DOCSLIB.ORG

Key Models of Knowledge Based Economy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Key Models of Knowledge Based Economy ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 6, 2020 KEY MODELS OF KNOWLEDGE BASED ECONOMY Manju Nandal1 Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies (DMS), Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal,13109, India. [email protected] Dr. Anand Chauhan2 Assistant professor, Department of Management Studies (DMS), Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal,13109, India. [email protected] Abstract “This paper analyses the factors which stimulated transformations of Traditional Economy to the Knowledge Economy, highlights the basic treats of Knowledge-based Economy (KBE). The primary concern is pushed to the examination of information sway indication to the improvement of economy. The creator features plausibility to evaluate the infiltration level of KBE which could show box the presence of results of information articulation which could be made in obtaining, creation, use and improvement of them. The last marvel is deciphered as information articulation attributes: monetary and social setting, HR, ICT, creative business and advancement strategy. The reason for this analysis was based on the idea that in spite of the knowledge economy existence in all developed World countries an authoritative, all inclusive rundown of markers for planning and estimating the KBE doesn't yet exists. The article presents two hypothetically isolated gatherings of Knowledge Expression Assessment Models. Considering deficiencies of dissected models and looking to make adaptable model for information articulation appraisal, instrument for the evaluation of information articulation in KBE is proposed in the paper. The design of evolvent of information articulation appraisal rules just as the potential fields and subjects for utilization of proposed instrument is pronounced in the article too.” Key Words: Traditional Economy, Knowledge Economy, Knowledge Expression Assessment Models, models, instrument. Introduction “Over the past 25 years, the pace of information creation and scattering has expanded essentially. Financial exercises related with the creation and usage of data and information has become a motor of monetary development in the created market economies, progressively changing the wide range of various elements of improvement and the whole society. The sped up in the creation and scattering of information has prompted the fast speed of present day and proficient creation procedures, in addition to the expanded likelihood of jumping, which has subsequently brought about the world economy getting substantially more serious.” “Responding to the later circumstance in the changing motors of financial turn of events, European Council in 2000 March in Lisbon received tested arrangement for the fate of European Union. Vital objective was characterized remembering both outside difficulties – globalization response.” “The knowledge economy is not just a new theoretical concept, but a new epoch, which has a fundamental difference from the era of agrarian and industrial economies. Although it appeared only in the early 1990s, it has already had an impact and caused changes in all spheres of economic and social life, and this influence is constantly growing. The trend of development of a knowledge economy is the formation of a knowledge economy, which will mean the onset of a new stage in the development of the global economy [1].” Literature Review and conceptual framework “Many studies show that the transition to a knowledge-based economy through the introduction of innovation significantly increases a country‟s performance as well as living standards. Innovations are an important determinant of sustainable competitiveness and the growth of the knowledge economy. They are a fundamental factor in progress in the social, environmental, and economic fields [2].” “Sinakou [3], Hanushek [4], „irá et al. [5], Valliere and Peterson [6], Busu and Trica [7], and Kisel‟áková et al. [8] identified indicators that are suitable for quantifying economic growth (e.g., GDP, inflation, unemployment, productivity, government departments, and circular economies), but the next important indicator to identify the economic growth in today‟sworld is knowledge Fromthis view, we can argue that development would be limited if knowledge support were limited. However, creating new knowledge is not expensive, but, inmost cases, it takes effort and time [9].” “For a more accurate understanding of the term “knowledge economy”, it is necessary to become acquainted with several approaches to it (Durazzi [10]; Saridogan and Kaya [11]; Sagiyeval et al. [12]; Milewska [13]; Ayan and 2768 ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 6, 2020 Pabuccu [14]). There is no single approach or clear concept for defining the term “knowledge economy”. The OECD defines knowledge-based economies at a very general level as those that are directly based on the production, distribution, and use of knowledge and information [15]. The knowledge economy can be defined, in one respect, as a way of creating a product based on activities dependent on knowledge and expertise that contribute to the creation of scientific and technological progress. The fundamental determinants of the knowledge economy include a more significant ratio for the dependence of the economy on intellectual abilities than on physical inputs or natural resources in the context of the integration of new knowledge at each level of the production process [16]. The knowledge economy is developing on the basis of two driving forces. The first is the increasing knowledge level of economic operations and the second is the globalization of economic events [17]. According to Dudová [18], the prerequisites for the emergence of knowledge economies include the long-term tendency of a gradual increase in the weight of intangible capital on production factors and the emergence and growth of the delusion of information and communication technologies. Changes in countries towards the transition to the level of knowledge economy are considered a new trend in the global environment. This transformation has become a necessity, especially for emerging economies, which sure from a low degree of economic competitiveness. It should be noted, however, that these changes require a clear and effective policy-making approach that responds, in particular, to the needs of these countries and their available resources [19].” Economy Transformations in the 21st Century “The main factors which stipulated the transformations of economy scope could be presented in such chain of events (not necessarily in the presented sequence):” “The emergence of knowledge workers category (Drucker, 1989). This is the workers which duties are directly concerned with the imperative performance of high qualification works;” “The increases of international cooperation of enterprises as well as more efficient participation in the local business networks;” “Increased interest in R&D as well as in creation and implementation of innovations;” “The understanding of the values of specific knowledge and implementation of them to the processes of activities of enterprises and organizations;” “The increase of demand of high qualified workers;” “Acceleration of production internationalisation; as well as shortening of life circle of products and technologies;” “The openness of world economy. This stipulates the growth of foreign direct investments;” Characteristics of Knowledge based Economy “Knowledge-based economy is not a branch of economy. It was formed because of the need and determination to create knowledge with a view to achieve economic and social welfare which could be used to satisfy thirst for knowledge. There was a big wish to achieve competitive advantage, thus providing necessary stable economic conditions revealed through the pursuance of effective national policy and maintenance of stable fiscal system as well as effectively functioning market. KBE covers all of country spheres: economical, social, and cultural. For the development of knowledge economy macro economical stability should be the key condition and starting position. The other not less important factors are functioning of free market, good institutional framework, strengthening the competition of telecommunications and technologies, encouraging the development of e-activities, stipulation of collaboration of government, industry and higher education institutions and etc.[20].” “The key policy recommendations concerning the Knowledge-based Economy creation and development. OECD (2002) experts states that while specific policy priorities may differ across countries, governments have to adopt a comprehensive growth strategy based on a combination of actions in order to:” “Strengthen economic and social fundamentals, by ensuring macroeconomic stability, encouraging openness, improving the functioning of markets and institutions, and addressing the distributive consequences of change.” “Facilitate the diffusion of ICT, by increasing competition in telecommunications and technology, improving skills, building confidence and making electronic government a priority.” “Foster innovation, by giving greater priority to fundamental research, improving the effectiveness of public R&D funding, and promoting the flow of knowledge between science and industry.” “Invest in human capital, by strengthening education and training, making the teaching profession more attractive, improving the links between education and the labour market and adapting labour market institutions to the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Three Essential Questions of Production
    Three Essential Questions of Production ~ Economic Understandings SS7E5a Name_______________________________________Date__________________________________ Class 1 2 3 4 Traditional Economies Command Economies Market Economies Mixed Economies What is In this type of In a command economy, the In a market economy, the Nearly all economies in produced? economic system, what central government decides wants of the consumers and the world today have is produced is based on what goods and services will the profit motive of the characteristics of both custom and the habit be produced, what wages will producers will decide what market and command of how such decisions be paid to workers, what will be produced. A.K.A. economic systems. were made in the past. jobs the workers do, as well Free-enterprise, Laisse- as the prices of goods. faire & capitalism. This means that most How is it The methods of In a command economy, no Labor (the workers) and countries have produced? production are one can start their own management (the characteristics of a primitive. Bartering, or business. bosses/owners) together free market/free a system of trading in The government determines will determine how goods enterprise as well as goods and services, how and where the goods will be produced in a market some government replaces currency in a produced would be sold. economy. planning and control. traditional economy. For whom is The primary group for In a command economy, the In a market economy, each it produced? whom goods and government determines how production resource is paid services are produced the goods and services are based on what is in a traditional economy distributed.
    [Show full text]
  • The 4 Economic Systems What Is an Economic System?
    The 4 Economic Systems What is an Economic System? Economics is the study of how people make decisions given the resources that are provided to them Economics is all about CHOICES, both individual and group choices. We must make choices to provide for our needs and wants. The choices each society or nation selects leads to the creation of their type of economy. 3 Basic Questions Each economic system tries to answer the three basic questions: What should be produced? How it should be produced? For whom should it be produced? How they answer these questions determines the kind of system they have. Four Types of Systems There are four main types of economic systems. The Traditional Economic System The Command Economic System The Market Economic System The Mixed Economic System Each system has its strengths and weaknesses. Traditional Economy In a traditional economy, the customs and habits of the past are used to decide what and how goods will be produced, distributed, and consumed. Each member of society knows from early on what their role in the larger group will be. Jobs are passed down from generation to generation so there is little change in jobs over the generations. In a traditional economy, people are depended upon to fulfill their jobs. If someone fails to do their part, the system can break down. Farming, hunting, and herding are part of a traditional economy. Traditional economies can be found in different indigenous groups. In addition, traditional economies bartering is used for trade. Bartering is trading without money. For example, if an individual has a good and he trades it with another individual for a different good.
    [Show full text]
  • Seeing What's There Lindy Davies Progress.Org / 2005 One Afternoon
    Seeing What's There Lindy Davies Progress.org / 2005 One afternoon, back in the days of the great bloom of New York City panhandling in the early 90s, I made the by-then reflexive plunge into my pocket, and found nothing but a twenty-dollar bill. I explained to the beggar that the twenty was all I had, and I couldn't afford to give it to him. A conversation ensued, which, the guy told me, meant a lot more to him than the money. "When so many people walk by and don't seem to see you," he said, "you start to wonder if you might really not be here." I often think of that moment as I ponder the plight of the Georgists. Having been given the responsibility of acquainting the world with a radically important insight, they go out and find that people simply cannot see them or, if they can, they refuse to admit it! That makes the Georgists sound rather pathetic. But, despite their lack of honor in their own country, I'd suggest that the Georgists are not the most pathetic players in the field of political economy. True, they lack sophisticated training, popular support and institutional funding. Nevertheless, Georgists can accomplish one thing that most of today's credentialed economists have a great deal of trouble with: they can discern the obvious. A highly-skilled stage magician can make something huge -- the Statue of Liberty, say -- seem to disappear. Yet if that magician were to actually start to believe in his own smoke and mirrors -- if he actually expected the statue to be gone -- our feelings about his performance would shift from awe to pity.
    [Show full text]
  • Interpretation of Economic Systems Models in International Overview
    onomic c s & f E o M Victoria and Hua, Int J Econ Manag Sci 2018, 7:3 l a a n n a r g u e DOI: 10.4172/2162-6359.1000519 o m J International Journal of Economics & e l n a t n S o i c t i a ISSN: 2162-6359 e n n r c e t e s n I Management Sciences Research Article Open Access Short Communication Open Access Interpretation of Economic Systems Models in International Overview: Traditional, the Command-Administrative, Capitalism and Mixed-Economy Systems: Unified Economic Areas Chernyaeva Victoria A* and Wang Dian Hua College of Economic and Management, Tianjin Science and Technology University, P.R. China Abstract The important theoretical background directed to interpretation of economic models in different countries and regional cooperation scheme. It is relevant research topic because in various systems of interaction among nations there are particular methods of making the economical operations. Unified economic projects influenced by other spheres of interaction among regions, between countries as education, transport cooperation, industrial collaboration, humanitarian interaction. The research detailed the arguments of theory and practical experience of cooperation between different economical systems of States with appropriate results in common projects, their implementation results. Keywords: Economic models; Traditional economy system; The The command-administrative system under certain conditions, yields command-administrative economy system; Capitalism-economy positive economic results [3]. So, in the Chinese economy in a certain system; Mixed-economy system; Unified economic area period of command-administrative system has increased the growth rate. Introduction In Russian Federation, the administrative-command Economic system in theoretical overview system associated with the success in solving critical problems (industrialization, collectivization of agriculture, the mobilization of Considering about the acquisition of wealth Aristotle allocated the national economy).
    [Show full text]
  • Underdevelopment in a Capital-Rich Economy Ahmed H
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1983 Underdevelopment in a capital-rich economy Ahmed H. Senani Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Senani, Ahmed H., "Underdevelopment in a capital-rich economy " (1983). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 8959. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/8959 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark; it is aji indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 2: Economic Systems Lesson 2.1: Three Economic Questions and the Traditional Economy
    Unit 2: Economic Systems Lesson 2.1: Three Economic Questions and the Traditional Economy What you will learn! An economic system is the way societies provide goods and services to meet the wants and needs of its citizens. SS.912.E.1.3. There are three economic questions that every economic system must answer: (1) what are we going to make?; (2) how are we going to make it?; (3) for whom are we going to make it? SS.912.E.1.3. A traditional economy is an economic system based on customs, habit and ritual passed down from generation to generation. SS.912.E.1.3. Key Point #1. An economic system is the way societies provide goods and services to meet the wants and needs of its citizens. In the last unit, we learned that economics is about why we make choices about what we want and need. Scarcity—limited amount of resources to meet an unlimited about of needs and wants—forces us to make decisions about everything. In this unit, we will learn about how we get those needs and wants met. Let’s say you have your own little kingdom and it’s your task to design an economy to distribute goods and services. How would you want this economy to look? We could make it a smaller economy, based on small communities or families, where everyone could potentially have a say. Everything—resources and products—could be in the hands of the government, which would make the decisions for everyone. Perhaps you would prefer less control, where everything’s in the hands of individuals and businesses, and they make the decisions about what goods and services will be available.
    [Show full text]
  • SS7E5 the Student Will Analyze Different Economic Systems
    Economic Systems SS7E5 The student will analyze different economic systems. a. Compare how traditional, command, and market economies answer the economic questions of (1) what to produce, (2) how to produce, and (3) for whom to produce. b. Explain how most countries have a mixed economy located on a continuum between pure market and pure command. c. Compare and contrast the economic systems in Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey. What is Economics? Economics is the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. There are three main economic systems: Traditional Command Market Most countries around the world have a mixed economy (a mixture of the three systems listed above). Essential Economic Vocabulary Production – The process of manufacturing or growing something. Distribution – The delivery of products to various places. Consumption – The use of goods and services. Goods – Items that are sold. Services – Work that helps others. Ex: Hospital. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – The total value of goods and services produced in a country every year. Traditional, Command, Market and Mixed Economies The type of economic system utilized by a country (traditional, command, market, or mixed economies) answer three important economic questions: What to produce? (What products are produced in the country?) How to produce? (How are products produced in the country?) For whom to produce? (Who are you making the products for?) Command Economy In a command economy, the government answers the three economic questions. Characteristics of a command economy: Little individual freedom No competition b/ businesses. Businesses are not for profit. Consumers have few choices. North Korea's leader Kim Jong Gov’t determines jobs & sets Un greets students at a school prices of goods/services.
    [Show full text]
  • The Globalization of Economics
    Name Date Unit 6 THE GLOBALIZATION OF eCONOMICS In this unit, you will learn about economics — the study of how people make their livings, earn and spend money, trade with one another, and invest in their future. You will also learn how, in our mod- ern world, economics has become global — today we exchange goods and ser- vices with others from all around the world. Today, large container ships carry goods to and from every corner of the globe. Chapter 17. Economic Systems. In this chapter, you will look at the ways in which different societies meet their economic needs. Chapter 18. Economic Development. In this chapter, you will learn about the Human Development Index and how the indicators shown on this index are used to evaluate how far a nation’s economy has developed. Chapter 19. The challenges of Globalization. In this chapter, you will learn how geographic factors influence the location of economic activities. Then you will learn how specialization promotes trade among nations and examine the impact of “globalization.” Y P OCO T HO P O T L U NLAWF U 275 Name Date ECONOMIC Chapter 17 SYSTEMS Economics 10 The student understands the distribution, characteristics, and interactions of the economic systems in the world. TEKS COVERED IN Describe the forces that determine the distribution of • Economics 10(A) CHAPTER 17 goods and services in free enterprise, socialist, and communist economic systems. • Economics 10(B) Classify where specific countries fall along the economic spectrum between free enterprise and communism. • Economics 10(C) Compare the ways people satisfy their basic needs through the production of goods and services such as subsistence agriculture versus commercial agriculture or cottage industries versus commercial industries.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle East Economy
    Middle East Economy SS7E5 The student will analyze different economic systems. a. Compare how traditional, command, and market economies answer the economic questions of (1) what to produce, (2) how to produce, and (3) for whom to produce. b. Explain how most countries have a mixed economy located on a continuum between pure market and pure command. c. Compare and contrast the economic systems in Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey. Characteristics of Economic Systems Free Enterprise Private ownership of property and resources Business decisions are driven the desire to earn a profit There is a great deal of competition Supply and demand form the largest influence on what is produced Consumers have many choices Command Economy Central ownership of property/resources (government owns everything) Centrally planned economy Lack of consumer choice Traditional Economy Allocation of resources is based on rituals, habits, or customs Roles are defined by family People work together for the common good Little individual choice Examples: Early Native Americans Mixed Economy Individuals and businesses as decision makers for the private sector Government as decision maker for the public sector Limited government regulation of private industries Most common economic system today, since no economy is completely free enterprise Examples: Israel and Turkey Examples of Countries with a Mixed Economy Israel has a market economy, but the government still owns much of the land and industries, especially service industries. Saudi Arabia has an oil industry that is almost completely owned by the government through a company called Saudi Aramco.Still, it is encouraging private industries to participate in other parts of the economy.
    [Show full text]
  • UNU-MERIT Working Paper Series
    UNU‐MERIT Working Paper Series #2012-032 Proximate, intermediate and ultimate causality: Theories and experiences of growth and development Adam Szirmai Working Paper Series on Institutions and Economic Growth: IPD WP01 This working paper is part of the research programme on ‘Institutions, Governance and Long‐term Economic Growth’, a partnership between the French Development Agency (AFD) and the Maastricht Graduate School of Governance (Maastricht University – UNU‐ Merit). The research builds on the Institutional Profiles Database IPD, jointly developed by AFD and the French Ministry of the Economy since 2001. ISSN 1871‐9872 Maastricht Economic and social Research institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU‐MERIT) email: [email protected] | website: http://www.merit.unu.edu Maastricht Graduate School of Governance (MGSoG) email: info‐[email protected] | website: http://mgsog.merit.unu.edu Keizer Karelplein 19, 6211 TC Maastricht, The Netherlands Tel: (31) (43) 388 4400, Fax: (31) (43) 388 4499 AFD‐MGSoG/UNU‐Merit Working Paper Series on « Institutions, Governance and Long term Growth » In 2010, the French Development Agency (AFD) initiated a partnership with the Maastricht Graduate School of Governance (Maastricht University ‐ UNU‐Merit) with a view to exploring the conceptual and econometric relationships between institutions and long‐term growth. As a development bank with a long‐term lending horizon, AFD is particularly interested in better understanding the determinants of countries’ long term economic, social,
    [Show full text]
  • Rise of Capitalism & Economic Systems April 13
    Economics 10: Rise of Capitalism & Economic Systems April 13 - April 17 Time Allotment: 20 minutes per day Student Name: ________________________________ Teacher Name: ________________________________ Economics 10: Capitalism/Economic Systems April 13 – April 17 Packet Overview Date Objective(s) Page Number Monday, April 13 ***Scheduled Day Off*** 2 Tuesday, April 14 1. Explain the origin and meaning of Adam Smith’s 2 “the invisible hand” 2. Identify Adam Smith’s arguments for when trade restrictions are permissible Wednesday, April 15 Explain why barriers to free trade are often harmful 4 & Thursday, April 16 and when they are needed Friday, April 17 1. List the basic economic questions each society 22 must face 2. Identify the ways a society can organize its economy to answer these questions 3. Identify how the United States organizes its economy to answer these questions ***Quiz*** Additional Notes: Welcome Back! Hope you had a restful and joyful holiday weekend! This week we finish our look at the rise of Capitalism and turn towards how societies manage their economies. Again, I now have “Office Hours” via Zoom on Tuesday and Thursday from 1-1:50 you can connect with me via Zoom to ask questions, discuss concepts etc... However, you can email any time! Please continue to ask questions! E-mail: [email protected]. Again, each day’s lesson is designed to take no more than 20 minutes. If you have spent more than 20 minutes on a lesson and/or you do not have access to a computer or the internet, then have your parent sign the page next to the “student expectation” section under each lesson and you will receive full credit for the assignment.
    [Show full text]
  • Foundations of Economics Chapter #2: the Organization of Economies
    Unit #1: Foundations of Economics Chapter #2: The Organization of Economies In order to solve the problem of scarcity, societies must make choices. The basic economic questions are the main or basic choices that all societies must answer. These choices are influenced or guided by the rules or parameters set by each society. These rules or parameters compose the economic system. The Basic Economic Questions Because of scarcity every society or economic system must answer these three (3) basic questions: 1. What to produce? What should be produced in a world with limited resources? Exs) Using limited resources, should a local government build a new school or improve roads? Using limited resources, should a farmer grow wheat, cotton, or corn? Using limited resources, should an automobile manufacturer produce driverless cars? 2. How to produce? What resources should be used? Exs) How should we obtain oil? How much pollution should be allowed? How should we produce steel – using union or nonunion workers? Using recycled steel or iron ore? 3. Who consumes what is produced? Who acquires the product? How is it distributed? Exs) Who gets a flu vaccine? Where are new schools built? Who should clothes be produced for (what demographic group / generation)? The goal in answering these questions is both productive and allocative efficiency. Efficiency is the goal of all economic decisions to solve the problem of scarcity. Thus, the aim of each society is to answer the above questions efficiently. There are two types of efficiency: Productive efficiency: a situation in which the economy could not produce any more of one good without sacrificing production of another good.
    [Show full text]