Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5533 Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors: Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board David Hutchison Lancaster University, UK Takeo Kanade Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Josef Kittler University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Jon M. Kleinberg Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Alfred Kobsa University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Friedemann Mattern ETH Zurich, Switzerland John C. Mitchell Stanford University, CA, USA Moni Naor Weizmann Institute of Science, , Oscar Nierstrasz University of Bern, Switzerland C. Pandu Rangan Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Bernhard Steffen University of Dortmund, Germany Madhu Sudan Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA Demetri Terzopoulos University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Doug Tygar University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Gerhard Weikum Max-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbruecken, Germany Orna Grumberg Michael Kaminski Shmuel Katz Shuly Wintner (Eds.)

Languages: From Formal to Natural

Essays Dedicated to Nissim Francez on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday

13 Volume Editors

Orna Grumberg Michael Kaminski Shmuel Katz Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Department of Computer Science Technion City, 32000, Israel E-mail: {orna,kaminski,katz}@cs.technion.ac.il

Shuly Wintner University of Haifa Department of Computer Science Haifa 31905, Israel E-mail: [email protected]

The illustration on the cover of this book is the Tower of Babel by Pieter Brueghel the Elder. Permission for reproduction has been obtained from the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, Austria.

Library of Congress Control Number: Applied for

CR Subject Classification (1998): B.2, F.3, F.4, D.2.4

LNCS Sublibrary: SL 2 – Programming and Software Engineering

ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN-10 3-642-01747-9 Springer Berlin Heidelberg ISBN-13 978-3-642-01747-6 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 Printed in Germany Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by Scientific Publishing Services, Chennai, India Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 12667154 06/3180 543210 Nissim Francez Preface

The symposium “Languages: From Formal to Natural,” celebrating the 65th birthday of Nissim Francez, was held on May 24–25, 2009 at the Technion, Haifa. The symposium consisted of two parts, a verification day and a language day, and covered all areas of Nissim’s past and present research interests, areas which he has inspiringly influenced and to which he has contributed so much. This volume comprises several papers presented at the symposium, as well as additional articles that were contributed by Nissim’s friends and colleagues who were unable to attend the event. We thank the authors for their contributions. Wearealsogratefultothereviewersfor their dedicated and timely work. Nissim Francez was born on January 19, 1944. In 1962 he started his mathe- matical education at the Hebrew University. He received a BSc in Mathematics in 1965, and, after four years of military service, started his MSc studies in Computer Science at the Weizmann Institute of Science under the supervision of . After completing the MSc program in 1971, Nissim continued his studies toward a PhD, again, at the Weizmann Institute of Science and, again, under the supervision of Amir Pnueli. Nissim was awarded a PhD in Computer Science in 1976. During his graduate studies Nissim worked as a teaching instructor, first at Ben-Gurion University and then at Tel Aviv University. During this period he wrote his first book (along with Gideon Amir), a guide to Fortran, in Hebrew, that became a standard text in Israel for many years. After receiving his PhD, he spent one year at Queen’s University in Belfast working with Tony Hoare, and then one more year at the University of Southern California. In 1978 Nissim joined the Department of Computer Science at the Tech- nion, where he became a professor in 1991. Since 2000 he has held the Bank Leumi Chair in Computer Science. During this time he was also a Visiting Sci- entist at MCC, Austin, Texas during 1989-1990 and at CWI, Amsterdam in 1992 and 1997, and held visiting positions at the Department of Computer Science, University of Utrecht (1992), the Department of Computer Science, Manchester University (1996-1997), and most recently at the School of Informatics, Univer- sity of Edinburgh, in 2002. Nissim’s academic career has been exceptionally productive. To date, he has authored five books (three in English and two in Hebrew) and over 120 research papers, and advised over 30 graduate students, many of whom are now univer- sity professors in Israel and elsewhere. Nissim has given several invited talks at international conferences and symposia, has been on the program committee of numerous conferences, symposia, and workshops, reviewed submissions for 20 journals and is a member of the editorial board of two journals. VIII Preface

Nissim’s scientific interests evolved significantly over time, but have always fo- cused on fundamental questions, motivated by an insatiable thirst for knowledge and limitless scientific curiosity. Nissim started his career in program verifica- tion and the semantics of programming languages, especially for concurrent and distributed programming, and later expanded his interest to new language con- structs for that paradigm. He has also made contributions to and the fundamentals of functional programming. His research monograph Fair- ness became a standard reference for work on assumptions about the scheduling of multiple processes that allow proving termination and other liveness proper- ties. His book Interacting Processes (written with Ira Forman) presented original and influential proposals on language constructs for concurrency, and his text- book Program Verification summarized his approach to specifying and proving the correctness of programs. The year 1991 signified a change of paradigm in Nissim’s research career. Following a life-long fascination with natural languages, he shifted his atten- tion from formal programming or specification languages to natural ones, but brought to computational linguistics his training and expertise from formal sys- tems. In the nearly two decades that followed, Nissim contributed to diverse areas of computational linguistics, including formal grammars (in particular, unification grammars and more recently type-logical grammars), formal seman- tics of natural languages, λ-calculus, and proof theory – the areas in which he is active today. His contribution to computational linguistics is marked by rig- orous, formal developments that are well-informed by actual natural language data. Nissim’s wide interests have also been reflected in his hobbies. He has col- lected stamps all his life, and has also developed collections of coins, telephone cards, and airline menus. He shares with his wife Tikva a love of literature–from the Bible to modern detective novels. The occasion of Nissim’s 65th birthday provided an excellent pretext to cel- ebrate his accomplishments. We feel honored to have had a chance to know and work with Nissim. Co-organizing the symposium and co-editing this Festschrift allowed us on the one hand to acknowledge Nissim’s scientific contributions and, on the other hand, to thank him for his advice, guidance, and friendship. The response of Nissim’s students, collaborators, and friends to our initiative, which was so critical for the success of this event, made the organization of the symposium and the publication of this volume much easier. We wish to thank them all. And one more time, Happy Birthday, Nissim, and many more productive years!

March 2009 Orna Grumberg Michael Kaminski Shmuel Katz Shuly Wintner Table of Contents

Languages: From Formal to Natural

Modular Verification of Recursive Programs ...... 1 Krzysztof R. Apt, Frank S. de Boer, and Ernst-R¨udiger Olderog

Semi-formal Evaluation of Conversational Characters ...... 22 Ron Artstein, Sudeep Gandhe, Jillian Gerten, Anton Leuski, and David Traum

Scope Dominance with Generalized Quantifiers ...... 36 Gilad Ben-Avi and Yoad Winter

Nonassociative Lambek Calculus with Additives and Context-Free Languages ...... 45 Wojciech Buszkowski and Maciej Farulewski

On Lazy Commutation ...... 59 Nachum Dershowitz

Aspect Oriented Approach for Capturing and Verifying Distributed Properties...... 83 Tzilla Elrad

No i-Sums for Nissim (and Shalom) ...... 97 Itamar Francez

The Power of Non-deterministic Reassignment in Infinite-Alphabet Pushdown Automata ...... 107 Yulia Dubov and Michael Kaminski

Modular Verification of Strongly Invasive Aspects ...... 128 Emilia Katz and Shmuel Katz

Classes of Service under Perfect Competition and Technological Change: A Model for the Dynamics of the Internet? ...... 148 Daniel Lehmann

On the Ontological Nature of Syntactic Categories in Categorial Grammar ...... 170 Rani Nelken

Masking Gateway for Enterprises ...... 177 Sara Porat, Boaz Carmeli, Tamar Domany, Tal Drory, Ksenya Kveler, Alex Melament, and Haim Nelken X Table of Contents

No Syllogisms for the Numerical Syllogistic ...... 192 Ian Pratt-Hartmann

Formal Grammars of Early Language ...... 204 Shuly Wintner, Alon Lavie, and Brian MacWhinney

Hybrid BDD and All-SAT Method for Model Checking ...... 228 Avi Yadgar, Orna Grumberg, and Assaf Schuster

Author Index ...... 245