DEAR PARTICIPANTS!

On behalf of the Volkswagen Foundation I am pleased to welcome you to our Herrenhausen Conference “Re-Thinking Social Inequality”!

As the largest private research funder in Germany we would like to esta- blish our Herrenhausen Conferences as a platform for a lively and inspiring dialogue on topical and socially relevant research questions. There can be no doubt that against the backdrop of rapidly changing societies across the world, growing social inequality currently deserves even more attention than ever before. We are very much looking forward to re-thinking social inequality by bringing together social and political scientists, philosophers and econo- mists from all over the world. What value does research add to a better under- standing of social inequality? How can research contribute to solving problems of social inequality? It is our goal to bring together protagonists who look at the different phenomena of social inequality as well as the different cultural perceptions of social inequality from various angles. We very much hope for a lively exchange of views and ideas between all participants.

Our conference program allows ample time for discussion and an extra slot for young researchers. Please join actively in the debate! To foster an exchange, we will summarize the conference in a report that will also be made available to the research community at large after the conference.

Dear participants! It is a pleasure to have you here in Hanover, and to welcome you to Herrenhausen Palace. I look forward to an interesting exchange of views and debates on Re-Thinking Social Inequality.

Yours sincerely, Wilhelm Krull Secretary General, Volkswagen Foundation

MAY 12-14, 2014 RE-THINKING SOCIAL INEQUALITY MONDAY MAY 12, 2014 HERRENHAUSEN CONFERENCE 3:00 P.M. REGISTRATION HERRENHAUSEN PALACE, HANOVER, GERMANY 4:00 P.M. WORDS OF WELCOME Wilhelm Krull, Secretary General, Volkswagen Foundation PROGRAM 4:15 P.M. KEYNOTES SPEECHES CHAIR Wilhelm Krull

INEQUALITY: A MULTICENTRIC APPROACH Jan Nederveen Pieterse, Sociologist, University of California

SOCIAL INEQUALITY – A HISTORIAN’S PERSPECTIVE Andreas Gestrich, Historian, Director of the German Historical Institute London

PLENERAY DISCUSSION

6:30 P.M. PUBLIC LECTURE "NATIONAL AND GLOBAL INEQUALITIES: CURRENT TRENDS AND POSSIBLE FUTURE DEVELOPEMENTS" Branko Milanovic´, Inequality Specialist, City University of New York, former lead economist in the World Bank’s research department

8:00 P.M. DINNER

All academic titles have been omitted. TUESDAY MAY 13, 2014

9:00 A.M. SESSION 1 STATEMENTS (20 min. each) DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY – MUTUAL INFLUENCES David Brady, Sociologist, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung CHAIR Christiane Hoffmann, Journalist, Berlin OfficeDer Spiegel Helmut Anheier, Sociologist, Hertie School of Governance

KEYNOTE SPEECH THE STATEMENTS WILL BE FOLLOWED BY A PANEL AND PLENARY DISCUSSION. "DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL EQUITY: POTENTIAL TENSIONS" Paul Collier, Economist, Oxford University 1:30 P.M. LUNCH

STATEMENTS (20 min. each) 3:00 P.M. SESSION 3 Steffen Mau, Sociologist, University of Bremen CULTURE MATTERS – DIFFERENT PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY Wolfgang Merkel, Political Scientist, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin CHAIR Cornelia Klinger, Philosopher, Institute for Human Sciences, Vienna für Sozialforschung KEYNOTE SPEECH THE STATEMENTS WILL BE FOLLOWED BY A PANEL AND PLENARY DISCUSSION. Surinder Jodhka, Sociologist, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi AND 11:00 A.M. COFFEE BREAK Vincent Houben, Historian, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin

11:30 A.M. SESSION 2 STATEMENTS (20 min. each) CIVIL SOCIETY AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS – Kitty Dumont, Psychologist, University of South Africa WHICH ROLE DO THEY PLAY IN COPING WITH SOCIAL INEQUALITY? Ina Kerner, Political Scientist, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin CHAIR Johanna Mair, Hertie School of Governance THE STATEMENTS WILL BE FOLLOWED BY A PANEL AND PLENARY DISCUSSION. KEYNOTE SPEECH RE-IMAGING EQUALITY: REFLECTIONS ON CIVIL SOCIETY AND MARKETS, 5:00 P.M. COFFEE BREAK PAST; PRESENT AND FUTURE John Keane, Political Scientist, University of New South Wales, Sydney WEDNESDAY MAY 14, 2014

5:30 P.M. SESSION 4 9:00 A.M. SESSION 5 YOUNG RESEARCHERS APPROACHES TOWARDS SOCIAL INEQUALITY THE IMPORTANCE OF ACCESS TO PROFESSIONAL TRAINING AND CHAIR Almut Steinbach, Volkswagen Foundation HIGHER EDUCATION CHAIR Jens Schneider, University of Osnabrück STATEMENTS FROM THREE YOUNG RESEARCHERS (20 min. each) KEYNOTE SPEECH 6:30 P.M. APERITIF THE LAST SCHOOL Shoshana Zuboff, Social Psychologist, Harvard Business School 7:00 P.M. DINNER STATEMENTS Jutta Allmendinger, Sociologist, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung Jannis Kallinikos, Organization and Communication Scholar, London School of Economics

THE STATEMENTS WILL BE FOLLOWED BY A PANEL AND PLENARY DISCUSSION.

11:00 A.M. COFFEE BREAK SPEAKERS & CHAIRS 11:30 A.M. FINAL DEBATE – THE WAY AHEAD DID WE SUCCEED IN RE-THINKING AND RE-CONFIGURING JUTTA ALLMENDINGER JOHANNA MAIR SOCIAL INEQUALITY? HELMUT ANHEIER STEFFEN MAU WHAT KIND OF RESEARCH DO WE NEED TO FIND OUT MORE DAVID BRADY WOLFGANG MERKEL ABOUT SOCIAL INEQUALITY? PAUL COLLIER BRANKO MILANOVIC´ ARE THERE NEW FIELDS OF RESEARCH AND OPPORTUNITIES KITTY DUMONT JAN NEDERVEEN PIETERSE FOR COLLABORATION? ANDREAS GESTRICH JENS SCHNEIDER CHRISTIANE HOFFMANN ALMUT STEINBACH Jutta Allmendinger, Sociologist, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin VINCENT HOUBEN SHOSHANA ZUBOFF für Sozialforschung SURINDER S. JODHKA Shoshana Zuboff, Social Psychologist, Harvard Business School JANNIS KALLINIKOS Surinder Jodhka, Sociologist, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi JOHN KEANE John Keane, Political Scientist, University of New South Wales, Sydney INA KERNER CORNELIA KLINGER 1:00 P.M. LUNCH, END OF CONFERENCE WILHELM KRULL JUTTA ALLMENDINGER HELMUT ANHEIER BERLIN SOCIAL SCIENCE CENTER HERTIE SCHOOL OF GOVERNANCE

Jutta Allmendinger is President of the BERLIN SOCIAL SCIENCE CENTER (Wissen- Helmut K. Anheier is Professor of Sociology and Dean at the Hertie School of schaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung) and Professor of Sociology at the Governance. He also holds a chair of Sociology at Heidelberg University and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Honorary Professor of Sociology at the Freie serves as Academic Director of the Center for Social Investment. He received his Universität Berlin. PhD from Yale University in 1986. During the 1990s, he was a senior researcher Jutta Allmendinger received her training in sociology and social psychology at at John Hopkins School of Public Policy. From 2001 to 2009, he was Professor of the University of Mannheim (MA 1982), the University of Wisconsin, Harvard Public Policy and Social Welfare at UCLA's School of Public Affairs and Centen- University (PhD 1989), and the Freie Universität Berlin (Habilitation 1993). nial Professor at the London School of Economics. Anheier founded and directed Jutta Allmendinger worked at the Max-Planck-Institute for Human Development the Centre for Civil Society at LSE and the Center for Civil Society at UCLA. in Berlin (1988-1991). From 1992 to 2007, she was Full Professor of Sociology at Before embarking on an academic career, he served as social affairs officer to the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich and from 2003 to 2007 Director the United Nations. He is currently researching the role of foundations in civil of the Institute for Employment Research in Nuremberg. society. He is author of over 300 publications, and he won various international Jutta Allmendinger received several awards and was honored with the Federal prizes for his scholarship. Amongst his publication are A Versatile American Cross of Merit 1st class of the Federal Republic of Germany. Institution: The Changing Ideals and Realities of Philanthropic Foundations with David Hammack (Washington, DC: Brookings, 2013) and Creative Philan- SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND EDUCATION: CONCEPTUAL CHALLENGES thropy with Diana Leat (New York, NY, London: Routledge, 2006). The tertiary sector is being rapidly expanded almost everywhere in the world, not least because of international targets set by the European Commission and GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY DEVELOPMENTS AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY the OECD. This frequently occurs at the expense of content and depth. Curricula The paper argues that global civil society activists and proponents have not are highly specialized and lack breadth, evident, among other things, from the found the organizational form that would allow for more pro-active and sustained increasing diversification of degrees and certificates. Likewise, many approa- roles in social justice and equity debates and policy. As a result, the impact of ches neglect the link between academic and vocational education. Are they global civil society on the “new social question“ that is emerging after three de- really “equal” as the German government claims? The answer depends on the cades of rapid economic globalization remains relatively marginal despite the indicators for labor market success. Foremost, however, the rise of professio- immense opportunities afforded by the new communication technologies and nal training and higher education increases the risk of educationally deprived the greater mobility and reachability of populations that could potentially be individuals becoming a segregated and stigmatized group of the population. mobilized. The largely ineffective Occupy movements and related phenomena are cases in point, as is what has been called the new “subterranean politics.” DAVID BRADY PAUL COLLIER BERLIN SOCIAL SCIENCE CENTER OXFORD UNIVERSITY

David Brady is Director of the Research Unit Inequality and Social Policy at Paul Collier is Professor of Economics and Public Policy at the Blavatnik School the WZB Berlin Social Science Center. He earned a PhD in Sociology and Public of Government, and Director of the Centre for the Study of African Economies, Affairs from Indiana University. He studies poverty/inequality, social policy, Oxford University. He has written a wide range of books and articles including politics, work/labor, and globalization/development. He is the author of Rich The Bottom Billion, which won the Lionel Gelber, Arthur Ross, Corine and Estoril Democracies, Poor People: How Politics Explain Poverty (Oxford University Press, Prizes. In 2013 he received the A.SK Prize in Social Science, and in 2014 he was 2009) and several journal articles. He is in the process of editing an internati- awarded a knighthood by the British Government. onal and interdisciplinary Oxford Handbook on poverty. Presently, he is studying the causes and consequences of social policy, the political and institutional DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL EQUITY: POTENTIAL TENSIONS sources of poverty/inequality, and the social consequences of immigration, In many poor countries democracy has amounted to little more than elections. among other topics. In the absence of other checks and balances, elections can reinforce social divisions and can readily be manipulated. Building equitable societies may WHAT CIVIL SOCIETY CAN’T DO, OR WHY THE STATE REMAINS ESSENTIAL depend less upon electoral democracy and more upon social cohesion and an The paper will explore a) how and when civil society has real limitations in informed citizenry. its ability to govern and prevent social inequality; and b) how the turn to civil society to address social inequality cannot be a substitute for state policy and intervention. KITTY DUMONT ANDREAS GESTRICH UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE LONDON

Kitty Dumont is a qualified psychologist and gained her academic qualifications Andreas Gestrich is Professor of Modern History at Trier University and, since at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena (Germany). Since completion of her PhD 2006, Director of the German Historical Institute London. He was a member in 1999, she has worked as a researcher and lecturer in social psychology and and chairperson of the DFG-Collaborative Research Centre “Strangers and Poor research methods at German, Austrian and South African universities. From People. Changing Patterns of Inclusion and Exclusion” at Trier. In London, he 2004 to 2006, she was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Cape Town is the main coordinator of a Transnational Research Group funded by the Max (Psychology Department). Before joining the Unisa School of Graduate Studies Weber Foundation on “Poverty and education in modern India”. His research in 2011, she was appointed as an associate professor at the Psychology Depart- interests are the history of childhood, youth and the family and the history of ment of the University of Fort Hare. poverty, poor relief and philanthropy in modern Europe. Recent publications Her research interests are mainly in the field of social psychology. Past and include Familie im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, 3rd rev. ed. München 2013; (with L. current research covers the relationships between social groups, social iden- Raphael and H. Uerlings, eds.), Strangers and Poor People. Changing Patterns of tities, cognitive representations of social categories, intergroup emotions, and Inclusion and Exclusion in Europe and the Mediterranean World from Classical intergroup behavior in social change situations in general and within the so- Antiquity to the Present Day, Frankfurt a.M. 2009; (with E. Hurren and S. A. King, cietal context of South Africa in particular. Furthermore, she has been involved eds.), Poverty and Sickness in Modern Europe, London/New York 2012. in a number of research projects addressing psychological factors within the context of higher education. SOCIAL INEQUALITY – A HISTORIAN’S PERSPECTIVE Since antiquity, reflections on the nature, causes and consequences of social WHAT MAKES SOCIAL INEQUALITY (IL)LEGITIMATE AND (UN)STABLE? inequality have been part of any serious debate on the social, political and The paper will discuss three dimensions of social inequality from a social psy- economic order of society. Throughout the history of European social philosophy, chological perspective: first, the assessment of social inequality on aggregated- therefore, social inequality continually challenged the ideas and concepts of versus individual-level; second, the legitimacy versus illegitimacy of social in- what constituted a good society. However, what was perceived as social inequa- equality; and third, the psychological mechanisms and functions to challenge lity at a particular time, and how its nature and thresholds were defined, was and/or maintain social inequality. These three dimensions will be illustrated by as variable as the contexts in which criticism of inequality were and could be research conducted in South Africa which ranks as one of the most unequal coun- raised. Similarly, the arguments in defense of inequality were also changing. Was tries and which is experiencing one of the most radical social change processes it given by God or human nature? Was it a vital element of society, a productive in the world. force of economic, social or racial progress? These arguments in defense of inequality are just as revealing as those of its critics. This paper will examine some key debates and categories of social inequality, from the religious and po- litical turmoils of the 17th century to the present-day scientization of the social. CHRISTIANE HOFFMANN VINCENT HOUBEN BERLIN OFFICE DER SPIEGEL HUMBOLDT-UNIVERSITÄT ZU BERLIN

Christiane Hoffmann is the deputy head of DER SPIEGEL’s Berlin office. Before Vincent Houben studied history and Indonesian studies at Leiden University. joining DER SPIEGEL in 2014, she was for a long time correspondent and author He received his PhD in 1987 on the basis of a study of colonial indirect rule in with Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, including two foreign postings in Moscow Java. From 1986 until 1997, he was Lecturer of Indonesian History in Leiden, (1996-1999) and Tehran (1999-2004). From 2004 to 2010, she was with the and from 1997 until 2001 Professor of Southeast Asian Studies at Passau editorial staff of Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung in Frankfurt, before University. Since 2001, he is Chair of Southeast Asian History and Society at moving to Berlin. She studied Slavic studies, history and journalism at the uni- Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin where, from 2004 to 2011, he also served as versities of Freiburg, Hamburg and Leningrad. She is the author of “Hinter den Director of the Institute of Asian and African Studies. His research interests Schleiern Irans” (2007). include comparative Asian history, labor history and area studies theory.

CULTURE MATTERS – DIFFERENT PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY Point of departure is the observation that social inequality is perceived and also constitutes itself differently in different world regions or “areas”. One way to overcome overgeneralization and Eurocentrism is to follow up on local percep- tions and configurations of social inequality. In this keynote speech two experts on South and Southeast Asia try to tackle the question of how “culture” biases the development of inequality as a basic characteristic of postcolonial societies. Far from trying to essentialize cultural factors, an argument is made in favor of infusing historical contingency, social figurationality and geographical (local, translocal and transregional) scaling into a multidimensional understanding of the culturally loaded, exclusionary practice of inequality. Starting out from the case-studies of Indonesia and India, an effort is made to arrive at comparative observations on the area-dimension of social inequality. SURINDER S. JODHKA JANNIS KALLINIKOS JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY NEW DELHI LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS

Surinder S. Jodhka is Professor at the School of Social Sciences at the Jawa- Jannis Kallinikos is Professor and Head of the Information Systems and Innova- harlal Nehru University in New Delhi where he teaches courses on social tion Group, Department of Management at the London School of Economics. His stratification and development studies. He has also worked in Hyderabad and research covers a wide range of topics on the interpenetration of technology with Chandigarh and been a visiting faculty abroad, including at the universities of the administrative and institutional arrangements of contemporary societies. Oxford, Wisconsin and Lund. Recent publications include The Consequences of Information: Institutional Im- He is currently engaged with studies on different dimensions of social inequa- plications of Technological Change, Edward Elgar, 2007 and Governing Through lities – old and new – and the processes of their reproduction. His empirical Technology: Information Artefacts and Social Practice, Palgrave, 2011 and the focus has been the dynamics of caste and the varied modes of its articulation edited volume Technology and Materiality: Social Interaction in a Technological with the nature of social and economic change in “neo-liberal” India. He works World, Oxford University Press, 2012 (co-edited with Paul Leonardi and Bonnie on agrarian change and the dynamics of rural society. A third area of his focus Nardi). has been the study of social and cultural identities of the social margins and minorities. RE-FRAMING THE SPACE OF WORK AND SOCIAL INTERACTION The paper will relate to S. Zuboff’s presentation by giving an outline of the CULTURE MATTERS – DIFFERENT PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY development of information and communication technologies over the last few Point of departure is the observation that social inequality is perceived and also decades and how these developments reframe and recreate the space of work constitutes itself differently in different world regions or “areas”. One way to and social interaction. overcome overgeneralization and Eurocentrism is to follow up on local percep- tions and configurations of social inequality. In this keynote speech two experts on South and Southeast Asia try to tackle the question of how “culture” biases the development of inequality as a basic characteristic of postcolonial socie- ties. Far from trying to essentialize cultural factors, an argument is made in favor of infusing historical contingency, social figurationality and geographical (local, translocal and transregional) scaling into a multidimensional under- standing of the culturally loaded, exclusionary practice of inequality. Starting out from the case-studies of Indonesia and India, an effort is made to arrive at comparative observations on the area-dimension of social inequality. JOHN KEANE INA KERNER UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES, SYDNEY HUMBOLDT-UNIVERSITÄT ZU BERLIN

John Keane is Professor of Politics at the University of Sydney and at the Wis- Ina Kerner is Assistant Professor for Diversity Politics at the Institute of Social senschaftszentrum Berlin (WZB). He is Director of the newly-founded Sydney Sciences of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. She studied political science, his- Democracy Network (SDN). Well before the European revolutions of 1989, John tory and philosophy in Bonn, Quetzaltenango, Chapel Hill and at Freie Univer- Keane first came to public prominence as a defender of ‘civil society’ and the sität Berlin, where she later had her first teaching appointment in Political democratic opposition in central and eastern Europe. His political and schol- Theory and received her PhD in Political Science. Before moving on to Humboldt- arly writing during that period was often published under the pen name Erica Universität, she held a postdoctoral position for Women’s and Gender Studies Blair. In 1989, he founded the world’s first Centre for the Study of Democracy at Technische Universität Berlin and was a Visiting Assistant Professor at the in London. His best-known books are The Media and Democracy (translated New School for Social Research in New York. Within recent years, she has also into more than 25 languages); the best-selling biography Tom Paine: A Politi- been a Visiting Lecturer at Quaid-i-Azam University in Islamabad, a Visiting cal Life (2009); a new interpretation of the gains and losses of globalization Fellow at the Center for Humanities Research at the University of the Western Global Civil Society? (2003); Violence and Democracy (2004); and the recently Cape in Cape Town and a Fellow of desiguALdades.net, the Research Network published Democracy and Media Decadence (2013). He writes a column for the on Interdependent Inequalities in Latin America in Berlin. London/Melbourne-based web platform The Conversation. His Life and Death of Democracy was short-listed for the 2010 Non-Fiction Prime Minister's Literary HISTORY MATTERS: DECOLONIAL PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY Award and ranked by Asahi Shimbun (Tokyo) as one of the top 3 non-fiction The statement will supplement the (Asian) perspective presented in the key- books published in Japan during 2013. note speech with a perspective that is currently debated within postcolonial social sciences around the world, but heavily draws on Latin American history RE-IMAGING EQUITY: REFLECTIONS ON CIVIL SOCIETIES AND MARKETS, and theorizing: decolonial thought, a perspective that unites and updates in- PAST; PRESENT AND FUTURE sights from dependency theory and the philosophy of liberation, among other The vision of a society of equal citizens emancipated from predator markets, poverty sources. What is characteristic of this strand of theorizing is its addressing of and political injustice is a remarkably bold invention of late 18th-century civil so- inequalities in a decidedly global and entangled manner. For Aníbal Quijano, cieties. During the next two centuries, civil societies and governments in various European colonialism fostered an intricate link of class and ethnic relations of countries and regions elaborated a range of strategies in support of the vision, inequality, which he holds to be living on to this day. Feminist decolonial theo- which for some decades has been showing signs of incoherence and exhaustion, rists like María Lugones have further complicated this scenario by analytically and defeat at the hands of new social trends and hostile political forces. John integrating gender. The statement will present central elements of this school Keane examines why the old vision of social equality has been pushed aside, of thought and suggest in which way it might be valuable for the task of rethin- and whether, despite its deep flaws, the language and politics of a society of king social inequality from a European perspective as well. equal citizens can be renewed, this time in genuinely 21st-century form. CORNELIA KLINGER WILHELM KRULL INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN SCIENCES VIENNA VOLKSWAGEN FOUNDATION

Cornelia Klinger studied Philosophy, Literature and Art History at the Univer- Wilhelm Krull has been Secretary General of the Volkswagen Foundation since sity of Cologne, and obtained her doctorate in 1981 for her research on “Die 1996. Besides his professional activities in science policy as well as in the politische Funktion der transzendentalphilosophischen Theorie der Freiheit”. promotion and funding of research, he was and still is a member of numerous She received her habilitation in 1992 at the University of Tübingen (Germany) national, foreign and international committees. At present he is the Chairman with a study on “Ästhetische Modernität und ‘Wiederverzauberung der Welt’. of the Board of the Foundation Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, member Der Ort der Romantik im Prozeß der Moderne”. From 1978 to 1983 she served of the Scientific Advisory Commission of the State of Lower Saxony and of the as Assistant Professor at the Department of German Language and Literature Board of Regents of various Max Planck Institutes. In June 2008 he was elected at Cologne University. Klinger taught and gave lectures as Visiting Professor at Chairman of the Bundesverband Deutscher Stiftungen (Association of German the Universities of Vienna, Zürich, Bielefeld, Frankfurt, Klagenfurt, Innsbruck, Foundations). Tübingen and Munich. Since 1983 she is Permanent Fellow at the IWM and, since 2003, Visiting Professor of Philosophy at the University of Tübingen. While working in several research areas, she focuses mainly on Political Philo- sophy, Aesthetics, and Gender Studies.

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS Blindheit und Hellsichtigkeit. Künstlerkritik an Politik und Gesellschaft der Ge- genwart, Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2013 (Wiener Reihe. Themen der Philosophie, gemeinsam herausgegeben mit Herta Nagl-Docekal, Ludwig Nagl und Alexander Somek, Band 16) Perspektiven des Todes in der modernen Gesellschaft, Wien: Böhlau, 2009 (Wiener Reihe. Themen der Philosophie, Band 15) Über-Kreuzungen. Fremdheit, Ungleichheit, Differenz (gemeinsam herausgegeben mit Gudrun-Axeli Knapp), Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 2008 Achsen der Ungleichheit. Zum Verhältnis von Klasse, Geschlecht und Ethnizität (gemeinsam herausgegeben mit Gudrun-Axeli Knapp und Birgit Sauer), Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2007 JOHANNA MAIR STEFFEN MAU HERTIE SCHOOL OF GOVERNANCE UNIVERSITY OF BREMEN Steffen Mau is Professor of Political Sociology and Comparative Social Research Johanna Mair is Professor of Organization, Management and Leadership at the at the University of Bremen. He graduated from the Freie Universität Berlin Hertie School of Governance. She is a Visiting Scholar at the Stanford Center on and received his PhD from the European University Institute (EUI) in Florence. Philanthropy and Civil Society and the Academic Editor of the Stanford Social His research focuses on social inequality, comparative social policy, migration Innovation Review. From 2001 to 2011 she served on the Strategic Management and European integration. Currently he heads the Network for European Social faculty at IESE Business School. She has held a visiting position at INSEAD, the Policy Analysis (ESPAnet) and is member of the German Council of Science and Harvard Business School and teaches regularly at the Harvard Kennedy School. Humanities (Wissenschaftsrat). She earned her PhD in Management from INSEAD (France). Her research focuses on how novel organizational and institutional arrangements generate economic NEW INEQUALITIES, GLOBAL ECONOMIES, NATIONAL DEMOCRACIES and social development and the role of innovation in this process. She is the The statement starts with a discussion of the numerous findings addressing co-editor of three books and has published in leading academic journal. the relationship between democracy and (in)equality. It views the bidirectional relationship between equality and democracy as constitutive for both - coun- tries starting to build a democracy as well as for fully developed democracies. While this is received wisdom for part of the literature, in recent years we have witnessed substantial shifts in both inequality and the distribution of political power working to the disadvantage of the middle classes and larger sections of the population. The perspective put forward will highlight the underlying conflict between national democracies and globalized economics, enabling massive gains on the part of the richer parts of society in both - economic standing and political influence. Related to this, it will raise the issue whether globalization and Europeanization have unleashed new political and social in- equalities, and give a snapshot on the emerging cleavages within the European social space. WOLFGANG MERKEL BRANKO MILANOVIC´ BERLIN SOCIAL SCIENCE CENTER CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK

Professor Wolfgang Merkel is Director of the “Democracy and Democratisation” Branko Milanovic´ is Visiting Presidential Professor and Senior Scholar at The research program at the Social Science Research Centre Berlin (WZB) and Pro- Graduate Center, City University of New York. He was lead economist in the fessor of Political Science at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. He is a member World Bank’s research department (1991-2013), College Park Professor, Uni- of a number of key bodies, including the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sci- versity of Maryland (2007-2013), long-term Visiting Professor at SAIS, Johns ences and Humanities. He is also a non-party member of the Basic Values Com- Hopkins University (1997-2007), and Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endow- mission of the Executive Committee of the German Social Democratic Party (SPD). ment for International Peace in Washington (2003-2005). He is the author of numerous articles on methodology and empirics of global income distribution DOES SOCIO-ECONOMIC INEQUALITY CHALLENGE DEMOCRACY? and effects of globalization. His most recent book The Haves and the Have- Political theory from its very onset has determined that democracy is inconcei- nots: A Brief and Idiosyncratic History of Global Inequality, was published in vable without a crisis. This applies to the ancient writings of Plato, Aristotle, December 2010, translated in seven languages, and selected by The Globalist Polybios and to the modern era with writings of Tocqueville, Marx and Max Weber as 2011 Book of the Year. or since the 1970s the leftists Jürgen Habermas (1973) and Claus Offe (1972), the conservative Huntington, Crozier, Watanuki (1975), or Colin Crouch (2004). NATIONAL AND GLOBAL INEQUALITIES: CURRENT TRENDS AND POSSIBLE The message from political theory, from left to right has been clear: yes, demo- FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS cracy is in crisis. Empirical research is much more cautious, but sees inequality The paper will discuss the evolution of global real incomes and income inequa- as one of the major challenges to democracy. Democracy is based on three core lity between 1988 and 2008, using detailed household survey data. The key principles: political equality, freedom, and control of those who govern. Whereas findings are: individual freedoms, minority rights, and the inclusion of women have improved (1) reduction of global inequality driven by fast growth of China and India des- during the last three decades, socio economic equality has been in decline. pite an almost universal increase in inequalities within nations; The increasing socio-economic inequality threatens to transform in political (2) the “graduation” of China from the bottom ranks of global income distribu- inequality. The lower third of society is dropping out from electoral and non- tion which has led to the creation of a global “median” class (still too poor by electoral political participation. Moreover, parliamentary research shows that Western standards to be called “middle”); the interest of the “lower third” is less well represented than those of the higher (3) the “winners” of globalization were country-deciles that in 1988 were around third and the middle classes. Well-established democracies have become in the median of the global income distribution and whose real incomes almost principle and increasingly also in reality intolerant against “cultural” or gender doubled, 90% of whom are from Asia, as well as the global top 1%; discrimination. Simultaneously, they have become increasingly tolerant vis-à-vis (4) the relative “losers”, with very moderate real income gains or even losses, socioeconomic inequalities. Political inequality has become the major disease were the country-deciles that in 1988 were around the 85th percentile of the of democracy at the beginning of the 21st century. global income distribution, almost 90% of whom are from developed economies. JAN NEDERVEEN PIETERSE JENS SCHNEIDER UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA OSNABRÜCK UNIVERSITY

Jan Nederveen Pieterse is Mellichamp Professor of Global Studies and Sociology Jens Schneider studied Anthropology, Musicology, Linguistics, and Ethnic at University of California Santa Barbara and specializes in globalization, deve- Studies in Hamburg and Amsterdam and received his PhD in Tübingen with a lopment studies and cultural anthropology. His current focus is on 21st century dissertation on national identity in unified Germany. After two years of research globalization. He is Honorary Professor of Globalization at Maastricht University. in Rio de Janeiro he became co-leader of the European research project TIES He was previously at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, the Institute of on the situation of the grown-up children of immigrants from Turkey, Morocco Social Studies, The Hague, University of Cape Coast, Ghana and University of and former Yugoslavia. Since 2011, he is Senior Researcher at the Institute for Amsterdam. He has been visiting professor in Argentina, Brazil, China, Germany, Migration Research and Intercultural Studies (IMIS) at Osnabrück University. France, India, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sweden and His main research topics are identities, education and social mobility. Thailand.

INEQUALITY: A MULTICENTRIC APPROACH In advanced economies globalization and tech change are blamed for rising inequality; in emerging economies globalization and tech change are credi- ted with lifting millions out of poverty. In the US and UK inequality has grown steeply over past decades; in Nordic countries inequality has increased only marginally. The same variables, tech change and globalization, yield widely different processes and outcomes of inequality. The disparities reflect different initial conditions and different institutions, so it follows a) goldilocks globali- zation has changed place, b) it’s the institutions, stupid! In China, poverty is acceptable but inequality is not (it undermines the legitimacy of the party). In India, inequality is accepted but poverty is not (it is a blight on national pride). Instead of a generalizing macro approach (global trends, global perspectives) we need multicentric approaches that are attuned to diverse initial conditions, different institutions and different cultures of inequality, which means a funda- mental shift in the conversation. General trends (low profitability in industries, financialization, inflow of labor in low-productivity nontradable services) affect different conditions in different ways. ALMUT STEINBACH SHOSHANA ZUBOFF VOLKSWAGEN FOUNDATION HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL

Almut Steinbach studied French and History at the universities of Bremen and Shoshana Zuboff is the author of the forthcoming The Summons: Our Fight for Pau, France (1 State Exam). She received a Master in “Contemporary Euro- the Soul of an Information Civilization (Public Affairs, 2015; Eichborn, 2015). pean Political Cultures” at the universities of Bath, Madrid and Berlin and a The Summons integrates her lifelong intellectual themes: the rise of the indi- Master in Human Resource Development at the Technical University of Kaisers- vidual, the emergence of the information age, and the evolution of capitalism. lautern. She wrote a PhD in International History at the University of Konstanz, She is also the author of In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and spending extended research periods in Singapore, London and Cambridge. She Power and co-author of The Support Economy: Why Corporations Are Failing In- worked as “Assistante de Professeur” in France, as Program Manager in the dividuals and the Next Episode of Capitalism. She is the Charles Edward Wilson Vice-Chancellor’s Office at the University of Mannheim, as Researcher at the Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School (retired), University of Konstanz, as Head of the International Office at the University of where she joined the faculty in 1981. She earned her PhD in social psychology Cooperative Education in Loerrach and as Director of the International Center from Harvard University and her BA in philosophy from the University of Chicago. at Clausthal University. In 2010 she joined the Volkswagen Foundation as Head of the International Team. THE LAST SCHOOL Almut Steinbach is Deputy Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Expert Council The transition from industrial to information civilization amplifies classic sour- of German Foundations on Integration and Migration based in Berlin. Further- ces of social inequality and introduces wholly new axes of inclusion/exclusion. more, she is a member of the Board of Trustees with regard to the German Pro- Few disagree that tertiary education is becoming ever more essential for full testant Institute in Jerusalem and Amman as well as of the Board of Trustees of social participation. Every society must employ new measures that radically the Hannah Arendt-Days in Hanover. broaden access to higher education. Simultaneously, the whole terrain of par- ticipation appears to be under threat as capital overtakes labor and informa- tion displaces work. Young people are forced into a traumatic struggle as they compete for seats on an already crowded bus to the future. The solutions here are longer term but more profound. How might new economic paradigms create wholly new productive spaces, new occupational differentiation, and new oppor- tunities? Is there a “human turn” that responds to the demand for unique human skills? How might the boundaries of “schooling”, “consuming”, and “working,” blur and converge in new occupational environments that are both information rich and intensely human? Will success be “the last school?” INFORMATION

CONFERENCE VENUE Herrenhausen Palace Herrenhäuser Straße 5 30419 Hanover Germany

CONTACT Dr. Almut Steinbach (Head of Team, Funding Department) Katja Ebeling (Head, Conferences and Symposia) 0049 (0)511 / 83 81-284 [email protected]

CONFERENCE WEBSITE www.volkswagenstiftung.de/rethinkingsocialinequality

Subject to alteration and possible error. May 2014