OCEANOGRAPHY 101 Study Guide Exam 2 HANDOUT 9

WHAT'S COVERED ON THE EXAM 2: Topics discussed since Exam 1, up to and including the first part of lecture on Tues. 5/10; Text chapters: Ch. 4-8 and sections 13.1-13.4 Lab manual Ex. 3. Properties of Water (just Stations 1 & 2); Ex.4. Density; Ex 5. Circulation (exercise done in lecture) Homework 2: review & refresh your memory on problem-solving skills you learn. Productivity & Food Webs (ch. 14 & 15), will not be on this test.

VIDEOS ON RESERVE IN ODEGAARD MEDIA CENTER: (after showing them in class) The Big Chill 50 min.; Cyclone 20 min. clip; Chasing El Nino 50 min.; Blue Planet two 30 min clips

WEB SITE RESOURCES: PRACTICE EXAM 2 is on the class web site. Also check out the section titled OUTLINES & LECTURES for a comprehensive outline and the graphics used in class.

Ch. 4: Water has a polar structure that influences every aspect of its behavior & characteristics. Important concepts for this exam are: structure of water (POLAR STRUCTURE; COVALENT vs. HYDROGEN BONDS; ISOTOPES; IONS); thermal properties of water (HEAT CAPACITY, changes of state, LATENT HEATS). Think about the practical implications of these basic principles. Why does water moderate the temperature range on earth? How do Latent Heats function to move heat energy from one part of earth's system to another? How does this relate to climate, the hydrologic cycle, ice formation? What happens to seawater when it freezes? Why is it harder to freeze seawater than fresh water? DENSITY is extremely important…what factors control it? Review the info on penetration of different wavelengths of light in the . [NOT COVERED: surface tension; refraction of light, Secchi disk, Marine Optical Buoy (p. 142-143); speed of sound; Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (p.146-147); types of fog; green icebergs]

Ch. 5: SALINITY is a major factor in controlling many other properties of water. You need to know which are the 6 major salts in seawater (see Table 5.1), but don't bother to memorize concentrations. Focus on the major concepts, like CONSERVATIVE nature of the MAJOR CONSTITUENTS (ie. the salts), PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANT PROPORTIONS, processes that ↑ or Ø salinity, geographic distributions. The factors that control SALINITY are also factors that influence DENSITY. The MINOR CONSTITUENTS (nutrients & gases) are NON- CONSERVATIVE. You should know what the nutrients and gases are, where they come from (sources), where they go, how they behave in the ocean. Why are gases and nutrients so important to the biology of the sea? How nutrients behave is relevant to the

importance of UPWELLING/DOWNWELLING? Gases like CO2 relate to climate…how? What controls SOLUBILITY of gases? Read The Message in Polar Ice on p.168-169…this relates to the video The Big Chill . OSMOSIS is covered in this chapter and will be on this test only if we cover it in class next Tuesday. Ch 13 addresses how osmosis affects organisms. [NOT COVERED: pH; p.161-163: Regulating Salt Balance, Residence Time, Determining Salinity: Chemical Resources, Desalination p. 170-172]

What are the factors that control Earth’s climate? MILANKOVICH CYCLES are not covered in the text. Review lecture notes to recall what they are… you don’t have to memorize the length of each cycle. What are some of the predicted consequences of global warming?

Ch. 6: Review the basics of the HEAT BUDGET. This chapter starts with the HEAT BUDGET and climate change, which we discussed in connection with The Big Chill. Review GREENHOUSE GASES. How do these influence climate? What is human role in each? Re atmospheric circulation, how are atmospheric HI and LO pressure systems developed, and what kind of weather do you expect at each? The concepts of ADIABATIC COOLING and ADIABATIC WARMING are important, but are not covered in the textbook so you'll have to depend on your lecture notes for these. How do these processes work? Know the major CLIMATE ZONES, and how they relate to the IDEAL WIND BANDS and the INTER-WIND BANDS. CORIOLIS EFFECT is v. imp… what causes it? What does it affect? Video: Coriolis Effect. Seasonal effects are important: What are the MONSOONS? What is the OROGENIC EFFECT, and where does it occur? HURRICANES, TYPHOONS & CYCLONES? Where do these phenomena occur? What are STORM SURGES? EL NINO is in this ch. but involves both atmospheric AND oceanographic disturbances, so we cover it in lecture only after we have discussed Ekman Transport. How does EL NINO relate to the SOUTHERN OSCILLATION? What does “ENSO” mean? The video Chasing El Nino has lots of good info. What are the effects of El Nino events on upwelling? weather? organisms? [NOT COVERED: ozone depletion; 6.4; Ship Emissions; don't need to know all clouds p195.]

Ch. 7: Understand how temperature & salinity relate to density, & how density affects STABILITY of the water column & the formation of WATERMASSES. What r , & ? We learned how to read the general T-S DIAGRAM on p. 210 to determine density. Review Exercise 4 in the lab manual, and homework 2. Have a good look at figure 7.6, and the simplified version of this cross section of Atlantic watermasses in the lab book (p.28). You should know what the watermasses in the Atlantic are (names) and how they are formed (cooling & freezing? evaporation? warming? mixing & CABALLING?) You don’t need to memorize the numerical values of their temperature and salinity, but you should know how they relate to each other: which is coldest, which is warmest, which is saltiest? UPWELLING and DOWNWELLING are very important processes that can be driven by thermohaline effects. How and where do these occur in the ocean? What is their biological significance? Does the Atlantic have more upwelling or more downwelling? Does the Pacific have more up- or downwelling? How does this relate to Broecker's concept of the Global Conveyor? You don't need to worry about the details of watermasses in the Indian and Pacific (p.214-215), except to know that the Pacific surface water is fresher than Atlantic, and that the water on the bottom of the Pacific took 1000 years to travel from the spot where it sank in the N. Atlantic. [NOT COVERED: Arctic Ocean Studies p. 217; sections 7.4-7.5; Ocean Gliders]

Ch. 8: What is the EKMAN SPIRAL? what is the relationship between winds & OCEAN CURRENTS? You should know the directions that currents flow in the SUBTROPICAL GYRES. Sketch out the GYRES in each of the ocean basins on a map to make sure that you know the basic pattern first, then try to attach names to the currents we discussed in lecture. Can you explain GEOSTROPHIC FLOW? What are the INTENSE WESTERN BOUNDARY CURRENTS and their significance (think WESTERN INTENSIFICATION)? How do the Indian Ocean MONSOONS affect ocean currents? UPWELLING & DOWNWELLING can be driven by EKMAN TRANSPORT, as a consequence of DIVERGENCE & CONVERGENCE. The Ekman spiral shows the direction of NET TRANSPORT of the EKMAN LAYER in response to winds flowing in any given direction. Where are the major permanent zones of upwelling and downwelling in the open ocean? What are the five most productive seasonal coastal upwellings? Section 8.6 returns to El Nino & La Nina …put together with the info in ch. 7. What does ENSO mean? What are the physical & biol. effects of El Nino/ Southern Oscillation? How does El Nino disrupt the food webs in the eastern Pacific region? This section also returns to Wally Broecker's notion of the Conveyor. You now have enough info to see the whole picture of these two phenomena. The stylized picture of the Global Conveyor that I used in class shows the combination of thermohaline circ. and Ekman Transport. Fig.8.14 is similar but has more detail about the surface currents. Eddies (p.233) will only be covered if I have time to talk about them in class. Stay tuned. [NOT COVERED: Langmuir cells (p. 234); sections 8.7 - 8.8]

Ch. 13: A few terms to know: PLANKTON, NEKTON, . Study section 13.4 well. What are the major floating adaptations? Swimming and diving adaptations also covered in class. What is OSMOSIS? In which environment is osmosis the greatest challenge? How does temperature affect organisms? Know ENDOTHERMS, ECTOTHERMS. How do critters respond to pressure? How are light (& color) affected by water? Know PHOTIC & APHOTIC zone, . How are nutrients & gases are distributed in the ocean, how are they affected by circulation, and why are they important to the biosphere. We covered SYMBIOSIS earlier in the quarter… it comes up again re bioluminescence. [NOT COVERED: Except for specific terms above, you are not responsible for the other terms in section 13.2-13.3. CLASSIFICATION of organisms is not important for this course. You can skip that part of section 13.2]