DOCSLIB.ORG

Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5533 Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors: Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan Van Leeuwen

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5533 Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors: Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan Van Leeuwen Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5533 Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors: Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen Editorial Board David Hutchison Lancaster University, UK Takeo Kanade Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Josef Kittler University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Jon M. Kleinberg Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Alfred Kobsa University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Friedemann Mattern ETH Zurich, Switzerland John C. Mitchell Stanford University, CA, USA Moni Naor Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Oscar Nierstrasz University of Bern, Switzerland C. Pandu Rangan Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Bernhard Steffen University of Dortmund, Germany Madhu Sudan Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA Demetri Terzopoulos University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Doug Tygar University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Gerhard Weikum Max-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbruecken, Germany Orna Grumberg Michael Kaminski Shmuel Katz Shuly Wintner (Eds.) Languages: From Formal to Natural Essays Dedicated to Nissim Francez on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday 13 Volume Editors Orna Grumberg Michael Kaminski Shmuel Katz Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Department of Computer Science Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel E-mail: {orna,kaminski,katz}@cs.technion.ac.il Shuly Wintner University of Haifa Department of Computer Science Haifa 31905, Israel E-mail: [email protected] The illustration on the cover of this book is the Tower of Babel by Pieter Brueghel the Elder. Permission for reproduction has been obtained from the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, Austria. Library of Congress Control Number: Applied for CR Subject Classification (1998): B.2, F.3, F.4, D.2.4 LNCS Sublibrary: SL 2 – Programming and Software Engineering ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN-10 3-642-01747-9 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-642-01747-6 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 Printed in Germany Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by Scientific Publishing Services, Chennai, India Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 12667154 06/3180 543210 Nissim Francez Preface The symposium “Languages: From Formal to Natural,” celebrating the 65th birthday of Nissim Francez, was held on May 24–25, 2009 at the Technion, Haifa. The symposium consisted of two parts, a verification day and a language day, and covered all areas of Nissim’s past and present research interests, areas which he has inspiringly influenced and to which he has contributed so much. This volume comprises several papers presented at the symposium, as well as additional articles that were contributed by Nissim’s friends and colleagues who were unable to attend the event. We thank the authors for their contributions. Wearealsogratefultothereviewersfor their dedicated and timely work. Nissim Francez was born on January 19, 1944. In 1962 he started his mathe- matical education at the Hebrew University. He received a BSc in Mathematics in 1965, and, after four years of military service, started his MSc studies in Computer Science at the Weizmann Institute of Science under the supervision of Amir Pnueli. After completing the MSc program in 1971, Nissim continued his studies toward a PhD, again, at the Weizmann Institute of Science and, again, under the supervision of Amir Pnueli. Nissim was awarded a PhD in Computer Science in 1976. During his graduate studies Nissim worked as a teaching instructor, first at Ben-Gurion University and then at Tel Aviv University. During this period he wrote his first book (along with Gideon Amir), a guide to Fortran, in Hebrew, that became a standard text in Israel for many years. After receiving his PhD, he spent one year at Queen’s University in Belfast working with Tony Hoare, and then one more year at the University of Southern California. In 1978 Nissim joined the Department of Computer Science at the Tech- nion, where he became a professor in 1991. Since 2000 he has held the Bank Leumi Chair in Computer Science. During this time he was also a Visiting Sci- entist at MCC, Austin, Texas during 1989-1990 and at CWI, Amsterdam in 1992 and 1997, and held visiting positions at the Department of Computer Science, University of Utrecht (1992), the Department of Computer Science, Manchester University (1996-1997), and most recently at the School of Informatics, Univer- sity of Edinburgh, in 2002. Nissim’s academic career has been exceptionally productive. To date, he has authored five books (three in English and two in Hebrew) and over 120 research papers, and advised over 30 graduate students, many of whom are now univer- sity professors in Israel and elsewhere. Nissim has given several invited talks at international conferences and symposia, has been on the program committee of numerous conferences, symposia, and workshops, reviewed submissions for 20 journals and is a member of the editorial board of two journals. VIII Preface Nissim’s scientific interests evolved significantly over time, but have always fo- cused on fundamental questions, motivated by an insatiable thirst for knowledge and limitless scientific curiosity. Nissim started his career in program verifica- tion and the semantics of programming languages, especially for concurrent and distributed programming, and later expanded his interest to new language con- structs for that paradigm. He has also made contributions to logic programming and the fundamentals of functional programming. His research monograph Fair- ness became a standard reference for work on assumptions about the scheduling of multiple processes that allow proving termination and other liveness proper- ties. His book Interacting Processes (written with Ira Forman) presented original and influential proposals on language constructs for concurrency, and his text- book Program Verification summarized his approach to specifying and proving the correctness of programs. The year 1991 signified a change of paradigm in Nissim’s research career. Following a life-long fascination with natural languages, he shifted his atten- tion from formal programming or specification languages to natural ones, but brought to computational linguistics his training and expertise from formal sys- tems. In the nearly two decades that followed, Nissim contributed to diverse areas of computational linguistics, including formal grammars (in particular, unification grammars and more recently type-logical grammars), formal seman- tics of natural languages, λ-calculus, and proof theory – the areas in which he is active today. His contribution to computational linguistics is marked by rig- orous, formal developments that are well-informed by actual natural language data. Nissim’s wide interests have also been reflected in his hobbies. He has col- lected stamps all his life, and has also developed collections of coins, telephone cards, and airline menus. He shares with his wife Tikva a love of literature–from the Bible to modern detective novels. The occasion of Nissim’s 65th birthday provided an excellent pretext to cel- ebrate his accomplishments. We feel honored to have had a chance to know and work with Nissim. Co-organizing the symposium and co-editing this Festschrift allowed us on the one hand to acknowledge Nissim’s scientific contributions and, on the other hand, to thank him for his advice, guidance, and friendship. The response of Nissim’s students, collaborators, and friends to our initiative, which was so critical for the success of this event, made the organization of the symposium and the publication of this volume much easier. We wish to thank them all. And one more time, Happy Birthday, Nissim, and many more productive years! March 2009 Orna Grumberg Michael Kaminski Shmuel Katz Shuly Wintner Table of Contents Languages: From Formal to Natural Modular Verification of Recursive Programs ......................... 1 Krzysztof R. Apt, Frank S. de Boer, and Ernst-R¨udiger Olderog Semi-formal Evaluation of Conversational Characters ................. 22 Ron Artstein, Sudeep Gandhe, Jillian Gerten, Anton Leuski, and David Traum Scope Dominance with Generalized Quantifiers ...................... 36 Gilad Ben-Avi and Yoad Winter Nonassociative Lambek Calculus with Additives and Context-Free Languages ...................................................... 45 Wojciech Buszkowski and Maciej Farulewski On Lazy Commutation ........................................... 59 Nachum Dershowitz Aspect Oriented Approach for Capturing and Verifying Distributed Properties....................................................... 83 Tzilla Elrad No i-Sums for Nissim (and Shalom) ................................ 97 Itamar Francez The Power of Non-deterministic Reassignment in Infinite-Alphabet Pushdown Automata ............................................. 107 Yulia Dubov and Michael Kaminski Modular Verification of Strongly Invasive Aspects ...................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lecture Notes in Computer Science
    D. Dolev Z. Galil M. Rodeh (Eds.) Theory of Computing and Systems ISTCS '92, Israel Symposium Haifa, Israel, May 27-28, 1992 Proceedings Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg NewYork London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Series Editors Gerhard Goos Juris Hartmanis Universit~it Karlsruhe Department of Computer Science Postfach 69 80 Cornell University Vincenz-Priessnitz-Stral3e 1 5149 Upson Hall W-7500 Karlsruhe, FRG Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Volume Editors Danny Dolev Hebrew University Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel Zvi Galil Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA and Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel Michael Rodeh IBM Israel Ltd., Science and Technology, Technion City Haifa 32000, Israel CR Subject Classification (1991): F.1-4, B.3, C.2, G.1-2, 1.1, E.4, D.2-3 ISBN 3-540-55553-6 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 0-387-55553-6 Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992 Printed in Germany Typesetting: Camera ready by author/editor Printing and binding: Druckhaus Beltz, Hemsbach/Bergstr.
    [Show full text]
  • Unification Grammars Nissim Francez and Shuly Wintner Frontmatter More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01417-6 - Unification Grammars Nissim Francez and Shuly Wintner Frontmatter More information Unification Grammars Like computer programs, the grammars of natural languages can be expressed as mathematical objects. Such a formal presentation of grammars facilitates mathematical reasoning with grammars (and the languages they denote), on one hand, and the compu- tational implementation of grammar processors, on the other hand. This book presents one of the most commonly used grammatical formalisms, unification grammars, which underlies such contemporary linguistic theories as lexical-functional grammar (LFG) and head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG). The book provides a robust and rigorous exposition of the formalism that is both mathematically well founded and lin- guistically motivated. Although the material is presented formally, and much of the text is mathematically oriented, a core chapter of the book addresses linguistic applications and the implementation of several linguistic insights in unification grammars. The authors provide dozens of examples and numerous exercises (many with solutions) to illustrate key points. Graduate students and researchers in both computer science and linguistics will find this book a valuable resource. NISSIM FRANCEZ is professor emeritus of computer science at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. His research for the last twenty years has focused on computational linguistics in general, and on the formal semantics of natural language in particular, mainly within the framework of type-logical grammar. His most recent research topic is proof-theoretic semantics for natural language. He is the author of several books and approximately 150 scientific articles. He regularly serves on editorial boards and program committees of several major conferences, including the committee of the FoLLI (Association for Logic, Language, and Information) Beth Dissertation Award.
    [Show full text]
  • Chp%3A10.1007%2F3-54
    PART III PROJECT SUMMARIES 345 Parallel Unification Machine Design and Simulation Contact Person: Professor F~li N. Sibai Dept. of Electrical Engineering University of Akron Akron, OH 44325-3904 U.S.A. mail: r [email protected] Keywords Parallel Unification, Term Matching, Consistency Check, Shared and Distributed Memory Organizations Summary A parallel machine architecture for first-order unification was designed by F. N. Sibai. This machine can be used as a hardware unifier by itself, or can be used as a co-processor to a host PROLOG computer. The machine takes two terms to be unified for input, and outputs the most general unifier in case of unification success, or FAIL in case of failure. The machine is composed of an array of match processors (MPs) in charge of matching the arguments of the two terms in parallel and can therefore detect early failures at the match level. If no match failure exists, the MPs send the generated bindings to a consistency check processor (CCP) in charge of checking the consistency of the bindings. The CCP is a powerful unification processor which maintains the bindings in a content-addressable memory for fast search and retrieval. Thus the operations of the array of MPs and the CCP are pipelined in the machine. The performance evaluation of two versions of PUM has been conducted with simulation. The first version is based on a shared-memory or- ganization whereas the second uses a distributed memory organization. Reference Sibai, Fadi N.,"A Parallel Machine for the Unification Algorithm: Design, Simulation, and Performance Evaluation," Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Amalia--A Unified Platform for Parsing and Generation
    Amalia A Unied Platform for Parsing and Generation z y Evgeniy Gabrilovich and Nissim Francez Shuly Wintner Lab oratory for Computational Linguistics Seminar f ur Sprachwissenschaft Computer Science Department Universitat T ubingen Technion Israel Institute of Technology Kl Wilhelmstr Haifa Israel T ubingen Germany fgabrfrancezgcstechnionac il shulysfsnphilunituebin gen de Abstract mar and a string and parses the string according to the grammar For generation the input is a Contemporary linguistic theories in particular HPSG are declarative in nature they sp ecify semantic formula from which a phrase is gener constraints on p ermissible structures not how ated The earliest HPSG parsers eg Prudian such structures are to b e computed Gram mars designed under such theories are there Pollard Franz were designed in this fore suitable for b oth parsing and generation way A slightly more elab orate technique is the However practical implementations of such the use of some highlevel unicationbased logic pro ories dont usually supp ort bidirectional pro cessing of grammars We present a grammar gramming language eg Prolog or LIFE At development system that includes a compiler of Kaci Podelski for sp ecifying the grammar grammars for parsing and generation to ab Further along this line lies compilation of gram stract machine instructions and an interpreter for the abstract machine language The genera mars directly into Prolog using Prologs internal tion compiler inverts input grammars designed mechanisms for p erforming unication This
    [Show full text]
  • Semantics of Nondeterminism, Concurrency, and Communication*
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector JOURNAL OF COMPUTER AND SYSTEMSCIENCES 19, 29O-308 ( 1979) Semantics of Nondeterminism, Concurrency, and Communication* NISSIM FRANCEZ Department of Computer Science, The Technion, Haifa, Israel C. A. R. HOARE Programming Research Group, Oxford University, Oxford, OX2 6PE, England DANIEL J. LEHMANN Department of Computer Science, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel AND WILLEM P. DE ROEVER Department of Computer Science, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Holland Received September 13, 1978; revised July 25, 1979 I. INTRODUCTION 1. Background and Motivation One of the more important and active areas in the theory of programming languages is that of concurrent programs, specifically their design, definition, analysis, and verifica- tion. Due to recent developments in the technology of microprocessors, there is a trend toward languages supporting distributed activities involving communication rather than concurrent activities on some shared resources, mainly memory. Thus, it becomes very important to supply adequate tools for the definition and analysis of such programs and programming languages. One recent attempt to design such a language was done by Hoare [9], where the language CSP (communicating sequential processes) was presented informally. This is a language for the expression of nondeterministic, concurrent, and communicating programs. * Based on work carried out by Francez, Hoare, and de Roever at Queen’s University, Belfast, during the academic year 1976-1977, supported by SRC Grant B/RG/74082. The completion of the paper was supported by NSF Grants MCS-78-673 and MCS-78-7461, during the stay of Francez and Lehmann at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, and of de Roever at the University of California, Berkeley, 1977-1978.
    [Show full text]
  • David S. Brée
    David S. Br´ee Curriculum Vitae as of 16 December 2010 Date of Birth: 2 December 1939 Nationality: British Marital status: Married Children: One Address from 1 July 2010: Eerste Weteringdwars straat 32, 1017 TN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Present position 2006 Emeritus Professor of Artificial Intelligence School of Computer Science University of Manchester Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom 1 Previous full time posts 2010 Senior Researcher Center for Complex System, Institute for Social Studies University of Warsaw ul. Stawki 5/7, 00 - 183 Warsaw. - Worked with Professor Andrzej Nowak on a book about Complex Systems Science approach to Social Psychology, to be published in 2013 by Springer 2006-2010 Senior Researcher Institute for Scientific Interchange Villa Guallino, via Settimio Severo 65, 10133 Torino, Italy - Scientific management of three FP6 projects in the field of Complex Systems, with a total budget of 5 M€ over 3 to 4 years - Local supervision of 5 PhD students, all of whom have completed 1990-2006 Professor of Artificial Intelligence School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, United Kingdom - Set up and ran their first PhD program, raising the annual intake to over 30 students - Head of the Artificial Intelligence group 1988-91 Scientific Director (part-time) Foundation for Knowledge-Based Systems, Rotterdam, The Netherlands - Purpose: strategic research in the area of knowledge-based systems - Set up by SPIN, the Dutch equivalent of Alvey, with an injection of Hfl 10,000,000 (€ 4,500,000) over five years - Raised an equivalent
    [Show full text]
  • Off-Line Parsability and the Well-Foundedness of Subsumption
    Off-line Parsability and the Well-foundedness of Subsumption∗ Shuly Wintner and Nissim Francez Department of Computer Science Technion, Israel Institute of Technology 32000 Haifa, Israel Abstract Typed feature structures are used extensively for the specification of linguistic infor- mation in many formalisms. The subsumption relation orders TFSs by their information content. We prove that subsumption of acyclic TFSs is well-founded, whereas in the presence of cycles general TFS subsumption is not well-founded. We show an application of this result for parsing, where the well-foundedness of subsumption is used to guarantee termination for grammars that are off-line parsable. We define a new version of off-line parsability that is less strict than the existing one; thus termination is guaranteed for parsing with a larger set of grammars. Keywords: Computational Linguistics, Parsing, Feature structures, Unification arXiv:cmp-lg/9709011v1 23 Sep 1997 This paper has not been submitted elsewhere in identical or similar form 1 Introduction Feature structures serve as a means for the specification of linguistic information in current linguistic formalisms such as LFG (Kaplan and Bresnan, 1982), HPSG (Pollard and Sag, 1994) or (some versions of) Categorial Grammar (Haddock, Klein, and Morill, 1987). This paper focuses on typed feature structures (TFSs) that are a generalization of their untyped counterparts. TFSs are related by subsumption (see (Carpenter, 1992b)) according to their ∗ To appear in the Journal of Logic, Language and Information 1 information content. We show that the subsumption relation is well-founded for acyclic TFSs, but not for cyclic ones. We use this result to prove that parsing is terminating for grammars that are off-line parsable: this proposition is cited, but not proved, in (Shieber, 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the 15Th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language (MOL 2017), Held at Queen Mary University of London, on July 13–14, 2017
    MOL 2017 The 15th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language Proceedings of the Conference July 13–14, 2017 London, UK Sponsored by c 2017 The Association for Computational Linguistics Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) 209 N. Eighth Street Stroudsburg, PA 18360 USA Tel: +1-570-476-8006 Fax: +1-570-476-0860 [email protected] ISBN 978-1-945626-72-2 ii Introduction This is the proceedings of the 15th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language (MOL 2017), held at Queen Mary University of London, on July 13–14, 2017. The volume contains eleven regular papers and two invited papers. It also includes an abstract of a third invited talk. The regular papers were selected from a total of 23 submissions, using the EasyChair conference management system. The conference benefited from the financial support of the British Logic Colloquium (http://www. blc-logic.org) and of AYLIEN (http://aylien.com), which we gratefully acknowledge. Last but not least, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to all the reviewers for MOL 2017 and to all the people who helped with the local organization. Makoto Kanazawa, Philippe de Groote, and Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh (editors) iii Program Chairs: Makoto Kanazawa, National Institute of Informatics (Japan) Philippe de Groote, INRIA Nancy (France) Local Chair: Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh, Queen Mary University of London (UK) Local Organization: Sophie Chesney, Queen Mary University of London (UK) Maximilian Droog-Hayes, Queen Mary University of London (UK) Dimitri Kartsaklis, University of Cambridge (UK) Shalom Lappin, University
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Computational Linguistics
    Notes on computational linguistics E. Stabler UCLA, Winter 2003 (under revision) Stabler - Lx 185/209 2003 Contents 1 Setting the stage: logics, prolog, theories 4 1.1Summary............................................................................. 4 1.2Propositionalprolog...................................................................... 6 1.3Usingprolog.......................................................................... 10 1.4Somedistinctionsofhumanlanguages.......................................................... 11 1.5PredicateProlog........................................................................ 13 1.6Thelogicofsequences.................................................................... 18 2 Recognition: first idea 26 2.1Aprovabilitypredicate.................................................................... 27 2.2Arecognitionpredicate.................................................................... 28 2.3Finitestaterecognizers.................................................................... 31 3 Extensions of the top-down recognizer 41 3.1Unificationgrammars..................................................................... 41 3.2Moreunificationgrammars:casefeatures........................................................ 42 3.3Recognizers:timeandspace................................................................ 44 3.4Trees,andparsing:firstidea................................................................ 46 3.5Thetop-downparser..................................................................... 47
    [Show full text]
  • Elephant 2000: a Programming Language Based on Speech Acts
    Elephant 2000: A Programming Language Based on Speech Acts John McCarthy, Stanford University I meant what I said, and I said what I meant. An elephant’s faithful, one hundred percent! moreover, An elephant never forgets! Abstract: Elephant 2000 is a vehicle for some ideas about programming language features. We expect these features to be valuable in writing and verifying programs that interact with people (e.g. transaction processing) or interact with programs belonging to other organizations (e.g. electronic data interchange) 1. Communication inputs and outputs are in an I-O language whose sen- tences are meaningful speech acts approximately in the sense of philosophers and linguists. These include questions, answers, offers, acceptances, declina- tions, requests, permissions and promises. 2. The correctness of programs is partly defined in terms of proper perfor- mance of the speech acts. Answers should be truthful and responsive, and promises should be kept. Sentences of logic expressing these forms of cor- rectness can be generated automatically from the form of the program. 3. Elephant source programs may not need data structures, because they can refer directly to the past. Thus a program can say that an airline passenger has a reservation if he has made one and hasn’t cancelled it. 4. Elephant programs themselves can be represented as sentences of logic. Their extensional properties follow from this representation without an in- tervening theory of programming or anything like Hoare axioms. 5. Elephant programs that interact non-trivially with the outside world can 1 have both input-output specifications, relating the programs inputs and out- puts, and accomplishment specifications concerning what the program accom- plishes in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Rechnion - Israel Institute Ot Technology Computer Science Dep~Rtment
    '. rECHNION - Israel Institute ot Technology Computer Science Dep~rtment ,A.WEAKEST PRECO~DITION SEMANTICS FOR eOMMUNICATING PROCESSES by Tzilla Elrad ~nd Nissim Francez Technical .Report #244 May '1982 Technion - Computer Science Department - Technical Report CS0244 - 1982 - -.., ...... A WEAKEST PRECONDITION SEMANTICS' FOR "'.... Cm~MUNI,CAtIN'G PROCESSES (~) by TZil-lei El-rad(H and Nissim ~ranceL(2} nept. of Compu~er Science Technion - Israel Institute df Technology Haifa 32000, Israel -5Uftt1ARY Aweakest precondition semantics for communicating processes is presented, bas~d on a centr~lized one level approach. Semantic equa­ tions are given for the CSP constructs and th€1r continuity i$ proved. The 'representation of various operation9-'l con<;:epts, i.ncluding delay, is discussed. S~~eral examples bf appiying ~he rules ~re gi~en. Key Words and Concepts: Weakes t preconditi on, semanti cs, communi cati:ng processes, di stri I;>uted· 'programming, nonde~erminism, termination, deadlock. CR Categories: 5.24,4.32. (1) The work of the first author was supportep by NSf grant MCS~80-l7577. (2) The.work of the second author wa~ supported By a grant by IBM-Israel. Technion - Computer(*) A Science preliminary Department version - Technical of Report thist CS0244 paper -was 1982 pre~ented i'n the 5th Inter­ national Confer.ence on ProgrammJng, Torino, Apri' 198~. 1 ... 1. INTRODUCTION The 'mportance of the axiomatic approach to Tormal definixlons ;)­ of the semantics of 1anguages for conc~rrent programming js by 'now \:lidely' reco~nized:[OG, AfR , FS, LS, >LG]. 1fie purpose of~thi.s paper is to im"~stig.ate th"e use of WP (Weakest • 1 Pr~condi~ion) semantics as a tpol for th~ f~rmal definition of the semantics of languages for concurrent and'distributed pro~ramming.
    [Show full text]
  • Categorial Grammar and the Semantics of Contextual Prepositional Phrases
    Categorial Grammar and the Semantics of Contextual Prepositional Phrases Nissim Francez and Mark Steedman† September 12, 2004 The paper proposes a semantics for contextual (i.e., Temporal and Locative) Prepositional Phrases (CPPs) like during every meeting, in the garden, when Harry met Sally and where I’m calling from. The semantics is embodied in a multi-modal extension of Combinatory Categoral Grammar (CCG). The grammar allows the strictly monotonic compositional derivation of multiple correct interpretations for “stacked” or multiple CPPs, including interpretations whose scope relations are not what would be expected on standard assumptions about surface-syntactic command and monotonic derivation. A type-hierarchy of functional modalities plays a crucial role in the specification of the fragment. 1 Introduction In [25], a temporal semantics for temporal preposition phrases (TPPs) was introduced, free of any syntactic anal- ysis and syntax-semantics interface. This semantics employed some unorthodox operations, referred to as pseudo- applications, as well as semantic operations not triggered by any underlying syntactic manipulation. Furthermore, it used two types of sentential (and, hence, verbal) meanings. Here, we attempt to incorporate a semantics inspired by that of [25], but cast into the rigid syntax-semantics interface imposed by Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG, [27, 29]). In addition, we extend the semantics to two varieties of contextual preposition phrases (CPPs): these are the temporal preposition phrases (TPPs) of the earlier account, and Locative preposition phrases (LPPs), discussed in a related approach by [5], but not treated before in this framework. Of particular interest is mixed modification by both kinds of CPP. The fact that CCG is a strongly lexicalized grammatical theory allows us to bring all operations relating distinct sentential and verbal meanings under the control of lexical rules and mor- phemes such as tense inflections and the temporal prepositions themselves.
    [Show full text]