Inventory Acc.12690 Arthur Walker Russell
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Scrubbers' Bulletin
MONTANE333333333 Scrubbers’ SCRUB ACTION GROUP Bulletin 10 Cover photo: Vapourer moth, Orgyia antiqua (L.) eggs, on dark-leaved willow, Salix myrsinifolia Salisb., Ben Lawers NNR, alt. 580m. photo D.K. Mardon Scrubbers’ Bulletin No. 10 Page 2 of 24 Scrubbers’ Bulletin No. 10. The Bulletin of the Montane Scrub Action Group, a partnership of individuals supported by their organisations. The current members of the group are: Diana Gilbert, (Chair) Andrew Warwick, the National Trust for John Holland, Scottish Rural College Scotland Phil Baarda, Scottish Natural Heritage Mick Drury, Trees for Life Rob Soutar, Forest Enterprise Scotland Philip Ashmole, Borders Forest Trust Richard Thompson, FE Scotland Deborah Long, Plantlife Billy Bodles, Highland Birchwoods David Mardon Andrew Campbell, Woodland Trust Welcome to issue number 10 of the Scrubber’s Bulletin, compiled by David Mardon, Fagus, Manse Road, Killin, FK21 8UY, [email protected] Earlier issues of the Bulletin may be read at www.mountainwoodlands.org We are most grateful to the authors for their contributions to this issue, as follows: Contents Gilbert, D. Scrubber’s Bulletin 10th (Anniversary) issue: Group Report …………………. 4 Green, S. Phytophthora austrocedrae: an emerging threat to juniper. ………………….. 5 Black, D. & Gilbert, D. Plantlife Scotland’s Flora Guardian provides valuable monitoring on Dwarf birch (Betula nana) at Ben Wyvis to SNH ……………. 8 Robinson, P. Cree Valley Community Woodlands Trust – Involvement in mountain woodlands and woodland fringe ………………………………………………. 11 Bodles, W. Mountain Woodland Project ……………………………………………………. 15 Borrell, J. Project Update: Ecological and Genomic research to optimize the conservation of Dwarf Birch in Scotland …………………………………………………….. 17 Marriott, R. Monitoring planted montane willows at Coire Sharroch, Coire Fee NNR, 2013 ………………………………………………………….. -
Walks and Scrambles in the Highlands
Frontispiece} [Photo by Miss Omtes, SLIGACHAN BRIDGE, SGURR NAN GILLEAN AND THE BHASTEIR GROUP. WALKS AND SCRAMBLES IN THE HIGHLANDS. BY ARTHUR L. BAGLEY. WITH TWELVE ILLUSTRATIONS. Xon&on SKEFFINGTON & SON 34 SOUTHAMPTON STREET, STRAND, W.C. PUBLISHERS TO HIS MAJESTY THE KING I9H Richard Clav & Sons, Limiteu, brunswick street, stamford street s.e., and bungay, suffolk UNiVERi. CONTENTS BEN CRUACHAN ..... II CAIRNGORM AND BEN MUICH DHUI 9 III BRAERIACH AND CAIRN TOUL 18 IV THE LARIG GHRU 26 V A HIGHLAND SUNSET .... 33 VI SLIOCH 39 VII BEN EAY 47 VIII LIATHACH ; AN ABORTIVE ATTEMPT 56 IX GLEN TULACHA 64 X SGURR NAN GILLEAN, BY THE PINNACLES 7i XI BRUACH NA FRITHE .... 79 XII THROUGH GLEN AFFRIC 83 XIII FROM GLEN SHIEL TO BROADFORD, BY KYLE RHEA 92 XIV BEINN NA CAILLEACH . 99 XV FROM BROADFORD TO SOAY . 106 v vi CONTENTS CHAF. PACE XVI GARSBHEINN AND SGURR NAN EAG, FROM SOAY II4 XVII THE BHASTEIR . .122 XVIII CLACH GLAS AND BLAVEN . 1 29 XIX FROM ELGOL TO GLEN BRITTLE OVER THE DUBHS 138 XX SGURR SGUMA1N, SGURR ALASDAIR, SGURR TEARLACH AND SGURR MHIC CHOINNICH . I47 XXI FROM THURSO TO DURNESS . -153 XXII FROM DURNESS TO INCHNADAMPH . 1 66 XXIII BEN MORE OF ASSYNT 1 74 XXIV SUILVEN 180 XXV SGURR DEARG AND SGURR NA BANACHDICH . 1 88 XXVI THE CIOCH 1 96 1 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Toface page SLIGACHAN BRIDGE, SGURR NAN GILLEAN AND THE bhasteir group . Frontispiece BEN CRUACHAN, FROM NEAR DALMALLY . 4 LOCH AN EILEAN ....... 9 AMONG THE CAIRNGORMS ; THE LARIG GHRU IN THE DISTANCE . -31 VIEW OF SKYE, FROM NEAR KYLE OF LOCH ALSH . -
The Cairngorm Club Journal 059, 1922
MORE SUMMER DAYS ON THE MOUNTAINS.—II. BY WILLIAM BARCLAY, L.D.S. III.—BEINN CREACHAN, BEINN ACHALLADER, BEINN A CHUIRN, BEN VANNOCH. BY nine o'clock next morning (21st June, 1921) we were at the east end of Loch Lyon ; and, standing among the straggling pine-trees at Invermearn, this upper Glen Lyon greatly fascinated us, the loneliness, the absolute stillness, the air of solitude and remoteness being very refreshing. On all sides rose steeply sloping hillsides, grass-covered to their summits, and, though we say it perhaps somewhat selfishly, we were glad that the road ended here and that there was no thoroughfare to the west, glad that there are still some spots left undisturbed to the pedestrian. On the way up the glen we were particularly struck with the fine profile of An Grianan (2,500 feet) above Cashlie (this old farmhouse is now being converted into a shooting lodge) on the one hand, and Meall Ghaordie (3,407 feet) and Creag Laoghain (2,663 feet) on the other, while from Invermearn Beinn Heasgarnich (3,530 feet) rose directly opposite in two long ridges, enclosing in their upper fold the fine north- facing corrie. Our thoughts, however, are not of Heasgarnich to-day, though sixteen years have elapsed since we wandered about its broad summit, but of some Theview-poin Cairngormt from which we can look out oveClubr the wild and dreary moor of Rannoch to the towering mountains of the north and west. At the head of Glen Mearn and only a couple of miles away stands Beinn Creachan (3,540 feet) (pro- nounced Ben a Chrachan) visible from base to summit, one small patch of snow still lingering among the rocks More Summer Days on the Mountains. -
CITATION BEN LUI SITE of SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC INTEREST Argyll and Bute, Stirling Site Code: 188
CITATION BEN LUI SITE OF SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC INTEREST Argyll and Bute, Stirling Site code: 188 PLANNING AUTHORITY: Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority Argyll and Bute Council NATIONAL GRID REFERENCE: NN 260268 OS 1:50,000 SHEET NO: Landranger Series 50, 56 1:25,000 SHEET NO: Explorer Series 364, 377 AREA: 2928.26 hectares NOTIFIED NATURAL FEATURES Geological: Structural and metamorphic geology: Dalradian Mineralogy: Mineralogy of Scotland Biological: Upland habitats: Upland assemblage Vascular plants: Vascular plant assemblage Invertebrates: Invertebrate assemblage DESCRIPTION Ben Lui Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) is an extensive site situated in the Southern Highlands at the head of Glen Fyne. The SSSI contains four high peaks, with Ben Lui, at 1,130 m, the best known mountain within this western outlier of the Breadalbane Hills. Together with Ben Oss (1,028 m), Beinn Dubhchraig (978 m), Beinn a’ Chleibh (917 m) and Meall nan Tighearn (739 m) the area is renowned for its exceptionally rich and varied upland flora. The range of altitude and geology present at the site supports a diversity of habitats including important late snowbed communities on peaks and high corries, ledge and cliff vegetation, heath, montane willow scrub, grasslands, soligenous mires and on, the southern flanks of Meall nan Tighearn, an extensive blanket bog. The Dalradian rocks underpinning the biodiversity of the site are of mineralogical importance for three reasons. Firstly, it is one of the few sites in within the Dalradian where proximal-style exhalative sulphide mineralisation can be readily demonstrated. Secondly, it is the only site where a feeder zone for stratabound mineralisation has been positively identified. -
Is Asking Us to Assume Too Much, and in My Opinion the Name Ryei Must Stand for the Present
is asking us to assume too much, and in my opinion the name ryei must stand for the present. It is to be regretted that Dr. Joy in his ' Practical Handbook of British Beetles ' (p. 136) has for no apparent reason reverted to the name rubidus Rey for this species. If any reliance at all is to be placed on the description in the well-known Continental books, rubidus must be an entirely different-looking insect from ryei. Strathmore, Totnes. July zqth, 1932. COLLECTIXG NOTES FROM MID-PERTHSHIRE. BY K. G. BLAIR, F.E.S. The latter half of June was spent, in company with Messrs. R. B. Benson, W. H. T. Tams and my wife, at Killin, at the western end of Loch Tay. The varied type of country, from high mountain (Ben Lawers, 4,oooft.) to richly-wooded valley, with rapid rivers and lake foreshore, looked most promising. Woods of birch, oak or alder are most general, but unfortunately the bit of old pine forest near the Lochay Bridge has now been felled. Unlike the Rev. C. E. Tottenham's experience of September last (antea, p. 45), the weather was remarkably hot and dry, so much so indeed that not only were many of the smaller burns completely dried up, but even the rivers Lochay and Dochart had but little water running and exposed large areas of rocky bed. On the hills one could walk anywhere over the bogs, and the peat holes were for the most part dried up. Notwithstanding, or perhaps because of, these abnormally dry conditions collecting, at least as regards the Coleoptera, was perhaps hardly up to expectation. -
Walking the Munros Walking the Munros
WALKING THE MUNROS WALKING THE MUNROS VOLUME ONE: SOUTHERN, CENTRAL AND WESTERN HIGHLANDS by Steve Kew JUNIPER HOUSE, MURLEY MOSS, OXENHOLME ROAD, KENDAL, CUMBRIA LA9 7RL Meall Chuaich from the Allt Coire Chuaich (Route 17) www.cicerone.co.uk © Steve Kew 2021 Fourth Edition 2021 CONTENTS ISBN: 978 1 78631 105 4 Third Edition 2017 Second edition 2012 OVERVIEW MAPS First edition 2004 Symbols used on route maps ..................................... 10 Printed in Singapore by KHL Printing on responsibly sourced paper. Area Map 1 .................................................. 11 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Area Map 2 .................................................. 12 All photographs are by the author unless otherwise stated. Area Map 3 .................................................. 15 Area Map 4 .................................................. 16 Route mapping by Lovell Johns www.lovelljohns.com Area Map 5 .................................................. 18 © Crown copyright 2021 OS PU100012932. NASA relief data courtesy of ESRI INTRODUCTION ............................................. 21 Nevis Updates to this Guide Route 1 Ben Nevis, Carn Mor Dearg ............................. 37 While every effort is made by our authors to ensure the accuracy of guide- The Aonachs books as they go to print, changes can occur during the lifetime of an Route 2 Aonach Mor, Aonach Beag .............................. 41 edition. While we are not aware of any significant changes to routes or The Grey Corries facilities at the time of printing, it is likely that the current situation will give Route 3 Stob Ban, Stob Choire Claurigh, Stob Coire an Laoigh .......... 44 rise to more changes than would usually be expected. Any updates that Route 4 Sgurr Choinnich Mor ................................... 49 we know of for this guide will be on the Cicerone website (www.cicerone. -
Walks and Scrambles in the Highlands
• -• wmmammmmmm WALKS AND SCRAMBLES IN TNT Vtft ^if^j^^C^^K^^ HIGHLANDS ******< ARTHUR L, BAGLEy ^JR^i^ ^^^^^^—MMniMii in > mi i in ii , DA fiflO.H? BEM 1 3^+8b 31 1 88000^+7 V UNIVERSITY CUELPH The Library RESTRD DA 880. H7 BS4 Bag ley Arthur L n the Walks a nti Scrambles Highlands Date due \\9ft 12 05 28 01 OS '' - > WALKS AND SCRAMBLES IN THE HIGHLANDS. — — By WILLIAM T. PALMER, Hon. Editor of " The Fell and Rock Climbing Journal." Author of " Lake Country Rambles." Large Crown 8vo, Cloth. Price 2s. 6d. net. {Postage \d.) With 15 illustrations. ODD CORNERS IN ENGLISH LAKELAND Rambles, Scrambles, Climbs, and Sport. This most practical book is brimful of use and interest to every lover of the English Lake District. It is written by "One Who Knows," and is full of original hints as to many less known portions of the district. It contains descriptions of hills seldom climbed, of footpath ways, islands, birds and flowers, rocks, fishing facilities, sports and dangers of the district. It has 15 original and beautiful illustrations. " It is a capital book, delighting those who know the beauties of their ' Lakeland ' and inviting those who do not. The author tells of many comparatively unknown walks, etc., through lovely scenery." Daily Telegraph. BY THE Rev. ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL KNOWLES Crown 8vo, Cloth, 3s. 6d. net. {Postage 3d.) With 15 Illustrations. ADVENTURES IN THE ALPS A book both for the Climber and the ordinary Tourist. It is full of interest, anecdote, and suggestions. ' ' Anyone who has travelled in Switzerland will find in this book the means of recalling much which would otherwise be forgotten, and be able to liva his all too short holidays over again." Liverpool Daily Post. -
The Special Landscape Qualities of the Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park
COMMISSIONED REPORT Commissioned Report No. 376 The Special Landscape Qualities of the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park (iBids and Project no 648) Produced in partnership with The Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park Authority For further information on this report please contact: Dr James Fenton Scottish Natural Heritage Great Glen House INVERNESS IV3 8NW Telephone: 01463-725 000 E-mail: [email protected] This report should be quoted as: Scottish Natural Heritage and Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority (2010). The special landscape qualities of the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report, No.376 (iBids and Project no 648). This report, or any part of it, should not be reproduced without the permission of Scottish Natural Heritage. This permission will not be withheld unreasonably. © Scottish Natural Heritage 2010 COMMISSIONED REPORT Summary The Special Landscape Qualities of the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Commissioned Report No. 376 (iBids and Project no 648) Contractor: SNH project staff Year of publication: 2010 Background In 2007/8 Scottish Natural Heritage used a standard method to determine the special qualities of Scotland’s National Scenic Areas. In 2009, in partnership with the National Park Authorities, this work was extended to determine the special qualities of the two National Parks, including the National Scenic Areas within them. The result of the work for the Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park is reported here. Main findings • The park is large and diverse with significantly different landscape characteristics in different areas. Hence as well as listing the landscape qualities which are generic across the park, the qualities for the four landscape areas of Argyll Forest, Loch Lomond, Breadalbane and the Trossachs are also given. -
Alpine Plants of Ben Lawers, Scotland
Alpine Plants of Ben Lawers, Scotland Naturetrek Tour Report 3 - 6 August 2012 Saxifraga nivalis Epilobium alsinifolium 2012 Naturetrek Group admiring Carex Microglochin Carex microglochin Report and images compiled by Paul Harmes Naturetrek Cheriton Mill Cheriton Alresford Hampshire SO24 0NG England T: +44 (0)1962 733051 F: +44 (0)1962 736426 E: [email protected] W: www.naturetrek.co.uk Tour Report Alpine Plants of Ben Lawers, Scotland Tour Leaders: Paul Harmes Naturetrek Leader & Botanist Participants: Jenny Bell Linda Eggins Pat Joyce Jim Joyce Geoff Joyce Day 1 Friday 3rd August Weather: Bright with high cloud The group assembled at the Killin Hotel during the course of the afternoon. Pat and Jim, and Linda had made their own way, and Jenny and Geoff met with Paul at Perth railway station at 17-00hrs. Boarding the minibus, we made our way west through Methven, Crieff, Comrie, St. Fillans and along the northern shore of Loch Earn, to Lochearnhead. Along the way we saw Common Buzzard and Barn Swallow. At Lochearnhead we turned north, and drove five miles up Glen Ogle, before turning east to Killin. It was not too long before the imposing peak of Ben Lawers (1214m) was glimpsed through the trees. As we entered the village of Killin, we passed over the picturesque Falls of Dochart, before arriving at the hotel at 18-30hrs. After checking into our rooms, we met in the lounge before going to dinner. After the meal Paul outlined the proposed itinerary (and potential weather-defined alternatives), before we retired for the night. Day 2 Saturday 4th August Weather: A sunny morning becoming cloudy with light rain in the afternoon After breakfast, we boarded the minibus for the short drive to the Ben Lawers car park, overlooking Loch Tay, where we set off up the path towards the three Munro (Scottish Mountains over 3,000ft) peaks of Beinn Ghlas (1103m or 3619ft), Ben Lawers (1214m or 3983ft) and Meall Garbh (1118m or 3667ft). -
The Old Village of Lawers Loch Tay | Perthshire 1.34 Hectares / 3.31 Acres
THE OLD VILLAGE OF LAWERS LOCH TAY | PERTHSHIRE 1.34 HECTARES / 3.31 ACRES Spean Bridge A86 A Stoneh il R Spean Loch M O U N T A I N S 61 Fort William / Treig N Laurencekirk Loch Ericht A Blair Inverbervie A82 An Gearasdan Loch I Atholl A90 A92 P Tummel A924 A937 Kinlochleven Loch Rannoch Loch Leven ANGUS Brechin M & Glen Lyon R Tummel A935 Montrose A82 A Pitlochry achulish Loch Rannoch TAY Kirriemuir R R Tay A932 A934 Ben Nevis & PERTHRTH AND KINROSSKI SSS R Tay A926 A933 Glen Coe Aberfeldy A94 G Blairgowrie A Forfar A92 R Lyon A826 9 A923 A94 2 A90 Kenmore A984 8 A827 Coupar Angus L Lyon R Tay DUNDEE A92 Arbroath Tay CITY A923Dundee Killin Loch A9 A822 A93 Carnoustie Tyndrum A85 R Earn Dalmally A94 A90 (Comrie to St Fillans) Newport-on-Tay Crianlarich A85 Perth A919 11 Firth of Tay 4 L Earn 1 10 Crieff Newburgh 9 St Andrews Bay LOCH LOMOND & A THE OLD VILLAGE R Earn 9 A82 M90 St Andrews A819 THE TROSSACHS A913 A91 Loch OF LAWERS 2 A92 2 A917 Katrine 8 Auchtermuchty Cupar A823 A Auchterarder A912 A83 A821 CallanderA84 A9 Loch Fife Ness ay A91 FIFEF E A815 R Teith Leven 8 A914 Anstruther Crail CLACKMANNLACA MANNNNNANSHIRERE 7 Falkland Loch A916 A915 STIRLINGG A81 A873 6 A911 Dunblane Kinross Pittenweem R Forth 11 Leven Lomond A91 5 A823 Long Glenrothes WESTST 10 M90 A811 Alloa A977 4 DUNBARTOD TONSHIRESHIRE A907 A92 A817 Stirling A909 A815 Dunfermline Kirkcaldy 86 Loch 9 A985 3 A875 EAST M876 M9 2a DUNBARTONSHIRED T 3 A921 FIRTH OF FORTHNorth Berwick Helensburgh A809 8 7 2 Burntisland A814 A811 A81 M80 2 Kincardine 1 A198 1 5 6 Kilsyth -
The Cairngorm Club Journal 003, 1894
I OBSERVATIONS FROM FIFTY SCOTTISH MOUNTAINS. Compiled from Account of the Principal Triangulation, O.S. 1 The first figures indicate the bearings in degrees (90° = W., 180°=N., 270° = E., 360° = S.), and the second the distance in miles—but the latter is not always stated. Paragraphs with # prefixed have been made up, and names in italics added, from cross references, by the compiler. * ALLARMUIR HILL (1617).—Hart Fell, 11; Carnethy Hill, 28; Meikle Bin, 104; Ben Lomond, 111; Bencleuch, 135; Ben Lawers, 140; East Lomond, 181; Craigowl, 191; Calton Hill, 203; Kellie Law, 215; Says Law, 277 ; Dun Rig, 355. BEINN AN OIR (2571).—Trostan, 6 60; Knocklayd, 11 52; Oa, 31; Mount Sandy, 37 62; Slieve Snaght, 47 72; Beinn Tart a' Mhill, 55 21; Ben Hynish, 138 52; Beinn Mhor (S. Uist), 153 106 ; Ben More (Mull), 179 36 ; Creach- bheinn, 201 ; Ben Nevis, 211 73; Cruach na Sleagh, 215 ; Ben Lawers, 236 82; Ben Lomond, 249 57; Hill of Stake, 275; Goat Fell, 301 37 ; Merrick, 311 80; Beinn an Tuirc' 323 ; Carn na Leagh, 348. BEINN CLEITH-BRIG—Ben Clibrig (3154).—Ben Wyvis, 9 39; Sgurr na Lapaich, 22 65; Storr, 53 83; Suilven, 73 ; Quinag, 87; Monach, 98 70; Foinne Bheinn, 126; Fas- bheinn, 142 29; Ben Hope, 150; Beinn Thutaig, 170 22; Fitty Hill, 214 89; Ward Hill, 220 60; Dunnet Head, 231 48; S. Ronaldshay, 234 65; Ben-a-chielt, 261 38; Scaraben, 272 30; Bin of Cullen, 304; Findlay Seat, 316; Duke of Sutherland's Monument, 320; Buck, 320; Beinn Lundie, The322 : Corryhabbi Cairngorme Hill, 323 76 ; Ben Muich DhuiClub, 341 85. -
Landscape ? 2 +%, 7C E ?K\A]` (- 2.2 Why Is Landscape Important to Us? 2 +%- Ad\Z 7C E \E^ 7C E 1Cdfe^ )& 2.3 Local Landscape Areas (Llas) 3 +%
Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 +%* Ajh\j` B\n (' 2 BACKGROUND 2 +%+ 2_e Dh\]ba_ (* 2.1 What is landscape ? 2 +%, 7c_e ?k\a]` (- 2.2 Why is landscape important to us? 2 +%- Ad\Z 7c_e \e^ 7c_e 1cdfe^ )& 2.3 Local Landscape Areas (LLAs) 3 +%. Cgg_h Ajh\j`_\he )) 3 POLICY CONTEXT 4 +%/ Aa^c\m 8acci ), 3.1 European Landscape Convention 4 +%'& =]`ac 8acci )/ 3.2 National landscape policy 4 +%'' ;f]` ;_l_e \e^ ;fdfe^ 8acci *( 3.3 Strategic Development Plan 5 6 WILD LAND AREAS 45 3.4 Local Development Plan 5 Wild Land Areas and LLAs map 46 4 LANDSCAPE CHARACTER 7 7 SUPPLEMENTARY PLANNING STATEMENTS 47 5 GUIDELINES FOR THE LLAs 9 . =2:53B9D5A *. Purpose of designation 9 9 MONITORING 49 Structure of Local Landscape Areas information 9 Local Landscape Areas map 11 1>>5<4935A +& +%' @\eef]` 6fh_ij '( * 9`]Z[PLY @LYO^NL[P 7ZYaPY_TZY OPlYT_TZY^ .) +%( ;f]` ;nfe \e^ ;f]` \e 4\ad` '+ 2 Landscape Character Units 51 +%) ;f]` B\n '. Landscape Supplementary Guidance 2020 INTRODUCTION 1 TST^ F`[[WPXPY_L]d ;`TOLYNP bL^ l]^_ []ZO`NPO _Z TYNZ][Z]L_P :ZWWZbTYR ZY Q]ZX _ST^ @H7 TOPY_TlPO L ^P_ ZQ []Z[Z^PO @ZNLW the review and update of Local Landscape Designations in Perth Landscape Designations (previously Special Landscape Areas) LYO ?TY]Z^^ TY_Z _SP 7Z`YNTWk^ [WLYYTYR [ZWTNd Q]LXPbZ]V TY +)*.( for consultation. This was done through a robust methodology GSP []PaTZ`^ OP^TRYL_TZY^ L]Z`YO DP]_S bP]P XLOP TY _SP *21)^ _SL_ TYaZWaPO L OP^V'ML^PO ^_`Od& L lPWO ^`]aPd LYO ^_LRP^ and were designated with a less rigorous methodology than is now ZQ ]PlYPXPY_( =Y LOOT_TZY _SP @@8E TOPY_TlPO XPL^`]P^ _Z available.