Inventory of Butterflies in Davao City, Philippines with a New Locality Record: an Urban Biodiversity

Bioscience Discovery, 9(3):319-327, July - 2018

Print & Online, Open Access, Research Journal Available on http://jbsd.in ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print); ISSN: 2231-024X (Online)

Research Article Inventory of Butterflies in Davao City, Philippines with a new locality record: An Urban biodiversity

1 1 2 3 Harvey S. Salaga ,*Tristan Luap P. Senarillos , Jade Aster T. Badon , and Leana L. Cristobal

1 Department of Natural Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Southeastern Philippines, Ińigo St. Bo. Obrero, Davao City, Philippines, 8000 2The McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611 U.S. A. 3Founder, Philippine Lepidoptera Butterflies and Moths, Inc. *Email: [email protected]

Article Info Abstract Received: 04-01-2018, Butterflies are well studied group of insects taxonomically, however, no research Revised: 10-06-2018, had been done on butterflies found in urban areas especially in Davao City. Accepted: 15-06-2018 Thus, a survey was done in selected areas in the city to record and identify the butterfly species present. This study revealed 45 species belonging to Keywords: Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, Peiridae, Nymphalidae and Papillionidae families, 12 butterflies, Davao City, of them were Philippine endemic. Specimens were identified in situ and was inventory, Mycalesis confirmed by the third and fourth author. A new locality record of Genus igoleta, Mycalesis mineus, Mycalesis was identified. The authors suggested further research on Mycalesis igoleta and Mycalesis mineus on its seasonal variation which can be used as indication of seasonal changes in the area.

INTRODUCTION overall health (Cabras et al., 2016). An estimated Biodiversity can be found in the city 1,027 species of butterfly were recorded by whether native or exotic, ruderal, spontaneous, or Treadaway and Schroeder (2012) across the domestic. It can be found on street edges, in the country. This inventory was conducted to know the wasteland/dumpsites, under rocks, in houses, the butterflies present in Davao City. Even though roofs of houses, gardens, green areas, and wetlands, butterflies are well studied group of insects and many other places. Cities could even be taxonomically, no research had been done on considered as hotspot for urban biodiversity butterflies found in urban areas especially in Davao because they play a role in the conservation of City. Thus, this study was conducted to determine local/regional species. (Illiassou et al., 2016). species composition of butterflies in the Davao Butterflies like other insects are very City. important to the environment. They are excellent There are a number of studies of butterflies group for communication of information in science in Mindanao that account for the species richness and conservation issues (Toledo and Mohagan, and diversity of butterflies in Mindanao. Recent 2011). Ecologically, butterflies play an important published reports on butterfly diversity of Mt. Nebo role in our ecosystems. They are pollinators of records 49 species, 33 genera, and 5 families of various types of wild crops and economically butterflies were one species was very common, 22 important plants; without them the sustained species were common, 10 species were rare and 16 balance in the ecosystem may collapse. It is a good species were undetermined (Sumagaysay and bio-indicator, they represent the presence or Sumagaysay, 2012), Mohagan and Treadaway, absence of other organisms indicating ecosystems 2010 revealed 142 species and one new subspecies

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Harvey S. Salaga et al., in Mt. Hamiguitan. This study also revealed 7 different authors accentuates the need to survey the possible new species, 44 endemics, 2 eastern species of butterflies (Toledo and Mohagan, 2011). Mindanao endemic, 4 Mt. Hamiguitan endemic, 16 Mindanao endemic, 22 Philippine endemic and MATERIALS AND METHODS seven species are new records in Mindanao. Species Table 1 shows the coordinates of the richness of Lepidoptera in Bega Watershed surveyed areas in Davao City. This survey was recorded 13 species butterflies (Nuñeza et al., based on the several visits during June- October 2016), species composition and status of butterflies 2016 (June 10-19, July 29-31, August 19-21, in two selected waterfalls of Caraga, Davao September 18-20, October 21-23) and April 14, 17, Oriental recorded 28 species of butterflies with 3 29, June 21, December 9, 2017. Visual encounters Philippine endemic, one Mindanao endemic, and were employed to document and assess the butterfly one site endemic also 7 species are recorded rare in in the areas. Specimens were identified in situ using the study Mangaoang et al., 2016. Another study of field guide (Badon, 2014), journals, and Ramirez and Mohagan, 2012 revealed 104 species photographs of identified specimens and confirmed of butterflies belonging to 68 genera and 5 families, by the 3rd and 4th author and photos were 57 species were common, 16 were rare, 12 were documented. No voucher specimens were collected rare Philippine endemics, 6 were common but images are recorded and properly documented Philippine endemics, 2 common Mindanao in the website of Philippine Lepidoptera Butterflies endemics, 1 rare Mindanao endemic, 1 very rare and Moths Inc. an organization that documents the eastern Mindanao endemic, and 9 were butterflies across the country. undetermined. The study of Toledo and Mohagan, 2011 revealed 81 species in both mountains namely RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mt. Hibok-hibok and Mt. Timpoong. A total of 45 species of butterflies were The study present the results of a recorded in Davao City belonging to five families: preliminary inventory of butterflies in Davao City Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, Peiridae, Nymphalidae specifically, Brgy. Matina Pangi, Brgy. Puan, Brgy. and Papillionidae. Butterflies recorded were Toril, Brgy. Calinan. This documentation provides represented by 7 genera and 7 species of Hesperiids the first report of butterflies in the selected as well; 11 genera and 13 species of Lycaenids; 2 barangays of Davao City. The short survey revealed genera and 3 species of Pierids; 13 genera and 18 new locality records for southeast Mindanao, Davao species of Nymphalids and 3 genera and 4 species City. Though several workers on butterflies are of Papillionids. stationed in many countries, there are still vast gaps In this inventory figure 1 shows the in local studies where new species are likely to be distribution of butterfly species in family level, discovered (Sumagaysay and Sumagaysay, 2012). Nymphalidae has the highest percentage of the Also the inconsistencies on the number of butterfly identified species (39%) and the least represented species diversity in the Philippines reported by the family Pieridae (7%) with 3 species identified.

Hesperiidae 9% 16% Lycaenidae

Pieridae

39% Nymphalidae 29% Papilionidae 7%

Figure 1. Distribution of butterfly species in Davao City by family

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Bioscience Discovery, 9(3):319-327, July - 2018

Coordinates of the surveyed areas in Davao City Brgy. Baliok 7° 02’48’’N 125° 30’02’’E Brgy. Obrero 7° 05’13’’N 125° 36’59’’E Brgy. Matina Pangi 7° 04’42’’N 125° 34’04’’E Toril 7° 01’09’’N 125° 29’54’’E Brgy. Malagos 7° 11’06’’N 125° 25’20’’E Brgy. Macatabo 7° 10’03’’N 125° 21’39’’E

New Locality Record Samar. Mycalesis mineus Linnaeus, 1758 is also a Two new distribution or locality of new locality record along with M. igoleta it was butterfly species was recorded for southeast recorded on October 21, 2016 in Brgy. Baliok. Dark Mindanao, Davao City. Mycalesis igoleta Felder Brand Bushbrown was previously recorded only and Felder, 1863 was photographed on August 20, Alabat, Bohol, Camotes, Cuyo, Guimaras, Jolo, 2016 then it was sighted again on the next visit in Luzon, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan and Sibuyan. the area (Brgy. Matina Pangi) on May 25, 2017, The two new records of Mycalesis species in Davao Igoleta Bushbrown was previously recorded only in City all belongs to family Nymphalidae. M. igoleta Alabat, Babuyan, Leyte, Luzon, Marinduque, and and M. mineus are suggested for further research.

A B

Figure 2. New locality record for Southeast Mindanao, Davao City Mycalesis igoleta Felder & Felder, 1863 (A), Mycalesis mineus Linnaeus, 1758 (B)

Despite being fragmented Davao City English name; names of species within a tribe with supports a diverse butterfly species. Many of the distribution across the country are provided below. recorded species of butterflies are endemic to the Philippines or more restricted geographic ranges SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BUTTERFLIES IN within the Philippines. Recorded butterfly species DAVAO CITY that are endemic to the country are the following: PAPILIONIDAE Cethosia luzonica magindanaica, Faunis phaon Swallowtails & Birdwings leucis, Cyrestis cassander orchomenus, Neptis Subfamily: Papilioninae mindorana pseudosoma, Mycalesis mineus, tribe: Papilionini Mycalesis igoleta, Mycalesis frederici, Ypthima 1a. Papilio demoleus demoleus (Linnaeus, 1758) stellera stellera, Euploea mulciber mindanensis, English name: Common Lime Rachana plateni plateni syn: Rachana navales, Philippine distribution: throughout Philippines Oriens fons, and Troides rhadamantus rhadamantus 1b. Menelaides deiphobus rumanzovia listed in the Cites Appendix II: that requires control (Eschscholtz, 1821) in trade to avoid affecting their survival rate. Valid English name: Scarlet Mormon scientific name of the species with authority and http://biosciencediscovery.com 321 ISSN: 2231-024X (Online)

Harvey S. Salaga et al., Philippine distribution: throughout Philippines Philippine distribution: throughout Philippines excluding Balabac, Central and South Palawan and excluding Mapun (Cagayan Sulu) and Sibutu. Tawitawi. 6a. Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764) 2a. Menelaides polytes ledebouria ♀ (Eschscholtz, English name: Danaid Eggfly 1821) Philippine distribution: throughout Philippines English name: Common Mormon 6b. Hypolimnas bolina philippensis ♂ (Butler, Philippine distribution: throughout Philippines 1874) excluding Batanes, Bongao, Sanga-sanga, Sibutu English name: Great Eggfly and Tawitawi. Philippine distribution: throughout Philippines 2b. Troides rhadamantus rhadamantus (Lucas, excluding Batanes, Bongao, Jolo, Sanga-Sanga, 1835) Sibutu and Tawitawi English name: Golden Birdwing Subfamily: Nymphalinae Philippine distribution: throughout Philippines tribe: Cyrestini excluding Balabac, Calamian, Dumaran, and 7a. Cyrestis cassander orchomenus (Fruhstorfer, Palawan 1912) English name: Mapwing PIERIDAE Philippine distribution: Basilan, Mindanao Whites & Sulfurs Subfamily: Nymphalinae Subfamily: Coliadinae tribe: Limenitidini 3a. Eurema hecabe tamiathis (Fruhstorfer, 1910) 7b. Neptis mindorana pseudosoma (Moore, 1899) English name: Common Grass Yellow English name: Typical Sailer Philippine distribution: Philippines excluding Philippine distribution: Basilan, Camiguin de Babuyan, Balabac, Calamian, Lubang, Luzon, Mindanao, Jolo, Mindanao, Sarangani, Siargo Mindanao, Palawan and Sulu Archipelago. Subfamily: Morphinae 3b. Eurema blanda vallivolans (Butler, 1883), syn: tribe: Amathusiini Eurema blanda mensia Fruhstorfer, 1910 8a. Faunis phaon leucis (C. & R. Felder, 1861) English name: Three-spot Grass Yellow English name: Faun Philippine distribution: Basilan, Bohol, Bongao, Philippine distribution: Basilan and Mindanao Calamian, Cebu, Dinagat, Leyte, Mapun (Cagayan 8b. Amathusia phidippus pollicaris (Butler, 1870) Sulu), Mindanao, Negros, Palawan, Panaon, Samar, English name: Palmking Sarangani, Sibutu and Tawitawi. Philippine distribution: throughout Philippines Subfamily: Pierinae excluding Balabac, Bongao, Mapun (Cagayan 4a. Appias olferna peducaea ♂ (Fruhstorfer, 1910) Sulu), Negros, Sanga-Sanga, Sibutu, and Tawitawi English name: Striped Albatross Subfamily: Satyrinae Philippine distribution: Bohol, Cebu, Camiguin, de 9a. Melanitis leda leda (Linnaeus, 1758) Mindanao, Jolo, Luzon, Marinduque, Mindoro, 9b. Mycalesis mineus (Linnaeus, 1758); Figure 1B Mindanao, Negros, and Palawan. English name: Dark Brand Bushbrown Philippine distribution: Alabat, Bohol, Camotes, NYMPHALIDAE Cuyo, Guimaras, Jolo, Luzon, Mindoro, Negros, Brushfooted Butterflies Palawan, and Sibuyan Subfamily: Nymphalinae New locality record Southeast-Mindanao, Davao tribe: Heliconiini and Samal Island 4b. Cethosia luzonica magindanica (Semper, 10a. Mycalesis igoleta (Felder & Felder, 1863) 1888) English name: Igoleta Bushbrown Philippine English name: Lacewing distribution: Ala, Bab, Ley, Luz, Mar, Sam Philippine distribution: Mindanao New locality record: Southeast- Mindanao, Davao Subfamily: Nymphalinae City tribe: Nymphaliini 10b. Mycalesis frederici (Aoki & Uémura, 1982) 5a. Junonia hedonia ida (Cramer, 1775) English name: Frederici Bushbrown English name: Brown Soldier Philippine distribution: Bohol, Camiguin de Philippine distribution: throughout Philippines Mindanao, Leyte, Mindanao, Samar, Siargo 5b. Junonia orithya leucasia ♂ (Fruhstorfer, 1912) English name: Common Evening Brown English name: Blue Pansy Philippine distribution: throughout Philippines http://jbsd.in 322 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print)

Bioscience Discovery, 9(3):319-327, July - 2018 11a. Ypthima stellera stellera (Eschscholtz, 1821) English name: White Cerulean English name: Common Five Ring Philippine distribution: Basilan, Cebu, Camiguin de Philippine distribution: Babuyan, Basilan, Bohol, Luzon, Dinagat, Jolo, Leyte, Luzon, Marinduque, Cebu, Camiguin de Mindanao, Camotes, Dinagat, Mindoro, Mindanao, Negros, Panay, Samar, Jolo, Luzon, Leyte, Marinduque, Mindoro, Sarangani, Sanga-Sanga, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sibutu, Mindanao, Negros, Panay, Panaon, Romblon, and Tawitawi. Samar, Siargo New locality record: Catanduanes New locality record: Catanduanes 15a. Catochrysops strabo luzonensis (Tite, 1959) Subfamily: Danainae English name: Forget-Me-Not tribe: Danaini Philippine distribution: Balabac, Basilan, Bohol, 11b. Ideopsis juventa manillana (Moore, 1883) Cebu, Camiguin de Mindanao, Dinagat, Dumaran, English name: Grey Glassy Tiger Jolo, Leyte, Luzon, Masbate, Mindoro, Mindanao, Philippine distribution: throughout Philippines Palawan, Panay, Samar, Sarangani and Sibuyan. excluding Babuyan, Balabac, Batanes, Calamian, New locality record: Negros and Catanduanes Mapun (Cagayan Sulu), Palawan, and the Sulu 15b. Catochrysops panormus exiguous (Distant, Archipelago 1886) 12a. Idea leuconoe obscura (Staudinger, 1889) English name: Silver Forget-Me-Not English name: Paper Kite Philippine distribution: Balabac, Cebu, Dinagat, Philippine distribution: Basilan, Bohol, Dinagat, Masbate, Mindanao, Negros, Palawan, Sarangani, Homonhon, Central and South Leyte, and Masbate Sibutu and Tawitawi. New locality record: Bohol New locality record: Catanduanes Subfamily: Danainae 16a. Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) tribe: Euploeini English name: Pea Blue 12b. Euploea tulliolus pollita (Erichson, 1834) Philippine distribution: throughout Philippines English name: Purple Crow 16b. Zizeeria karsandra (Moore, 1865) Philippine distribution: Babuyan, Bohol, Cebu, English name: Dark Grass Blue Camiguin de Mindanao, Camotes, Dinagat, Philippine distribution: Cebu, Jolo, Luzon, Guimaras, Leyte, Luzon, Marinduque, Masbate, Marinduque, Mindanao, Negros, and Palawan Central and North Mindoro, Mindanao, excluding New locality record: Catanduanes South West-Mindanao, Negros, North East-Panay, 17a. Zizina otis oriens (Butler, 1883) Panaon, Samar, Sibuyan, and Ticao. English name: Lesser Grass Blue New locality record: Catanduanes Philippine distribution: Bohol, Cebu, Dinagat, 13a. Euploea mulciber mindanensis (Staudinger, Dumaran, Jolo, Leyte, Luzon, Marinduque, 1885) Mindoro, Mindanao, Negros, Palawan, and English name: Striped Blue Crow Sarangani. Philippine distribution: Mindanao New locality record: Catanduanes LYCAENIDAE 17b. Zizula hylax pygmaea (Snellen, 1876) Harvesters, Hairstreaks & Blues English name: Tiny Grass Blue or Gaika Blue Subfamily: Lycaeninae Philippine distribution: Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, tribe: Polyommatini Marinduque, Palawan, Sibutu and Tawitawi 13b. Nacaduba berenice leei (Hsu, 1990) New locality record: Negros and Davao Oriental English name: Rounded-Six Line Blue 18a. Euchrysops cnejus cnejus (Fabricius, 1798) Philippine distribution: Basilan, Dinagat, English name: Gram Blue Homonhon, Leyte, Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao, Philippine distribution: Balabac, Cebu, Dinagat, Negros, Panay, Samar, and Sibuyan. Leyte, Luzon, Marinduque, Mindoro, Mindanao, 14a. Prosotas nora semperi (Fruhstorfer, 1916) Negros, Palawan, Sarangani, and Tawitawi. English name: Common Line Blue New locality record: Catanduanes and Batanes Philippine distribution: Basilan, Cebu, Leyte, 18b. Iraota rochana lazarena (C. & R. Felder, Luzon, Marinduque, Mindoro, Mindanao, Negros, 1862) Palawan, Panay, and Samar. English name: Scarce Silverstreak New Locality Record: Sibulan Philippine distribution: Babuyan, Bohol, Cebu, 14b. Jamides cleodus cleodus (Felder & Felder, Dinagat, Leyte, Luzon, Marinduque, Mindoro, 1865) Mindanao, Panaon, and Samar http://biosciencediscovery.com 323 ISSN: 2231-024X (Online)

Harvey S. Salaga et al., 19a. Rachana plateni plateni (Semper, 1890), syn: Mindoro, Mindanao, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Rachana navales (Schröder & Treadaway, 1986) Samar, Sanga-Sanga, Sibutu, and Tawitawi. English name: Banded Royal 22b. Oriens fons (Evans, 1949) Philippine distribution: Basilan, Leyte, Mindanao, English name: Dartlet Samar Philippine distribution: Basilan, Luzon, Mindoro, 19b. Caleta argola argola (Hewitson, 1876) Mindanao, Panay, and Samar English name: Pierrot 23a. Psolos fuligo fuligo (Mabille, 1876) Philippine distribution: Basilan, Bohol, Jolo, Leyte, English name: Coon or Dusky Partwing Mindanao, Negros, Samar Philippine distribution: Balabac, Basilan, Bohol, Cebu, Camiguin de Mindanao, Camotes, Jolo, HESPERIIDAE Leyte, Luzon, Masbate, Mindoro, Mindanao, Skippers Negros, Palawan, Panay, Samar, Sibuyan, Sibutu, Family: Hesperiidae; Pyrginae and Tawitawi. 20a. Tagiades japetus titus (Plötz, 1884) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS English name: Common Snow Flat The authors are grateful to these following Philippine distribution: Babuyan, Basilan, Biliran, people for their valuable contributions in the study: Bohol, Bongao, Calamian, Cebu, Camiguin de Ara Lou G. Madarang, Stefanie B. Ang, Mark Luzon, Camiguin de Mindanao, Camotes, Dinagat, Arcebal K. Naïve, Agnes Talavera, Linda Alisto, Guimaras, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon, Masbate, Dinnes Salaga, Hazel Salaga, and to the Philippine Mindoro, Mindanao, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Lepidoptera Butterflies and Moths Inc. Polillo, Samar, Sanga-Sanga, Siargao, Sibuyan, Sibutu, and Tawitawi. New locality record: Catanduanes REFERENCES Subfamily: Hesperiinae Badon JAT, 2014. Butterflies of the Philippines 20b. Notocrypta paralysos volux ♂ (Mabille, 1883) Field Guide. Mariposa Press. FL, U.S.A. English name: Common Banded Demon Cabras AA, Calimutan MA and Mohagan AB, Philippine distribution: Basilan, Biliran, Cebu, 2016. Development of Idea leuconoe Erichson 1834 Camiguin de Luzon, Camiguin de Mindanao, (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) reared on Parsonia sp. Dinagat, Homonhon, Leyte, Luzon, Marinduque, Leaves. University of Mindanao International, Masbate, Mindoro, Mindanao, Negros, Panay, Multinational Research Journal, 6(1):137-142. Polillo, Samar, Sanga-Sanga, Sibuyan, and Illiassou SA, Oumani AA, Abdou L, Mahamane Tawitawi. A and Saadou M, 2016. Urban Biodiversity: New locality record: Catanduanes and Bohol Perception, Preference, General Awareness, and 21a. Taractrocera luzonensis luzonensis Threats in Two Cities (Niamey and Maradi) of (Staudinger, 1889) Niger. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. English name: Luzon Grass Dart http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1469530 Philippine distribution: Balabac, Basilan, Cebu, Mangaoang CC, Gumban CJ, Abarquez VR, Dinagat, Leyte, Luzon, Mapun (Cagayan Sulu), Mohagan D and Mohagan A, 2016. Species Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro, Mindanao, Negros, composition and status of butterflies in two selected Palawan, Panay, Samar, and Sibuyan. waterfalls of Caraga, Davao Oriental, Philippines. New locality record: Catanduanes Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental 21b. Prusiana prusias matinus (Fruhstorfer, 1911) Sciences, 8(5): 45-51. English name: Grass Skipper Mohagan AB and Treadaway CG, 2010. Philippine distribution: Basilan, Biliran, Bohol, Diversity and Status of Butterflies across Cebu, Camiguin de Luzon, Camiguin de Mindanao, Vegetation Types of Mt. Hamiguitan, Davao Camotes, Dinagat, Guimaras, Homonhon, Leyte, Oriental, Philippines. Asian Journal of Biodiversity, Luzon, Marinduque, Mindoro, Mindanao, Negros, 1(1): 1-24 Palawan, Panay, Panaon, Polillo, Sibuyan, and Nuñeza KJ, Nuñeza OM and Dupo AL, 2016. Tawitawi. Species Richness of Lepidoptera in Bega 22a. Borbo cinnara (Wallace, 1866) Watershed, Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur, English name: Rice Swift or Formosan Swift Philippines. Bulletin of Environment, Philippine distribution: Balabac, Batanes, Camiguin Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 5(8): 83-90. de Mindanao, Jolo, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon, Masbate, http://jbsd.in 324 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print)

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Harvey S. Salaga et al.,

Figure 4. 10a-13a. Species of Nymphalidae; 13-17a. Species of Lycaenidae http://jbsd.in 326 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print)

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Ramirez RK and Mohagan A, 2012. Diversity and Toledo JMS and Mohagan AB, 2011. Diversity Status of Butterflies in Maitum Village, Tandag, and Status of Butterflies in Mt. Timpoong and Mt. Surigao del Sur, Philippines. Asian Journal of Hibok-hibok, Camiguin Island, Philippines. JPAIR Biodiversity, 3: 74-112. Multidisciplinary Journal, 6:10. Sumagaysay JB and Sumagaysay CJ, 2012. Treadaway CG and Schrőder Heinz G, 2012. Biodiversity and Status of Butterflies in the Vicinity Revised checklist of the butterflies of the Philippine of Mountain View College, Mt. Nebo, Valencia Islands (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Nachrichten City. Asian Journal of Biodiversity, 3: 142-155 des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, Supplementum 20. How to cite this article Harvey S. Salaga,Tristan Luap P. Senarillos, Jade Aster T. Badon, and Leana L. Cristobal, 2018. Inventory of Butterflies in Davao City, Philippines with a new locality record: An Urban biodiversity. Bioscience Discovery, 9(3):319-327.

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