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(Washington Geology), V. 14, No. 3, August 1986

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(Washington Geology), V. 14, No. 3, August 1986 WASHINGTON GEOLOGIC NEWSLETTER Volume 14 Number 3 August 1986 The Basalt Waste I so lat ion Project site, Hanford Reservation, Washington. The drill Is situated at the proposed shaft site on the Cold Creek syncline. The hills in the background are the Rattlesnake Mountains, wells on which produced 1 .3 billion cubic; feet of natural gas between 1929 and 1941. See related articles in this newsfetter. ( Photograph courtesy of the U.S. Department of Energy) WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF Natural Resources --- 8rio.n Boyle • Commissioner ot Public Lands •• Ari Stearns • Superv1sor Divlslon 01 Geology one! 5or1h Resources Raymond Losmanis. State Geologist Mortin Woy 1-5 __ To p0,,1ond Exit 108 ··: GEOLOGY ANO / t N South ~ Sound ···~·~g: il'.-L.LL.L.L..~ Moll Arctic cf: ~: ·--0 Poulton,' So Mortin~ Circle .•.. .•• Par k,n9 • •.••• • ••.•..• • .. .• . • •.. • ••. • •. • • f D Collt9~ ~ ........0. 4224 6th Ave. S.E., Lacey, Washington Ill Albtrt,ons MAILING ADDRESS Main office: Field Office: Department of Natural Resources Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources Mail Stop PY-1 2 Spokane County Agricultural Center Olympia, WA 98504 N . 222 Havana Spokane, WA 99202 (206) 459-6372 (509) 456-3255 DIVISION GEOLOGISTS Olympia Spokane Raymond Lasmanis, State Geologist Nancy L. Joseph J. Eric Schuster , Ass I t . State Geologist Keith L . Stoffel Bonnie B. Bunning We Idon W. Rau Michael A. Korosec Henry W. Schasse William S. Lingley Gerald W. Thorsen Robert L. (Josh) Logan Timothy J. Walsh Wi lliam M. Phillips The Washington Geologic Newsletter is published quarterly by the Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Department of Natural Resources. The newsletter is free upon request. The Division also publishes bulletins, information circulars, reports of investigations, and geologic maps. A list of these publications will be sent upon request. Geologists reviewing the Hanford area from Gable Mountain during a groundwater survey of the area in October 1921 • The White Bluff-Hanford area was then being developed for farming as part of the Soldier Settlement Project• under which soldiers returning from World War I could obtain farm lands. Gable Mountain later became the site of the 'Near Surface Test Facility". At that location• an under­ ground test site In the Pomona Flow was set up to test rock mechanics for a high­ level nuclear waste repository at Hanford. Gable Mountain has religious significance to the Yakima Nation. {Photograph by Olaf P. Jenkins) HIGH-LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORY CONCEPT: DEEP GEOLOGIC DISPOSAL ( Modified by Raymond Lasmanis from information supplied by the Washington State Nuclear Wa ste Board and Advisory Counc i I) The federal Nuclear Waste Po licy Act of characterization. The Hanford reservation in 1982 sets forth a schedule and plan for pe r­ Benton County was selected, along with Yucca manent disposal of the nation's spent fuel Mountain, Nevada, and Deaf Smith County, and highly radioactive wastes by the end of Texas. Also, on May 28, the USDOE the century. Under the Act, the U.S. announced that they would discontinue eval­ Department of Energy (USDOE) is responsible uating granite sites for a second repository in for construction of two deep repositories. the eastern U.S. This unilateral action has USDOE has been examining potential repository forced the State of Washington to seek relief sites across the country in a variety of in the courts. The Governor and the Wash- geologic media, including salt, basalt, tuff ington State Nuclear Waste Board have (hard volcanic ash), and granite. During requested Congress to halt the USDOE repos­ February 1983, the USDOE identified nine itory program until such time that all sites potential sites in six states to be studied for can be included in the program, including the the first repository. eastern granite sites. On May 28, 1986, the USDOE nominated This article provides information about five of the nine sites as candidate sites for nuclear waste and the Hanford site, as well more extensive study. On the same day, as references to sources of detailed President Reagan selected three of these five descriptions of both the waste materials and recommended locations for additional, more the site. detailed federal evaluation, called site 3 WHAT IS NUCLEAR WASTE? icate glass has received the most atten­ tion as a medium for immobilizing The Washington State Nuclear Waste Board nuclear waste. About 600,000 gallons and Advisory Council offer these (modified) of commercial liquid high-level waste definitions of high~level nuclear and other exist in storage today at West Va lley 1 wastes: New York. No commercial reprocessing has been conducted in this country since Commeroial spent fuel: Spent fuel con­ 1972. A 1981 Presidential statement sists of material that has been used in supported commercial reprocessing by the nuclear power plants to generate private sector ; however. no proposa Is electricity. Spent fuel has exhausted its have been received from industry to "useful life.'' This material contains date. most of its original uranium, as well as additional radioactive elements such as Defense Waste: Defense wastes are strontium • cesium, and plutonium . pro­ generated by U .s. government activities duced during its use in the powe r plant. such as nuclear research and weapons Each year a typical nuclear reactor production. These can be high-level or c r eates about 30 tons of commercial low-level waste, About 48 million spent fuel, The original, fresh fuel gallons of high-level defense wastes are consists of pellets of uranium oxide, in storage at Hanford . The Nuclear which are loaded into zirconium or Waste Policy Act calls for a study on the stainless steel alloy tubes and bundled commingling of high-level defense waste together into assemblies about 12 feet in the repositories. Comm ingling would I ong . When the spent fue I is removed combine defense waste with commercial from the reactors, these assemblies are reprocessed high-level waste and spent both extremely hot and highly radioac­ fuel for disposal. In January 1985, the tive. Much of the heat and radiation President decided that commingling of decays after about 5 years of storage 1 defense waste can take place. Th is but the spent fuel remains potentially option would significantly increase the hazardous for a long period of time. amount of high-level waste in a geologic Storage pools consist of about 40 feet of repository. water in basins of reinforced concrete, with wal Is approximately 6 feet thick and lined with stainless steel. The water Spent fuel and high-level reprocessed cools the spent fuel and shields against waste should not be confused with low-level its penetrating radiation, Currently, the radioactive wastes, which are disposed of in utilities are responsible for the tem­ shallow land burial sites. Low-level wastes porary onsite storage of spent fuel are produced by researc.h, medical proce­ generated by their power plants until dures, hospitals, and industry, as well as permanent facilities are ava ilable. The nuclear power plants. There are larger USDOE has developed a contract with volumes of low-level wastes, compared to nuclear power utilities to accept the high-level waste, but they contain lower spent fuel by 1998 for more permanent levels of radiation. Hanford is the site of a storage. Spent fuel is classified as low- level disposal facility managed in acco r­ high-level nuclear waste . dance with the recently passed federa l Reprocessed high-level nuclear waste: Low-Level Waste Pol icy Act. High-level waste technically results when The Washington State Department of spent fuel assemblies are reprocessed in Ecology is the operator of the site under the hot nitric acid, dissolving the fuel Northwest Interstate Compact. Waste gener­ pellets and removing the unused uranium ated outside the Northwest Interstate Compact and plutonium. The liquid high-level area has had a surcharge levied against tt waste generated from reprocessing must since March 1 1 1986. The vo lume of ship­ be solidified to glass or a similar sol id ments is down by 50 percent for the first before shipment a.od . disposal . Borosil- quarter of 1986. 4 WHAT WILL THE WASTE STORAGE FACILITY BE LIKE? complex of surface facilities including waste handling and storage buildings, a concrete High~level waste poses risks to health, plant, offices, parking lots , and a visitors safety, and the environment if not properly center, in addition to the deep subsurface managed. Congress has concluded that plac­ storage areas. Un loading areas will accom­ ing packaged spent fuel and solidified waste modate waste brought to the repository by in stable rock formations, deep underground, train or truck. A total of about 2,000 will meet long-term health and safety cri­ acres will be needed for the repositoty. teria. About 400 acres of that total will be The Hanford site is on the Columbia required for surface facilities, and the Plate au. a region underlain by a thick 2 ,000-acre controlled area will have an sequence of strata deposited between 8. 5 and 800-foot buffer zone surrounding it. Fences 16.1 million years ago,. in Miocene time. a nd security systems will be needed to control The lower strata consist entirely of basalt access to the repository fac i I itie s. "flows" (o riginally lava , now sol id layers of At Hanford a major part of the reposi­ rock), and the upper strata include increasing tory would be 2 1 970 to 3, 21 3 feet ( about amounts of sedimentary deposits interbedded l , 000 meters) vertically underground. It with the basalt. Semiconsolidated sediments will be a large rectangular area, with about over I ie the basalt sequence and attain 2,000 acres of space taken up with drifts thicknesses of as much as 525 meters (1,200 (tunnels), shafts, and work areas.
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