of Political Val- tion than the one employed here. See, for ues, " paper delivered at the Annual Meet- example, Richard Rose, Politics in Ens: ing of the American Political Science As- land (Boston, Mass. :Little, Brown and sociation, New York, September 6-10, Company, 1964), Chapter 3. 1966. 14. See Jack Dennis, 22.. cit. 28. George Z. F. Be r e da y and 3onnie B. 15. Easton and Hess, ca. cit., page 228. Stretch, "Political Education in the U.S. A. and U. S. S. R. ," Comparative Educa- 16. Gabriel A. .Alrriond and James S. Coleman, tion Review, Vol. 7 (1963), pp. 9-16. The Politics of the Developing Areas (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University 29. Richard Rose, Politics in England (Bos- Press, 1960), page 27. ton, Mass.: Little, Brown and Company, 1964), pp. 65-66. 17. Philip E. Converse and Georges Dupeux, "Politicization of the Electorate in France 30. Almond and Verba, ca. cit. and the United States, " Public Opinion 31. Heinz Eulau, William Buchanan, LeRoy Quarterly, Vol. 26 (1962), page 14. C. Ferguson, and John C. Wahlke, "The 18. Fred I. Greenstein, "T he Benevolent Political Socialization of American State Leader: Children's Images of Political Legislators," in Wahlke and Eulau (Eds. ), Authority," The American Political Sci- Legislative Behavior: A Reader in The- ence Review, Vol. 54 (1960), page 940. ory and Research (Glencoe, Ill.:The Free Press, 1959), pp. 305-313. 19. David Easton and Robert D. Hess, "The 32.Ibid., page312. Child' s Political World," Midwest Journal

9 33. James David Barber, The Lawmakers zation of National Legislative Elites in the (New Haven, C onn. :Yale University United States and Canada, " The Journal Press, 1964); and Allan Kornberg and of Politics, Vol. 27 (1965), pp. 761-775. Norman Thomas, "The Political Sociali-

10 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PUBLISHED AND FORTHCOMING WORKS ON POLITICAL LEARNING AND SOCIALIZATION

Abrams, Philip, and Alan Little, "The Young Press, 1965), esp. Chapter 6, "The De- Voter in British Politics, " British Jour- velopment of Political Personalities, " pp. nal of Sociology, Vol. 16 (1965), pp. 95- 212-258. 110. Barghoorn, Frederick C. ,"Soviet Adult Po- Adelson, Joseph, and Robert P. O'Neil, litical Indoctrination," Ventures, Vol. 4 "The Growth of Political Ideas in Adoles- (1964), pp. 23-40. cence: The Sense of Community, " Jour- Barghoorn, Frederick C. , Politics in the nal of Personality and Social Psychology, U. S. S. R. (Boston:Little, Brown, 1966), Vol. 4 (1966), pp. 295-306. esp.Chapters 3 and 4. Adler, William, Kids' Letters to President Barnes, Earl (Ed. ), "The Development of Kennedy (New York: William Morrow & Children's Political Ideas, " Studies in Co.,1962). Education, Vol. 2 (1902), pp. 5-24. Allen, Doris Twitchell, "Growth in Attitudes Barnes, Earl (Ed. ), "Political Ideas of Favorable to Peace," Merrill-Palmer American Children," Studies in Education, Quarterly. _of Behavior and Development, Vol. 2 (1902), pp. 25-30. Vol. 9 (1963), pp. 27-38. Benedict, Ruth, "Transmitting our Demo- Almond, Gabriel A.,"A Functional Approach cratic Heritage in the Schools," American to Comparative Politics, " in Gabriel A. Journal of Sociology, Vol. 48 (1943), pp. Almond and James S. Coleman (Eds. ), 722-727. The Politics of the Developing Areas Bereday, George Z. F. ,"Education and (Princeton, N. J.: Priaceton University Youth, " The Satellites in Eastern Europe, Press, 1960), esp. pp. 26-33. ed. by H. L. Roberts, The Annals of the Almond, Gabriel A.,and Sidney Verba, American Academy of Political and Social "Political Socialization and Civic Compe- Science, Vol. 317 (1958), pp. 63-70. tence," in The Civic Culture (Princeton, Bereday, George Z. F. ,"Shokoku ni okeru N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963), Seiji-Dotoku Kyoiku ni Tsuite" (Political pp. 323-374. and Moral Education in Different Coun- Alpert, Augusta, "Choice of Defenses Used tries), Monbu Jiho (Journal of the Minis- by Prelatency Children in Reaction to the try of Education), Tokyo: Vol. 2, No. Assassination," in Martha Wolfenstein 1020, 37 (August, 1962), pp. 9-20. and Gilbert Kliman (Eds. ), Children and Bereday, George Z. F. , and Bonnie B. the Death of a President: Multi-Disci Stretch, "Political Education in the U.S. nary Studies (Garden City, N. Y.: Double- A. and U.S.S.R. , " Comparative Educa- day, 1965), pp. 99-106. tion Review, Vol. 7 (1963), pp. 9-16. Azrael, Jeremy R.,"Soviet Union, " in Bereday, George Z. F. , Comparative Meth- James S. Coleman (Ed.), Education and od in Education (New York: Holt, Rinehart Political Development).2_ (Princeton, N.J.: and Winston, 1964), Chapter 3. Princeton University Press, 1965), pp. Bereday, George Z. F.,"Bei ei soren nihon 233-271. no seiji dotoku kyoiku no hikaku tenbo" (Comparative Perspective of Political and Ball, Donald W.,"Covert Political Rebellion Moral Education in the USA, UK, USSR, as Ressentiment," Social Forces, Vol. 43 and Japan), Nichibei Fuoramu (Japan- (1964-1965), pp. 93-101. American Forum), Tokyo: Vol. 10, No. 8 Barber, James David, The Lawmakers: Re- (September, 1964), pp. 39-67. cruitment and Adaptation to Legislative Life (New Haven, Conn.; Yale University

11 Bereday, George Z. F.,"Introduction" and Mead (Ed. ), Soviet Attitudes Toward Au- "Notes" in Charles Merriam, The Making thority: An Interdisciplinary Approach to of Citizens: Comparative Education Problems of Soviet Character (New York: Studies (New York: Teachers College McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951). Press, 1966). Cammarota, Gloria, "Children, Politics and Berelson, Bernard, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Elementary Social Studies, " Social Edu- William N. McPhee, Voting (Chicago: cation, Vol. 27 (1963), pp. 205-211. University of Chicago Press, 1954), esp. Campbell, Angus, Gerald Gurin, and Warren Chapter 6, "Social Process: Small Groups E. Miller, The Voter Decides (Evanston, and Political Discussion, " pp. 88-117. Ill.: Row, Peterson, 1954), esp. pp. 97- Binder, Leonard, "Egypt: The Integrative 107, 199-206. Revolution, " in Lucian W. Pye and Sidney Campbell, Angus, Philip E. Converse, Verba (Eds. ), Political Culture andPolit- Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes, ical Development (Princeton, N. J.: The American Voter (New York: Wiley, Princeton University Press, 1965), esp. 1960), esp. pp. 146ff. pp. 407-419. Chapman, Ames W.,"Attitudes toward Legal Black, Cyril E. (Ed. ), The Transformation Authorities by Juveniles, " Sociology and of Russian Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Social Research, Vol. 40 (1956), pp. 170- Harvard University Press, 1960), esp. 175. chapters by Bereday, Geiger, Kassof, Cole, David L.,"The Perception of Lincoln: and Mehnert. A Psychological Approach to the Public's Bloom, Leonard, A. R. C. DeCrespigny, Conception of Historical Figures, " Jour- and J. E. Spence, "An Interdisciplinary nal of Social Psychology, Vol. 55 (1961), Study of Social, Moral, andPoliticalAtti- pp. 23-26. tudes of White and Non-White South Afri- Coleman, James S.,"Education and the Po- can University Students, "Journal of Social litical Scientist, " Items, Vol. 19 (1965), Psychology, Vol. 54 (1961), pp. 3-12. pp. 5-7. Bone, Hugh A.,"Political Socialization, " in Coleman, James S. (Ed. ), Education and American Politics and the Party System, Political Culture (Princeton, N.J.: 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965), Princeton University Press, 1965). pp. 23-39. Converse, Philip E., and Georges Dupeux, Bonilla, Frank, "Student Politics in Latin "Politicization of the Electorate inFrance America," PROD, Vol. 3 (1959-1960), and the United States, " Public 0_pinion pp. 12-15. Quarterly, Vol. 26 (1962), pp. 1-23. Brzezinski, Zbigniew, and Samuel P. Hunt- Crespi, Leo P.,"German Ymith and Adults ington, "Socialization and Politization, " View Individual Responsibility, " Inter- in Political Power: U.S.A. /U. S. S. R. national Journal of Opinion and Attitude (New York: Viking, 1963), pp. 76-90. Research, Vol.. 2 (1948), pp. 230-236. Burdick, Eugene, and Arthur J. Brod.beck Crespi, Leo P.,"Germans View the U.S. (Eds. ), American Voting Behavior (Glen- Reorientation Program: Extent of Re- coe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1959), esp. ceptivity to American Ideals, " Interna- Chapters 2, 8, and 14. tional Journal of Opinion and Attitude Re- Burton, William H.,Children's Civic Infor- search, Vol. 5 (1951), pp. 179-190. mation (Los Angeles: University of South- Crittenden, John, "Aging and Party Affilia- ern California Press, 1936). tion," Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 26 Burwen, Leroy S., and Donald T. Campbell, (1962), pp. 648-657. "The Generality of Attitudes toward Au- "u Cuffaro, Harriet K.,"Reaction of Preschool thority and Non-authority Figures, " The Children to the Assassination of President Journal of Abnormal and Socialpsychol- Kennedy, " Young Children, Vol. 20 (1964- 2.gx, Vol. 54 (1957), pp. 24-31. 1965), pp. 100-105. Byrne, Donn, "Parental Antecedents of Au- thoritarianism,'" Journal of Personality Davies, A. F.,"The Child's Discovery of and Social Psychology, Vol. 1 (1965), pp. Social Class," Australia and New Zealand 369-373. Journal of Sociology, Vol. 1 (1965), pp. 21-37. Calas, E.,"Summary of Conclusions of Re- Davies, A. F., Private Politics: A Study of search on Soviet Child Training Ideals and Five Political Outlooks (Melbourne: Mel- Their Political Significance, "in Margaret bourne University Press, 1966).

12 Davies, James C., Human Nature in Politics: Social Character (New York: The Free The Dynamics of Political Behavior (New Press of Glencoe, 1961), pp. 226-251. York: Wiley, 1963), Chapter 5, "Proxi- Easton, David, and Robert D. Hess, "The mal Groups in Politics, " pp. 141-182. Child's Political World," Midwest Journal Davies, James C., "The Family's Role in of Political Science, Vol. 6 (1962), pp. Political Socialization, " The Annals of 229-246. the American Academy of Political and Easton, David, and Jack Dennis, "The Child's Social Science, Vol. 361(1965), pp. 10-19. Image of Government," The Annals of the Dawson, Richard, "Political Socialization, " American Academy of Political and Social in James H. Robinson (Ed. ), Political Science, Vol. 361 (1965), pp. 40-57. Science Annual: An International Review, Easton, David, and Jack Dennis, "The Child' s Vol. I (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, Acquisition of Regime Norms: Political 1966), pp. 1-84. Efficacy," The American PoliticalScience Dawson, Richard, and Kenneth Prewitt, Po- Review, Vol. 61 (March, 1967),pp. 25-38. litical Socialization (Little-Brown Series Edelstein, Alex S.,"Since Bennington: Evi- on Comparative Politics, forthcoming, dence of Change in Student Political Be- 1967). havior,Public Opinion Vol. Dimond, Stanley E.,"The Detroit Citizen- 26 (1962), pp. 564-577. ship Study, " Phi Delta Kap_pan (Dec ember, Elder, G. H., Jr. ,"Role Relations, Socio- 1951), pp. 172-195. cultural Environments and Autocratic Dimond, Stanley E., "Citizenship Educa- Family Ideology, " Sociometry, Vol. 28 tion," Encyclopedia of Educational Re- (1965), pp. 173-196. search, 3rd Edition, 1960, pp. 206-210. Elder, Joseph W.,"National Loyalties in a Dodge, Richard W., and Eugene S. Uyeki, Newly Independent Nation, " in David Apter "Political Affiliation and Imagery Across (Ed. ), Ideology and Discontent (New York: Two Related Generations, "Midwest Jour- The Free Press of Glencoe, 1964), pp. nal of Political Science, Vol. 6 (1962), 77-92. pp. 266-276. Estvan, Frank J., and Elizabeth, TheChild's Doob, Leonard W.,"South Tyrol: An Intro- World: His Social Perception (New York: duction to the Psychological Syndrome of i'utnam's Sons, 1959), Chapter 19, "The Nationalism," Public Opinion Quarterly, Capitol," pp. 191-205. Vol. 26 (1962), pp. 172-184. Estvan, Frank J. , "Teaching Government in Doob, Leonard W., Patriotism and Nation- Elementary Schools," Elementary School alism: Their Ps cholo ical Foundations Journal, Vol. 62(1961-1962), pp. 291-297. (New Haven, Conn.:Yale University Eulau, Heinz, William Buchanan, LeRoyFer- Press, 1964). guson, and John C. Wahlke, "The Politi- Dore, R. P.,"Education: Japan," in Robert cal Socialization of American State Legis- E. Ward and Dankwart A. Rustow (Eds. ), lators, " Midwest Journal of Political Sci- Political Modernization in Ja an and ence, Vol. 3 (1959), pp. 188-206. Turkey (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton Eulau, Heinz, The Behavioral Persuasion in University Press, 1964), pp. 176-204. Politics (New York: Random House, 1963), Drucker, A. J., and H. H. Remmers, "Cit- esp. Chapter 3, "The Cultural Context, " izenship Attitudes of Graduated Seniors at pp. 62-84. Purdue University, U.S. College Gradu- Eulau, Heinz, and John D. Sprague, Lawyers ates and High School Pupils, " Journal of in Politics (Indianapolis, Ind. :Bobbs- Educational Psychology, Vol. 42 (1951), Merrill, 1964), "The Political Socializa- pp. 231-235. tion of Lawyers, " pp. 56-64. Easton, David, "An Approach to the Analysis Fagen, Richard R., Cuba: The Political Con- of Political Systems," World Politics, tent of Adult Education (Stanford, Calif.: Vol. 9 (1957), pp. 383-400. Hoover Institution Studies:1964). Easton, David, "The Function of Formal Fainsod, Merle, "The KomsomolsA Study Education in a Political System," The of Youth under Dictatorship," American School Review, Vol. 65 (1957), pp. 304- Political Science Review, Vol. 45 (1951), 316. pp. 18-40. Easton, David, and Robert D. Hess, "Youth Fay, Paul J., andWarren Middleton, "Cer- and the Political System, " in S. M. Lipset tain Factors Related to Liberal and Con- and Leo Lowenthal (Eds. ), Culture and servative Attitudes of College Students: II.

13 Father's Political Preference.... ," the Role of the Family, " World Politics, Journal of Social Pfysc1Laylol.o,Vol. 11 Vol. 8 (1956), pp. 187-205. (1940), pp. 107-119. Ginsparg, Sylvia, Alice Moriarty, and Lois Fischer-Galati, Stephan A.,"Communist B. Murphy, "Young Teenagers' Responses Indoctrination in Rumanian Elementary to the Assassination of President Kennedy: Schools," Harvard Educational Review, Relation to Previous Life Experiences, " Vol. 22 (1952), pp. 191-202. in Martha Wolfenstein and Gilbert Kliman Fisher, Sara Carolyn, Relationships in Atti- ;ids. ), Children and the Death of a Pres- tudes, 0 inions and Values Amon Fami- ident: Multi-Disciplinary Studies (Garden ly Members (Berkeley, Calif.: University City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1965), pp. 1-29. of California Press, 1948). Goldrich, Daniel, and Edward W. Scott, Fishman, Katharine Davis, "Children in the "Developing Political Orientations of Pan- Line of March, " New York Times Maga- amanian Students, " Journal of Politics, zine, November 7, 1966, pp. 92, 97, 99. Vol. 23 (1961), pp. 84-107. Flacks, Richard, "The Liberated Genera- Goldrich, Daniel, "Requisites for Political tion: An Exploration of the Roots of Stu- Legitimacy in Panama," Public Opinion dent Protest," Journal of Social Issues, Quarterly, Vol. 26 (1962), pp. 664-668. forthcoming. Goldrich, Daniel, "Peasants' Sons in City Frey, Frederick W.,"Education: Turkey, " Schools: An Inquiry into the Politics of in Robert E. Ward and Dankwart A. Rus- Urbanization in Panama and Costa Rica," tow (Eds. ), Political Modernization in Human Organization, Vol. 23 (1964), pp. Japan and Turkey (Princeton, N.J.: 328-333. Princeton University Press, 1964), pp. Goldsen, Rose K. ,et al. , What College Stu- 205-235. dents Think (Princeton, N.J.: Van Nos- Fr8hner, Rolf, et al.,Wie Stark Sind Die trand, 1960), esp. Chapters 5 and 6. Halbstarken? (Bielefeld: Stackelberg, Goodman, Mary Ellen, "Emergent Citisen- 1956), esp. Chapter 5, "Politik. " ship: A Study of Relevant Values in four- Froman, Lewis A., Jr. ,"Personality and Year-Olds, " Childhood Education, Vol. Political Socialization, " The Journal of 35 (1958-1959), pp. 248-251. Politics, " Vol. 23 (1961), pp. 341-352. Gould, Julius, "The Komsomol and the Hitler Froman, Lewis A., Jr. ,"Learning Political Jugend, " British. Journal of Sociology, Attitudes," Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 2 (1951), pp. 305-314. Vol. 15 (1962), pp. 304-313. Greenberg, Bradley S. , and Edwin B. Parker Froman, Lewis A., Jr. , People and Poli- (Eds. ), The Kennedy Assassination and tics: An Analysis of the American Polit- the American Public (Stanford, Calif. : ical System (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Stanford University Press, 1965), esp. Prentice-Hall, 1962), "Learning Values, PP. 199-239. Beliefs and Attitudes," pp. 28-30. Greenstein, Fred I. , "The Benevolent Froman, Lewis A., Jr. , and James K. Leader: Children's Images of Political Skipper, Jr.,"An Approach to the Learn- Authority," American Political Science ing of Party Identification, " Public Opin- Review, Vol. 54 (1960), pp. 934-943. ion Quarterly, Vol. 27 (1963), pp. 473- Greenstein, Fred I. , "More on Children's 480. Images of the President, " Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 25 (1961), pp. 648-654. Gage, Robert W. , "Patriotism and Military Greenstein, Fred I. , "Sex-Related Political Discipline as a Function of Degree of Differences in Childhood, "Journal of Pol- Military Training, " Journal of Social itics, Vol. 23 (1961), pp. 353-371. Psychology, Vol. 64 (1964), pp. 101-111. Greenstein, Fred I. , "New Light on Chang- Geddie, Leanna, and Gertrude Hildreth, ing American Values: A Forgotten Body "Children's Ideas about the War, " Jour- of Survey Data, " Social Forces, Vol. 42 nal of Experimental Education, Vol. 13 (1964), pp. 441-450. (1944), pp. 92-97. Greenstein, Fred I. , "Popular Images of the Geiger, Kent, "Deprivation and Solidarity in President," The American Journal of the Soviet Urban Family, " American So- Psychiatry, Vol. 122 (1965), pp. 523-529. ciological Review, " Vol. 20 (1955), pp. Greenstein, Fred I. , "Personality and Polit- 57-68. ical Socialization: The Theories of Author- Geiger, Kent, "Changing Political Attitudes itarian and Democratic Character," The in a Totalitarian Society: A Case Study of Annals of the American Academy of Polit-

14 1 ical and Social Science, Voi. 361 (1965), Hyman, Herbert H. , Political Socialization pp. 81-95. (Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1959). Greenstein, Fred I.,"College Students' Re- Hyman, Herbert H. , "Mass Media and Polit- actions to the Assassination, " in Bradley ical Socialization: The Role of Patterns S. Greenberg and Edwin B. Parker (Eds. ), of Communications, " in Lucian Pye (Ed.), The Kennedy Assassination and the Amer- Communications and Political Develop- ican Public: Social Communication in ment (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton Uni- Crisis (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univer- versity Press, 1963), pp. 128-148. sity Press, 1965), pp. 220-239. Inglehart, Ronald, "An End to European In- Greenstein, Fred I.,"Young Men and the tegration?" The American Political Sci- Death of a Young President, " in Martha ence Review, Vol. 61 (March, 1967), Wolfenstein and Gilbert Kliman (Eds. ), pp. 91-105. Children and the Death of a President: Multi-Disciplinary Stadia(Garden City, Jacob, Philip E. , Changing Values in College N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965), pp. 172-192. (New York: Harper, 1957), esp. pp. 38-57. Greenstein, Fred I., Children and Politics Jahoda, Gustav, "Immanent Justice Among (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University West African Children, " Journal of Social Press, 1965). Psychology, Vol. 47 (1958), pp. 241-248. Greenstein, Fred I.,"The Psychological Jahoda, Gustave "Development of the Per- Function of the American President for ception of Social Differences in Children Citizens, " in Elmer E. Cornwell, Jr. from 6 to 10, " The British Journal of (Ed.), The American Presidency: Vital Educational Psychology, Vol. 50 (1959), Center (Chicago: Scott-Foresman, 1966), pp. 159-175. pp. 30-36. Jahoda, Gustav, "Nationality Preferences Greenstein, Fred I,"P-olitical Socializa- and National Stereotypes in Ghana Before tion," International Encyclopedia of the Independence, " Journal of Social Psychol- Social Sciences, forthcoming. ogy., Vol. 50 (1959), pp. 165-174. Grossholtz, Jean, Politics in the Philippines Jahoda, Gustav, "Development of Scottish (Boston: Little, Brown & Co.,1964), Children's Ideas and Attitudes About Other esp. Chapter VIII, "Political Socializa- Countries, " Journal of Social Psychology, tion," pp. 183-201. Vol. 58 (1962), pp. 91.108. Jahoda, Gustav, "The Development of Chil- Havemann, Ernest, and Patricia Salter West, dren's Ideas About Country and National- They Went to Colleg- (New York: Har- ity, Part I:The Conceptual Framework," court Brace and Co. ,1952), esp. Chapter The British Journal of Educational 10, "In The Voting Booth, " pp. 108-125. Vol. 33 (1963), pp. 47-60. Helfant, Kenneth, "Parents' Attitudes vs. Jahoda, Gustav, "The Development of Chil- Adolescent Hostility in the Determination dren's Ideas About Country and National- of Adolescents' Socio-political Attitudes," ity, Part II:National Symbols and Psychological McnloALaphs, Vol. 66 #13 Themes," The British Journal of Educa- (1952). tional Psychology, Vol. 33 (1963), pp. Hess, Robert D.,and David Easton, "The 143-153. Child's Changing Image of the President," Jahoda, Gustav, "Children's Concepts of Na- Public Opinion CZ9arterly, Vol. ,1_1 (1960), tionality: A Critical Study of Piaget's pp. 632-644. Stages," Child Development, Vol. 35 Hess, Robert D., and David Easton,"The (1964), pp. 1081-1092. Role of the Elementary School in Political Jaide, Walter, Das Verhgltnis der Jugend Socialization," The School Review, Vol. zur Politik: empirische Untersuchungen 70 (1962!, pp. 257-265. zur politischen Anteilnahme and Meinungs- Hess, Robert D.,"The Socialization of Atti- bildung junger Menschen (Berlin: H. tudes toward Political Authority: Some Luchterhand, 1963). Cross-National Comparisons, "Interna- Jaide, Walter, Die jungen Staatsblirger tional Social Science Journal, Vol. 15 (Mlinchen: Juventa Verlag, 1965). (1963), pp. 542-559. Jaide, Walter, "Hat die Jugend Interesse an Horowitz, L. , "Some Aspects of the Devel- Politik?" in Blankertz, Hockheimer, opment of Patriotism in Children, " Soci- Weber, and Jaide, Technik-Freizeit-Po- ometry, Vol. 3 (1940), pp. 329-341. litik, (Neue Pgdagogische Bemiihungen 26/Essen 1965).

15 Karlsson, Georg, "Political Attitudes Among Lane, Robert E. , ".Adolescent Influence, Re- Male Swedish Youth," Acta Sociologica, bellion and Submission: Patterns of Polit- Vol. 3 (1958), pp. 220-241. ical Maturation in the United States and Kassof, Allen,The Soviet Youth Program: Germany," Revue Franaise de Sociologie Regimentation and Rebellion (Cambridge, (Fall 1966). Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965). Langdon, Frank, Politics in Japan (Boston, Kazamias, Andreas M.,and Byron G. Mas- Mass.: Little, Brown and Company, sialas, Tradition and Change in Education: 1967), esp. Chapter 8, "Political Sociali- A Comparative Study (Englewood Cliffs, zation Process," pp. 201-218. N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ,1965), Chap- Langton, Kenneth P. , "Peer Group and ter 8, "Civic Education and Political So- School and the Political Socialization Pro- cialization," pp. 130-144. cess," The American Political Science Key, V. 0. , Jr. , Public Opinion and Amer- Review, forthcoming, September 1967. ican Democracy (New York: Knopf, 1961). Langton, Kenneth P. , "Political Partisanship King, Edmund J. (Ed.), Communist Educa- and Political Socialization in Jamaica," tion (Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill, British Journal of Sociology, forthcoming. 1963). LaPalOmbara, Joseph, and Jerry B. Waters, Kornberg, Allan, and Norman Thomas, "The "Values, Expectations, and Political Pre- Political Socialization of National Legis- dispositions of Italian Youth," Midwest lative Elites in the United States and Can- Journal of Political Science, Vol. 5 (1961), ada, " Journal of Politics, Vol. 27 (1965), pp. 39-58. pp. 761-775. LaPalombara, Joseph, "Italy: Fragmenta- Krug, Othilda, and Cynthia Fox Dember, tion, Isolation, Alienation, " in Lucian W. "Diagnostic and Therapeutic Utilization of Pye and Sidney Verba (Eds. ), Political Children's Reactions to the President's Culture and Political Development (Prince- Death, " in Martha Wolfenstein and Gilbert ton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, Kliman (Eds.), Children and the Death of 1965), esp. pp. 316-322. a President: Multi-Disciplinary Studies Lapierre, Jean-William, andGeorges Noizet, (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1965), Une recherche sur le civisme des jeunes pp. 80-98. 1. la fin de la Quatrieme R igiubl- Kuroda, Yasuma.sa, "Agencies of Political en-Provence: Publication des Annales de Socialization and Political Change: Polit- la Facultg des Lettres, 1961). ical Orientation of Japanese Law Students," Lapierre, Jean-William, andGeorges Noizet, Human Organization, Vol. 24 (1965), pp. "L'information politique des jeunes Fran- 328-331. cais en 1962," Revue Franaise de Sci- ence Politique, Vol. 14 (1964), pp. 480- Lambert, Wallace E., and Otto Klineberg, 504. "A Pilot Study of the Origin and Develop- Lapierre, Jean-William, andGeorges Noizet, ment of National Stereotypes, " Interna- "Les jeunes Frangais devant l'objection tional Social Science Journal, Vol. 11 de conscience," Revue Franaise de So- (1959), pp. 221-237. ciologie, Vol. 4 (1963), pp. Z59-274. Lane, Robert E.,"Fathers and Sons: Larson, Ruth M. , and Chester 0. Matthews, Foundations of Political Belief," Ameri- Changes in Students' Attitudes Toward can Sociological Review, Vol. 24 (1959), Practical Politics Over a Four-Year Per- pp. 502-511. iod (Delaware, Ohio: The Evaluation Serv- Lane, Robert E. , Political Life (New York: ice, Ohio Wesleyan University, 1958). Free Press of Glencoe, 1959), esp. Las swell, Harold D. , The Political Writings Chapter 15. of Harold D. Lasswell (Glencoe, Ill.: Lane, Robert E., and David 0. Sears, Pub- The Free Press, 1951), esp. "Democratic lic Opinion (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Character," pp. 465-525. Prentice-Hall, 1964), esp. Chapter 3, Lasswell, Harold D. ,"Political Constitution "Forming and Weakening the Parental and Character," Psychoanalysis the Opinion Tradition," pp. 17-42. Psychoanalytic Review, Vol. 46 (1959), Lane, Robert E. ,The Need to be Liked and pp. 3-18. the Anxious College Liberal," The Annals Lawson, Edwin D. , "Development of Patri- of the American Academy of Political and otism in ChildrenA Second Look, " Social Science, Vol. 361 (1965), pp. 71- Journal Vol. 55 (1963), 80. 279 -286.

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20 Verba, Sidney, Small Groups and Political Wilkinson, Rupert, Gentlemanly Power Behavior (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton (New York: Oxford University Press, University Press, 1961), esp.pp. 29-60. 1964). Verba, Sidney, "Germany: The Remaking Willis, R. H.,"Political and Child-Rearing of Political Culture," in Lucian W. Pye Attitudes in Sweden," Journal of Abnor- and Sidney Verba (Eds. ), Political Cul- mal and Social Psychology, Vol. 53(1956), ture and Political Development (Prince- pp. 74-77. ton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, Wilson, Howard E., Education for Civic 1965), esp. pp. 154-168. Competence (New York: McGraw-Hill, Verba, Sidney, "Comparative Political Cul- 1938), esp. pp. 17-89. ture," in Lucian W. Pye and Sidney Wiseman, H. Victor, Politics in Everyday Verba (Eds. ), Political Culture and Po- Life (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1966), litical Development (Princeton, N.J.: esp. Part One, Chapter 6, "Political So- Princeton University Press, 1965),esp. cialization and Recruitment." pp. 512-560. Wolfenstein, Martha, and Gilbert Kliman (Eds. ), Children and the Death of a Pres- Wahl, C. W.,"The Relation Between Pri- ident: Multi-Disciplinary Studies (Garden mary and Secondary Identification: Psy- City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1965). chiatry and the Group Sciences, " in Wolfenstein, Martha, "Death of a Parent and Eugene Burdick and Arthur J. Brodbeck Death of a President: Children's Reac- (Eds. ), American Voting Behavior (Glen- tions to Two Kinds of Loss," in Martha coe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1959), pp. Wolfenstein and Gilbert Kliman (Eds. ), 262-280. Children and the Death of a President: Wahlke, John C.,et al. , The Legislative Multi-Disciplinary Studies(Garden City, System (New York: Wiley, 1962),esp. N. Y.: Doubleday, 1965), pp. 62-79. Chapter 4, "Recollections," by Heinz Wolins, Martin, "Some Theory and Practice Eulau. in Child Care: A Cross-Cultural View, " Ward, Robert E.,"Japan: The Continuity of Child Welfare, Vol. 42 (1963), pp. 369- Modernization, " in Lucian W. Pye and 377, 399. Sidney Verba (Eds.), Political Culture Wolins, Martin, "Political Orientation, So- and Political Development (Princeton, N. cial Reality, and Child Welfare," The So- J.: Princeton University Press, 1965), cial Service Review, Vol. 38 (1964), pp. esp. pp. 44-53. 429-442. Wasby, Stephen L.,"The Impact of the Wolins, Martin, "Another View of Group Family on Politics: An Essay and Re- Care," Child Welfare, Vol. 44 (1965), view of the Literature," The Family Life pp. 10-18. Coordinator, Vol. 15 (1966), pp. 3-24. Wylie, Laurence, Village in the Vaucluse Weiner, Myron, "India: Two Political Cul- (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University tures," in Lucian W. Pye and SidneyVer- Press, 1957), esp. Chapters 3-5 and 10. ba (Eds. ), Political Culture and Political Development (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Zeigler, Harmon, The Political World of the University Press, 1965), esp. pp. 238- High School Teacher (Eugene, Oregon: 241. The Center for the Advanced Study of Ed- Weinstein, Eugene A., "Development of the ucational Administration, 1966), esp. Concept of Flag and the Sense of National Chapter 6, "The Classroom as a Forum, Identity, " Child Development, Vol. 28 pp. 113-133. (1957), pp. 167-174. Zeligs, Rose, "The Meaning of Democracy White, Ralph K., and Ronald Lippitt, Autoc- to Sixth-Grade Children," Journal of racy and Democracy: An Experimental Genetic Psychology, Vol. 76 (1950), pp. Inquiry (New York: Harper, 1960). 263-282. Wilder, Emilia, "Impact of Poland's 'Stabili- Zeligs, Rose, "Children's Concepts and zation' on Its Youth," Public Opinion Stereotypes of Polish, Irish, Finn, Hun- Quarterly, Vol. 28 (1964), pp. 447-452. garian, Dane, Czechoslovakian, Hindu, Wilkinson, Rupert, "Political Leadership and Filipino," Journal of Genetic Psychol- and the Late Victorian Public School," ogy, Vol. 77 (1950), pp. 73-84. British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 13 Zeligs, Rose, "Nationalities Children Would (1962), pp. 320-330. Choose If They Could Not Be Americans, " Journal of Genetic Psychology, Vol. 79 (1951), pp. 55-68. 21 Zeligs, Rose, "Children's Concepts and Politica:. and Social Science, Vol. 361 Stereotypes of Turk, Portuguese, Rou- (1965), pp. 20-31. manian, Arab, Chinese, French-Canadi- Zilbach, Joan J.,"The Impact of the Assas- an, Mulatto, South American, Hawaiian, sination of President Kennedy on Child and Australian, " Journal of Genetic Ps Psychiatric Patients, " in Martha Wolfen- chology, Vol. 83 (1953), pp. 171-178. stein and Gilbert Kliman (Eds. ), Children Ziblatt, David, "High School Extracurricu- and the Death of a President: Multi-Dis- lar Activities and Political Socialization," ciplinary Studies (Garden City, N. Y.: The Annals of the American Academy of Doubleday, 1965), pp. 135-156.

22 LIST OF PERIODICALS SCANNED

from 1950 (or date of first publication) through available current issues, 1966

Acta Sociologica Elementary School Journal Acta Psychologica Genetic Psychology Monographs American Anthropologist Harvard Educational Review American Behavioral Scientist Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology American Journal of Psychology Journal of Educational Psychology American Journal of Sociology Journal of Experimental Child Psychology American Political Science Review Journal of Genetic Psychology American Psychologist Journal of Politics American Sociological Review Journal of Psycholy Annals of the American Academy of Political Journal of Social Psychology and Social Science Journal of Verbal Learning and V erbal Behavioral Science Behavior British Journal of Educational Psychology Midwest Journal of Political Science British Journal of Psychology Psychiatry British Journal of Sociology Public Opinion Quarterly Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Revue Frangaise de Science Politique Science Western Political Quarterly Child Development World Politics Childhood Education Young Children Current Anthropology