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Excavations at 42–6 Ludgate Hill and 1–6 Old Bailey, London EC4 Peter Rowsome, with Contributions from Lyn Blackmore (Pottery) and Chiz Harward (Graphics)

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Excavations at 42–6 Ludgate Hill and 1–6 Old Bailey, London EC4 Peter Rowsome, with Contributions from Lyn Blackmore (Pottery) and Chiz Harward (Graphics) EXCAVATIONOLD BAILEY (SOUTH) REPORT Fig. 1: site location showing extent of development, location of excavation areas, selected sections and major features mentioned in the text, including the city wall, possible gate and bastion, defensive ditches and hurdle fence Roman and medieval defences north of Ludgate: excavations at 42–6 Ludgate Hill and 1–6 Old Bailey, London EC4 Peter Rowsome, with contributions from Lyn Blackmore (pottery) and Chiz Harward (graphics) Introduction Redevelopment involved demolition included three east-west aligned The excavations at 42–6 Ludgate Hill of several Victorian buildings east of trenches (areas A1, B and C1/C2) across and 1–6 Old Bailey, London EC4, were Old Bailey and north of Ludgate Hill. the projected line of the defensive carried out by the Department of Urban Antiquarian work and excavations in ditch, as well as smaller trenches, test- Archaeology (DUA) between April and 1974 (site code LH74) had shown that pits and underpinning holes (areas December 1982 under the site code the City’s defensive ditch survived C3/C4, D, E and F). Excavation in the LUD82. The site lies at National Grid beneath Victorian basements.1 The eastern and south-eastern parts of 6 Old Reference 531770 181200 (Fig. 1). 1982 archaeological investigations Bailey (areas A2 and A3) sought SUMMER 2014 London Archaeologist 3 OLD BAILEY (SOUTH) evidence of the Roman city wall and Archaeological and historical Alterations to the back of the London medieval Bastion 21,2 but both background Coffee House at 42 Ludgate Hill in structures had been truncated by The site is located 120m east of the 1792 revealed a ‘barbican tower’ and in Victorian basements. Areas C3 and C4 Fleet River, on the western flank of 1806 John Carter noted a circular tower overlay the butt end of the defensive Ludgate Hill. The natural geology at with a staircase at the same location.11 ditch. Underpinning holes in the Ludgate consists of quaternary river The earliest documentary reference basement of 42 Ludgate Hill (areas E terrace sands and gravels forming a to Ludgate itself dates from 1116–39.12 and F) were monitored in an effort to ground surface at 11.5m OD and John Stow, writing in the 16th century, locate Ludgate itself. Watching brief sloping down to the Fleet.4 refers to major repairs of the gate in work recorded the Roman and The construction and maintenance 1216, 1260 and 1586, as well as medieval city wall along the eastern of the western side of the City’s construction of a prison block against side of the site in area C2 and to the defences dominated the development of the southern gate tower in 1463.13 south along the side of St Martin-within- the Ludgate area in the Roman and Maps by Leake (1667) and Ogilby and Ludgate (Fig. 2). medieval periods. Parts of the Roman Morgan (1676) show the position of the The archive report includes analysis city wall, thought to have been built in gate and depict a smaller northern of the sequence, which was grouped AD 200, were recorded between gatehouse with its longer side aligned into Text Sections assigned to seven Ludgate and Newgate during work at east-west. A detailed summary of the periods (periods I–VII), as well as the Central Criminal Court in 1903, evidence for a gate at Ludgate is specialist reports.3 A recent review of Warwick Square in 1880 and 1922, and published as a separate paper.14 the archive has included reorganisation 7–10 Old Bailey in 1900 and 1907–8.5 Stow says that the City ditch was and updating of the chronological Further excavation at 7–10 Old Bailey redug in 1211–13 and required regular sequence, with each context now in 2007 (site code ODY03) found more cleaning and maintenance, but assigned to a unique group (1–39), evidence of the Roman city wall, also eventually became clogged with groups to land-uses (Open Areas 1–8, published in this issue of rubbish and fell out of use.15 The 1974 Structures 1–4 and Buildings 1–6) and .6 The north–south excavations at Ludgate, which took land-uses to seven revised periods of alignment of the city wall at these sites place within basements at 1–5 Old activity (periods 1–7). The finds, reports indicated that it forms the eastern Bailey, found evidence of a flat- and other records are archived under boundary of 1–6 Old Bailey and 42–6 bottomed medieval defensive ditch with the site code LUD82 and available for Ludgate Hill. Antiquarian work found a butt end on the southern part of the study by arrangement with the London no direct evidence for a Roman gate at site, indicating that the ditch did not Archaeological Archive and Research Ludgate, though Roman tombstones extend beneath the road at Ludgate.16 Centre (LAARC). In the text below, and statues were found at the nearby The 2007 excavation at 7–10 Old selected context numbers are given in London Coffee House7 and it has been Bailey recorded more evidence of the square brackets [X], while illustrated suggested that another tombstone, medieval ditch sequence to the north.17 pottery and accessioned finds numbers recovered during the 1669 rebuilding of The earliest documented medieval are shown in angled brackets <X>. St Martin-within-Ludgate, had been re- properties along Old Bailey were used in the gate.8 Although it is situated to its west. The land to the east conceivable that the Romans did not of the road, described as being on the build a gateway south of Newgate this City ditch or ‘Houndsditch’, was seems unlikely. A gate at Ludgate developed more slowly, with the first would have provided access between documented property dating from the south-western part of the settlement 1251–2.18 Houses are mentioned as and the industrial and waterfront lying outside and immediately to the development of the lower Fleet valley north of Ludgate by the early 14th as well as nearby burial grounds.9 century. A City survey of 1352 indicates The abandoned Roman settlement’s that a vintner had encroached the ditch defensive circuit was repaired in the at Ludgate by establishing a building Late Saxon period. Documentary and gardens extending 111 feet north evidence for the medieval and later City from Ludgate Hill, though the ditch defences at Ludgate and extramural remained open further north. The development along Old Bailey is vintner’s ‘improvements’ were not supported by archaeological findings. removed by the authorities but he was Hollow, semi-circular bastions were charged additional rent.19 By the end of added to the landward wall in the the 16th century the City was medieval period; this work included considering filling in the entire ditch to Fig. 2: view of the north side of Ludgate Hill two new bastions between Newgate improve hygiene and provide gardens. showing, from left to right: the 1980s offices and Ludgate. The southernmost bastion Post-Great Fire rebuilding at Ludgate built on the redevelopment site at the south (B21) is first mentioned in a document included narrow properties along the end of Old Bailey, the refurbished Ye Olde London pub at 42 Ludgate Hill and the church of 1235 and Leybourn’s 1676 survey east side of Old Bailey, with the of St Martin-within-Ludgate shows that it remained largely intact.10 roadside buildings having rear gardens 4 London Archaeologist SUMMER 2014 OLD BAILEY (SOUTH) Fig. 3: north-south aligned, west-facing elevation (Section 15) showing the foundation and surviving superstructure of the Roman city wall at Ludgate, where parts of the Roman wall were incorporated into the west wall of St Martin-within-Ludgate; areas of damaged or obscured city wall facing are shown as blank that extended across the former ditch to hole E (see Fig. 1). The foundation 1000–1150. An equivalent section of the line of the City wall. extended south beyond the limit of Saxo-Norman ditch [132] was recorded excavation but was at least 2.7m wide on the southern part of 7–10 Old The excavated sequence and 1.1m deep, with a base at 8.75m Bailey.21 The eastern side of Ditch 2 Natural deposits of sand and gravel OD. It was constructed of courses of was cut by a deeper, narrower ditch were truncated by Victorian basements roughly-squared ragstone in a compact recorded in areas A and B (period 4 at 11.0m OD (period 1; Open Area mortar. The overlying brick basement phase 2; Open Area 5, Ditch 3). Ditch 3 1) but probably formed a pre-Roman wall included blocks of masonry, cut [1151] had a more pronounced V- ground surface between 11.5m and possibly from a demolished Roman or shaped profile with a base at 8.3m OD 12.0m OD. The earliest evidence of medieval structure. No dating evidence (see Fig. 5; Section 14) and may have human activity at Ludgate was was recovered from Structure 2 and its been 3m deep and 5m wide in its associated with the construction of the purpose remains a mystery, though it is untruncated form. Its fills contained Roman defences (period 2). An 18m- tempting to speculate that it is the pottery dating to 1170–1270. length of the Roman city wall (Structure foundation of Roman or medieval The latest phase of the medieval 1) was recorded along the eastern Ludgate itself.20 ditch at Ludgate (period 4 phase 3; boundary of the site (Fig. 3), where part Truncated, inter-cutting pits in areas Open Area 6, Ditch 4) survived as a of the wall was incorporated into the A and B on the northern part of the site large, flat-bottomed cut in areas A–C west side of the church of St Martin- may have been gravel quarries (Open (see Fig.
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